vvEPA United States Office of Research and EPA/600/C-21/103 Environmental Protection Development September 2021 Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 www.epa.gov/emergency-response-research Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool to Optimize Radiological Cleanup Decisions by Timothy Boe*, Dr. Sang Don Lee*, Dr. Paul Lemieux*, Kathy Hall*, Jim Mitchell**, Eugene Jablonowski**, Colin Hayes***, Cody Fiola***, Molly Rodgers*** *US EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER) Homeland Security and Materials Management Division (HSMMD) **US EPA Region 5 ***Eastern Research Group ------- DISCLAIMER The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and managed the research described here under Contract EP-C-16-015 to Eastern Research Group, Inc. This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Any mention of trade names, manufacturers or products does not imply an endorsement by the United States Government or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA and its employees do not endorse any commercial products, services, or enterprises. The contractor role did not include establishing Agency policy. Questions concerning this document, or its application, should be addressed to: Timothy Boe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. (MD-E-343-06) Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Phone 919.541.2617 ------- FOREWORD The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future. The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER) within the Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducts applied stakeholder-driven research and provides responsive technical support to help solve the Nation's environmental challenges. The Center's research focuses on innovative approaches to address environmental challenges associated with the built environment. We develop technologies and decision-support tools to help safeguard public water systems and groundwater, guide sustainable materials management, remediate sites from traditional contamination sources and emerging environmental stressors, and address potential threats from terrorism and natural disasters. CESER collaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster technologies that improve the effectiveness and reduce the cost of compliance, while anticipating emerging problems. We provide technical support to EPA regions and programs, states, tribal nations, and federal partners, and serve as the interagency liaison for EPA in homeland security research and technology. The Center is a leader in providing scientific solutions to protect human health and the environment. This report describes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool (IRR-DST). IRR-DST is a novel tool for evaluating decontamination technologies and the associated resource demand required to remediate areas of elevated radioactive contamination identified by gamma-ray imaging technology. The IRR-DST was developed to help decision makers better understand potential options for decontamination and the consequences those options might have on remediation efforts (i.e., systems approach). The IRR-DST is an easily deployable spreadsheet for rapidly evaluating decontamination options using the magnitude and extent of contamination derived from gamma-ray imaging. Gregory Sayles, Director Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response ii ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contributions of the following individuals and organizations to this report are acknowledged: U.S. EPA Technical Reviewers of Report Worth Calfee (EPA/ORD/CESER) Terry Stilman (EPA/Region 4) U.S. EPA Quality Assurances Ramona Sherman (EPA/ORD/CESER) ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Disclaimer i Foreword ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables v List of Figures v Acronyms and Abbreviations vi 1 Introduction 1 2 How to Use This Manual 1 3 Description 1 3.1 3D Model 1 3.2 Systems Approach 2 3.3 Design 3 3.4 Expansion 4 3.5 Assumptions 4 4 Installation and Setup 5 4.1 Minimum System and Software Requirements 5 5 Quick Start User Guide 5 5.1 Combining Gamma-Ray and 3D Blueprint Imagery 5 5.2 Home 6 5.3 Global Inputs 7 5.4 Rad Decay 8 5.5 Rad Distribution 9 5.6 Site Inputs 9 5.7 Results Summary 13 6 Troubleshooting 14 7 References 14 iv ------- LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Minimum System and Software Requirements 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. GeGI image 2 Figure 2. Systems thinking approach for CBRN incidents 3 Figure 3. Comparison of GeGI image converted to a 3D image 6 Figure 4. Home worksheet 7 Figure 5. Global inputs worksheet 8 Figure 6. Rad decay worksheet 8 Figure 7. Rad distribution worksheet 9 Figure 8. Copying rows in the site inputs worksheet 10 Figure 9. Pasting rows into the site inputs worksheet 10 Figure 10. entering new information for the new rows in the site inputs worksheet 11 Figure 11. Selecting the "calc" worksheet to copy 11 Figure 12. Copying the "calc" worksheet 12 Figure 13. Renaming the copied "calc" worksheet 12 Figure 14. Naming the new worksheet 12 Figure 15. Results summary worksheet 13 v ------- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acronym Definition AMS Advanced Medical Systems CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear CESER Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (EPA) EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency GB gigabyte GeGI Germanium Gamma-Ray Imager GHz gigahertz HSMMD Homeland Security and Materials Management Division (EPA) HSRP Homeland Security Research Program (EPA) IRR-DST Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool ORD Office of Research and Development (ORD) PPE personnel protective equipment RAM random access memory vi ------- 1 INTRODUCTION The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool (IRR-DST) is a novel tool for evaluating decontamination technologies and the associated resource demand required to remediate areas of elevated radioactive contamination identified by gamma-ray imaging technology. The IRR-DST was developed to help decision makers better understand potential options for decontamination and the consequences those options might have on remediation efforts (i.e., systems approach). The IRR-DST is an easily deployable spreadsheet for rapidly evaluating decontamination options using the magnitude and extent of contamination derived from gamma-ray imaging. 2 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL The purpose of this manual is to provide the necessary information to operate the IRR-DST. Described in this manual are the methods for installing, configuring, and operating the IRR-DST. Before operating the IRR-DST, it is highly recommended that users have previous experience using Microsoft Excel 3 DESCRIPTION In July of 2015, EPA Region 5 requested EPA's Homeland Security Research Program's (HSRP) support in determining cost effective decontamination options for remediating a radiologically contaminated facility in Cleveland, Ohio. The facility, the Advanced Medical Systems (AMS) site, manufactured Cobalt- 60 (Co-60) sealed sources until production ceased in 1991. The manufacturing facility, which is located adjacent to a densely populated residential neighborhood, remains radioactive. Using a gamma-ray imaging device, numerous areas of elevated activity were identified at the facility by Region 5. Due to the potential cost of remediating the site in its entirety, HSRP scientists were tasked with identifying cost-effective decontamination options, and to evaluate the impact of decontamination decisions on remediation efforts. From this need, the IRR-DST was developed. The tool uses contamination level (piCi) and surface area information (m2), derived from gamma-ray imaging technology, to help guide decision makers in determining the most cost- and time-effective decontamination approach with respect to overall outcome of the remediation effort. Results are calculated based on three primary inputs: 1) surface area; 2) targeted radioactivity; and 3) minimization of either cost, time, or waste generated. Using these three inputs, the tool recommends a particular mechanical or chemical decontamination technology that could achieve a specified activity. Decontamination cost, time, activity, and waste estimates are calculated as a function of decontamination technology and number of applications. The results are summarized in an easy-to-read format. The tool was built on two different yet complementary approaches: 1) transformation of 2-dimensional (2D) gamma-ray radiation field information onto a 3-dimensional (3D) model for estimating surface area and surface contamination; and 2) an approach for estimating the impacts of decisions on remediation efforts (i.e., systems approach). These two approaches are discussed in further detail below. 3.1 3D Model EPA Region 5 officials used a gamma-ray imager (GeGI®) to characterize the AMS facility [1], This device can identify, localize, and quantify the distribution of gamma-ray-emitting materials by projecting a quantifiable gamma-ray radiation field onto an optical image [1], This technology offers a quick and easy 1 ------- method for quickly characterizing contaminated sites while simultaneously collecting spectral and spatial information. Figure 1 shows an example image captured by the GeGI unit. Figure 1. GeGI image. One deficiency of the GeGI results was the projection of its radiation field onto a 2D image as shown in Figure 1. Because the images lacked depth, the area and orientation of the hot spot could not be fully determined This problem was partially remediated by superimposing the gamma-ray image onto a 3D surface, allowing the 3D model to reconstruct the orientation of the surfaces. By using this approach, the area and extent of contamination can be extrapolated and imported into the IRR-DST. 3.2 Systems Approach Historically, chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) incident response decision support tools have focused solely on one problem or outcome, whether it is the identification of sampling locations for characterization purposes, cost of decontamination, or the management of waste. Most of these tools ignore the impact a given decision (e.g., decontamination technology selection) might have on remediation efforts. The ability to measure or predict the impact of the decisions or operations couid have en masse would greatly enhance both decision making and remediation efforts. This concept of intricately tying together the various processes and stages of remediation to create a more encompassing system is known as the systems approach. As shown in Figure 2, as decisions are made, the resource demand might increase or decrease (typically the latter) in scale. With time, operationally driven decisions drive or tip the balance in favor of more resources. This increased requirement for resources typically causes remediation to become resource-intensive in terms of cost and time (e.g., a particular decontamination method is costly, but is quicker). The systems approach seeks to balance the overall resource demand by leveraging the system as a whole and predicting the optimal outcome, which in return provides greater insight and improves decision making. The IRR-DST embodies this method by allowing the user to see how their decisions impact other operations (e.g., decontamination versus waste management) with regards to resource demand (e.g., cost and time). 2 ------- Figure 2. Systems thinking approach for CBRN incidents. 3.3 Design The IRR-DST is composed entirely of a Microsoft Excel workbook. The workbook is dynamic, in that it adjusts its calculations to accommodate user-defined variables, and it is adaptable and scalable to accommodate smaller or larger scenarios. The workbook consists of fourteen (14) worksheets. These worksheets are arranged in a manner that logically steps the user through the processes necessary to calculate the resource demands associated with a selected decontamination technology. These steps are further described below. Home: The "Home" worksheet, the first screen the user sees once the workbook is launched, contains information about the tool, instructions for use, a disclaimer, and assumptions. Global Inputs: The "Global Inputs" worksheet captures user inputs that are used throughout the workbook. The global inputs account for costs associated with pre- and post-decontamination (e.g., site preparation, personal protective equipment (PRE), and waste handling). These inputs are not directly associated with the decontamination technologies; however, these inputs are included to support independent government cost estimates. Rad Decay: The "Rad Decay" worksheet can be used to estimate the activity level of the radioactive contaminant after a given period of time or the length of time that it will take for a given initial activity of radioactive material to decay to a specified activity levei. This worksheet can be updated based on a given isotope and half-life. Rad Distribution: The "Rad Distribution" worksheet uses an equation to describe the relative distribution of a given radionuclide in concrete. Co-60 is included by default. Based on the distribution of the depth of the radionuclide, a removal efficacy/depth is estimated [2], This sheet should not be 3 ------- modified. However, the distribution values can be adjusted using the exploratory results from the initial decontamination work. For additional information, please contact the project's principal investigator. Site Inputs: The "Site Inputs" worksheet is used to obtain a recommended decontamination technology based on a targeted activity per location and zone and the inputs from the transformation of 2D gamma- ray radiation field information onto a 3D model for estimating surface area and surface contamination. The IRR-DST will calculate the number of applications/passes needed and other various resource demands and recommend either a mechanical or chemical decontamination technology based on the user inputs. This worksheet can be expanded to accommodate additional locations and zones. Results Summary: The "Results Summary" worksheet contains a text field to describe the scenario, an aggregated summary of the results, the disclaimer, and assumptions. This worksheet was designed to be printable for use in other documentation. Calc: The "Calc" worksheet (and subsequent copies made by the user) contains the calculations necessary to recommend a particular decontamination technology based on user inputs on the "Site Inputs" worksheet for each hot spot (combination of Location ID and Zone ID). The "Site Inputs" represent a location of interest (e.g., room or hot spot) that will undergo decontamination. The estimates associated with each "Calc" worksheet are specific to that location. The "Results Summary" spreadsheet aggregates the results of each "Calc" worksheet into an easy-to-read summary of resource estimates and applied decontamination technologies. These worksheets are not to be modified by the user. By default, the tool includes four copies of the "Calc" worksheet ("Bl," "B2," "B3," and "B4"). Section 5.6 has additional information on those worksheets. Tech Data: The "Tech Data" worksheet aggregates the technical and performance data for mechanical and chemical decontamination technologies used in the tool (from the two worksheets described below). This worksheet is not to be modified by the user. Mech Tech Details: The "Mech Tech Details" worksheet aggregates the technical and performance data for mechanical decontamination technologies used in the tool and includes additional useful information regarding performance and application [3], This worksheet is not to be modified by the user. Chem Tech Details: The "Chem Tech Details" worksheet aggregates the technical and performance data for chemical decontamination technologies used in the tool and includes additional useful information regarding performance and application [4-10], This worksheet is not to be modified by the user. Note that the calculations use only one application of all chemical decontamination technologies. 3.4 Expansion Since the IRR-DST was built using Excel, the workbook can be modified to account for larger or smaller scenarios by simply dragging and expanding fields of interest. Section 5 (Quick Start User Guide) states whether a specified worksheet can be expanded and how it can be expanded. 3.5 Assumptions The IRR-DST is based on several assumptions derived through research results or professional judgment. The estimates do not include time and cost demands associated with personnel training, travel, location 4 ------- transition, PPE, or transportation. The penetration of radionuclides into the surfaces is based on estimates from Co-60 penetration into unsealed concrete, which might not precisely reflect the radionuclide contamination for the surfaces being modeled. Furthermore, the prescribed decontamination approach does not account for crevices, holes, or any other disturbance of the surface as these disturbances could have enhanced the penetration of the contaminant into the concrete. 4 INSTALLATION AND SETUP This chapter explains how to install and set up the IRR-DST. Before installation, users need to confirm that their system meets or exceeds the recommended hardware and software requirements. Note: Upon launching the workbook, Excel might ask users to update links. It is recommended that users approve this request by pressing the "Update" button; otherwise, some of the formulae might fail. 4.1 Minimum System and Software Requirements This section provides the minimum system requirements and required software for the IRR-DST. Meeting the minimum system requirements does not guarantee that the IRR-DST will operate as intended. Memory requirements are often dependent on the number of rows being used in the workbook. Table 1. Minimum System and Software Requirements Required Software Microsoft Excel Processor 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster x86- or x64-bit processor with SSE2 instruction set RAM 1 gigabyte (GB) Random Access Memory (RAM) (32-bit); 2 GB RAM (64-bit) Screen Resolution 1024 x 768 pixels Operating System Windows 10 or macOS Mojave Disk Space 3.0 GB available (Microsoft Excel) 5 QUICK START USER GUIDE This chapter provides the necessary steps to create an IRR-DST scenario from beginning to end. Note: The process of modeling gamma-ray and 3D imagery will require the use of 3D modeling such as SketchUp or Blender. 5.1 Combining Gamma-Ray and 3D Blueprint Imagery The IRR-DST uses a novel method of projecting contamination information onto a 3D surface. This section will step the user through the process required for superimposing contamination information onto a 3D surface. 1. Information regarding the type, level, and extent of contamination can be derived using a gamma- ray imaging device. The PHDS Co. Germanium Gamma-Ray Imager (GeGI) was referenced in the development of the IRR-DST. A complete and thorough characterization of the site should be conducted before using the IRR-DST. 5 ------- 2. Once the site has been characterized, the images taken by the imaging device can then be manually imported into a 3D modeling program (e.g., SketchUp). The building footprint information needs to be imported into the 3D modeling software and the walls/floors extruded to the appropriate height. Using the images as a reference, users should draw the contaminated area divided into four separate zones, onto the impacted surfaces. Figure 3 shows a gamma-ray image derived from GeGI (left) that was converted to a 3D image (right). Users should use their own judgment to determine the orientation, size, and dimensions of a given hotspot. Figure 3. Comparison of GeGI image converted to a 3D image, 3. Using the 3D modeling software, users should extract the area of each zone in m2. In SketchUp, this can be done by using the "Select Tool" and right-clicking on a zone of interest and selecting "Area" and "Selection." 4. This process needs to be completed for each location and zone of contamination. Before proceeding, it is recommended that users already have documented the surface area of the contaminated locations and associated activity level using a gamma-ray imaging device. This information will be entered into the IRR-DST. 5.2 Home The "Home" worksheet, the first screen the user sees when the workbook is launched, contains information about the tool, instructions for use, a disclaimer, and assumptions. Users do not enter any information on this worksheet (Figure 4). 6 ------- Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool (IRR-DST) About This spreadsheet will provide a first order estimate of the amount of waste and resource demand based on a series of user specified decontamination technologies for a given area. Instructions for Use 1. Enter a scenario description on the "Results Summary" worksheet. 2. Review the default global factors and miscellaneous expenses values on the "Global Inputs" worksheet. 3. The "Site" worksheet captures information on the contaminated hot spot. A hot spot is defined as a combination of unique location ID and zone ID (see Figure 1). By default, the "Site Inputs" worksheet is populated with four location ID and four zone IDs ("Bl", "B2, "B3", "B4"). To create additional locations/zones, select the last row of data in the "Site Inputs" worksheet and copy down the necessary number of additional rows. For each newly added row, make a copy of the "Calc" worksheet, give the copied "Calc" worksheet a unique worksheet name representing the combination of Location ID and Zone ID (e.g., "A3"), and copy that name into the "Worksheet" column (Column C) on the "Site Inputs" worksheet which corresponds to the newly created row. For each row in the "Site Inputs" worksheet, enter the following: a. Location (e.g., "A", "B", "C", etc.) b. Zone (e.g., "1", "2", "3", etc.) c. Worksheet (i.e., the name of the corresponding "Calc" worksheet, for example, "B3") d. Surface Area (i.e., the area, in square meters, of the contaminated surface representing the unique combination of Location ID and Zone e. Initial Activity (i.e., the initial activity, in microcuries (pCi), of the contaminated surface representing the unique combination of Location ID and Zone ID) f. Target Activity (i.e., the desired final activity, in microcuries (nCi), of the contaminated surface representing the unique combination of Location ID and Zone ID) g. Select your preferred decontamination technology type, if any. h. Select the result you wish to minimize (i.e., minimize time, cost, or waste) i. A summary of the results of your inputs and selections on the "Site Inputs" worksheet are aggregated on the "Results Summary" | user input | | result | Important Note: Do not modify the contents or functions in any of these worksheets: "Calc" (and any copies of "Calc" e.g., "Bl"), "Tech Data," "Mech Tech Details," or "Chem Tech Details." Disclaimer This tool was created by the EPA, through ORD's Homeland Security Research Propgram (HSRP). The contents of this spreadsheet do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. The EPA has not validated these results against any real-world radiological contamination scenarios. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Assumptions The estimated distribution of activity within surface material is based on Co-60 (see the "Rad Distribution" worksheet). The mechanical and chemical decontamination technology performance data are based on tests conducted using Cs-137asthe contaminant (seethe "Tech Data" worksheet). The recommendation of decontamination parameters listed in the "Site" tab reflect a potentially reasonable approach to hacaH tho Ifnnmn rAnHminjtinn lonol 3nH cnrfara i«hirh ic Jcc.imoH tn rnncict pntirolw nf rnnrroto The actimato ic rnt Version 6.0, April 2021 Figure 1. A hot spot location with four zones (location/zone combination "Bl" is shown) Figure 4. Home worksheet, 53 Global Inputs On the "Global Inputs" worksheet1, users enter the following required information (Figure 5). Note that the data on these inputs is limited and site/location specific. • Time elapsed since contamination, in days. • Labor rate, in dollars per hour ($/h). • Number of personnel for decontamination. • A labor factor that can be used to scale the overall labor cost. This value is set to one (1) by default. • Waste disposal cost, in dollars per kilogram ($/kg). • Miscellaneous expenses, if known or can be estimated. The "Miscellaneous Expenses" area of the worksheet captures costs not specifically associated with a decontamination technology. This section of the worksheet can be expanded to accommodate additional expenses. The default values and titles listed in the "Miscellaneous Expenses" section can be modified to reflect site-specific needs and information. The "Miscellaneous Expense Total" line should not be removed, since it is directly linked and referenced in the "Results Summary" worksheet. 1 The spreadsheet includes example parameters and expense inputs. 7 ------- Global Inputs Global Factors Time Elapsed Since Contamination (days) Labor Rate ($/hr) Personnel Labor Factor Waste Disposal Cost ($/kg) Miscellaneous Expenses 365 100.00 3 1 2.08 Hours Average Loaded Labor Rate ($/hr) Cost Description Prior Expenses 0 $ $ Prior AMS decon tool results, etc. Pre-decon Cost Hours Average Loaded Labor Rate ($/hr) Cost Description Logistics 80 $ 100.00 $ 8,000 Additional equipment 0 $ $ ODC PPE 0 $ $ ODC Site preparation 40 $ 100.00 $ 4,000 Other 0 $ $ ODC Subtotal $ 12,000 Post-decon Cost Hours Average Loaded Labor Rate ($/hr) Cost Description Clearance 40 $ 100.00 $ 4,000 Waste handling 40 $ 100.00 $ 4,000 Site breakdown 80 $ 100.00 $ 8,000 Other 0 $ $ ODC Subtotal $ 16,000 Miscellaneous Expense Total | $ 28,000 | Figure 5. Global Inputs worksheet. 5.4 Rad Decay The "Rad Decay" worksheet (Figure 6) can be used to estimate the activity level of radioactive contaminant left after a given period of time or the length of time it would take for a given initial activity of radioactive material to decay to a specified final activity level. This worksheet can be updated based on a given isotope and half-life. This worksheet includes two functions: 1) determine the remaining activity level after a specified decay period, and 2) determine the time required to achieve a specified activity level. This worksheet functions as a calculator/point of reference. The fields highlighted in yellow can be modified based on the isotope of interest. Radioactive Decay/Timed Decay Description: use this spreadsheet to find out how much of a radioactive material is left after a given period of time or ho\ Radioactive Decay: A=Aoe-(0.693t/Tl/2) Timed Decay: t = -(Tl/2/0.693) * ln(A/Ao) Radioactive Decay Isotope Co-60 Half-life (y) 5.3 Initial activity (Ao) (mCi) 0.361 Today 4/16/2021 Date of measurement 1/26/2000 Calc Decay time (t) (y) 21.2 Custom Decay time (t) (y) 0 for future activity, enter total years here; otherwise leave cell blank or =0 Final activity (A) (mCi) 0.0222 Timed Decay Initial activity (Ao) (mCi) 3000 Desired final activity 0.05 Decay time (t) (y) 83.7 Figure 6. Rad Decay worksheet. 8 ------- 5.5 Rad Distribution The "Rad Distribution" worksheet (Figure 7) uses an exponential approximation of the relative radionuclide distribution to estimate the distribution of a given radionuclide in concrete. Based on the distribution of the depth of the radionuclide, a removal efficacy/depth is estimated. The cells highlighted in yellow can be modified. However, this modification should be done only if users are familiar with this topic, as modifying the exponential factor will affect the required removal depth (i.e., number of passes) for mechanical decontamination technologies. The default factor was derived from HSRP research on the fate and transport of radiocesium, radiostrontium, and radiocobalt on urban building materials [2], Note that in order to generalize the distribution (depth) of multiple radionuclides (i.e., 137Cs, 60Co, and 85Sr), a single exponent (cell B9) was used. The "Site Inputs" worksheet discussed next uses a subset of this equation to estimate the number of passes needed based on a given mechanical decontamination technology. Radionuclide Distribution Description: this sheet uses the exponential approximations of the relative radionuclide distribution to estimate the distribution c FnAlin = A eBlm from hn for concrete Calculate Activity Between Two Depths into Surface Depth (mm) Activity Removed (uCi) Total Activity, Ao (uCi): 6 0 0.00 Exponential Factor, c (1/mm): -4.66 0.1 2.23 Initial Depth D1 (mm): 0 0.2 3.64 Final Depth D2 (mm): 1 0.3 4.52 Activity Between D1 and D2 (uCi): 5.94 0.4 5.07 % Removed: 99.05% 0.5 5.42 0.6 5.63 Calculate Depth to Remove to Achieve a Given Activity 0.7 5.77 Initial Activity (uCi): 5 0.8 5.86 Desired Final Activity (uCi): 0.05 0.9 5.91 Depth to Remove (mm): 0.988234 1 5.94 Activity Removed (uCi) 6 i 5 —¦— " 2 s o d n o o o 0.5 o o o 0.9 1 Figure 7. Rad Distribution worksheet. 5.6 Site Inputs The "Site Inputs" worksheet captures user inputs on the location and extent of contamination for an area of elevated activity within a room or location on a remediation site (a combination of a "Location" and a "Zone"). This worksheet can be modified to accommodate smaller or larger scenarios. For each combination of Location ID and Zone ID, users enter the following required information: • Location ID (e.g., "A," "B," "C"). • Zone ID (e.g., "1," "2," "3"). • Worksheet (name of the copied "Calc" worksheet as described below). • Surface area, in square meters (m2), of the Zone ID. 9 ------- • Initial activity, in microcuries (piCi), of the Zone ID. • Target activity, in microcuries (|iCi), of the Zone ID. • Preferred decontamination technology type (e.g., mechanical, chemical, or none). • Result to minimize (i.e., cost, time, or waste). By default, the "Site Inputs" worksheet contains four rows representing a single hot spot location and four associated "Calc" worksheets (worksheets named "Bl," "B2," "B3," and "B4"). To add additional rows in the "Site Inputs" worksheet to account for additional hot spot locations, users can simply do the following: 1. Highlight the last row in the table. 2. Right-click on the row number. 3. Select Copy (see Figure 8). 1 d\ A c D E F G H Location/Zone Setup and Results 2 Location ID Zone ID Worksheet Surface Area (m2) Initial Activity (liCi) Target Activity M Minimum Required %R Required Removal Depth (m/m2) Pr : Tec 1 i c f Calibri - 9 - A" A" $ v % 5 11 m is 6.35 9.7 0.05 0.99 0.001130442 B I = 0* < l> 4.98 6.2 0.05 0.99 0.001034395 c\ 2.15 4.8 0.05 0.99 0.000979474 7 £ I o B4 1.25 2.1 0.05 0.98 0.000802075 Me A Cut needed ' c Q=) Copy 1 1 IS Paste 1 Options: 1 a 1 1 Haste special... Figure 8. Copying rows in the Site Inputs worksheet. 4. Highlight the next empty row. 5. Right-click on the row number. 6. Select the Paste icon (see Figure 9). A | B C D E F G H 1 Location/Zone Setup and Results 2 3 Location ID Zone ID Worksheet Surface Area (m2) Initial Activity (pCi) Target Activity (jiCi) Minimum Required %R Required Removal Depth (m/m2) Pr< C Tec 1 (s 4 5 B 1 Bl 6.35 9.7 0.05 0.99 0.001130442 B 2 B2 4.98 6.2 0.05 0.99 0.001034395 Ch 6 7 8 B 3 B3 2.15 4.8 0.05 0.99 0.000979474 .. . __B4 1.25 2.1 0.05 0.98 0.000802075 Me B 4 B4 1.25 2.1 0.05 0.98 0.000802075 Me 9 10 11 12 13 Paste Options: 14 a 6 & & & s 15 _1£_ Figure 9. Pasting rows into the Site Inputs worksheet. 10 ------- After copying the new row, enter the new Location ID, Zone ID, and Worksheet name (see Figure 10). NOTE: this new Worksheet name will be used in the next step. Also enter the Surface Area, Initial and Target Activities for the new Zone. The area and contamination information is retrieved by projecting the gamma-ray imagery onto the 3D model, as described above. A B c D E F G H 1 Location/Zone Setup and Results 2 Prefi Location ID Zone ID Worksheet Surface Area Initial Activity Target Activity Minimum Required Removal Depth (m/m2) De Techr Tyt (m2) (jiCi) Required %R 3 (sel 4 B 1 B1 6.35 9.7 0.05 0.99 0.001130442 Nc 5 B 2 B2 4.98 6.2 0.05 0.99 0.001034395 Chei 6 B 3 B3 2.15 4.8 0.05 0.99 0.000979474 Nc 7 B 4 B4 1.25 2.1 0.05 0.98 0.000802075 Mech 8 C 1 CI 8.6 10.5 0.05 1.00 0.001147448 Mech 9 [Hi] 10 Figure 10. Entering new information for the new rows in the site inputs worksheet. Next, select the "Calc" worksheet. Right-click on the "Calc" worksheet tab and select "Move or Copy" (see Figure 11). A B C D E F G H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Technology Type Percent Removal Option Based on Required %R? (0=no, l=yes) Applications Application Rate (hr/m2) Solid Waste Mass per Unit Area (kg/m2) Liquid Waste Volume per Unit Area (kg/m2) Dust Director with Wire Brush Mechanical 0.38 1 m/A Dust Director with Diamond Flap Wheel Mechanical 0.89 1 m/A Sander Mechanical 0.54 1 r m/A Rotating Water Jet Mechanical 0.36 1 m/A Abrasive Blast n'Vac Mechanical 0.96 1 r m/A Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam) Chemical 0.29 r #N/A 7.00 40.00 50.00 Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation) Chemical 0.37 #N/A 10.17 91.00 46.00 Argonne SuperGel (ASG) Chemical 0.46 r #N/A 8.25 100.00 39.00 Bartlett Services Inc., StripcoatTLC Free™ Chemical 0.32 ftN/A 22.17 18.00 81.00 CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 Chemical 0.45 m/A 284.00 89.00 71.00 CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 Chemical 0.67 r #N/A 14.01 25.00 92.00 Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release 1 Chemical 0.71 #N/A 3.08 61.00 45.00 Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II Chemical 0.50 #N/A 6.08 57.00 49.00 Intek Technology LH-21 Chemical 0.45 #N/A 2.00 75.00 43.00 Isotron OrionTM Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating Chemical 0.04 r m/A 34.68 53.00 30.00 LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Foam) Chemical 0.51 #N/A 2.22 **P LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Liquid) Chemical 0.53 r #N/A 4.44 insert... 3 [£x Delete Karcher-Futuretech RDS 2000 Chemical 0.11 #N/A 1.17 21 IP Rename 22 23 Move or Copy... 24 25 [&! View Code 26 27 Protect Sheet... 28 lab Color > 29 30 Hide 31 32 Unhide... 33 34 Home Global Inputs Rad Decay Rad Distribution Site Inputs Results Summary Calc Figure 11. Selecting the "Calc" worksheet to copy. . In the "Move or Copy" dialog box, select the "Tech Data" worksheet, click the "Create a copy" box, and click "OK" (see Figure 12). 11 ------- 1 2 A B C D E F G H 1 Ec a Technology Type Percent Removal Option Based on Required %R? (0=no, l=yes) Applications Application Rate (hr/rr»2) Solid Waste Mass per Unit Area (kg/m2) Liquid Waste Volume per Unit Area (kg/rr>2) Waste Disposal Cost ($/kg) Dust Director with Wire Brush Mechanical 0.38 #N/A 2.08 3 4 Dust Director with Diamond Flap Wheel Mechanical 0.89 #N/A 2.08 Sander Mechanical 0.54 ffN/A 2.08 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rotating Water Jet Mechanical 0.36 #N/A 2.08 Abrasive Blast n'Vac Mechanical 0.96 sn/a 2.08 Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam) Chemical 0.29 #N/A 1 7.00 40.00 50.00 2.08 Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation) Chemical 0.37 #N/A 1 10.17 91.00 46.00 2.08 Argonne SuperGel (ASG) Chemical 0.46 #N/A 1 8.25 100.00 39.00 2.08 Bartlett Services Inc., StripcoatTLC Free™ Chemical 0.32 #N/A 1 22.17 18.00 81.00 2.08 11 12 13 CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 Chemical 0.45 #N/A 1 284.00 89.00 71.00 2.08 CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 Chemical 0.67 r #N/A 1 14.01 25.00 92.00 2.08 Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I Chemical 0.71 #N/A 1 3.08 61.00 45.00 2.08 - 14 15 Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II Chemical 0.50 #N/A Move or Copy ? X Intek Technology LH-21 Chemical 0.45 #N/A 16 17 Isotron OrionTM Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating Chemical 0.04 #N/A LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Foam) Chemical 0.51 #N/A To book: 18 LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Liquid) Chemical 0.53 #N/A Hot Spot Calculator v6.0.xlsx 19 20 Karcher-Futuretech RDS 2000 Chemical 0.11 #N/A iefore sheet: 21 Calc a 22 B1 2 i B2 24 2b 2b Mech Tech Details 27 Chem Tech Details v 28 29 30 OK Cancel 31 1 32 33 34 Home Global Inputs Rad Decay Rad Distribution Site Inputs Results Summary Calc B1 B2 B3 B4 Tech Data Figure 12. Copying the "Calc" worksheet. 11. The newly copied worksheet will be given a default name, so right-click on the newly copied worksheet tab name and select "Rename" (Figure 13). 3Tos 5TTJCT 3OT ZUSl 1V6.51| TOD 2.22 10.00 53.00 Insert.. S|< Delete : ¦- C 4.44 51.00 75.00 1.17 95.00 23.00 ^ Rename Move or Copy... 02] View Code 5^ Erotect Sheet- lab Color > Hide Unhide... Select All Sheets Calc B1 | B2 B3 B4 Calc (2) c Figure 13. Renaming the copied "Calc" worksheet. 12. Type in the name to match the "Worksheet" name entered for the newly created row on the "Site Inputs" worksheet (from Step 7 above; in this example the Worksheet is named "CI") (see Figure 14). nary Calc B1 B2 B3 | B4 CI Tech Dal Figure 14. Naming the new worksheet. 12 ------- 13. Add additional rows (for additional locations and zones) by repeating the above process (steps 1-13). Note that any changes made to the "Site Info" worksheet might impact calculations throughout the workbook, including the results. An extensive review should be conducted to ensure formulae are operating as intended. This review is especially important when expanding the "Site Info" worksheet. 5.7 Results Summary After entering all information on the "Global inputs" and "Site Inputs" worksheets (and following the necessary steps 1-13 in Section 5.6), the results are aggregated and summarized on the "Results Summary" worksheet (Figure 15). Users can find additional information for each decontamination technology on the "Mech Tech Details" and "Chem Tech Details" worksheets. Users can enter a scenario description on this worksheet for documentation purposes but should not otherwise modify the "Results Summary" worksheet (or the "Mech Tech Details" and "Chem Tech Details" worksheets). Results Summary Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool (IRR-DST), Version 6.0 (April 2021) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Scenario Description [provide] Results Summary Total Impacted Area 14.7 m2 Total Activity 22.8 nCi Lowest Targeted Activity 0.1 nCi Total Activity Following Decon 0.2 nCi Percent Reduction (%R) 99.8 % Total Time 7.5 hr Total Cost 33,325 $ Total Waste 36.9 kg Waste Activity 16.5 nCi 0.45 uCi/kg Decontamination Technology Type Applications Total Surface Area (m2) Activity Removed (pCi) Total Time (hr) Total Cost ($> Total Waste (kg) Waste Activity (uci) Waste Activity (jiCi/kg) Dust Director with Wire Brush Mechanical 2.00 2.15 4.75 3.68 2,114 4.56 4.75 1.04 Dust Director with Diamond Flap Wheel Mechanical 2.00 7.60 11.70 3.81 3,211 32.38 11.70 0.74 Sander Mechanical Rotating Water Jet Mechanical Abrasive Blast n'Vac Mechanical Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam) Chemical Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation) Chemical Argonne SuperGel (ASG) Chemical Argonne SuperGel (ASG) Chemical Bartlett Services Inc., StripcoatTLC Free™ Chemical CBl Polymers Decon Gel® 1101 Chemical CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 Chemical Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release 1 Chemical Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II Chemical Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II Chemical Intek Technology LH-21 Chemical Isotron OrionTM Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating Chemical LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Foam) Chemical LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions (Liquid) Chemical Karcher-Futuretech RDS 2000 Chemical Disclaimer These results were generated by the Integrated Radiological Remediation Decision Support Tool (IRR-DST), a tool created by the EPA through ORD's Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP). The contents of the tool do not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. The EPA has not validated these results against any real-world radiological contamination scenarios. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Assumptions The estimated distribution of activity within surface material is based on Co-60. The mechanical and chemical decontamination technology performance data are based on tests rnnrinrtPH ucinp C<;-H7 ThP mntaminant ThP rprnmmpnriatinn nf rtprnntam inarinn naramPtPrc rpfiprr a nnrpnfiallv rP^nnahlP annrnarh fn riprnntaminatirm hatPfl fhP known Figure 15. Results Summary worksheet. 13 ------- If users have any questions, please email the principal investigator listed in the "Disclaimer" section at the front of this document. 6 TROUBLESHOOTING This chapter provides solutions to commonly found problems that users might encounter while using the IRR-DST. It is recommended that users confirm software and hardware compatibility (information found in Section 4 of this document) before continuing. Problem Cause Remedy Excel asks to save even if changes have not been made. A few links might have been updated on startup without the user's knowledge. This is typical of Excel. Unless users have made any updates to the workbook, it is not recommended that users save the document. At the startup of the workbook, Microsoft Excel displays a warning asking to update the links contained in the workbook. The workbook contains links to other workbooks or files (called source files), and when the source files are changed, then the links in workbook might display information that is out of date and therefore needs to be updated. Click the "Update" button One of the cells reads as "#DIV/0" A variable that that cell is trying to use was likely deleted. Review the worksheet for missing information or start over from scratch. 7 REFERENCES 1. PHDS, Gamma-ray Imaging with GeGI at the Advanced Medical Systems Site: Data Analysis and Report. 2015. 2. K. Maslova, I. Stepina, A. Konoplev, V. Popov, A. Gusarov, F. Pankratov, S.D. Lee, N. Il'icheva., Fate and transport of radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalt on urban building materials. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2013; 125:74-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.01.013. Epub 2013 Feb 9. PMID: 23399030. 3. US EPA, Evaluation of Five Technologies for the Mechanical Removal of Radiological Contamination from Concrete Surfaces. 2011, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/S- 11/004, 2011. 4. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Decontamination of Concrete with Aged and Recent Cesium Contamination. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/001, 2013. 5. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Bartlett Services, Inc. Stripcoat TLC Free Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-08/099, 2008. 6. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 and 1108 for Radiological Decontamination. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/084, 2011. 7. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I and II for Radiological Decontamination. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R- 11/083, 2011. 14 ------- 8. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. 9. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Isotron Orion Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-08/100, 2008. 10. U.S. EPA, Technology Evaluation Report, Radiation Decontamination Solutions, LLC "Quick Decon" Solutions for Radiological Decontamination. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/086, 2011. 15 ------- |