United States Agency Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Tables and Figures Assessing Trends in Materials Generation and Management in the United States December 2020 ------- List of Tables Page Table 1. Materials Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 1 Table 2. Materials Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 2 Table 3. Materials Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 4 Table 4. Materials La ndfil led * in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 5 Table 5. Paper and Paperboard Products In MSW, 2018 6 Table 6. Glass Products in MSW, 2018 7 Table 7. Metal Products in MSW, 2018 8 Table 8. Plastics in Products In MSW, 2018 9 Table 9. Rubber and Leather Products In MSW, 2018 12 Table 10. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 13 Table 11. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 14 Table 12. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 16 Table 13. Products Landfilled* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 17 Table 14. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) 18 Table 15. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 (With Detail on Durable Goods) 19 Table 16. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) 21 Table 17. Products Landfilled* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) 23 Table 18. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) 24 Table 19. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed By Other Food Pathways In The Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) 26 Table 19. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed By Other Food Pathways In The Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) 27 Table 20. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) 29 Table 21. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) 31 December 2020 i ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 List of Tables (Continued) Page Table 22. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 33 Table 23. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 35 Table 24. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail On Containers And Packaging) 37 Table 25. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 39 Table 26. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 41 Table 27. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 43 Table 28. Products La ndf il led * in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 45 Table 29. Products La ndf il led * in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) 47 Table 30. Selected Examples of Source Reduction Practices 48 Table 31. Households with Residential Food Collection Programs in the U.S., 2018* 50 Table 32. Material Recovery Facilities (MRF), 2018* 51 Table 33. Municipal Waste-To-Energy Projects, 2018 52 Table 34. Landfill Facilities, 2018 53 Table 35. Generation, Recycling, Composting, Combustion with Energy Recovery and Landfilling of Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 54 December 2020 ii ------- List of Figures Page Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste in the Universe of Subtitle D Wastes 55 Figure 2. Definition of Terms 56 Figure 3. Paper and Paperboard Products Generated in MSW, 2018 57 Figure 4. Paper and Paperboard Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 58 Figure 5. Glass Products Generated in MSW, 2018 59 Figure 6. Glass Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 60 Figure 7. Metal Products Generated in MSW, 2018 61 Figure 8. Metals Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 62 Figure 9. Plastics Products Generated in MSW, 2018 63 Figure 10. Plastics Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 64 Figure 11. Generation of Materials in MSW, 1960 to 2018* 65 Figure 12. Recycled, Composted, Managed By Other Food Pathways, Combustion with Energy Recovery and Landfilling of Materials in MSW, 1960 to 2018 66 Figure 13. Materials Recycling, Composting and Other Food Management in MSW,* 2018 67 Figure 14. Materials Generated, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in MSW, 2018 68 Figure 15. Generation of Products in MSW, 1960 to 2018* 69 Figure 16. Nondurable Goods Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 70 Figure 17. Containers and Packaging Materials Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 71 Figure 18. Containers and Packaging Products Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 72 Figure 19. Diagram of Solid Waste Management 73 Figure 20. States with Bottle Deposit Rules 74 Figure 21. Estimated MRF Throughput, 2018* 75 Figure 22. Mixed Waste Processing Estimated Throughput, 2018* 76 Figure 23. MSW Composting Throughput, 2018* 77 Figure 24. Yard Trimmings Composting Facilities, 2018* 78 Figure 25. Municipal Waste-To-Energy Capacity, 2018 79 Figure 26. Number of Landfills in the U.S., 2018 80 December 2020 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 1. Materials Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total generation) Materials Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 29,990 44,310 55,160 72,730 87,740 84,840 71,310 68,050 67,010 67,390 Glass 6,720 12,740 15,130 13,100 12,770 12,540 11,520 11,470 12,300 12,250 Metals Ferrous 10,300 12,360 12,620 12,640 14,150 15,210 16,920 18,190 18,890 19,200 Aluminum 340 800 1,730 2,810 3,190 3,330 3,510 3,670 3,820 3,890 Other Nonferrous 180 670 1,160 1,100 1,600 1,860 2,020 2,010 2,510 2,510 Total Metals 10,820 13,830 15,510 16,550 18,940 20,400 22,450 23,870 25,220 25,600 Plastics 390 2,900 6,830 17,130 25,550 29,380 31,400 34,480 35,410 35,680 Rubber and Leather 1,840 2,970 4,200 5,790 6,670 7,290 7,750 8,560 9,110 9,160 Textiles 1,760 2,040 2,530 5,810 9,480 11,510 13,220 16,060 16,890 17,030 Wood 3,030 3,720 7,010 12,210 13,570 14,790 15,710 16,300 18,200 18,090 Other ** 70 770 2,520 3,190 4,000 4,290 4,710 4,880 4,630 4,560 Total Materials in Products 54,620 83,280 108,890 146,510 178,720 185,040 178,070 183,670 188,770 189,760 Other Wastes FoodA 12,200 12,800 13,000 23,860 30,700 32,930 35,740 39,730 40,670 63,130 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,200 27,500 35,000 30,530 32,070 33,400 34,720 35,180 35,400 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,780 2,250 2,900 3,500 3,690 3,840 3,990 4,040 4,070 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,780 42,750 61,760 64,730 68,690 72,980 78,440 79,890 102,600 Total MSW Generated - Weight * 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 Materials Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 34.0% 36.6% 36.4% 34.9% 36.0% 33.4% 28.4% 26.0% 24.9% 23.1% Glass 7.6% 10.5% 10.0% 6.3% 5.2% 4.9% 4.6% 4.4% 4.6% 4.2% Metals Ferrous 11.7% 10.2% 8.3% 6.1% 5.8% 6.0% 6.7% 6.9% 7.0% 6.6% Aluminum 0.4% 0.7% 1.1% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% Other Nonferrous 0.2% 0.6% 0.8% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% Total Metals 12.3% 11.4% 10.2% 7.9% 7.8% 8.0% 8.9% 9.1% 9.4% 8.8% Plastics 0.4% 2.4% 4.5% 8.2% 10.5% 11.6% 12.5% 13.2% 13.2% 12.2% Rubber and Leather 2.1% 2.5% 2.8% 2.8% 2.7% 2.9% 3.1% 3.3% 3.4% 3.1% Textiles 2.0% 1.7% 1.7% 2.8% 3.9% 4.5% 5.3% 6.1% 6.3% 5.8% Wood 3.4% 3.1% 4.6% 5.9% 5.6% 5.8% 6.3% 6.2% 6.8% 6.2% Other ** 0.1% 0.6% 1.7% 1.5% 1.6% 1.7% 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% Total Materials in Products 62.0% 68.8% 71.8% 70.3% 73.4% 72.9% 70.9% 70.1% 70.3% 64.9% Other Wastes FoodA 13.8% 10.6% 8.6% 11.5% 12.6% 13.0% 14.2% 15.2% 15.1% 21.6% Yard Trimmings 22.7% 19.2% 18.1% 16.8% 12.5% 12.6% 13.3% 13.2% 13.1% 12.1% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Total Other Wastes 38.0% 31.2% 28.2% 29.7% 26.6% 27.1% 29.1% 29.9% 29.7% 35.1% Total MSW Generated - % Y 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. ** Includes electrolytes in batteries and fluff pulp, feces and urine in disposable diapers. A In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recvcling/food-material-specific-data. ¥ Generation rose considerably from 2017 to 2018 mainly because EPA enhanced its food measurement methodology to more fully account for all the ways wasted food is managed throughout the food system. December 2020 1 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 2. Materials Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each material) Materials Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Paper and Paperboard 5,080 6,770 11,740 20,230 37,560 41,960 44,570 45,320 44,170 45,970 Glass 100 160 750 2,630 2,880 2,590 3,130 3,190 3,070 3,060 Metals Ferrous 50 150 370 2,230 4,680 5,020 5,800 6,070 6,170 6,360 Aluminum Neg. 10 310 1,010 860 690 680 670 600 670 Other Nonferrous Neg. 320 540 730 1,060 1,280 1,440 1,290 1,710 1,690 Total Metals 50 480 1,220 3,970 6,600 6,990 7,920 8,030 8,480 8,720 Plastics Neg. Neg. 20 370 1,480 1,780 2,500 3,120 3,000 3,090 Rubber and Leather 330 250 130 370 820 1,050 1,440 1,550 1,670 1,670 Textiles 50 60 160 660 1,320 1,830 2,050 2,460 2,570 2,510 Wood Neg. Neg. Neg. 130 1,370 1,830 2,280 2,660 3,030 3,100 Other ** Neg. 300 500 680 980 1,210 1,370 1,230 990 970 Total MSW recycled 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Composted Food - composted FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 680 690 970 2,100 2,570 2,590 Yard Trimmings - composted Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 15,770 19,860 19,200 21,290 24,420 22,300 Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 1,820 Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 1,840 Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 5,260 Food - donation 4,790 Food - land application 260 Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 3,740 Total Food - other food management 17,710 Total MSW Recycled and Composted - Weight 5,610 8,020 14,520 33,240 69,460 79,790 85,430 90,950 93,970 93,980 Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - Weight 111,690 Materials Percent of Generation of Each Material 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Paper and Paperboard 16.9% 15.3% 21.3% 27.8% 42.8% 49.5% 62.5% 66.6% 65.9% 68.2% Glass 1.5% 1.3% 5.0% 20.1% 22.6% 20.7% 27.2% 27.8% 25.0% 25.0% Metals Ferrous 0.5% 1.2% 2.9% 17.6% 33.1% 33.0% 34.3% 33.4% 32.7% 33.1% Aluminum Neg. 1.3% 17.9% 35.9% 27.0% 20.7% 19.4% 18.3% 15.7% 17.2% Other Nonferrous Neg. 47.8% 46.6% 66.4% 66.3% 68.8% 71.3% 64.2% 68.1% 67.3% Total Metals 0.5% 3.5% 7.9% 24.0% 34.8% 34.3% 35.3% 33.6% 33.6% 34.1% Plastics Neg. Neg. 0.3% 2.2% 5.8% 6.1% 8.0% 9.0% 8.5% 8.7% Rubber and Leather 17.9% 8.4% 3.1% 6.4% 12.3% 14.4% 18.6% 18.1% 18.3% 18.2% Textiles 2.8% 2.9% 6.3% 11.4% 13.9% 15.9% 15.5% 15.3% 15.2% 14.7% Wood Neg. Neg. Neg. 1.1% 10.1% 12.4% 14.5% 16.3% 16.6% 17.1% Other ** Neg. 39.0% 19.8% 21.3% 24.5% 28.2% 29.1% 25.2% 21.4% 21.3% Total Materials in Products - recycled 10.3% 9.6% 13.3% 19.8% 29.7% 32.0% 36.6% 36.8% 35.5% 36.4% December 2020 2 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 2. Materials Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each material) Materials Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 J 1980 J 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Composted Food - Composted FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.2% 2.1% 2.7% 5.3% 6.3% 4.1% Yard Trimmings - Composted Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.0% 51.7% 61.9% 57.5% 61.3% 69.4% 63.0% Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total- composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.8% 25.4% 29.9% 27.6% 29.8% 33.8% 24.3% Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 2.9% Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 2.9% Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 8.3% Food - donation 7.6% Food - land application 0.4% Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 5.9% Total Food - other food management 28.1% Total MSW Recycled and Composted - % 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 16.0% 28.5% 31.4% 34.0% 34.7% 35.0% 32.1% Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - % 38.2% * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Collection of electrolytes in batteries; probably not recycled. Neg = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. ¥ In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and la ndfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data. December 2020 3 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 3. Materials Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Materials Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 150 860 8,930 9,730 7,800 4,740 4,450 4,490 4,200 Glass 60 300 1,810 1,790 1,660 1,360 1,440 1,650 1,640 Metals Ferrous 60 250 1,690 1,610 1,640 1,810 2,150 2,290 2,310 Aluminum 0 30 300 390 410 440 510 550 560 Other Nonferrous 0 20 60 50 50 60 60 70 80 Total Metals 60 300 2,050 2,050 2,100 2,310 2,720 2,910 2,950 Plastics 0 140 2,980 4,120 4,330 4,530 5,330 5,590 5,620 Rubber and Leather 10 70 830 1,970 2,110 1,910 2,520 2,490 2,500 Textiles 10 50 880 1,880 2,110 2,270 3,060 3,170 3,220 Wood 10 150 2,080 2,290 2,270 2,310 2,570 2,880 2,840 Other ** 0 30 410 540 510 540 670 670 660 Total Materials in Products 300 1,900 19,970 24,370 22,890 19,970 22,760 23,850 23,630 Other Wastes Food 50 260 4,060 5,820 5,870 6,150 7,380 7,470 7,550 Yard Trimmings 90 550 5,240 2,860 2,220 2,510 2,630 2,110 2,570 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 10 50 490 680 670 680 780 790 800 Total Other Wastes 150 860 9,790 9,360 8,760 9,340 10,790 10,370 10,920 Total MSW Combusted - Weight 45 0 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 Materials Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 33.3% 31.2% 30.0% 28.8% 24.6% 16.2% 13.3% 13.1% 12.2% Glass 13.3% 10.9% 6.1% 5.3% 5.2% 4.6% 4.3% 4.8% 4.8% Metals Ferrous 13.3% 9.0% 5.7% 4.8% 5.2% 6.2% 6.4% 6.7% 6.7% Aluminum 0.0% 1.1% 1.0% 1.2% 1.3% 1.5% 1.5% 1.6% 1.6% Other Nonferrous 0.0% 0.7% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Total Metals 13.3% 10.8% 6.9% 6.1% 6.6% 7.9% 8.1% 8.5% 8.5% Plastics Neg. 5.1% 10.0% 12.2% 13.7% 15.5% 15.9% 16.3% 16.3% Rubber and Leather 2.2% 2.5% 2.8% 5.9% 6.7% 6.5% 7.5% 7.3% 7.2% Textiles 2.2% 1.8% 2.9% 5.6% 6.7% 7.7% 9.1% 9.3% 9.3% Wood 2.2% 5.4% 7.0% 6.8% 7.2% 7.9% 7.7% 8.4% 8.2% Other ** Neg. 1.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 2.0% 2.0% 1.9% Total Materials in Products 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 68.4% Other Wastes Food 11.1% 9.4% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 21.9% Yard Trimmings 20.0% 20.0% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.4% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.1% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 31.6% Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery- % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018,19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data). No combustion with energy recovery in 1960 (see Table 35). Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes, or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes electrolytes in batteries and fluff pulp, feces and urine in disposable diapers. December 2020 4 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 4. Materials Landfilled* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total landfilled) Materials Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 24,910 37,390 42,560 43,570 40,450 35,080 22,000 18,280 18,350 17,220 Glass 6,620 12,520 14,080 8,660 8,100 8,290 7,030 6,840 7,580 7,550 Metals Ferrous 10,250 12,150 12,000 8,720 7,860 8,550 9,310 9,970 10,430 10,530 Aluminum 340 790 1,390 1,500 1,940 2,230 2,390 2,490 2,670 2,660 Other Nonferrous 180 350 600 310 490 530 520 660 730 740 Total Metals 10,770 13,290 13,990 10,530 10,290 11,310 12,220 13,120 13,830 13,930 Plastics 390 2,900 6,670 13,780 19,950 23,270 24,370 26,030 26,820 26,970 Rubber and Leather 1,510 2,710 4,000 4,590 3,880 4,130 4,400 4,490 4,950 4,990 Textiles 1,710 1,970 2,320 4,270 6,280 7,570 8,900 10,540 11,150 11,300 Wood 3,030 3,710 6,860 10,000 9,910 10,690 11,120 11,070 12,290 12,150 Other ** 70 470 1,990 2,100 2,480 2,570 2,800 2,980 2,970 2,930 Total Materials in Products 49,010 74,960 92,470 97,500 101,340 102,910 92,840 93,350 97,940 97,040 Other Wastes Food 12,200 12,750 12,740 19,800 24,200 26,370 28,620 30,250 30,630 35,280 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,110 26,950 25,560 11,900 9,990 11,690 10,800 8,650 10,530 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,770 2,200 2,410 2,820 3,020 3,160 3,210 3,250 3,270 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,630 41,890 47,770 38,920 39,380 43,470 44,260 42,530 49,080 Total MSW Landfilled - Weight 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 Materials Percent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Paper and Paperboard 30.2% 33.2% 31.7% 30.0% 28.8% 24.7% 16.1% 13.3% 13.1% 11.8% Glass 8.0% 11.1% 10.5% 6.0% 5.8% 5.8% 5.1% 5.0% 5.4% 5.2% Metals Ferrous 12.4% 10.8% 8.9% 6.0% 5.6% 6.0% 6.8% 7.2% 7.4% 7.2% Aluminum 0.4% 0.7% 1.0% 1.0% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 1.8% Other Nonferrous 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Total Metals 13.0% 11.8% 10.3% 7.2% 7.3% 7.9% 9.0% 9.5% 9.8% 9.5% Plastics 0.5% 2.6% 5.0% 9.5% 14.2% 16.4% 17.9% 18.9% 19.1% 18.5% Rubber and Leather 1.8% 2.4% 3.0% 3.2% 2.8% 2.9% 3.2% 3.3% 3.5% 3.4% Textiles 2.1% 1.7% 1.7% 2.9% 4.5% 5.3% 6.5% 7.7% 7.9% 7.7% Wood 3.7% 3.3% 5.1% 6.9% 7.1% 7.5% 8.2% 8.0% 8.7% 8.3% Other ** 0.1% 0.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.8% 1.8% 2.1% 2.2% 2.2% 2.0% Total Materials in Products 59.4% 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 66.4% Other Wastes Food 14.8% 11.3% 9.5% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 24.1% Yard Trimmings 24.2% 20.5% 20.1% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.2% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 40.6% 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 33.6% Total MSW Landfilled - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Includes electrolytes in batteries and fluff pulp, feces and urine in disposable diapers. December 2020 5 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 5. Paper and Paperboard Products In MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation) Product Category Generation Recycled Combusted with Energy Recovery Landfilled (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) (Percent of generation) (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 5,050 3,270 64.8% 350 1,430 Books 690 Magazines 980 Office-type Papers* 3,970 Marketing Mail** 3,670 Other Commercial Printing 2,000 Tissue Paper and Towels 3,790 Paper Plates and Cups 1,420 Other Nonpackaging Paper*** 3,920 Subtotal Nondurable Goods excluding Newspaper/Mechanical Papers§ 20,440 8,810 43.1% 2,280 9,350 Total Paper and Paperboard Nondurable Goods 25,490 12,080 47.4% 2,630 10,780 Containers and Packaging Corrugated Boxes 33,260 32,090 96.5% 230 940 Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons^ 630 Folding Cartons 5,370 Other Paperboard Packaging 50 Bags and Sacks 1,090 Other Paper Packaging 1,500 Subtotal Containers and Packaging excluding Corrugated Boxes§ 8,640 1,800 20.8% 1,340 5,500 Total Paper and Paperboard Containers and Packaging 41,900 33,890 80.9% 1,570 6,440 Total Paper and Paperboard 67,390 45,970 68.2% 4,200 17,220 + Starting in 2010, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers previously counted as Other Commercial Printing. * High-grade papers such as copy paper and printer paper; both residential and commercial. ** Formerly called Third Class Mail and Standard Mail by the U.S. Postal Service. *** Includes paper in games and novelties, cards, etc. § Valid default values for separating out paper and paperboard sub-categories for recycling, combustion with energy recovery and landfilling from subtotal mixed paper were not available, t Includes milk, juice, and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 6 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 6. Glass Products in MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation) Combusted with Energy Product Category Generation Recycled Recovery Landfilled (Thousand (Thousand (Percent of (Thousand (Thousand tons) tons) generation) tons) tons) Durable Goods* 2,460 Neg. Neg. 330 2,130 Containers and Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 4,650 1,840 39.6% 550 2,260 Wine and Liquor Bottles 1,810 720 39.8% 210 880 Other Bottles and Jars 3,330 500 15.0% 550 2,280 Total Glass Containers 9,790 3,060 31.3% 1,310 5,420 Total Glass 12,250 3,060 25.0% 1,640 7,550 Glass as a component of appliances, furniture, consumer electronics, etc. Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. December 2020 7 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 7. Metal Products in MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation) Combusted with Energy Product Category Generation Recycled Recovery Landfilled (Thousand (Thousand (Percent of (Thousand (Thousand tons) tons) generation) tons) tons) Durable Goods Ferrous Metals* 16,990 4,730 27.8% 2,200 10,060 Aluminum** 1,750 NA NA 270 1,480 Lead+ 1,710 1,690 98.8% 20 Other Nonferrous Metalst 800 Neg. Neg. 80 720 Total Metals in Durable Goods 21,250 6,420 30.2% 2,550 12,280 Nondurable Goods Aluminum 220 NA NA 40 180 Containers and Packaging Steel Cans 1,580 1,120 70.9% 90 370 Other Steel Packaging 630 510 81.0% 20 100 Total Steel Packaging 2,210 1,630 73.8% 110 440 Aluminum Beer and Soft Drink Cans§ 1,330 670 50.4% 130 530 Other Cans 80 NA NA 20 60 Foil and Closures 510 NA NA 100 410 Total Aluminum Packaging 1,920 670 34.9% 250 1,000 Total Metals in Containers and Packaging 4,130 2,300 55.7% 360 1,470 Total Metals 25,600 8,720 34.1% 2,950 13,930 Ferrous 19,200 6,360 33.1% 2,310 10,530 Aluminum 3,890 670 17.2% 560 2,660 Other nonferrous 2,510 1,690 67.3% 80 740 * Ferrous metals (iron and steel) in appliances, furniture, tires and miscellaneous durables. ** Aluminum in appliances, furniture and miscellaneous durables. + Lead in lead-acid batteries. t Other nonferrous metals in appliances and miscellaneous durables. § Aluminum can recycling does not include used beverage cans imported to produce new beverage cans. NA = Not Available Details may not add to totals due to rounding. December 2020 8 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 8. Plastics in Products In MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation by resin) Product Category Generation Recycled * Combusted with energy Recovery Landfilled (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) (Percent of generation) (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) Durable Goods PET 660 HDPE 1,590 PVC 180 LDPE/LLDPE 2,130 PP 4,590 PS 760 Other resins 3,780 Total Plastics in Durable Goods 13,690 930 6.8% 1,740 11,020 Nondurable Goods* Plastic Plates and Cups§ LDPE/LLDPE 20 PLA 30 PP 160 PS 820 Subtotal Plastic Plates and Cups 1,030 Neg. Neg. 200 830 Trash Bags HDPE 230 LDPE/LLDPE 1,000 Subtotal Trash Bags 1,230 240 990 All other nondurables** PET 770 HDPE 690 PVC 270 LDPE/LLDPE 1,710 PLA 40 PP 1,570 PS 130 Other resins 20 Subtotal All Other Nondurables 5,200 180 3.5% 980 4,040 Total Plastics in Nondurable Goods, by resin PET 770 HDPE 920 PVC 270 LDPE/LLDPE 2,730 PLA 70 PP 1,730 PS 950 Other resins 20 Total Plastics in Nondurable Goods 7,460 180 2.4% 1,420 5,860 December 2020 9 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 8. Plastics in Products In MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation by resin) Combusted with energy Product Category Generation Recycled * Recovery Landfilled (Thousand (Thousand (Percent of (Thousand (Thousand tons) tons) generation) tons) tons) Plastic Containers & Packaging Bottles and Jars*** PET 3,130 910 29.1% 440 1,780 Natural Bottlest HDPE 750 220 29.3% 100 430 Other plastic containers HDPE 1,600 290 18.1% PVC 20 Neg. LDPE/LLDPE 40 Neg. PP 250 20 8.0% PS 80 Neg. Subtotal Other Containers 1,990 310 15.6% 330 1,350 Bags, sacks and wraps HDPE 640 50 7.8% PVC 70 LDPE/LLDPE 2,780 370 13.3% PP 570 PS 140 Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 4,200 420 10.0% 740 3,040 V Other Plastics Packaging PET 730 70 9.6% HDPE 800 Neg. PVC 300 Neg. LDPE/LLDPE 910 Neg. PLA 20 Neg. PP 1,010 30 3.0% PS 330 20 6.1% Other resins 360 Neg. Subtotal Other Packaging 4,460 120 2.7% 850 3,490 Total Plastics in Containers & Packaging, by resin PET 3,860 980 25.4% HDPE 3,790 560 14.8% PVC 390 Neg. LDPE/LLDPE 3,730 370 9.9% PLA 20 Neg. PP 1,830 50 2.7% PS 550 20 3.6% Other resins 360 Neg. Total Plastics in Containers & Packaging 14,530 1,980 13.6% 2,460 10,090 December 2020 10 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 8. Plastics in Products In MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation by resin) Product Category Generation Recycled * Combusted with energy Recovery Landfilled (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) (Percent of generation) (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) Total Plastics in MSW, by resin PET 5,290 980 18.5% HDPE 6,300 560 8.9% PVC 840 Neg. LDPE/LLDPE 8,590 370 4.3% PLA 90 Neg. PP 8,150 50 0.6% PS 2,260 20 0.9% Other resins 4,160 1,110 26.7% Total Plastics in MSW 35,680 3,090 8.7% 5,620 26,970 * Mechanical and non-mechanical recycling, t Nondurable goods other than containers and packaging. § Due to source data aggregation, PET cups are included in "Other Plastic Packaging". ** All other nondurables include plastics in disposable diapers, clothing, footwear, etc. *** Injection stretch blow molded PET containers as identified in Report on Postconsumer PET Container Recycling Activity in 2017. National Association for PET Container Resources. Recycling includes caps, lids and other material collected with PET bottles and jars. f White translucent homopolymer bottles as defined in the 2017 United States National Postconsumer Plastics Bottles Recycling Report. American Chemistry Council and the Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers. ¥ Other plastic packaging includes coatings, closures, lids, caps, clamshells, egg cartons, produce baskets, trays, shapes, loose fill, etc. PP and HDPE caps and lids recycled with PET bottles and jars are included in the recycling estimate for PET bottles and jars. Other resins include commingled/undefined plastic packaging recycling. Some detail of recycling by resin omitted due to lack of data. Neg. = negligible, less than 5,000 tons HDPE = High density polyethylene PET = Polyethylene terephthalate PS = Polystyrene LDPE = Low density polyethylene PP = Polypropylene PVC = Polyvinyl chloride LLDPE = Linear low density polyethylene PLA = Polylactide December 2020 11 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 9. Rubber and Leather Products In MSW, 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation) Generation Recycled Combusted with energy Recovery Landfilled (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) (Percent of generation) (Thousand tons) (Thousand tons) Durable Goods Rubber in Tires* 4,180 1,670 40.0% 1,730 780 Other Durables** 3,800 Neg. Neg. 540 3,260 Total Rubber and Leather Durable Goods 7,980 1,670 20.9% 2,270 4,040 Nondurable Goods Clothing and Footwear 900 Neg. Neg. 180 720 Other Nondurables 280 Neg. Neg. 50 230 Total Rubber and Leather Nondurable Goods 1,180 Neg. Neg. 230 950 Total Rubber and Leather 9,160 1,670 18.2% 2,500 4,990 Automobile and truck tires. Does not include other materials in tires. Includes carpets and rugs and other miscellaneous durables. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. December 2020 12 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 10. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total generation) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,920 14,660 21,800 29,810 38,870 45,060 49,350 53,940 56,870 57,100 (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods 17,330 25,060 34,420 52,170 64,010 63,650 53,250 51,810 50,700 50,440 (Detail in Table 18) Containers and Packaging 27,370 43,560 52,670 64,530 75,840 76,330 75,470 77,920 81,200 82,220 Detail in Table 22) Total Product Wastes 54,620 83,280 108,890 146,510 178,720 185,040 178,070 183,670 188,770 189,760 Other Wastes FoodA 12,200 12,800 13,000 23,860 30,700 32,930 35,740 39,730 40,670 63,130 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,200 27,500 35,000 30,530 32,070 33,400 34,720 35,180 35,400 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,780 2,250 2,900 3,500 3,690 3,840 3,990 4,040 4,070 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,780 42,750 61,760 64,730 68,690 72,980 78,440 79,890 102,600 Total MSW Generated - Weight 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 Products Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.3% 12.1% 14.4% 14.3% 16.0% 17.8% 19.7% 20.6% 21.2% 19.5% (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods 19.7% 20.7% 22.7% 25.0% 26.3% 25.1% 21.2% 19.8% 18.9% 17.3% (Detail in Table 18) Containers and Packaging 31.1% 36.0% 34.7% 31.0% 31.2% 30.1% 30.1% 29.7% 30.2% 28.1% (Detail in Table 23) Total Product Wastes 62.0% 68.8% 71.8% 70.3% 73.4% 72.9% 70.9% 70.1% 70.3% 64.9% Other Wastes FoodA 13.8% 10.6% 8.6% 11.5% 12.6% 13.0% 14.2% 15.2% 15.1% 21.6% Yard Trimmings 22.7% 19.2% 18.1% 16.8% 12.5% 12.6% 13.3% 13.2% 13.1% 12.1% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Total Other Wastes 38.0% 31.2% 28.2% 29.7% 26.6% 27.1% 29.1% 29.9% 29.7% 35.1% Total MSW Generated - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfilling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data December 2020 13 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 11. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods 350 940 1,360 3,460 6,580 7,970 9,390 9,880 10,550 10,570 (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods 2,390 3,730 4,670 8,800 17,560 19,770 19,190 16,190 16,290 14,190 (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging 2,870 3,350 8,490 16,780 28,870 31,500 36,680 41,490 40,140 44,330 Detail in Table 24) 1 Total Product Wastes - recycled 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Composted Food - composted FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 680 690 970 2,100 2,570 2,590 Yard Trimmings - composted Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 15,770 19,860 19,200 21,290 24,420 22,300 Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 1,820 Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 1,840 Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 5,260 Food - donation 4,790 Food - land application 260 Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 3,740 Total Food - other food management 17,710 Total MSW Recycled and Composted - Weight 5,610 8,020 14,520 33,240 69,460 79,790 85,430 90,950 93,970 93,980 Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - Weight 111,690 Products Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods 3.5% 6.4% 6.2% 11.6% 16.9% 17.7% 19.0% 18.3% 18.6% 18.5% (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods 13.8% 14.9% 13.6% 16.9% 27.4% 31.1% 36.0% 31.2% 32.1% 28.1% (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging 10.5% 7.7% 16.1% 26.0% 38.1% 41.3% 48.6% 53.2% 49.4% 53.9% Detail in Table 24) 1 Total Product Wastes - recycled 10.3% 9.6% 13.3% 19.8% 29.7% 32.0% 36.6% 36.8% 35.5% 36.4% Composted Composted - Food FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.2% 2.1% 2.7% 5.3% 6.3% 4.1% Composted - Yard Trimmings Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.0% 51.7% 61.9% 57.5% 61.3% 69.4% 63.0% Composted - Misc. Inorganic Wastes Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.8% 25.4% 29.9% 27.6% 29.8% 33.8% 24.3% December 2020 14 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 11. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 2.9% Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 2.9% Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 8.3% Food - donation 7.6% Food - land application 0.4% Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 5.9% Total Food - other food management 28.1% Total MSW Recycled and Composted - % 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 16.0% 28.5% 31.4% 34.0% 34.7% 35.0% 32.1% Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - % 38.2% * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. ¥ In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and la ndfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 15 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 12. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 60 440 4,480 6,260 6,750 7,070 8,640 9,080 9,120 (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods 90 580 7,380 9,000 7,980 6,030 6,960 6,720 7,090 (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging 150 880 8,110 9,110 8,160 6,870 7,160 8,050 7,420 Detail in Table 26) Total Product Wastes 300 1,900 19,970 24,370 22,890 19,970 22,760 23,850 23,630 Other Wastes Food 50 260 4,060 5,820 5,870 6,150 7,380 7,470 7,550 Yard Trimmings 90 550 5,240 2,860 2,220 2,510 2,630 2,110 2,570 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 10 50 490 680 670 680 780 790 800 Total Other Wastes 150 860 9,790 9,360 8,760 9,340 10,790 10,370 10,920 Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - Weight 45 0 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 Products Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 13.3% 15.9% 15.1% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.8% 26.5% 26.4% (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods 19.9% 21.0% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.7% 19.7% 20.5% (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging 33.3% 31.9% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.4% 21.5% (Detail in Table 27) Total Product Wastes 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 68.4% Other Wastes Food 11.1% 9.4% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 21.9% Yard Trimmings 20.0% 20.0% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.4% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.1% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 31.6% Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018, 19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials- waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data). Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 16 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 13. Products Landfilled* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total landfilled) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,570 13,660 20,000 21,870 26,030 30,340 32,890 35,420 37,240 37,410 (Detail in Table 17 Nondurable Goods 14,940 21,240 29,170 35,990 37,450 35,900 28,030 28,660 27,690 29,160 (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging 24,500 40,060 43,300 39,640 37,860 36,670 31,920 29,270 33,010 30,470 Detail in Table 28) Total Product Wastes 49,010 74,960 92,470 97,500 101,340 102,910 92,840 93,350 97,940 97,040 Other Wastes Food 12,200 12,750 12,740 19,800 24,200 26,370 28,620 30,250 30,630 35,280 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,110 26,950 25,560 11,900 9,990 11,690 10,800 8,650 10,530 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,770 2,200 2,410 2,820 3,020 3,160 3,210 3,250 3,270 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,630 41,890 47,770 38,920 39,380 43,470 44,260 42,530 49,080 Total MSW Landfilled - Weight 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 Products Percent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.6% 12.1% 14.9% 15.0% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.7% 26.5% 25.6% (Detail in Table 17) Nondurable Goods 18.1% 18.9% 21.7% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.8% 19.7% 19.9% (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging 29.7% 35.6% 32.2% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.5% 20.9% (Detail in Table 29) Total Product Wastes 5 9.4% 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 66.4% Other Wastes Food 14.8% 11.3% 9.5% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 24.1% Yard Trimmings 24.2% 20.5% 20.1% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.2% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 40.6% 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 33.6% Total MSW Landfilled - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 17 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 14. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total generation) Products Thousands of Tons | 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Major Appliances 1,630 2,170 2,950 3,310 3,640 3,610 4,020 4,860 5,160 5,250 Small Appliances** 460 1,040 1,180 1,830 2,050 2,120 2,160 Furniture and Furnishings 2,150 2,830 4,760 6,790 8,120 9,340 10,820 12,050 12,210 12,080 Carpets and Rugs** 1,660 2,460 2,960 3,720 3,630 3,390 3,370 Rubber Tires 1,120 1,890 2,720 3,610 4,930 4,910 5,130 5,970 6,540 6,530 Batteries, Lead-Acid Neg. 820 1,490 1,510 2,280 2,750 3,020 2,700 2,940 2,900 Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** 1,900 2,630 3,120 3,100 2,840 2,700 Other Miscellaneous Durables 14,500 17,680 17,690 19,580 21,670 22,110 Total Miscellaneous Durables 5,020 6,950 9,880 12,470 16,400 20,310 20,810 22,680 24,510 24,810 Total Durable Goods 9,920 14,660 21,800 29,810 38,870 45,060 49,350 53,940 56,870 5 7,100 Nondurable Goods 17,330 25,060 34,420 52,170 64,010 63,650 53,250 51,810 50,700 50,440 (Detail in Table 18) (Detail in Table 22) Total Product Wastes 54,620 83,280 108,890 146,510 178,720 185,040 178,070 183,670 188,770 189,760 Other Wastes FoodA 12,200 12,800 13,000 23,860 30,700 32,930 35,740 39,730 40,670 63,130 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,200 27,500 35,000 30,530 32,070 33,400 34,720 35,180 35,400 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,780 2,250 2,900 3,500 3,690 3,840 3,990 4,040 4,070 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,780 42,750 61,760 64,730 68,690 72,980 78,440 79,890 102,600 Total MSW Generated - Weight 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 Products 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Major Appliances 1.8% 1.8% 1.9% 1.6% 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% Small Appliances** 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% Furniture and Furnishings 2.4% 2.3% 3.1% 3.3% 3.3% 3.7% 4.3% 4.6% 4.5% 4.1% Carpets and Rugs** 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% Rubber Tires 1.3% 1.6% 1.8% 1.7% 2.0% 1.9% 2.0% 2.3% 2.4% 2.2% Batteries, Lead-Acid Neg. 0.7% 1.0% 0.7% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% 1.0% Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% Other Miscellaneous Durables 6.0% 7.0% 7.0% 7.5% 8.1% 7.6% Total Miscellaneous Durables 5.7% 5.7% 6.5% 6.0% 6.7% 8.0% 8.3% 8.7% 9.2% 8.5% Total Durable Goods 11.3% 12.1% 14.4% 14.3% 16.0% 17.8% 19.7% 20.6% 21.2% 19.5% 19.7% 20.7% 22.7% 25.0% 26.3% 25.1% 21.2% 19.8% 18.9% 17.3% (Detail in Table 18) 31.1% 36.0% 34.7% 31.0% 31.2% 30.1% 30.1% 29.7% 30.2% 28.1% (Detail in Table 23) Total Product Wastes 62.0% 68.8% 71.8% 70.3% 73.4% 72.9% 70.9% 70.1% 70.2% 64.9% FoodA 13.8% 10.6% 8.6% 11.5% 12.6% 13.0% 14.2% 15.2% 15.1% 21.6% Yard Trimmings 22.7% 19.2% 18.1% 16.8% 12.5% 12.6% 13.3% 13.2% 13.1% 12.1% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Total Other Wastes 38.0% 31.2% 28.2% 29.7% 26.6% 27.1% 29.1% 29.9% 29.7% 35.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** Not estimated separately prior to 2000. In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfilling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data December 2020 18 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 15. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 (With Detail on Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods Major Appliances 10 50 130 1,070 2,000 2,420 2,610 3,000 3,110 3,140 Small Appliances** 10 20 20 120 120 120 120 Furniture and Furnishings Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 10 10 40 40 Carpets and Rugs** Neg. 190 250 270 190 280 310 Rubber Tires 330 250 150 440 1,290 1,640 2,270 2,410 2,610 2,610 Batteries, Lead-Acid Neg. 620 1,040 1,470 2,130 2,640 2,980 2,670 2,910 2,870 Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** 190 360 650 1,230 1,020 1,040 Other Miscellaneous Durables 760 640 480 250 460 440 Total Miscellaneous Durables 10 20 40 470 950 1,000 1,130 1,480 1,480 1,480 Total Durable Goods - recycled 350 940 1,360 3,460 6,580 7,970 9,390 9,880 10,550 10,570 Nondurable Goods - recycled 2,390 3,730 4,670 8,800 17,560 19,770 19,190 16,190 16,290 14,190 (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging - recycled 2,870 3,350 8,490 16,780 28,870 31,500 36,680 41,490 40,140 44,330 (Detail in Table 24) Total Product Wastes - recycled 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Composted Food - composted Food - compostedA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 680 690 970 2,100 2,570 2,590 Yard Trimmings - composted Yard Trimmings - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 15,770 19,860 19,200 21,290 24,420 22,300 Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes composted Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other Food Management Other Food Managements Food - animal feed 1,820 Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 1,840 Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 5,260 Food - donation 4,790 Food - land application 260 Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 3,740 Total Food - other food management 17,710 Total MSW Recycled and Composted - Weight 5,610 8,020 14,520 33,240 69,460 79,790 85,430 90,950 93,970 93,980 Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - Weight 111,690 Products Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods Major Appliances 0.6% 2.3% 4.4% 32.3% 54.9% 67.0% 64.9% 61.7% 60.3% 59.8% Small Appliances** 2.2% 1.9% 1.7% 6.6% 5.9% 5.7% 5.6% Furniture and Furnishings Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% Carpets and Rugs** Neg. 7.7% 8.4% 7.3% 5.2% 8.3% 9.2% Rubber Tires 29.5% 13.2% 5.5% 12.2% 26.2% 33.4% 44.2% 40.4% 39.9% 40.0% Batteries, Lead-Acid Neg. 75.6% 69.8% 97.4% 93.4% 96.0% 98.7% 98.9% 99.0% 99.0% Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** 10.0% 13.7% 20.8% 39.7% 35.9% 38.5% Other Miscellaneous Durables 5.2% 3.6% 2.7% 1.3% 2.1% 2.0% Total Miscellaneous Durables 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 3.8% 5.8% 4.9% 5.4% 6.5% 6.0% 6.0% December 2020 19 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 15. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 TO 2018 (With Detail on Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Total Durable Goods - recycled 3.5% 6.4% 6.2% 11.6% 16.9% 17.7% 19.0% 18.3% 18.6% 18.5% Nondurable Goods -recycled 13.8% 14.9% 13.6% 16.9% 27.4% 31.1% 36.0% 31.2% 32.1% 28.1% (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging - recycled 10.5% 7.7% 16.1% 26.0% 38.1% 41.3% 48.6% 53.2% 49.4% 53.9% (Detail in Table 25) Total Product Wastes - recycled 10.3% 9.6% 13.3% 19.8% 29.7% 32.0% 36.6% 36.8% 35.5% 36.4% Composted Composted - Food Food - compostedA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.2% 2.1% 2.7% 5.3% 6.3% 4.1% Composted - Yard Trimmings Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.0% 51.7% 61.9% 57.5% 61.3% 69.4% 63.0% Composted - Misc. Inorganic Wastes Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.8% 25.4% 29.9% 27.6% 29.8% 33.8% 24.3% Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 2.9% Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 2.9% Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 8.3% Food - donation 7.6% Food - land application 0.4% Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 5.9% Total Food - other food management 28.1% Total MSW Recycled and Composted - % 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 16.0% 28.5% 31.4% 34.0% 34.7% 35.0% 32.1% Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - % 38.2% * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. + Other than food products. *** Not estimated separately prior to 2000. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. ¥ In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and la ndfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 20 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 16. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Products Thousands of Tons f 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods Major Appliances1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Small Appliances** 90 200 200 310 380 390 400 Furniture and Furnishings Neg. 90 1,150 1,570 1,700 1,910 2,350 2,380 2,360 Carpets and Rugs** 290 440 490 610 670 610 600 Rubber Tires§ Neg. 30 400 2,260 2,390 2,000 2,840 2,710 2,710 Batteries, Lead-Acid1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics Other Miscellaneous Durables Total Miscellaneous Durables§ 60 320 2,550 1,790 1,970 2,240 2,400 2,990 3,050 Total Durable Goods 60 040 4,480 6,260 6,750 7,070 8,640 9,080 9,120 Nondurable Goods 90 580 7,380 9,000 7,980 6,030 6,960 6,720 7,090 (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging 150 880 8,110 9,110 8,160 6,870 7,160 8,050 7,420 (Detail in Table 26) Total Product Wastes 300 1,900 19,970 24,370 22,890 19,970 22,760 23,850 23,630 Other Wastes Food 50 260 4,060 5,820 5,870 6,150 7,380 7,470 7,550 Yard Trimmings 90 550 5,240 2,860 2,220 2,510 2,630 2,110 2,570 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 10 50 490 680 670 680 780 790 800 Total Other Wastes 150 860 9,790 9,360 8,760 9,340 10,790 10,370 10,920 Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - Weight 45 0 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 Products Percent of Total Combusted f 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods Major Appliances1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Small Appliances** 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% Furniture and Furnishings Neg. 3.3% 3.9% 4.7% 5.4% 6.5% 7.0% 7.0% 6.8% Carpets and Rugs** 1.0% 1.3% 1.5% 2.1% 2.0% 1.8% 1.7% Rubber Tires§ Neg. 1.1% 1.3% 6.7% 7.6% 6.8% 8.5% 7.9% 7.8% Batteries, Lead-Acid1 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics Other Miscellaneous Durables Total Miscellaneous Durables§ 13.3% 11.6% 8.6% 5.3% 6.2% 7.6% 7.2% 8.7% 8.8% Total Durable Goods 13.3% 15.9% 15.1% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.8% 26.5% 26.4% Nondurable Goods 19.9% 21.0% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.7% 19.7% 20.5% (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging 33.3% 31.9% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.4% 21.5% (Detail in Table 27) Total Product Wastes 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 68.4% December 2020 21 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 16. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Products Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Wastes Food 11.1% 9.4% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 21.9% Yard Trimmings 20.0% 20.0% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.4% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.1% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 31.6% Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018,19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials- waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data). Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. § Tires: tires to fuel based on industry percentage estimates applied to tire generation. Total Miscellaneous Durables: calculated as difference between total durable goods going to combustion and individual durable goods shown. The amounts of consumer electronics going to combustion with energy recovery are not available and are included in Total Miscellaneous Durables. ± Energy Recovery Council, 2016. Major appliances and lead-acid batteries are not accepted at waste-to-energy facilities. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 22 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 17. Products Landfilled* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail On Durable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total landfilled) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods Major Appliances 1,620 2,120 2,820 2,240 1,640 1,190 1,410 1,860 2,050 2,110 Small Appliances** 360 820 960 1,400 1,550 1,610 1,640 Furniture and Furnishings 2,150 2,830 4,670 5,640 6,550 7,640 8,900 9,690 9,790 9,680 Carpets and Rugs** 1,370 1,830 2,220 2,840 2,770 2,500 2,460 Rubber Tires 790 1,640 2,540 2,770 1,380 880 860 720 1,220 1,210 Batteries, Lead-Acid 200 450 40 150 110 40 30 30 30 Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** Other Miscellaneous Durables Total Miscellaneous Durables 5,010 6,870 9,520 9,450 13,660 17,340 17,440 18,800 20,040 20,280 Total Durable Goods 9,570 13,660 20,000 21,870 26,030 30,340 32,890 35,420 37,240 37,410 Nondurable Goods 14,940 21,240 29,170 35,990 37,450 35,900 28,030 28,660 27,690 29,160 (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging 24,500 40,060 43,300 39,640 37,860 36,670 31,920 29,270 33,010 30,470 (Detail in Table 28) Total Product Wastes 49,010 74,960 92,470 97,500 101,340 102,910 92,840 93,350 97,940 97,040 Other Wastes Food 12,200 12,750 12,740 19,800 24,200 26,370 28,620 30,250 30,630 35,280 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,110 26,950 25,560 11,900 9,990 11,690 10,800 8,650 10,530 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,770 2,200 2,410 2,820 3,020 3,160 3,210 3,250 3,270 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,630 41,890 47,770 38,920 39,380 43,470 44,260 42,530 49,080 Total MSW Landfilled- Weight 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 Products Percent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods Major Appliances 2.0% 1.9% 2.1% 1.5% 1.2% 0.8% 1.0% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% Small Appliances** 0.2% 0.6% 0.7% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% Furniture and Furnishings 2.6% 2.5% 3.5% 3.9% 4.7% 5.4% 6.5% 7.0% 7.0% 6.6% Carpets and Rugs** 0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 2.1% 2.0% 1.8% 1.7% Rubber Tires 1.0% 1.5% 1.9% 1.9% 1.0% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.9% 0.7% Batteries, Lead-Acid Neg. 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Neg. Neg. Neg. Miscellaneous Durables Selected Consumer Electronics*** Other Miscellaneous Durables Total Miscellaneous Durables 6.1% 6.1% 7.1% 6.5% 9.7% 12.2% 12.8% 13.7% 14.3% 13.9% Total Durable Goods 11.6% 12.1% 14.9% 15.0% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.7% 26.5% 25.6% Nondurable Goods 18.1% 18.9% 21.7% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.8% 19.7% 19.9% (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging 29.7% 35.6% 32.2% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.5% 20.9% (Detail in Table 29) Total Product Wastes 59.4% 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 66.4% Other Wastes Food 14.8% 11.3% 9.5% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 24.1% Yard Trimmings 24.2% 20.5% 20.1% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.2% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 40.6% 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 33.6% Total MSW Landfilled - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** The amount of consumer electronics going to combustion with energy recovery versus landfilling are not available. These products are included in Total Miscellaneous Durables. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 23 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 18. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,920 14,660 21,800 29,810 38,870 45,060 49,350 53,940 56,870 57,100 (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 7,110 9,510 11,050 13,430 14,790 12,790 9,880 6,730 5,440 5,050 Directoriest** 610 680 660 - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 1,920 2,470 3,390 Books** 970 1,240 1,100 990 800 700 690 Magazines** 2,830 2,230 2,580 1,590 1,190 1,020 980 Office-Type Papers*** 1,520 2,650 4,000 6,410 7,420 6,620 5,260 4,530 3,970 3,970 Marketing Mail§ 3,820 5,570 5,830 4,340 4,050 3,790 3,670 Other Commercial Printingt 1,260 2,130 3,120 4,460 7,380 6,440 2,480 2,080 1,960 2,000 Tissue Paper and Towels 1,090 2,080 2,300 2,960 3,220 3,460 3,490 3,680 3,750 3,790 Paper Plates and Cups 270 420 630 650 960 1,160 1,350 1,360 1,440 1,420 Other Nonpackaging Paper 2,700 3,630 4,230 3,840 4,250 4,490 4,190 3,700 3,880 3,920 Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 8,760 13,380 17,670 25,940 32,270 29,920 23,690 21,390 20,510 20,440 Disposable Diapers Neg. 350 1,930 2,700 3,230 3,410 3,700 4,170 4,150 4,100 Plastic Plates and Cups¥ 190 650 870 930 890 1,050 1,080 1,030 Trash Bags** 780 850 1,060 980 1,130 1,140 1,230 Clothing and Footwear 1,360 1,620 2,170 4,010 6,470 7,890 9,100 11,940 12,800 12,970 Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 710 820 980 1,290 1,350 1,470 1,520 Other Miscellaneous Nondurables 100 200 1,410 3,340 4,030 4,250 3,720 4,050 4,110 4,100 Total Nondurable Goods 17,330 25,060 34,420 52,170 64,010 63,650 53,250 51,810 50,700 50,440 Containers and Packaging 27,370 43,560 52,670 64,530 75,840 76,330 75,470 77,920 81,200 82,220 (Detail in Table 22) Total Product Wastes 54,620 83,280 108,890 146,510 178,720 185,040 178,070 183,670 188,770 189,760 Other Wastes 33,500 37,780 42,750 61,760 64,730 68,690 72,980 78,440 79,890 102,600 Total MSW Generated - Weight 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 Products Percent of Generation of Each Product 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.3% 12.1% 14.4% 14.3% 16.0% 17.8% 19.7% 20.6% 21.2% 19.5% (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 8.1% 7.9% 7.3% 6.4% 6.1% 5.0% 3.9% 2.6% 2.0% 1.7% Directoriest** 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 2.2% 2.0% 2.2% Books** 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Magazines** 1.4% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% Office-Type Papers*** 1.7% 2.2% 2.6% 3.1% 3.0% 2.6% 2.1% 1.8% 1.6% 1.4% Marketing Mail§ 1.8% 2.3% 2.3% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% Other Commercial Printingt 1.4% 1.8% 2.1% 2.1% 3.0% 2.5% 1.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% Tissue Paper and Towels 1.2% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% Paper Plates and Cups 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Other Nonpackaging Paper 3.1% 3.0% 2.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 1.4% 1.5% 1.3% Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 9.9% 11.1% 11.7% 12.5% 13.3% 12.5% 9.4% 8.2% 7.7% 7.0% Disposable Diapers Neg. 0.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.5% 1.6% 1.5% 1.4% Plastic Plates and Cups¥ 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% Trash Bags** 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% December 2020 24 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 18. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products 'ercent of Generation of Each Product 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Clothing and Footwear 1.5% 1.3% 1.4% 1.9% 2.7% 3.1% 3.6% 4.6% 4.8% 4.4% Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Other Miscellaneous Nondurables 0.1% 0.2% 0.9% 1.6% 1.7% 1.7% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Total Nondurables 19.7% 20.7% 22.7% 25.0% 26.3% 25.1% 21.2% 19.8% 18.9% 17.3% Containers and Packaging 31.1% 36.0% 34.7% 31.0% 31.2% 30.1% 30.1% 29.7% 30.2% 28.1% (Detail in Table 23) Total Product Wastes 62.0% 68.8% 71.8% 70.3% 73.4% 72.9% 70.9% 70.1% 70.3% 64.9% Other Wastes 38.0% 31.2% 28.2% 29.7% 26.6% 27.1% 29.1% 29.9% 29.7% 35.1% Total MSW Generated - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding, t Starting in 2010, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers previously counted as Other Commercial Printing. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** High-grade paper such as printer paper; generated in both commercial and residential sources. § Marketing Mail: Not estimated separately prior to 1990. Formerly called Third Class Mail and Standard Mail by the U.S. Postal Service. ¥ Plastic Plates and Cups: Not estimated separately prior to 1980. Detailed data not available. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 25 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 19. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed By Other Food Pathways In The Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods - recycled 350 940 1,360 3,460 6,580 7,970 9,390 9,880 10,550 10,570 (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods - recycled Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 1,820 2,250 3,020 5,110 8,720 9,360 7,070 4,790 4,180 3,270 Directoriest** 50 120 120 - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 100 260 280 Books** 100 240 270 - - - - Magazines** 300 710 960 - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 250 710 870 1,700 4,090 4,110 - - - - Marketing Mail§ 200 1,830 2,090 - - - - Other Commercial Printingt 130 340 350 700 810 1,440 - - - - Tissue Paper and Towels Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Paper Plates and Cups Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 40 110 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods - recycled 520 1,420 1,500 3,000 7,680 8,870 10,650 9,330 9,910 8,810 Disposable Diapers Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Plastic Plates and Cups¥ Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Trash Bags** Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Clothing and Footwear 50 60 150 520 900 1,250 1,250 1,690 1,740 1,690 Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 120 140 170 220 220 240 240 Other Miscellaneous Nondurables Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 160 220 180 Total Nondurable Goods 2,390 3,730 4,670 8,800 17,560 19,770 19,190 16,190 16,290 14,190 Containers and Packaging - recycled 2,870 3,350 8,490 16,780 28,870 31,500 36,680 41,490 40,140 44,330 (Detail in Table 24) Total Product Wastes - recycled 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Food - composted FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 680 690 970 2,100 2,570 2,590 Yard Trimmings - composted Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 15,770 19,860 19,200 21,290 24,420 22,300 Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other Food Management Other Food Management Food - animal feed 1,820 Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 1,840 Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 5,260 Food - donation 4,790 Food - land application 260 Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 3,740 Total Food - other food management 17,710 Total MSW Recycled and Composted - Weight 5,610 8,020 14,520 33,240 69,460 79,790 85,430 90,950 93,970 93,980 Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - Weight 111,690 December 2020 26 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 19. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed By Other Food Pathways In The Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products percent of generation of each product I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods - recycled 3.5% 6.4% 6.2% 11.6% 16.9% 17.7% 19.0% 18.3% 18.6% 18.5% (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods - recycled Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 25.6% 23.7% 27.3% 38.0% 59.0% 73.2% 71.6% 71.2% 76.8% 64.8% Directoriest** 8.2% 17.6% 18.2% - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 5.2% 10.5% 8.3% Books** 10.3% 19.4% 24.5% - - - - Magazines** 10.6% 31.8% 37.2% - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 16.4% 26.8% 21.8% 26.5% 55.1% 62.1% - - - - Marketing Mail§ 5.2% 32.9% 35.8% - - - - Other Commercial Printingt 10.3% 16.0% 11.2% 15.7% 11.0% 22.4% - - - - Tissue Paper and Towels Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Paper Plates and Cups Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 1.5% 3.0% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods - recycled 5.9% 10.6% 8.5% 11.6% 24.2% 28.0% 45.0% 43.6% 48.3% 43.1% Disposable Diapers Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Plastic Plates and Cups¥ Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Trash Bags** Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Clothing and Footwear Neg. Neg. Neg. 13.0% 13.9% 15.8% 13.7% 14.2% 13.6% 13.0% Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 16.9% 17.1% 17.3% 17.1% 16.3% 16.3% 15.8% Other Miscellaneous Nondurables Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 4.0% 5.4% 4.4% Total Nondurables recycled 13.8% 14.9% 13.6% 16.9% 27.4% 31.1% 36.0% 31.2% 32.1% 28.1% Containers and Packaging - recycled 10.5% 7.7% 16.1% 26.0% 38.1% 41.3% 48.6% 53.2% 49.4% 53.9% (Detail in Table 25) 1 Total Product Wastes - recycled 10.3% 9.6% 13.3% 19.8% 29.7% 32.0% 36.6% 36.8% 35.5% 36.4% Composted Composted - Food Food - compostedA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.2% 2.1% 2.7% 5.3% 6.3% 4.1% Composted - Yard Trimmings Yard Trimmings - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.0% 1 51.7%] 61.9%] 57.5% 61.3%] 69.4%] \~ 63.0%J Composted - Misc. Inorganic Wastes Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.8% 25.4% 29.9% 27.6% 29.8% 33.8% 24.3% December 2020 27 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 19. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed By Other Food Pathways In The Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of generation of each product) Products percent of generation of each product I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Food Management Other Food Management Food - animal feed 2.9% Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 2.9% Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 8.3% Food - donation 7.6% Food - land application 0.4% Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 5.9% Total Food - other food management 28.1% Total MSW Recycled and Composted - % 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 16.0% 28.5% 31.4% 34.0% 34.7% 35.0% 32.1% Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - % 38.2% * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding, t Starting in 2010, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers previously counted as Other Commercial Printing. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** High-grade paper such as printer paper; generated in both commercial and residential sources. § Marketing Mail: Not estimated separately prior to 1990. Formerly called Third Class Mail and Standard Mail by the U.S. Postal Service. ¥ Plastic Plates and Cups: Not estimated separately prior to 1980. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. tt In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and la ndfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Detailed data not available. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 28 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 20. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 0 60 440 4,480 6,260 6,750 7,070 8,640 9,080 9,120 (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 0 30 160 1,420 1,180 620 500 380 250 350 Directoriest** 100 110 100 - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 0 10 60 Books** 150 190 150 - - - - Magazines** 430 290 290 - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 0 10 60 800 650 460 - - - - Marketing Mail§ 620 730 680 - - - - Other Commercial Printingt 0 10 60 640 1,270 910 - - - - Tissue Paper and Towels 0 10 50 500 620 630 - - - - Paper Plates and Cups 0 Neg. 10 110 190 210 - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 0 10 80 650 820 820 - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 50 320 3,900 4,760 4,150 2,310 2,360 2,080 2,280 Disposable Diapers Neg. 30 460 630 620 650 810 810 800 Plastic Plates and Cups¥ Neg. 110 170 170 160 210 210 200 Trash Bags** 130 160 190 170 220 220 240 Clothing and Footwear 0 10 50 590 1,080 1,210 1,390 2,010 2,160 2,210 Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 100 130 150 190 220 240 250 Other Miscellaneous Nondurables 0 Neg. 20 570 780 770 660 750 750 760 Total Nondurables 0 90 580 7,380 9,000 7,980 6,030 6,960 6,720 7,090 Containers and Packaging 0 150 880 8,110 9,110 8,160 6,870 7,160 8,050 7,420 (Detail in Table 26) Total Product Wastes 0 300 1,900 19,970 24,370 22,890 19,970 22,760 23,850 23,630 Other Wastes 0 150 860 9,790 9,360 8,760 9,340 10,790 10,370 10,920 Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - Weight 0 450 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 Products Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 13.3% 15.9% 15.1% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.8% 26.5% 26.4% (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 6.7% 5.8% 4.8% 3.5% 2.0% 1.7% 1.1% 0.7% 1.0% Directoriest** 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 2.2% 2.2% Books** 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% - - - - Magazines** 1.4% 0.9% 0.9% - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 2.2% 2.2% 2.7% 1.8% 1.4% - - - - Marketing Mail§ 2.1% 2.2% 2.1% - - - - Other Commercial Printingt 2.2% 2.2% 2.2% 3.8% 2.9% - - - - December 2020 29 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 20. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total combusted) Products Percent of Total Combuste i 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Tissue Paper and Towels 2.2% 1.8% 1.7% 1.8% 2.0% - - - - Paper Plates and Cups Neg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 2.2% 2.8% 2.2% 2.4% 2.6% - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 11.1% 11.6% 13.1% 14.1% 13.1% 7.9% 7.0% 6.1% 6.6% Disposable Diapers Neg. 1.1% 1.5% 1.9% 2.0% 2.2% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% Plastic Plates and Cups¥ Neg. 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% Trash Bags** 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% Clothing and Footwear 2.2% 1.8% 2.0% 3.2% 3.8% 4.7% 6.0% 6.3% 6.4% Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% Other Miscellaneous Nondurables Neg. 0.7% 1.9% 2.3% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% 2.3% 2.2% Total Nondurables 19.9% 21.0% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.7% 19.7% 20.5% Containers and Packaging 33.3% 31.9% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.4% 21.5% (Detail in Table 27) Total Product Wastes 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 68.4% Other Wastes 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 31.6% Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018,19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials- waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data). Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. t Starting in 2010, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers previously counted as Other Commercial Printing. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** High-grade paper such as printer paper; generated in both commercial and residential sources. § Marketing Mail: Not estimated separately prior to 1990. Formerly called Third Class Mail and Standard Mail by the U.S. Postal Service. ¥ Plastic Plates and Cups: Not estimated separately prior to 1980. Detailed data not available. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 30 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 21. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total landfilled) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,570 13,660 20,000 21,870 26,030 30,340 32,890 35,420 37,240 37,410 (Detail in Table 17) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 5,290 7,230 7,870 6,900 4,890 2,810 2,310 1,560 1,010 1,430 Directoriest** 460 450 440 - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 1,820 2,200 3,050 Books** 720 810 680 - - - - Magazines** 2,100 1,230 1,330 - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 1,270 1,930 3,070 3,910 2,680 2,050 - - - - Marketing Mail§ 3,000 3,010 3,060 - - - - Other Commercial Printingt 1,130 1,780 2,710 3,120 5,300 4,090 - - - - Tissue Paper and Towels 1,090 2,070 2,250 2,460 2,600 2,830 - - - - Paper Plates and Cups 270 420 620 540 770 950 - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 2,660 3,510 4,150 3,190 3,430 3,670 - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 8,240 11,910 15,850 19,040 19,830 18,660 10,730 9,700 8,520 9,350 Disposable Diapers 350 1,900 2,240 2,600 2,790 3,050 3,360 3,340 3,300 Plastic Plates and Cups¥ 190 540 700 760 730 840 870 830 Trash Bags** 650 690 870 810 910 920 990 Clothing and Footwear 1,310 1,550 1,970 2,900 4,490 5,430 6,460 8,240 8,900 9,070 Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 490 550 660 880 910 990 1,030 Other Miscellaneous Nondurables 100 200 1,390 2,770 3,250 3,480 3,060 3,140 3,140 3,160 Total Nondurables 14,940 21,240 29,170 35,990 37,450 35,900 28,030 28,660 27,690 29,160 Containers and Packaging 24,500 40,060 43,300 39,640 37,860 36,670 31,920 29,270 33,010 30,470 (Detail in Table 28) Total Product Wastes 49,010 74,960 92,470 97,500 101,340 102,910 92,840 93,350 97,940 97,040 Other Wastes 33,500 37,630 41,890 47,770 38,920 39,380 43,470 44,260 42,530 49,080 Total MSW Landfilled - Weight 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 Products 'ercent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.6% 12.1% 14.9% 15.1% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.7% 26.5% 25.6% (Detail in Table 17) Nondurable Goods Newspapers/Mechanical Paperst 6.4% 6.4% 5.9% 4.7% 3.5% 2.0% 1.7% 1.1% 0.7% 1.0% Directoriest** 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% - - - - Other Paper Nondurable Goods Books and Magazines 2.2% 2.0% 2.3% Books** 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% - - - - Magazines** 1.4% 0.9% 0.9% - - - - Office-Type Papers*** 1.5% 1.7% 2.3% 2.7% 1.9% 1.4% - - - - Marketing Mail§ 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% - - - - Other Commercial Printing 1.4% 1.6% 2.0% 2.1% 3.8% 2.9% - - - - Tissue Paper and Towels 1.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% 1.9% 2.0% - - - - Paper Plates and Cups 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% - - - - Other Nonpackaging Paper 3.2% 3.1% 3.1% 2.2% 2.4% 2.6% - - - - Total Other Paper Nondurable Goods 10.0% 10.6% 11.8% 13.1% 14.1% 17.6% 7.9% 7.0% 6.1% 6.4% December 2020 31 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 21. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Nondurable Goods) (In thousands of tons and percent of total landfilled) Products ercent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Disposable Diapers Neg. 0.3% 1.4% 1.5% 1.9% 2.0% 2.2% 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% Plastic Plates and Cups¥ 0.1% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% Trash Bags** 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% Clothing and Footwear 1.6% 1.4% 1.5% 2.0% 3.2% 3.8% 4.7% 6.0% 6.3% 6.2% Towels, Sheets and Pillowcases** 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% Other Miscellaneous Nondurables 0.1% 0.2% 1.0% 1.9% 2.3% 2.4% 2.3% 2.3% 2.2% 2.2% Total Nondurables 18.1% 18.9% 21.7% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.8% 19.7% 19.9% Containers and Packaging 29.7% 35.6% 32.2% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.5% 20.9% (Detail in Table 29) Total Product Wastes 59.4% 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 66.4% Other Wastes 40.6% 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 33.6% Total MSW Landfilled - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding, t Starting in 2010, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers previously counted as Other Commercial Printing. ** Not estimated separately prior to 1990. *** High-grade paper such as printer paper; generated in both commercial and residential sources. § Marketing Mail: Not estimated separately prior to 1990. Formerly called Third Class Mail and Standard Mail by the U.S. Postal Service. ¥ Plastic Plates and Cups: Not estimated separately prior to 1980. Detailed data not available. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. December 2020 32 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 22. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,920 14,660 21,800 29,810 38,870 45,060 49,350 53,940 56,870 57,100 (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods 17,330 25,060 34,420 52,170 64,010 63,650 53,250 51,810 50,700 50,440 (Detail in Table 18) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 1,400 5,580 6,740 5,640 5,710 6,540 5,670 5,320 4,830 4,650 Wine and Liquor Bottles 1,080 1,900 2,450 2,030 1,910 1,630 1,700 1,810 1,800 1,810 Other Bottles & Jars 3,710 4,440 4,780 4,160 3,420 2,290 1,990 1,990 3,220 3,330 Total Glass Packaging 6,190 11,920 13,970 11,830 11,040 10,460 9,360 9,120 9,850 9,790 Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 640 1,570 520 150 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 3,760 3,540 2,850 2,540 2,630 2,130 2,300 1,740 1,480 1,580 Other Steel Packaging 260 270 240 200 240 240 440 480 530 630 Total Steel Packaging 4,660 5,380 3,610 2,890 2,870 2,370 2,740 2,220 2,010 2,210 Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 100 850 1,550 1,520 1,450 1,370 1,220 1,330 1,330 Other Cans Neg. 60 40 20 50 80 70 130 50 80 Foil and Closures 170 410 380 330 380 400 460 490 500 510 Total Aluminum Packaging 170 570 1,270 1,900 1,950 1,930 1,900 1,840 1,880 1,920 Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 7,330 12,760 17,080 24,010 30,210 30,930 29,050 31,330 32,540 33,260 Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 790 510 550 500 540 590 590 630 Folding Cartons 3,820 4,300 5,820 5,530 5,470 5,380 5,330 5,370 Other Paperboard Packaging 3,840 4,830 230 290 200 160 90 70 50 50 Bags and Sacks 3,380 2,440 1,490 1,120 1,040 930 1,100 1,090 Wrapping Papers 200 110 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Other Paper Packaging 2,940 3,810 850 1,020 1,670 1,400 1,490 1,620 1,450 1,500 Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 6,780 8,640 9,270 8,670 9,730 8,710 8,630 8,590 8,520 8,640 Total Paper & Board Pkg 14,110 21,400 26,350 32,680 39,940 39,640 37,680 39,920 41,060 41,900 Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 260 430 1,720 2,540 2,670 2,980 2,960 3,130 HDPE Natural Bottles 230 530 690 800 800 760 770 750 Other Containers 60 910 890 1,430 1,740 1,420 1,830 1,940 1,990 1,990 Bags and Sacks 390 940 1,650 1,640 770 - - - Wraps 840 1,530 2,550 2,810 3,160 - - - Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 1,230 2,470 4,200 4,450 3,930 4,130 4,140 4,200 Other Plastics Packaging 60 1,180 790 2,040 2,840 3,210 4,450 4,870 4,630 4,460 Total Plastics Packaging 120 2,090 3,400 6,900 11,190 12,420 13,680 14,680 14,490 14,530 Other Packaging Wood Packaging 2,000 2,070 3,940 8,180 8,610 9,230 9,770 9,770 11,560 11,530 Other Misc. Packaging 120 130 130 150 240 280 340 370 350 340 Total Containers & Pkg 27,370 43,560 52,670 64,530 75,840 76,330 75,470 77,920 81,200 82,220 Total Product Wastes 54,620 83,280 108,890 146,510 178,720 185,040 178,070 183,670 188,770 189,760 December 2020 33 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 22. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Wastes FoodA 12,200 12,800 13,000 23,860 30,700 32,930 35,740 39,730 40,670 63,130 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,200 27,500 35,000 30,530 32,070 33,400 34,720 35,180 35,400 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 P 1,780 2,250 2,900 3,500 3,690 3,840 3,990 4,040 4,070 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,780 42,750 61,760 64,730 68,690 72,980 78,440 79,890 102,600 Total MSW Generated - Weight 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 * Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. A In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfiMing. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 34 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 23. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of total generation) Products Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.3% 12.1% 14.4% 14.3% 16.0% 17.8% 19.7% 20.6% 21.2% 19.5% (Detail in Table 14) Nondurable Goods 19.7% 20.7% 22.7% 25.0% 26.3% 25.1% 21.2% 19.8% 18.9% 17.3% (Detail in Table 18) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 1.6% 4.6% 4.4% 2.7% 2.3% 2.6% 2.3% 2.0% 1.8% 1.6% Wine and Liquor Bottles 1.2% 1.6% 1.6% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.6% Other Bottles & Jars 4.2% 3.7% 3.2% 2.0% 1.4% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 1.2% 1.1% Total Glass Packaging 7.0% 9.8% 9.2% 5.7% 4.5% 4.1% 3.7% 3.5% 3.8% 3.3% Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 0.7% 1.3% 0.3% 0.1% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 4.3% 2.9% 1.9% 1.2% 1.1% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% Other Steel Packaging 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Total Steel Packaging 5.3% 4.4% 2.4% 1.4% 1.2% 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 0.7% 0.8% Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 0.1% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% Other Cans Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% Foil and Closures 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Total Aluminum Packaging 0.2% 0.5% 0.8% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7% Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 8.3% 10.5% 11.3% 11.5% 12.4% 12.2% 11.6% 12.0% 12.1% 11.4% Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Folding Cartons 2.5% 2.1% 2.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2.1% 2.0% 1.8% Other Paperboard Packaging 4.4% 4.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% Neg. Neg. Neg. Bags and Sacks 2.2% 1.2% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% Wrapping Papers 0.1% 0.1% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Other Paper Packaging 3.3% 3.1% 0.6% 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 3.4% 3.3% 3.1% 3.0% Total Paper & Board Pkg 16.0% 17.7% 17.4% 15.7% 16.4% 15.6% 15.0% 15.3% 15.3% 14.3% Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 0.2% 0.2% 0.7% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% HDPE Natural Bottles 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Other Containers 0.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% Bags and Sacks 0.3% 0.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.3% - - - Wraps 0.6% 0.7% 1.0% 1.1% 1.3% - - - Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 0.8% 1.2% 1.7% 1.8% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.4% Other Plastics Packaging 0.1% 1.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.2% 1.3% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% Total Plastics Packaging 0.1% 1.7% 2.2% 3.3% 4.6% 4.9% 5.4% 5.5% 5.3% 5.0% Other Packaging Wood Packaging 2.3% 1.7% 2.6% 3.9% 3.5% 3.6% 3.9% 3.7% 4.3% 3.9% Other Misc. Packaging 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Total Containers & Pkg 31.1% 36.0% 34.7% 31.0% 31.2% 30.1% 30.1% 29.7% 30.2% 28.1% Total Product Wastes 62.0% 68.8% 71.8% 70.3% 73.4% 72.9% 70.9% 70.1% 70.3% 64.9% December 2020 35 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 23. Products Generated* in the Municipal Waste Stream, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of total generation) Products Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Wastes FoodA 13.8% 10.6% 8.6% 11.5% 12.6% 13.0% 14.2% 15.2% 15.1% 21.6% Yard Trimmings 22.7% 19.2% 18.1% 16.8% 12.5% 12.6% 13.3% 13.2% 13.1% 12.1% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.4% Total Other Wastes 38.0% 31.2% 28.2% 29.7% 26.6% 27.1% r 29.1% r 29.9% 29.7% 35.1% Total MSW Generated - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Generation before materials are recycled, composted, managed by other food pathways, combusted with energy recovery or landfilled. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice, and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. A In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfiMing. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 36 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 24. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail On Containers And Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods - recycled 350 940 1,360 3,460 6,580 7,970 9,390 9,880 10,550 10,570 (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods-recycled 2,390 3,730 4,670 8,800 17,560 19,770 19,190 16,190 16,290 14,190 (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging - recycled Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 90 140 730 1,890 1,530 2,000 2,350 2,230 1 1,880 1,840 Wine and Liquor Bottles 10 10 20 210 430 250 540 660 710 720 Other Bottles & Jars Neg. Neg. Neg. 520 920 340 240 300 480 500 Total Glass Packaging 100 150 750 2,620 2,880 2,590 3,130 3,190 | 3,070 3,060 Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 10 20 50 40 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 20 60 150 590 1,530 1,340 1,540 1,240 1,050 1,120 Other Steel Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 60 160 160 350 380 420 510 Total Steel Packaging 30 80 200 690 1,690 1,500 1,890 1,620 | 1,470 1,630 Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 10 320 990 830 650 680 670 | 600 670 Other Cans Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. NA NA NA NA Foil and Closures Neg. Neg. Neg. 20 30 40 NA NA NA NA Total Aluminum Pkg Neg. 10 320 1,010 860 690 680 670 | 600 670 Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 2,520 2,760 6,390 11,530 20,330 22,100 24,690 28,930 28,780 32,090 Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Folding Cartons 520 340 410 1,190 - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Bags and Sacks Neg. 200 300 320 - - - - Wrapping Papers Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 220 350 300 Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 2,160 2,270 1,300 1,800 Total Paper & Board Pkg 2,740 3,110 7,210 12,070 21,040 23,610 26,850 31,200 30,080 33,890 Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 10 140 380 590 780 890 | 860 910 HDPE Natural Bottles Neg. 20 210 230 220 230 240 220 Other Containers Neg. Neg. Neg. 20 170 140 300 360 | 300 310 Bags and Sacks Wraps Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps Neg. 60 180 230 450 530 390 420 Other Plastics Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 20 90 90 100 140 100 120 Total Plastics Packaging Neg. Neg. 10 260 1,030 1,280 1,850 2,150 1,890 1,980 Other Packaging Wood Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 130 1,370 1,830 2,280 2,660 3,030 3,100 Other Misc. Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total Containers & Pkg - recycled 2,870 3,350 8,490 16,780 28,870 31,500 36,680 41,490 40,140 44,330 December 2020 37 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 24. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail On Containers And Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Total Product Wastes-recycled 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Composted Food - composted FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 680 690 970 2,100 2,570 2,590 Yard Trimmings - composted Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 15,770 19,860 19,200 21,290 24,420 22,300 Misc. Inorganic Wastes - composted Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 1,820 Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 1,840 Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 5,260 Food - donation 4,790 Food - land application 260 Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 3,740 Total Food - other food management 17,710 Total MSW Recycled and Composted - Weight 5,610 8,020 14,520 33,240 69,460 79,790 85,430 90,950 93,970 93,980 Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - Weight 111,690 * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. ¥ In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and la ndfi I ling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 38 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 25. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of generation of each product) Products Percent of Generation of Each Product 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Recycled Durable Goods - recycled 3.5% 6.4% 6.2% 11.6% 16.9% 17.7% 19.0% 18.3% 18.6% 18.5% (Detail in Table 15) Nondurable Goods - recycled 13.8% 14.9% 13.6% 16.9% 27.4% 31.1% 36.0% 31.2% 32.1% 28.1% (Detail in Table 19) Containers and Packaging - recycled Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 6.4% 2.5% 10.8% 33.5% 26.8% 30.6% 41.4% 41.9% 38.9% 39.6% Wine and Liquor Bottles Neg. Neg. Neg. 10.3% 22.5% 15.3% 31.8% 36.5% 39.4% 39.8% Other Bottles & Jars Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.5% 26.9% 14.8% 12.1% 15.1% 14.9% 15.0% Total Glass Packaging 1.6% 1.3% 5.4% 22.1% 26.1% 24.8% 33.4% 35.0% 31.2% 31.3% Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 1.6% 1.3% 9.6% 26.7% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans Neg. 1.7% 5.3% 23.2% 58.2% 62.9% 67.0% 71.3% 70.9% 70.9% Other Steel Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 30.0% 66.7% 66.7% 79.5% 79.2% 79.2% 81.0% Total Steel Packaging Neg. 1.5% 5.5% 23.9% 58.9% 63.3% 69.0% 73.0% 73.1% 73.8% Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 10.0% 37.6% 63.9% 54.6% 44.8% 49.6% 54.9% 45.1% 50.4% Other Cans Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. NA NA NA NA Foil and Closures Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.1% 7.9% 10.0% NA NA NA NA Total Aluminum Pkg Neg. 1.8% 25.2% 53.2% 44.1% 35.8% 35.8% 36.4% 31.9% 34.9% Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 34.4% 21.6% 37.4% 48.0% 67.3% 71.5% 85.0% 92.3% 88.4% 96.5% Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartonst Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. . . . . Folding Cartons Neg. Neg. 7.0% 21.5% - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. . . . . Bags and Sacks Neg. Neg. 20.1% 28.6% - - - - Wrapping Papers Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 7.5% 9.2% 35.3% Neg. Neg. Neg. - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 25.0% 26.4% 15.3% 20.8% Total Paper & Board Pkg 19.4% 14.5% 27.4% 36.9% 52.7% 59.6% 71.3% 78.2% 73.3% 80.9% Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 3.8% 32.6% 22.1% 23.2% 29.2% 29.9% 29.1% 29.1% HDPE Natural Bottles Neg. 3.8% 30.4% 28.8% 27.5% 30.3% 31.2% 29.3% Other Containers Neg. Neg. Neg. 1.4% 9.8% 9.9% 16.4% 18.6% 15.1% 15.6% Bags and Sacks Wraps December 2020 39 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 25. Products Recycled,* Composted and Managed by Other Food Pathways in the Municipal Solid Waste Stream, 1960 To 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of generation of each product) Products Percent of Generation of Each Product 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps Neg. 2.4% 4.3% 5.2% 11.5% 12.8% 9.4% 10.0% Other Plastics Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 1.0% 3.2% 2.8% 2.2% 2.9% 2.2% 2.7% Total Plastics Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 3.8% 9.2% 10.3% 13.5% 14.6% 13.0% 13.6% Other Packaging Wood Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. 1.6% 15.9% 19.8% 23.3% 27.2% 26.2% 26.9% Other Misc. Packaging Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total Containers & Pkg — recycled 10.5% 7.7% 16.1% 26.0% 38.1% 41.3% 48.6% 53.2% 49.4% 53.9% Total Product Wastes recycled 10.3% 9.6% 13.3% 19.8% 29.7% 32.0% 36.6% 36.8% 35.5% 36.4% Composted Composted - Food FoodA Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.2% 2.1% 2.7% 5.3% 6.3% 4.1% Composted - Yard Trimmings Yard Trimmings Neg. Neg. Neg. 12.0% 51.7% 61.9% 57.5% 61.3% 69.4% 63.0% Composted - Misc. Inorganic Wastes Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Total - composted Neg. Neg. Neg. 6.8% 25.4% 29.9% 27.6% 29.8% 33.8% 24.3% Other Food Management Other Food Management¥ Food - animal feed 2.9% Food - bio-based materials/biochemical processing 2.9% Food - codigestion/anaerobic digestion 8.3% Food - donation 7.6% Food - land application 0.4% Food - sewer/wastewater treatment 5.9% Total Food - other food management 28.1% Total MSW Recycled and Composted - % 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 16.0% 28.5% 31.4% 34.0% 34.7% 35.0% 32.1% Total MSW Recycled, Composted and Other Food Management - % 38.2% * Recycling of postconsumer wastes; does not include converting/fabrication scrap. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. A Includes collection of other MSW organics for composting. ¥ In 2018, the food waste measurement methodology was expanded to include additional sources of generation and management pathways beyond composting, combustion with energy recovery and landfilling. Please see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and- recycling/food-material-specific-data Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 40 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 26. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 0 60 440 4,480 6,260 6,750 7,070 8,640 9,080 9,120 (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods 0 90 580 7,380 9,000 7,980 6,030 6,960 6,720 7,090 (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 0 20 120 640 810 830 590 1 610 580 550 Wine and Liquor Bottles 0 10 50 310 290 250 210 230 210 210 Other Bottles & Jars 0 20 100 620 490 350 310 330 540 550 Total Glass Packaging 0 50 270 1,570 1,590 1,430 1,110 \ 1,170 1,330 1,310 Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 0 10 10 20 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 0 10 50 330 210 140 130 1 100 80 90 Other Steel Packaging 0 Neg. Neg. 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 Total Steel Packaging 0 20 60 370 230 150 150 \ 120 100 no Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 0 Neg. 10 100 130 150 120 110 140 130 Other Cans 0 Neg. Neg. Neg. 10 10 10 1 30 10 20 Foil and Closures 0 Neg. 10 50 70 70 80 100 100 100 Total Aluminum Pkg 0 Neg. 20 150 210 230 210 \ 240 250 250 Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 0 40 210 2,120 1,920 1,610 770 470 740 230 Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 20 90 110 90 - - - - Folding Cartons 70 670 1,050 790 - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging 0 20 Neg. 50 40 30 - - - - Bags and Sacks 70 380 230 150 - - - - Wrapping Papers Neg. 20 Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 0 10 10 170 320 250 - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 1,150 1,240 1,420 1,340 Total Paper & Board Pkg 0 70 380 3,500 3,670 2,920 1,920 1,710 2,160 1,570 Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars Neg. 50 260 350 330 410 410 440 HDPE Natural Bottles Neg. 90 90 100 100 100 100 100 Other Containers 0 Neg. 20 240 300 230 270 310 330 330 Bags and Sacks Wraps Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 30 410 780 770 620 710 740 740 Other Plastics Packaging 0 Neg. 20 340 530 570 770 930 890 850 Total Plastics Packaging 0 Neg. 70 1,130 1,960 2,020 2,090 2,460 2,470 2,460 December 2020 41 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 26. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Packaging Wood Packaging 0 10 80 1,370 1,400 1,350 1,330 1,390 1,670 1,650 Other Misc. Packaging 0 Neg. Neg. 20 50 60 60 70 70 70 Total Containers & Pkg 0 150 880 8,110 9,110 8,160 6,870 7,160 8,050 7,420 Total Product Wastes 0 300 1,900 19,970 24,370 22,890 19,970 22,760 23,850 23,630 Other Wastes Food 0 50 260 4,060 5,820 5,870 6,150 7,380 7,470 7,550 Yard Trimmings 0 90 550 5,240 2,860 2,220 2,510 2,630 2,110 2,570 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 0 10 50 490 680 670 680 780 790 800 Total Other Wastes 0 150 860 9,790 9,360 8,760 9,340 10,790 10,370 10,920 Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - Weight 0 45 0 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 * Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018, 19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials- waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data). Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 42 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 27. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of total combusted) Products Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 13.3% 15.9% 15.1% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.8% 26.5% 26.4% (Detail in Table 16) Nondurable Goods 19.9% 21.0% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.7% 19.7% 20.5% (Detail in Table 20) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 4.5% 4.3% 2.2% 2.4% 2.6% 2.0% 1.8% 1.7% 1.6% Wine and Liquor Bottles 2.2% 1.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% Other Bottles & Jars 4.4% 3.6% 2.1% 1.5% 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0% 1.6% 1.6% Total Glass Packaging 11.1% 9.8% 5.3% 4.7% 4.5% 3.8% 3.5% 3.9% 3.8% Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 2.2% 0.4% 0.1% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 2.2% 1.8% 1.1% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% Other Steel Packaging Neg. Neg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Total Steel Packaging 4.4% 2.2% 1.2% 0.7% 0.5% 1 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% Other Cans Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Foil and Closures Neg. 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Total Aluminum Pkg Neg. 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 8.9% 7.6% 7.1% 5.7% 5.1% 2.6% 1.4% 2.2% 0.7% Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 0.7% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% - - - - Folding Cartons 2.5% 2.3% 3.1% 2.5% - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging 4.5% Neg. 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% - - - - Bags and Sacks 2.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.4% - - - - Wrapping Papers Neg. 0.1% Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 2.2% 0.4% 0.6% 1.0% 0.8% - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 3.9% 3.7% 4.1% 3.8% Total Paper & Board Pkg 15.6% 13.8% 11.8% 10.9% 9.2% 6.6% 5.1% 6.3% 4.5% Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars Neg. 0.2% 0.8% 1.1% 1.1% 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% HDPE Natural Bottles Neg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Other Containers Neg. 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% Bags and Sacks Wraps Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 1.1% 1.4% 2.3% 2.4% 2.1% 2.1% 2.2% 2.1% Other Plastics Packaging Neg. 0.7% 1.1% 1.5% 1.8% 2.6% 2.8% 2.6% 2.5% Total Plastics Packaging Neg. 2.5% 3.8% 5.8% 6.4% 7.1% 7.4% 7.2% 7.2% Other Packaging Wood Packaging 2.2% 2.9% 4.6% 4.2% 4.3% 4.5% 4.1% 4.9% 4.8% Other Misc. Packaging Neg. Neg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Total Containers & Pkg 33.3% 31.9% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.4% 21.5% Total Product Wastes 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 68.4% December 2020 43 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 27. Products Combusted with Energy Recovery* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of total combusted) Products Percent of Total Combusted 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Wastes Food 11.1% 9.4% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 1 21.0% 1 22.0% 21.8% 21.9% Yard Trimmings 20.0% 20.0% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.4% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 1.9% 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 31.6% Total MSW Combusted with Energy Recovery - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Products and materials combusted with energy recovery estimated at percentage total MSW after recycling and composting. In 2018,19.6 percent of MSW after recycling and composting was combusted with energy recovery except for major appliances, tires and lead-acid batteries (see Table 16 for details) and food (percentage distribution for food varies by generator sector, see https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials- waste-and-recycling/food-material-specific-data). Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 44 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 28. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 9,570 13,660 20,000 21,870 26,030 30,340 32,890 35,420 37,240 37,410 (Detail in Table 17) Nondurable Goods 14,940 21,240 29,170 35,990 37,450 35,900 28,030 28,660 27,690 29,160 (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 1,310 5,420 5,890 3,110 3,370 3,710 2,730 2,480 2,370 2,260 Wine and Liquor Bottles 1,070 1,880 2,380 1,510 1,190 1,130 950 920 880 880 Other Bottles & Jars 3,710 4,420 4,680 3,020 2,010 1,600 1,440 1,360 2,200 2,280 Total Glass Packaging 6,090 11,720 12,950 7,640 6,570 6,440 5,120 4,760 5,450 5,420 Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 630 1,540 460 90 Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 3,740 3,470 2,650 1,620 890 650 630 400 350 370 Other Steel Packaging 260 270 240 120 60 70 70 80 90 100 Total Steel Packaging 4,630 5,280 3,350 1,830 950 720 700 480 440 470 Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 90 520 460 560 650 570 440 590 530 Other Cans Neg. 60 40 20 40 70 60 100 40 60 Foil and Closures 170 410 370 260 280 290 380 390 400 410 Total Aluminum Pkg 170 560 930 740 880 1,010 1,010 930 1,030 1,000 Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 4,810 9,960 10,480 10,360 7,960 7,220 3,590 1,930 3,020 940 Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 770 420 440 410 - - - - Folding Cartons 3,230 3,290 4,360 3,550 - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging 3,840 4,810 230 240 160 130 - - - - Bags and Sacks 3,310 1,860 960 650 - - - - Wrapping Papers 200 90 Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 2,720 3,450 540 850 1,350 1,150 - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 5,320 5,080 5,800 5,500 Total Paper & Board Pkg 11,370 18,220 18,760 17,110 15,230 13,110 8,910 7,010 8,820 6,440 Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 250 240 1,080 1,600 1,560 1,680 1,690 1,780 HDPE Natural Bottles 230 420 390 470 480 430 430 430 Other Containers 60 910 870 1,170 1,270 1,050 1,260 1,270 1,360 1,350 Bags and Sacks Wraps Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 1,200 2,000 3,240 3,450 2,860 2,890 3,010 3,040 Other Plastics Packaging 60 1,180 770 1,680 2,220 2,550 3,580 3,800 3,640 3,490 Total Plastics Packaging 120 2,090 3,320 5,510 8,200 9,120 9,740 10,070 10,130 10,090 Other Packaging Wood Packaging 2,000 2,060 3,860 6,680 5,840 6,050 6,160 5,720 6,860 6,780 Other Misc. Packaging 120 130 130 130 190 220 280 300 280 270 Total Containers & Pkg 24,500 40,060 43,300 39,640 37,860 36,670 31,920 29,270 33,010 30,470 Total Product Wastes 49,010 74,960 92,470 97,500 101,340 102,910 92,840 93,350 97,940 97,040 December 2020 45 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 28. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In thousands of tons) Products Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Other Wastes Food 12,200 12,750 12,740 19,800 24,200 26,370 28,620 30,250 30,630 35,280 Yard Trimmings 20,000 23,110 26,950 25,560 11,900 9,990 11,690 10,800 8,650 10,530 Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1,300 1,770 2,200 2,410 2,820 3,020 3,160 3,210 3,250 3,270 Total Other Wastes 33,500 37,630 41,890 47,770 38,920 39,380 43,470 44,260 42,530 49,080 Total MSW Landfilled - Weight 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 * Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 46 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 29. Products Landfilled* in Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (With Detail on Containers and Packaging) (In percent of total landfilled) Products Percent of Total Landfilled 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Durable Goods 11.6% 12.1% 14.9% 15.0% 18.6% 21.3% 24.1% 25.7% 26.5% 25.6% (Detail in Table 17) Nondurable Goods 18.1% 18.9% 21.7% 24.8% 26.7% 25.2% 20.6% 20.8% 19.7% 19.9% (Detail in Table 21) Containers and Packaging Glass Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Bottles** 1.6% 4.8% 4.4% 2.1% 2.4% 2.6% 2.0% 1.8% 1.7% 1.5% Wine and Liquor Bottles 1.3% 1.7% 1.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% Other Bottles & Jars 4.5% 3.9% 3.5% 2.1% 1.5% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.6% 1.6% Total Glass Packaging 7.4% 10.4% 9.6% 5.3% 4.7% 4.5% 3.8% 3.5% 3.9% 3.7% Steel Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans 0.8% 1.4% 0.3% 0.1% Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Neg. Cans 4.5% 3.1% 2.0% 1.1% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% Other Steel Packaging 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Total Steel Packaging 5.6% 4.7% 2.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% Aluminum Packaging Beer and Soft Drink Cans Neg. 0.1% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% Other Cans Neg. 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Neg. Neg. Neg. 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Foil and Closures 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Total Aluminum Pkg 0.2% 0.5% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% Paper & Paperboard Pkg Corrugated Boxes 5.8% 8.8% 7.8% 7.1% 5.7% 5.1% 2.6% 1.4% 2.1% 0.6% Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg Gable Top/Aseptic Cartons* 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% - - - - Folding Cartons 2.4% 2.3% 3.1% 2.5% - - - - Other Paperboard Packaging 4.7% 4.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% - - - - Bags and Sacks 2.5% 1.3% 0.7% 0.4% - - - - Wrapping Papers 0.1% 0.1% Neg. Neg. - - - - Other Paper Packaging 3.3% 3.1% 0.4% 0.6% 1.0% 0.8% - - - - Subtotal Other Paper & Paperboard Pkg 3.9% 3.7% 4.1% 3.8% Total Paper & Board Pkg 13.8% 16.2% 14.0% 11.8% 10.9% 9.2% 6.5% 5.1% 6.3% 4.4% Plastics Packaging PET Bottles and Jars 0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% HDPE Natural Bottles 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Other Containers 0.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% Bags and Sacks Wraps Subtotal Bags, Sacks and Wraps 0.9% 1.4% 2.3% 2.4% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% Other Plastics Packaging 0.1% 1.0% 0.6% 1.2% 1.5% 1.8% 2.6% 2.8% 2.6% 2.4% Total Plastics Packaging 0.1% 1.9% 2.5% 3.8% 5.8% 6.4% 7.1% 7.3% 7.2% 6.9% Other Packaging Wood Packaging 2.4% 1.8% 2.9% 4.6% 4.2% 4.3% 4.5% 4.2% 4.9% 4.6% Other Misc. Packaging 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Total Containers & Pkg 29.7% 35.6% 32.2% 27.3% 27.0% 25.8% 23.4% 21.4% 23.5% 20.9% Total Product Wastes 59.4% 66.6% 68.8% 67.1% 72.3% 72.3% 68.1% 67.9% 69.7% 66.4% Other Wastes Food 14.8% 11.3% 9.5% 13.6% 17.3% 18.5% 21.0% 22.0% 21.8% 24.1% Yard Trimmings 24.2% 20.5% 20.1% 17.6% 8.5% 7.0% 8.6% 7.8% 6.2% 7.2% Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7% 1.9% 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% Total Other Wastes 40.6% 33.4% 31.2% 32.9% 27.7% 27.7% 31.9% 32.1% 30.3% 33.6% Total MSW Landfilled - % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management pathways and combustion with energy recovery. Does not include construction & demolition debris, industrial process wastes or certain other wastes. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. ** Includes carbonated drinks and non-carbonated water, teas, flavored drinks and ready-to-drink alcoholic coolers and cocktails. t Includes milk, juice and other products packaged in gable top cartons and liquid food aseptic cartons. Neg. = Less than 5,000 tons or 0.05 percent. NA = Not Available - Detailed data not available. December 2020 47 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 30. Selected Examples of Source Reduction Practices MSW Product Categories Source Reduction Practice Durable Goods Nondurable Goods Containers & Packaging Organics (Wood, Yard Waste, Food, etc.) Product or Packaging Redesign Materials reduction ¦ Downgauge metals in appliances ¦ Use fewer materials in electronics ¦ Use paperless purchase orders ¦ Use concentrated products ¦ Implement container lightweighting ¦ Use right size packaging ¦ Eliminate unnecessary layers of packaging ¦ Use refillable/reusable containers, including use of flexible pouches for refills for rigid containers ¦ Optimize food packaging (size and design) to maximize consumption of product ¦ Trayless dining in cafeterias ¦ Smaller plates and portions in food service settings ¦ Standardized food product date labeling Materials substitution ¦ Use of composites in appliances and electronic circuitry ¦ Replace rigid or heavy packaging with lighter or more compact options, e.g., cereal in bags, coffee in brick packs ¦ Use life cycle data to choose material with lower lifecycle impact ¦ Marketing, sale and consumption of off- grade produce Lengthen product lifespan ¦ Use high mileage tires ¦ Design for upgrades (e.g., add computer memory or processing capacity, battery upgrades) ¦ Perform regular servicing ¦ Consider purchasing warranties to make repair more affordable ¦ Extend warranties ¦ Design for secondary use ¦ Use Reusable packaging ¦ Use intelligent packaging that extends shelf life and prevents spoilage of food products Consumer and Business Practices ¦ Purchase long-lived products ¦ Perform regular servicing ¦ Perform repair ¦ Buy fewer items ¦ Perform repair ¦ Use duplex printing ¦ Share products ¦ Reduce unwanted mail ¦ Purchase concentrated products ¦ Buy fewer items ¦ Purchase products in bulk (less packaging) ¦ Use reusable bags and containers ¦ Buy fewer items ¦ Implement xeriscaping ¦ Perform backyard composting, vermi- composting and grasscycling ¦ Donate food from businesses ¦ Businesses can use just in time ordering/inventory control ¦ Businesses can avoid food spoilage by changing: — Storage and transportation — Supply chain management ¦ Adjust menus to reduce frequently uneaten or wasted items ¦ Avoid spoilage by monitoring and tracking food and purchases and use ¦ Perform proper food storage and preparation ¦ Repurpose (e.g., older bread can be made into croutons) December 2020 48 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 30. Selected Examples of Source Reduction Practices MSW Product Categories Source Reduction Practice Durable Goods Nondurable Goods Containers & Packaging Organics (Wood, Yard Waste, Food, etc.) Reuse By Design ¦ Document materials and methods for disassembly/ repair/reuse ¦ Use materials and systems that exhibit modularity, and standardization to facilitate reuse and repair — Minimize connections between parts and/or make connections more accessible for ease of repair and replacement of parts — Use mechanical connections with bolts and screws instead of glues, to facilitate repair — Minimize connections to increase ease of repair or part replacement — Provide adequate tolerances to allow for removal and replacement or repair of parts without affecting adjacent components ¦ Use reusable shipping or mailing envelopes ¦ Use reusable pallets ¦ Use returnable secondary packaging ¦ Use reusable/refillable dispensers for cleaning products ¦ Use reusable service ware in food service ¦ Use durable reusable water bottles instead of disposable bottles Secondary ¦ Borrow or rent for temporary use ¦ Give to charity ¦ Buy or sell at garage sales ¦ Donate clothing, books ¦ Waste paper scratch pads ¦ Use reusable grocery sacks ¦ Reuse glass and plastic bottles and jars December 2020 49 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 31. Households with Residential Food Collection Programs in the U.S., 2018* State Curbside Households Drop off Households with Access with Access Alaska — 500 California 2,752,008 41,730 Colorado 293,325 601,295 Connecticut — 28,364 District of Columbia — 255,000 Idaho 73,738 — Illinois 148,448 207,000 Iowa 83,601 — Maine 926 23,012 Maryland 18,425 — Massachusetts 45,319 412,103 Michigan 47,419 Minnesota 186,828 1,0 8/, OK) New Hampshire — 5,244 New Jersey 21,521 New York 790,090 3,159,035 North Carolina — 509,000 Ohio 443 — Oregon 188,441 — Pennsylvania 3,600 — Texas 403,000 — Vermont 19,767 93,840 Virginia 3,025 25,166 Washington 980,578 253,622 Wisconsin 23,176 Households with Access to Collection 6,083,678 6,701,927 Total U.S. Households 126,224,000 126,224,000 4.82% 5.31% *Table presents 2017 data, the most recent data as of July 2020. Source: Streeter, V.; Piatt B. 2017. Residential Food Waste Collection Access in the U.S. BioCycle December. Supplemented with additional Internet research. U.S. Census Bureau (2018) Historical Household Tables, Table HH-1. Households by Type: 1940 to Present. December 2020 50 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 32. Material Recovery Facilities (MRF), 2018* Region Number Estimated Throughput (tons per day) NORTHEAST 128 22,528 SOUTH 142 23,718 MIDWEST 139 18,016 WEST 123 26,867 U.S. Total 532 91,129 *Number of facilities and throughput include bale and ship operations receiving fiber, mainly old corrugated cardboard (OCC), that bale and ship with no additional processing. Throughput is the tons of waste processed by the facility. Source: Governmental Advisory Associates, Inc. Data provided August 2019. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 51 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 33. Municipal Waste-To-Energy Projects, 2018 Region Number Operational Design Capacity (tons per day) NORTHEAST 37 44,807 SOUTH 19 32,194 MIDWEST 14 11,524 WEST 5 6,530 U.S. Total* 75 95,055 *WTE includes mass burn, modular and refuse-derived fuel combustion facilities. Source: "The 2018 ERC Directory of Waste-to-Energy Facilities." Energy Recovery Council (ERC). 2018. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 52 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 34. Landfill Facilities, 2018 Region Number of Landfills NORTHEAST 105 SOUTH 491 MIDWEST 345 WEST 328 U.S. Total 1,269 Source: U.S. EPA. Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) Facility-level database. Data represents MSW landfills open July 2019. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 53 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Table 35. Generation, Recycling, Composting, Combustion with Energy Recovery and Landfilling of Municipal Solid Waste, 1960 to 2018 (In thousands of tons and percent of total generation) Thousands of Tons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Generation 88,120 121,060 151,640 208,270 243,450 253,730 251,050 262,110 268,660 292,360 Recycling 5,610 8,020 14,520 29,040 53,010 59,240 65,260 67,560 66,980 69,090 Composting* Neg. Neg. Neg. 4,200 16,450 20,550 20,170 23,390 26,990 24,890 Other food 17,710 management** Combustion with energy recovery¥ 0 450 2,760 29,760 33,730 31,650 29,310 33,550 34,220 34,550 Discards to landfill, other disposalt 82,510 112,590 134,360 145,270 140,260 142,290 136,310 137,610 140,470 146,120 Pounds per Person per Day 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Generation 2.68 3.25 3.66 4.57 4.74 4.69 4.45 4.48 4.53 4.90 Recycling 0.17 0.22 0.35 0.64 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.16 Composting* Neg. Neg. Neg. 0.09 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.42 Other food management** 0.30 Combustion with energy recovery¥ 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.65 0.66 0.59 0.52 0.57 0.58 0.58 Discards to landfill, other disposalt 2.51 3.02 3.24 3.19 2.73 2.62 2.41 2.36 2.37 2.44 Population (thousands) 179,979 203,984 227,255 249,907 281,422 296,410 309,051 320,897 325,147 327,167 Percent of Total Generation 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 2018 Generation 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Recycling 6.4% 6.6% 9.6% 14.0% 21.8% 23.3% 26.0% 25.8% 24.9% 23.6% Composting* Neg. Neg. Neg. 2.0% 6.7% 8.1% 8.0% 8.9% 10.1% 8.5% Other food management** 6.1% Combustion with energy recovery¥ 0.0% 0.4% 1.8% 14.2% 13.9% 12.5% 11.7% 12.8% 12.7% 11.8% Landfilling and other disposalt 93.6% 93.0% 88.6% 69.8% 57.6% 56.1% 54.3% 52.5% 52.3% 50.0% Composting of yard trimmings, food and other MSW organic material. Does not include backyard composting. Includes the following management pathways: animal feed, bio-based materials/biochemical processing, codigestion/anaerobic digestion, donation, land application, and sewer/wastewater treatment ¥ Includes combustion with energy recovery of MSW in mass burn or refuse-derived fuel form, and combustion with energy recovery of source separated materials in MSW (e.g., wood pallets and tire-derived fuel). 2018 includes 30,190 MSW, 1,650 wood, and 2,710 tires (1,000 tons) t Landfilling after recycling, composting, other food management, and combustion with energy recovery. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Source population: U.S. Census Bureau Population Division (NST-EST2016-01) December 2018. December 2020 54 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 1. Municipal Solid Waste in the Universe of Subtitle D Wastes The Subtitle D Waste included in this report as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), which includes: ¦ Containers and packaging such as soft drink bottles and corrugated boxes ¦ Durable goods such as furniture and appliances ¦ Nondurable goods such as newspapers, trash bags and clothing ¦ Other wastes such as food and yard trimmings. Subtitle D Wastes not included as MSW in this report are: ¦ Municipal sludges ¦ Agricultural wastes ¦ Industrial nonhazardous process wastes ¦ Oil and gas wastes ¦ Construction and demolition debris* ¦ Mining wastes ¦ Land clearing debris ¦ Auto bodies ¦ Transportation parts and equipment ¦ Grease and oils (non-food) Construction and demolition debris are included in this report, but are outside of the scope of MSW. December 2020 55 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 2. Definition of Terms The materials flow methodology produces an estimate of total municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in the United States, by material categories and by product categories. Generation refers to the weight of materials and products as they enter the waste management system from residential, commercial and institutional sources and before recycling, composting, combustion or landfilling take place. Preconsumer (industrial) scrap is not included in the generation estimate. Source reduction activities, such as backyard composting of yard trimmings, take place ahead of generation. Source reduction as used in this report refers to activities that reduce the amount of wastes before they enter the municipal solid waste management system. Reuse is a source reduction activity involving the recovery or reapplication of a package, used product or material in a manner that retains its original form or identity. Reuse of products such as refillable glass bottles and reusable plastic food storage containers is considered to be source reduction, not recycling. Recycling is defined as the recovery of useful materials, such as paper, glass, plastic and metals, from the MSW stream, along with the transformation of the materials, to make new products to reduce the amount of virgin raw materials needed to meet consumer demands. Composting is the decomposition of organic materials by aerobic microorganisms. Composting facilities manage the amount of moisture and oxygen and mixture of organic materials for optimal composting conditions. The composting process emits heat, water vapor and biogenic carbon dioxide, reducing the raw organic materials in mass and volume to create compost.1 Combustion with energy recovery is often called "waste-to-energy," and as used in this report refers to confined and controlled burning with energy recovery, which not only decreases the volume of solid waste destined for landfills, but can also recover energy from the waste burning process. Landfilling refers to the MSW remaining after recycling, composting and combustion with energy recovery. These materials presumably would be landfilled in a discrete area of land or excavation that receives household waste. Some MSW, however, is littered, stored or disposed onsite; or burned onsite, particularly in rural areas. There are no good estimates for these other disposal practices available, but the total amounts of MSW involved are assumed to be small. For the analysis of municipal solid waste in this report, products are divided into three basic categories: durable goods, nondurable goods and containers and packaging. The durable goods and nondurable goods categories generally follow the definitions of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Durable goods are those products that last three years or more. Products in this category include major and small appliances, furniture and furnishings, carpets and rugs, tires, lead-acid batteries, consumer electronics and other miscellaneous durables. Nondurable goods are those products that last less than three years. Products in this category include newspapers, books, magazines, office papers, directories, mail, other commercial printing, tissue paper and towels, paper and plastic plates and cups, trash bags, disposable diapers, clothing and footwear, towels, sheets and pillowcases, other nonpackaging paper and other miscellaneous nondurables. Containers and packaging are assumed to be discarded the same year the products they contain are purchased. Products in this category include bottles, containers, corrugated boxes, milk cartons, folding cartons, bags, sacks, and wraps, wood packaging and other miscellaneous packaging. 1 Piatt, B., Goldstein, N. 2014. State of Composting in the U.S. BioCycle 55(6): 19. http://www.biocvcle.net/2014/07/16/state-of- composting-in-the-us/. December 2020 56 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 3. Paper and Paperboard Products Generated in MSW, 2018 Books Magazines Bags and sacks Paper plates and cups Other packaging Commercial printing Marketing mail Tissue paper and towels Other papers Office-type papers Newspapers/mechanical papers Gable top/aseptic and folding cartons Corrugated boxes I ¦ 0 14 million tons 21 28 35 December 2020 57 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 4. Paper and Paperboard Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 Generation Recycling December 2020 58 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 5. Glass Products Generated in MSW, 2018 Wine & liquor bottles Other bottles & jars Durable goods Beer & soft drink bottles* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 million tons December 2020 59 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 6. Glass Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 Generation Recycling December 2020 60 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 7. Metal Products Generated in MSW, 2018 Nondurables 1100% 54% 46% Packaging 80% i 8% 12 % Durables 10 15 million tons 20 Ferrous metals Aluminum Other nonferrous 25 December 2020 61 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 8. Metals Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 Generation Recycling December 2020 62 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 9. Plastics Products Generated in MSW, 2018 Other containers PET bottles and jars and HDPE natural bottles Bags, sacks and wraps Other packaging Nondurable goods Durable goods 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 million tons December 2020 63 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 10. Plastics Generation and Recycling, 1960 to 2018 December 2020 64 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 11. Generation of Materials in MSW, 1960 to 2018* Yard trimmings Food Plastics 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 * Generation rose considerably from 2017 to 2018 mainly because EPA enhanced its food measurement methodology to more fully account for all the ways wasted food is managed throughout the food system. ** "All other" includes primarily wood, rubber and leather, and textiles. December 2020 65 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 12. Recycled, Composted, Managed By Other Food Pathways, Combustion with Energy Recovery and Landfilling of Materials in MSW, 1960 to 2018 A In this figure composting and other food management pathways are combined. * Landfilling after composting, food waste management, recycling and combustion with energy recovery. Includes combustion without energy recovery. The top line measures generation, because generation = recycling + composting + combustion with energy recovery + landfilling. ** MSW generation rose considerably from 2017 to 2018 mainly because EPA enhanced its food measurement methodology to more fully account for all the ways wasted food is managed throughout the food system. December 2020 66 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 13. Materials Recycling, Composting and Other Food Management in MSW* 2018 Recycling (69.09 Million tons) Rubber, leather Composting and Other Food Management (42.6 Million tons) December 2020 67 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 14. Materials Generated, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfiiied in MSW, 2018 Generation (292.36 Million tons) 2.9% 21.6% 23.1% 4.2% 12.1% 8.8% 6.2% ~ 8.9% | 12.2% Combustion with Energy Recovery (34.55 Million tons) 4.2% Paper and paperboard Glass Metals Plastics Rubber, leather and textiles Wood Yard trimmings Food Other Landfiiied (146.12 Million tons) 4.3% December 2020 68 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 15. Generation of Products in MSW, 1960 to 2018* 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 Generation rose considerably from 2017 to 2018 mainly because EPA enhanced its food measurement methodology to more fully account for all the ways wasted food is managed throughout the food system. December 2020 69 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 16. Nondurable Goods Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilied in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 Generation (50.44 Million tons) Recycling (14.19 Million tons) 1.3% 13.6% 2.3% 85.1% Combusted with Energy Recovery (7.09 Million tons) Landfilied (29.16 Million tons) 3.2% Paper and paperboard Plastics Rubber and leather Textiles Other 37.0% 20.1% 3.3% ' December 2020 70 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 17. Containers and Packaging Materials Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 Generation (82.22 Million tons) Recycling (44.33 Million tons) Combusted with Energy Recovery Landfilled (7.42 Million tons) (30.47 Million tons) *Primarily wood, with less than 1% textiles. December 2020 71 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 18. Containers and Packaging Products Generated, Recycled, Combusted with Energy Recovery and Landfilled in Municipal Solid Waste, 2018 Generation (82.22 Million tons) 1% Recycling (44.33 Million tons) <1 %, v<1 % Combusted with Energy Recovery (7.42 Million tons) 1%- 22% •3% 10% 1%- 3% 8% 2% 6% 18% 7% 4% 12% 3% Landfilled (30.47 Million tons) 1%- Corrugated cardboard Non-corrugated paper packaging Glass beer and soft drink bottles Other plastic containers Other plastic packaging PET bottles and jars Glass wine and liquor bottles Other glass bottles and jars Steel packaging Aluminum packaging HDPE bottles - natural Plastic bags, sacks and wraps Wood packaging Miscellaneous packaging December 2020 72 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 19. Diagram of Solid Waste Management Generation of waste for management Changes in package design Changes in purchasing habits Changes in industrial practices Backyard composting, grasscyding Increased reuse Other changes in use patterns Recycling and composting 1 ->• Landfilling Combustion with energy recovery SOURCE REDUCTION WASTE REDUCTION December 2020 73 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 December 2020 74 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 21. Estimated MRF Throughput, 2018* (Tons per day per million persons) 500 K 400 o» Q_ E 300 U) =S % 200 ro "O 3 100 Northeast South Midwest West "Throughput is the tons of waste processed. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governmental Advisory Associates, Inc. Data provided August 2019 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 75 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 22. Mixed Waste Processing Estimated Throughput, 2018* (Tons per day per million persons) 500 400 = 300 200 100 n Northeast South Midwest West "Throughput is the tons of waste processed. Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Governmental Advisory Associates, Inc. Data provided August 2019. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 76 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 23. MSW Composting Throughput, 2018* (Tons per day per million persons) QJ Q. Q- _C U) 3 O 03 ¦o \s\ C o Northeast South Midwest West 'Throughput is the tons of waste processed. Source: U.S. Census Bureau; BioCycle, November 2011, BioCycle October 2017, Mariposa County, CA; Marlborough, MA; Nantucket, MA; Faribault County, MN; Gallatin County, MT; Delaware County, NY; Medina County, OH; Rapid City, SD; Sevier County, TN websites. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 77 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 ru CD _Q E Figure 24. Yard Trimmings Composting Facilities, 2018* (In number of facilities) 1600 1400 1200 $ 1000 800 600 400 200 0 I Northeast South Midwest West Source: Goldstein, N. "The State of Organics" BioCycle, October 2017. United States composting facilities data reported for 2015-2017. Facilities composting yard trimmings, yard trimmings and food waste, and mixed organics. Excludes 740 facilities composting manure, biosolids, mixed MSW, or not defined. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming * Latest data available. December 2020 78 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 25. Municipal Waste-To-Energy Capacity, 2018 (Tons per day per million persons) 900 Northeast South Midwest West Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Energy Recovery Council (ERC). 2018. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 79 ------- Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2018 Figure 26. Number of Landfills in the U.S., 2018 Northeast South Midwest West Source: U.S. EPA. Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) Facility-level database. Data represents MSW landfills open July 2019. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming December 2020 80 ------- |