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EPA Document No.
EPA-815R24012
Technologies and Costs for Removing Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Technologies and Costs for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
(PFAS) from Drinking Water
Prepared by:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water
Standards and Risk Management Division
Washington, DC 20460
EPA Document Number: 815R24012
March 2024
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Disclaimer
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Contents
1.0 Introduction 2
1.1 Background 2
1.2 Organization and Overview 5
1.3 Information Sources 6
1.4 References 6
2.0 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 8
2.1 Operating Principle 8
2.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal 11
2.2.1 Removal Efficiency 11
2.2.2 Bed Life 14
2.2.3 Full-Scale Applications 15
2.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations 17
2.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs 18
2.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs 18
2.6 Critical Design Parameters 19
2.6.1 Empty Bed Contact Time 19
2.6.2 Contactor Configuration 20
2.6.3 Bed Life 20
2.7 References 24
3.0 Ion Exchange (IX) 32
3.1 Operating Principle 32
3.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal 33
3.2.1 Removal Efficiency 33
3.2.2 Bed Life 35
3.2.3 Full-Scale Applications 37
3.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations 37
3.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs 38
3.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs 38
3.6 Critical Design Parameters 39
3.6.1 Empty Bed Contact Time 39
3.6.2 Vessel Configuration 40
3.6.3 Bed Life 40
3.7 References 43
4.0 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration (RO/NF) 47
4.1 Operating Principle 47
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4.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal 49
4.2.1 Removal Efficiency 49
4.2.2 Full-Scale Applications 52
4.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations 52
4.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs 52
4.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs 53
4.6 Critical Design Parameters 54
4.6.1 Membrane Type 54
4.6.2 Flux Rate 54
4.6.3 Recovery Rate 55
4.7 References 56
5.0 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Treatment 58
5.1 Operating Principle 58
5.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal 59
5.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations 59
5.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs 60
5.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs 60
5.6 Critical Design Parameters 60
5.7 References 60
6.0 Nontreatment Alternatives 62
6.1 Application Principle 62
6.2 Compliance Effectiveness 62
6.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations 63
6.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs 63
6.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs 63
6.6 Critical Design Assumptions 63
6.7 References 64
7.0 Costs for Treatment and Nontreatment Options 65
7.1 Introduction 65
7.1.1 Overview and Cost Modeling Approach 65
7.1.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Models 65
7.1.3 WB S Model Accuracy 67
7.2 Costs for GAC 69
7.2.1 Model Components and Assumptions 69
7.2.2 Cost Estimates 72
7.3 Costs for IX 73
7.3.1 Model Components and Assumptions 73
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7.3.2 Cost Estimates 75
7.4 Costs for RO/NF 76
7.4.1 Model Components and Assumptions 76
7.4.2 Cost Estimates 78
7.5 Costs for POU Treatment 80
7.5.1 Model Components and Assumptions 80
7.5.2 Cost Estimates 83
7.6 Costs for Nontreatment Options 84
7.6.1 Model Components 84
7.6.2 Assumptions for New Wells 85
7.6.3 Assumptions for Interconnection 86
7.6.4 Cost Estimates 87
7.7 References 89
Appendix A. Cost Equations 91
A. 1 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for GAC 92
A.2 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for IX 129
A.3 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for RO/NF 150
A.4 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for POU RO 151
A.5 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for Nontreatment Options.... 152
Appendix B. Example WBS Model Outputs 154
B. 1 Example Outputs for GAC 155
B.2 Example Outputs for IX 163
B.3 Example Outputs for RO/NF 171
B.4 Example Outputs for POU RO 184
B.5 Example Outputs for Nontreatment Options 186
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Figures
Figure 1-1. Chemical Structure of PFOA and PFOS 4
Figure 2-1. Conceptual Diagram of the GAC Treatment Process 9
Figure 2-2. Typical Schematic Layout for Pressure GAC Treatment Facility 10
Figure 2-3. Typical Schematic Layout for Gravity GAC Treatment Facility 11
Figure 2-4. Typical GAC Breakthrough Curve 14
Figure 2-5. Linear Bed Life Estimate in Relation to a Typical Breakthrough Curve 22
Figure 3-1. Conceptual Diagram of the IX Treatment Process 32
Figure 3-2. Typical Schematic Layout for IX with Resin Disposal 33
Figure 3-3. Typical IX Breakthrough Curve 36
Figure 3-4. Linear Bed Life Estimate in Relation to a Typical Breakthrough Curve 41
Figure 4-1. Conceptual Diagram of the RO Treatment Process 47
Figure 4-2. Typical Schematic Layout for RO/NF 49
Figure 7-1. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using Pressure
GAC (2020 dollars) 72
Figure 7-2. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Surface Water Using Gravity
GAC (2020 dollars) 73
Figure 7-3. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using IX (2020
dollars) 76
Figure 7-4. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using Reverse
Osmosis (2020 dollars) 80
Figure 7-5. Cost Results for POU RO Removal of PFAS from Groundwater (2020 dollars) 84
Figure 7-6. Mid Cost Results for PFAS Compliance Using New Wells at Groundwater
Systems (2020 dollars) 88
Figure 7-7. Mid Cost Results for PFAS Compliance Using Interconnection at Groundwater
Systems (2020 dollars) 89
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Tables
Table 1-1. PFAS with Treatability Data 3
Table 1-2. PFAS Classified by Functional Group and Chain Length 4
Table 2-1. Studies of GAC Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS 12
Table 2-2. Studies of GAC Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS 13
Table 2-3. Studies of GAC Treatment for Other PFAS 13
Table 2-4. Full-scale GAC Systems Removing PFAS from Drinking Water 15
Table 2-5. Studies Used to Develop GAC Bed Life Estimates 21
Table 2-6. Estimated Parameter Values for GAC Bed Life Equations 23
Table 3-1. Studies of IX Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS 34
Table 3-2. Studies of IX Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS 35
Table 3-3. Studies of IX Treatment for Other PFAS 35
Table 3-4. Full-scale IX Systems Removing PFAS from Drinking Water 37
Table 3-5. Estimated Parameter Values for IX Bed Life Equations 42
Table 4-1. Minimum Effective Ranges for RO/NF Membranes 48
Table 4-2. Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS 50
Table 4-3. Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS 50
Table 4-4. Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Other PFAS 51
Table 4-5. Flux Rates for PFAS Treatment Reported in the Literature 55
Table 4-6. Recovery Rates for PFAS Treatment Reported in the Literature 55
Table 5-1. Community-Scale Applications of POU/POE Treatment to Remove PFAS from
Drinking Water 59
Table 7-1. Cost Elements Included in All WBS Models 67
Table 7-2. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the GAC Model 70
Table 7-3. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the PFAS-selective IX Model 74
Table 7-4. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the RO/NF Model 77
Table 7-5. POU Model Assumptions for PFAS Removal 81
Table 7-6. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the Non-treatment Model 85
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
BV
bed volumes
DOC
dissolved organic carbon
EBCT
empty bed contact time
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GAC
granular activated carbon
gfd
gallons per day per square foot
g/mol
grams per mole
gpm
gallons per minute
IX
ion exchange
LSI
Langelier saturation index
MCL
maximum contaminant level
MGD
million gallons per day
mg/L
milligrams per liter
MWCO
molecular weight cut off
NF
nanofiltration
ng/L
nanograms per liter
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NSF
NSF International, The Public Health and Safety Company
O&M
operating and maintenance
PFAS
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
POE
point-of-entry
POU
point-of-use
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RO
reverse osmosis
RSSCT
rapid small-scale column test
SDI
silt density index
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
TDP
Technology Design Panel
TOC
total organic carbon
WBS
Work Breakdown Structure
WWTP
wastewater treatment plant
See also Table 1-1 for abbreviations for individual PFAS compounds.
1 Formerly National Sanitation Foundation
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a broad class of approximately 10,000 synthetic
chemicals (Rogers et al., 2021; Weaver, 2020; USEPA, 2021d). Because of their water-resistant,
stain-resistant, and non-stick properties, they are incorporated in or used as coatings for a variety
of products. Household and industrial PFAS applications include use in carpeting, clothing,
cookware, cosmetics, electronics, fire-fighting foam, glass, and packaging. The manufacture of
PFAS and PFAS-containing products, along with the use and disposal of these products, have
resulted in releases to air, soil, and water (ATSDR, 2021; Rogers et al., 2021; Weaver, 2020).
The same properties that make PFAS useful in industry and commerce also make them stable
and persistent in the environment (ATSDR, 2021).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing a regulation for certain PFAS
under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). To assist in evaluating and developing the national
costs associated with the proposed regulation, this document describes treatment technologies
that are known to effectively remove PFAS from drinking water. It also presents estimated costs
associated with the engineering, installation, and operation and maintenance of these
technologies. EPA is proposing MCLGs for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at zero and the enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
at 4.0 nanograms per liter (ng/L) or parts per trillion (ppt) for each of these contaminants. EPA is
also proposing regulation of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), perfluorobutane
sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid
(PFHxS) through a Hazard Index (HI) approach. EPA is proposing to set the MCLG as a HI of
1.0 (unitless) and the enforceable MCL equal to the MCLG. Table 1-1 lists PFAS for which
treatability data are available in the literature included in EPA's Drinking Water Treatability
Database (USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c).
The two most frequently studied PFAS are PFOA, which refers to perfluorooctanoic acid or
perfluorooctane carboxylate, and PFOS, which refers to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid or
perfluorooctane sulfonate.2 Figure 1-1 shows the chemical structure of these two PFAS. Both
molecules incorporate a chain of fully fluorinated (perfluorinated) carbon atoms but differ in the
functional group attached at the end of the chain. In PFOA, the terminal functional group is
carboxylic acid (CO2H) or carboxylate (CO2") in the anion form. In PFOS, the terminal
functional group is sulfonic acid (SO3H) or sulfonate (SO3") in the anion form.
Both PFOA and PFOS include a total of eight carbon atoms in their molecular chain. There are
other perfluorinated PFAS that incorporate the same terminal functional groups but have a
different number of carbon atoms in the chain. For example, PFHxA refers to a perfluorinated
six-carbon compound with a carboxylic acid or carboxylate functional group. PFHxS refers to a
perfluorinated six-carbon compound with a sulfonic acid or sulfonate functional group. In
general, degree of fluorination, functional group, and chain length provide a means of classifying
PFAS compounds, as shown in Table 1-2. Buck et al. (2011) and ITRC (2020) provide a more
2 Although different sources within the literature may use the names for the acid and anion forms of PFOA, PFOS, and other
perfluorinated PFAS interchangeably, they most frequently occur in the environment in their anion form (ITRC, 2020).
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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detailed and nuanced categorization of PFAS, but for purposes of discussing treatment
technologies and costs this simplified categorization is useful.
Table 1-1. PFAS with Treatability Data
Abbreviation
Full Name
Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)
Number
ADONA
Ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate
958445-44-8 or 919005-14-4 (as acid)
F-53B
FtS 4:2
A combination of 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-
oxanone-1-sulfonic acid and 11-chloroeicosafluoro-
3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid
Fluorotelomer sulfonate 4:2
756426-58-1 and 763051-92-9
(respectively)
414911-30-1
FtS 6:2
Fluorotelomer sulfonate 6:2
27619-97-2
FtS 8:2
Fluorotelomer sulfonate 8:2
39108-34-4
HFPO-DA*
Nafion BP2
N-EtFOSAA
Ammonium perfluoro-2-methyl-3 -oxahexanoate,
Perfluoro -2-methy 1-3 -oxahexanoic acid
Perfluoro-2-{[perfluoro-3-(perfluoroethoxy)-2-
propanyl]oxy}ethanesulfonic acid
2-(N-Ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetate
62037-80-3 (as ammonium salt), 13252-
13-6 (as acid)
749836-20-2
2991-50-6
N-MeFOSAA
2-(N-Methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetate
909405-48-7 or 2355-31-9 (as acid)
PFBA
Perfluorobutanoic acid
375-22-4
PFBS
Perfluorobutyl sulfonic acid
375-73-5
PFBSA
Perfluorobutylsulfonamide
30334-69-1
PFDA
Perfluorodecanoic acid
335-76-2
PFDoA
Perfluorododecanoic acid
307-55-1
PFDS
Perfluorodecyl sulfonic acid
335-77-3
PFECHS
Perfluoro-4-(perfluoroethyl)cyclohexylsulfonate
80988-54-1
PFHpA
Perfluoroheptanoic acid
375-85-9
PFHpS
Perfluoroheptyl sulfonic acid
375-92-8
PFHxA
Perfluorohexanoic acid
307-24-4
PFHxS
Perfluorohexyl sulfonic acid
355-46-4
PFHxSA
Perfluorohexanesulfonamide
41997-13-1
PFMOAA
PFMOBA
Difluoro(perfluoromethoxy)acetic acid, also known
as perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid
Perfluoro-4-methoxybutanoic acid
674-13-5
863090-89-5
PFMOPrA
Perfluoro-3-methoxypropanoic acid
377-73-1
PFNA
Perfluorononanoic acid
375-95-1
PFNS
Perfluorononane sulfonic acid
68259-12-1
PF02HxA
Perfluoro-3,5-dioxahexanoic acid
39492-88-1
PF030A
Perfluoro-3,5,7-trioxaoctanoic acid
39492-89-2
PF04DA
Perfluoro -3,5,7,9-butaoxadecanoic acid
39492-90-5
PFOA
Perfluorooctanoic acid
335-67-1
PFOS
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
1763-23-1
PFOSA
Perfluorooctanesulfonamide
754-91-6
PFPeA
Perfluoropentanoic acid
2706-90-3
PFPrS
Perfluoropropane sulfonate
110676-15-8
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Abbreviation
Full Name
Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)
Number
PFTriA
Perfluorotridecanoic acid
72629-94-8
PFUnA
Perfluoroundecanoic acid
2058-94-8
* HFPO-DA is used in a processing aid technology developed by DuPont to make fluoropolymers without using PFOA. The
chemicals associated with this process are commonly known as GenX Chemicals and the term is often used interchangeably for
HFPO-DA along with its ammonium salt
Sources: USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c
PerfluorooctanoicAcid (PFOA)
Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid
(PFOS)
Figure 1-1. Chemical Structure of PFOA and PFOS
Sources: NCBI, 2021a; 2021b
Table 1-2. PFAS Classified by Functional Group and Chain Length
Number of
Carbons
Perfluorinated
Carboxylic
Acids/Carboxylates
Perfluorinated
Sulfonic
Acids/Sulfonates
Other
Perfluorinated
Polyfluorinated
3
PFPrS
PFMOAA
4
PFBA
PFBS
PFBS A
FtS 4:2, PF02HxA,
PFMOPrA
5
PFPeA
PFPeS
PF030A,
PFMOBA
6
PFHxA
PFHxS
HFPO-DA,
PFHxSA
FtS 6:2, PF04DA
7
PFHpA
PFHpS
ADONA, Nafion
BP2
8
PFOA
PFOS
PFOSA, PFECHS
FtS 8:2
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Number of
Carbons
9
10
11
12
13
Perfluorinated
Carboxylic
Acids/Carboxylates
PFNA
PFDA
PFUnA
PFDoA
PFTriA
Perfluorinated
Sulfonic
Acids/Sulfonates
PFNS
PFDS
Other
Perfluorinated
Polyfluorinated
N-MeFOSAA
N-EtFOSAA
Sources: ITRC, 2020; USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c
1.2 Organization and Overview
This report is organized as follows:
• Evaluation of treatment and nontreatment compliance options for potential PFAS standards
(Chapters 2 through 6)
• Costs for treatment and nontreatment (Chapter 7).
The technology evaluations in Chapter 2 through 5 describe treatment technologies that can
effectively remove PFAS from drinking water. Specifically, they address effectiveness for the
following treatment technologies:
• Granular activated carbon (GAC) (Chapter 2)
• Ion exchange (IX) (Chapter 3)
• Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration (RO/NF) (Chapter 4)
• Point-of-use/point-of-entry (POU/POE) treatment (Chapter 5).3
For each technology, the corresponding chapter provides an overview of how the technology
operates and summarizes its effectiveness for removal or destruction of PFAS. Each technology
summary also incorporates available findings with respect to effectiveness under different source
water conditions. Information on process waste characterization, handling, and management is
also provided. Each summary concludes with a compilation of the PFAS-specific engineering
design specifications obtained from the treatability literature reviewed.
Chapter 6 discusses nontreatment options that might be used in lieu of treatment options to
comply with the proposed PFAS regulation. Chapter 7 (in combination with Appendices A and
B) presents estimated costs associated with engineering, installation, operation, and maintenance
of each of the treatment and nontreatment options discussed in Chapters 2 through 6. Appendix
A provides complete cost equations for the treatment and nontreatment options. Appendix B
3 POU devices are not currently a compliance option because the regulatory options under consideration require treatment to
concentrations below the current NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) certification standard for
POU device removal of PFAS. However, POU treatment might become a compliance option for small systems in the future if
NSF/ANSI develop a new certification standard that mirrors EPA's proposed regulatory standard.
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presents example cost model outputs for selected flow rates, allowing review of individual cost
line items.
1.3 Information Sources
The information presented in this document is a summary of EPA's literature search to evaluate
the state of science with respect to treatment options for PFAS-contaminated drinking source
water. The objectives of the literature review were to:
• identify what technologies are being studied and tested
• summarize the data regarding effectiveness
• characterize other factors relevant for drinking water treatment (e.g., pre- and post-treatment
requirements and waste characterization and management options)
• identify key research gaps.
1.4 References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2021. Toxicological Profile for
Perfluoroalkyls. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from
https://www.atsdr.cdc.eov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf
Buck, R.C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J.M., Cousins, I.T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A.,
Kurunthachalam, K., Mabury, S.S., and van Leeuwen, S.P. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and
polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr
Environ Assess Manage 7(4), 513-541. https://dot.ore/10.1002/iearn.258
Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC). 2020. Naming Conventions and Physical and
Chemical Properties of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Retrieved from https://pfas-
1 .itrcweb.org/fact sheets page/PFASFact Sheet Naming Conventions April2020.pdf
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). 2021a. PubChem Compound Summary
for CID 9554, Perfluorooctanoic acid. Retrieved from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.eov/compound/9554#section=2D-Stmcture
NCBI. 2021b. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 74483, Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid.
Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Perfluorooctanesulfonic-
acid#section=2D-Structure
Rogers, R.D., Reh, C.M., and Breysse, P. 2021. Advancing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
(PFAS) research: an overview of ATSDR and NCEH activities and recommendations. J Expo Sci
Environ Epidemiol, 31(6), 961-971. https://doi.cnv 10 10 '< V ! I ; 0 0.1 00 '< I
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2021a. Drinking Water Treatability Database:
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Retrieved from
https://tdb.epa.eov/tdb/contaminant7i 20
USEPA. 2021b. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. Retrieved
from https://tdb.epa.eov/tdb/contaminant?id=10940
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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USEPA. 2021c. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Perjluorooctanoic Acid. Retrieved from
https://tdb.epa. gov/tdb/contaminant?id=l 0520
USEPA. 202Id. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: PFAS structures in DSSTox (update August
2021). Retrieved from https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/ TRUCTY4
Weaver, J. 2020. PFAS should be managed as a single class of chemicals, experts say.
Environmental Factor. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved from
https://factor.niehs.nih.gOv/2020/8/papers/pfas/index.htm
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2.0 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
2.1 Operating Principle
GAC is a porous adsorptive media with extremely high internal surface area. GAC is
manufactured from a variety of raw materials with porous structures including bituminous coal,
lignite coal, peat, wood, coconut shells, and others. Physical and/or chemical manufacturing
processes are applied to these raw materials to create and/or enlarge pores, resulting in a porous
structure with a large surface area per unit mass.
When water is treated with GAC, it passes through treatment columns or beds containing GAC.
The process separates dissolved contaminants from the water through adsorption to the surfaces
in the pores of the GAC. In the case of PFAS, the literature suggests that the primary
mechanisms of adsorption include both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions (Ateia et al.,
2019). In addition to removing PFAS, GAC can remove contaminants including taste and odor
compounds, natural organic matter, volatile organic compounds, synthetic organic compounds,
disinfection byproduct precursors, and radon. Organic compounds with high molecular weights
are also readily adsorbable.
The contaminants are adsorbed by GAC until the carbon is no longer able to adsorb additional
molecules at the influent feed concentration. At this point, the result is reduced removal of the
contaminant, referred to as "breakthrough." Figure 2-1 is a conceptual diagram of the GAC
treatment process, from initial adsorption to breakthrough. Once the contaminant concentration
in the treated water reaches an unacceptable level, the carbon is considered "spent" and must be
replaced by virgin or reactivated GAC. The length of time between GAC replacement events is
known as "bed life," discussed in more detail in Section 2.2.2. Reactivation4 is a process that
removes adsorbed contaminants from adsorption sites on GAC so that it can be reused. Although
different methods are available for GAC reactivation, the process most commonly involves high
temperature thermal treatment in a specialized facility such as a multiple hearth furnace or rotary
kiln (Matthis and Carr, 2018; USEPA, 2022). Section 2.5 provides more information on the fate
of PFAS in the reactivation process.
GAC beds typically also require periodic backwash to prevent head loss or biomass
accumulation. The backwash process must be designed to remove accumulated solids, while
preventing the spent carbon at the top of the column from mixing with the unspent carbon at the
bottom, creating a mixed bed and the possibility of "leakage" of the target contaminant.
4 The terms "reactivation" and "regeneration" are sometimes used interchangeably in the drinking water industry. GAC vendors,
however, make a distinction between the two processes. The appropriate term for the process used on spent GAC containing
adsorbed PFAS is reactivation (Matthis and Carr, 2018).
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Initial adsorption
At breakthrough
Influent
water
Influent
water
I—N
Treated
water
Treated
water
GAC
Spent GAC
• PFAS
Figure 2-1. Conceptual Diagram of the GAC Treatment Process
The specific design of a GAC treatment facility depends on the type of contactor and the system
configuration used. GAC can be set up in a single-stage, series, or parallel system. In drinking
water treatment, GAC configuration generally is a downflow fixed (packed) bed system. The
system can have single or multiple adsorbers operated under pressure or fed by gravity (Brady
and Moran, 2012; Summers et al., 2011). Pressure contactors are more cost effective for small
systems because they can be purchased off the shelf as prefabricated, packaged units. Pressure
GAC systems can be operated at higher suspended solids concentrations with less frequent
backwashing and over a wide range of flow rates due to the allowable pressure variances.
Pressure GAC systems are also enclosed, so there is no visual observation of the system. Gravity
contactor designs are generally used in larger installations (Brady and Moran, 2012; Summers et
al., 2011). Gravity contactors can be sized larger than off-the-shelf pressure vessels and because
common wall design can minimize space requirements. A gravity contactor design is better for
systems that do not have large variances in flow, pressure, or turbidity (Summers et al., 2011).
Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3, respectively, provide schematic drawings for a pressure GAC facility
and a gravity GAC facility.
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Backwash to
fm) Residuals
- Management
/tumj
Influent
On-Site GAC
Regeneration
Optional equipment
not shown:
- GAC transfer
- Bypass piping
CXK—~
Treated Water
Optional Equipment
INSTRUMENTATION
pH Meter (™) Turbidity (3) High/Low
Meter Alarm
©Head Loss ©Temperature©
LINES
Influent
Treated Backwash
x
Manual
Valve
. Check
' Valve
Control
Valve
Pressure GAC System
Typical Schematic Layout
Pressure GAC System 9-28-2021 .vsd
Figure 2-2. Typical Schematic Layout for Pressure GAC Treatment Facility
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2.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal
2.2.1 Removal Efficiency
EPA's Drinking Water Treatability Database (USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c) includes extensive
data from the literature on PFAS removal by GAC. Results are available from studies conducted
in the laboratory, in the field at pilot scale, and in full-scale application, as shown in Table 2-1,
Table 2-2, and Table 2-3.5 These tables present the number of studies at each scale, along with a
key benchmark of technology effectiveness: maximum removal efficiency. Removal efficiency
is the percentage of the influent concentration removed through treatment.
The literature demonstrates maximum GAC removal efficiencies of 90 percent or greater for all
the carboxylate and sulfonate PFAS compounds for which data are available. The literature also
shows that the technology often removes these compounds to levels below analytical detection
limits. For PFOA and PFOS, maximum removal efficiencies are greater than 99 percent, also to
below analytical detection limits and lower than the regulatory thresholds currently under
consideration. There are fewer studies of GAC performance for other (non-carboxylate and non-
5 Data shown in these tables are as of December 2021. EPA frequently updates the Drinking Water Treatability Database, so
parties interested in results from recently published literature may wish to access the database directly at
https: // tdb. ev)a. go v/tdb/home.
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sulfonate) PFAS compounds, but the available data show maximum removal efficiency of 90
percent or greater for many of these compounds, including HFPO-DA.
Table 2-1. Studies of GAC Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Bench Studies
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFBA
4
8
5
5
99.5
Westreich et al. 2018
PFPeA
5
7
5
5
90
Appleman et al. 2013;
McCleaf et al. 2017; Park
et al. 2017; Lombardo et
al. 2018; Kempisty et al.
2019; Liu etal. 2019;
Park et al. 2020
PFHxA
6
12
6
6
99.5
Westreich et al. 2018
PFHpA
7
9
5
7
>99
Zeng et al 2020
PFOA
8
23
9
17
>99.8
Forrester and Bostardi
2019
PFNA
9
6
3
8
>99
Zeng et al 2020
PFDA
10
6
1
4
97
Appleman et al. 2013
PFUnA
11
1
0
1
90
McCleaf etal. 2017
PFDoA
12
3
0
0
90
McCleaf et al. 2017; Park
etal. 2017
PFTriA
13
1
0
0
90
McCleaf etal. 2017
Sources: USEPA, 2021a; 2021c
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Table 2-2. Studies of GAC Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS
PFAS
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source for Maximum
Compound
Bench Studies
Removal Efficiency
PFPrS
3
0
1
0
90
Liu et al. 2019
PFBS
4
13
7
8
99.5
Westreich et al. 2018
PFPeS
5
2
2
0
90
Liu et al. 2019
PFHxS
6
13
7
11
99.5
Westreich et al. 2018
PFHpS
7
2
4
1
>99
Belkouteb et al. 2020
PFOS
8
24
10
15
99.7
Woodard et al. 2017
PFNS
9
1
0
0
95.82
Wang et al. 2020
Sources: USEPA, 2021b; 2021c
Table 2-3. Studies of GAC Treatment for Other PFAS
PFAS
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source for Maximum
Compound
Bench Studies
Removal Efficiency
PFMOAA
3
0
0
1
70
Hopkins et al. 2018
FtS 4:2
4
0
1
0
Not reported
PFBS A
4
1
0
0
56
Yan et al. 2020
PF02HxA
4
0
0
1
90
Hopkins et al. 2018
PF030A
5
0
0
1
90
Hopkins et al. 2018
FtS 6:2
6
1
3
0
88
Casey et al. 2018
HFPO-DA
6
1
1
1
93
Hopkins et al. 2018
PFHxSA
6
1
1
0
80
Rodowa et al. 2020
PF04DA
6
0
0
1
90
Hopkins et al. 2018
Nafion BP2
7
0
1
1
>99
Hopkins et al. 2018
FtS 8:2
8
1
3
0
88
Woodard et al. 2017
PFOSA
8
3
1
0
95
Kothawala et al. 2017
PFECHS
8
1
0
0
65
Yan et al. 2020
Source: USEPA, 2021c
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2.2.2 Bed Life
In addition to removal efficiency, the effectiveness of GAC depends on bed life, which is the
length of time the technology can maintain a target removal efficiency (e.g., 80 percent, 95
percent) or predefined concentration limit (such as an MCL). Bed life can be expressed as the
number of days or months between GAC replacement events. It can also be expressed in bed
volumes (BV), which is a measure of throughput: the volume of water treated during the bed life
divided by the volume of the GAC bed. With either measure, a higher number indicates a longer
bed life and more effective treatment.6 Figure 2-4 illustrates the concepts of breakthrough and
bed life on a typical "S-shaped" GAC breakthrough curve.
Figure 2-4. Typical GAC Breakthrough Curve
There is a consensus in the literature that GAC's capacity for a given PFAS compound is
strongly influenced by chain length (i.e., number of carbon atoms) and functional group (i.e.,
carboxylate versus sulfonate). In general, all other factors (see below) being equal, GAC exhibits
a greater capacity for longer chain compounds than shorter chain compounds and a greater
capacity for sulfonate PFAS than carboxylate PFAS. The greater capacity translates to longer
bed life and lower treatment costs (Appleman et al., 2013; Appleman et al., 2014; Berretta et al.,
2021; Inyang and Dickenson, 2017; McCleaf et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2020).
For GAC, chain length appears to be the more important factor, followed by functional group.
The results from Berretta et al. (2021) provide an example of a typical order of breakthrough.
0 A related measure is carbon use rate, which is often expressed in units of pounds of carbon used per 1,000 gallons of water
treated. A lower carbon use rate reflects a longer bed life and more effective treatment. To avoid confusion, this document does
not present data on carbon use rate.
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From earliest breakthrough to latest, this typical sequence is as follows (with number of carbon
atoms shown in parenthesis for ease of reference):
PFBA (4) > PFHxA (6) > PFBS (4) > PFOA (8) > PFHxS (6) > PFOS (8)
In addition to chain length and functional group, estimates of GAC bed life for PFAS removal
depend on multiple factors. These additional factors can include the following:
• The target removal efficiency or predefined concentration at which the treated water quality
is considered unacceptable (i.e., the "breakthrough" concentration)
• The influent concentration of the target PFAS compound(s)
• Other raw water quality parameters (see Section 2.3)
• Size of the GAC bed relative to the flow of water to be treated, measured by empty bed
contact time (EBCT) (see Section 2.6.1)
• Adsorption properties of the specific GAC media (e.g., type of carbon, surface area, pore size
distribution, and surface chemistry).
Because of these varying factors, comparing GAC bed life results across multiple studies is
difficult. Section 2.6.3 discusses methods to estimate bed life as a critical parameter in the design
and operation of GAC treatment.
2.2.3 Full-Scale Applications
Additional support for the effectiveness of GAC for PFAS removal is evident from the number
of full-scale facilities that are currently using the technology. As indicated in Section 2.1.1, there
are numerous studies of GAC performance for PFAS removal at full-scale facilities. These
effectiveness studies include results for GAC facilities designed specifically to target PFAS, in
addition to facilities originally designed for other contaminants. In total, the literature identifies
more than 30 full-scale GAC facilities that specifically target the removal of PFAS from drinking
water. Table 2-4 identifies these facilities.
Table 2-4. Full-scale GAC Systems Removing PFAS from Drinking Water
Location
Flow
rate
(MGD)
Groundwater
or Surface
Water
Year of
Startup
Sources
Moose Creek, Fairbanks North Star
Borough, Alaska
2.2
Groundwater
2016
Alaska Community Action on
Toxics 2019; Forrester 2019
Gustavus, Alaska
Not
reported
Groundwater
2018-
2019
Alaska Community Action on
Toxics 2019
Airline/Lambert Water Treatment Campus,
Marana, Pima County, Arizona
Not
reported
Groundwater
Not
reported
Marana Water 2019
Liberty Utilities, Litchfield Park, Arizona
1.58
Groundwater
2017
ADEQ 2021; Forrester 2019
Picture Rocks Water Treatment Campus,
Marana, Pima County, Arizona
Not
reported
Groundwater
Not
reported
Marana Water 2019
Municipal Services Commission of the
City of New Castle, New Castle, Delaware
0.50
Groundwater
2015
Mordock 2016; Forrester 2019
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Location
Flow
rate
(MGD)
Groundwater
or Surface
Water
Year of
Startup
Sources
Emerald Coast Utilities Authority,
Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida
1.44
Groundwater
2017
Robinson 2018; Forrester
2019
Rome Water and Sewer Division, Rome,
Georgia
9
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; City of Rome
2019
Former Naval Air Station, Brunswick,
Maine
Not
reported
Not reported
2011
Danko 2018
Kennebunk, Kennebunkport & Wells
Water District, Kennebunk, Maine
2.90
Groundwater
2020
Berretta et al. 2021; Business
Wire 2018
Mary Dunn Water Supply Wells, Hyannis
& Town of Barnstable, Massachusetts
1.44
Groundwater
2015
Gallagher 2017; Forrester
2019
City of Westfield Department of Public
Works, Westfield, Massachusetts
Not
reported
Groundwater
2018
Westfield 2019
Plainfield Township, Kent County,
Michigan
9
Groundwater
2018
Biolchini 2018
Ann Arbor Water Treatment Plant, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
50
Surface Water
2018
Stanton 2019; Page 2020
Oakdale Public Works, Oakdale,
Minnesota
3.6
Groundwater
2006
MDH 2010; ATSDR 2008
Merrimack Village District Water Works,
Merrimack, Hillsborough County, New
Hampshire
Not
reported
Groundwater
2020
Cronin 2020
Pease International Tradeport Drinking
Water System, Portsmouth, New
Hampshire
0.72
Groundwater
2019
City of Portsmouth 2020;
Forrester 2019
Montclair Water Bureau, Montclair, New
Jersey
0.72
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; PFAS Project
Lab 2021
Passaic Valley Water Commission,
Garfield, New Jersey
0.5
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; Sobko 2021
Hampton Bays Water District, Suffolk
County, New York
9
Groundwater
2018
Gordon 2018
Suffolk County Water Authority, New
York
Not
reported
Groundwater
2017
SCWA2018
Town of Petersburgh Water District,
Petersburgh/Rensselaer County, New York
0.07
Not reported
2017
Forrester 2019; NYS DEC
2020a
Washington Lake Filtration Plant,
Newburgh, New York
8.86
Groundwater
2017
Forrester 2019; NYS DEC
2020b
Little Hocking Water Association, Little
Hocking, Ohio
Not
reported
Groundwater
2007
Cummings et al 2015
Village of Hoosick Falls, New York
1.01
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; NYS DEC
2021
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Location
Flow
rate
(MGD)
Groundwater
or Surface
Water
Year of
Startup
Sources
Sweeny Water Treatment Plant, Cape Fear
Public Utilities Authority, North Carolina
44
Surface Water
2022
Vandermeyden and Hagerty
2020
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton,
Ohio
2.74
Groundwater
2017
Barber 2017; Forrester 2019
Aqua Pennsylvania, Chalfont Borough,
Pennsylvania
0.58
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; Chalfont
Borough 2021
Horsham Water and Sewer Authority,
Horsham, Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania
1.44
Groundwater
2017
Boodoo et al. 2019;
Montgomery News 2017;
Forrester 2019
Warrington Township Water and Sewer
Department, Warrington, Pennsylvania
0.58
Groundwater
Not
reported
Forrester 2019; Warrington
Township 2017
City of El Campo Water Department, El
Campo, Texas
Not
reported
Groundwater
2017
Sullivan 2018
Airway Heights Water System, City of
Airway Heights, Washington
Not
reported
Groundwater
2018
ATSDR 2020
Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington
Not
reported
Groundwater
Not
reported
Sullivan 2018
fssaquah, Washington
4.32
Groundwater
2016
City of Issaquah 2020; Mende
2019; Kwan and York 2017
Parkersburg Utility Board, Parkersburg,
West Virginia
Not
reported
Not reported
Not
reported
USEPA 2009
MGD = million gallons per day
2.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations
Natural organic matter, often measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or total organic
carbon (TOC), can interfere with GAC's capacity to adsorb PFAS (Appleman et al., 2013; Ateia
et al., 2019; Berretta et al., 2021; Gagliano et al., 2020; Kothawala et al., 2017). The significance
of this interference may depend on the specific type of natural organic matter present (Gagliano
et al., 2020; Kothawala et al., 2017). However, in general, it does not necessarily reduce the
maximum removal effectiveness of GAC. Instead, it shortens the time to breakthrough, meaning
more frequent GAC replacement can be required at higher TOC concentrations, all other factors
being equal. Therefore, it should be possible to reliably manage the impact of natural organic
matter through piloting, selection of design parameters, and operational monitoring. For purposes
of estimating national costs for GAC, EPA used a method to estimate bed life that explicitly
includes consideration of influent TOC (see Sections 2.6.3 and 7.2.1).
The presence of other adsorbable contaminants can reduce GAC capacity for a target
contaminant, as the contaminants compete for adsorption sites on the media. The extent of this
competition depends on the relative concentrations and adsorbability of the contaminants.
However, when a poorly adsorbed contaminant is present and not a treatment target, the system
can allow the contaminant to breakthrough, reducing its impact on GAC capacity for the target
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contaminant(s) (Stenzel and Merz, 1989). When multiple target contaminants (e.g., multiple
PFAS compounds) are present, GAC operation, specifically the selection of bed life, should
consider competition among these contaminants. In extreme cases, where the GAC bed becomes
highly saturated with contaminants, preferred contaminants in the influent can displace
previously adsorbed, less preferred contaminants. Such cases can result in a phenomenon known
as chromatographic peaking, where the treated concentration of a less preferred contaminant
exceeds its influent concentration (Brady and Moran, 2012). Appleman et al. (2014) reported this
phenomenon for PFBA at a full-scale GAC system removing PFAS. McCleaf et al. (2017)
observed similar behavior for PFBA and PFPeA in column tests. Like TOC, the impact of
competition among target contaminants, including the potential for chromatographic peaking,
can be managed through piloting, selection of design parameters, and operational monitoring.
For purposes of estimating national costs for GAC, EPA used a method to estimate bed life that
is based on data from studies where multiple PFAS compounds were present in concentrations
typical of PFAS-contaminated drinking water (see Sections 2.6.3 and 7.2.1).
2.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs
Because GAC also works as a filtration medium, solids in influent water can accumulate in the
GAC bed, causing excess pressure drop and increased backwash frequency. Therefore, under
some circumstances, pre-filtration should be included. Such circumstances are site-specific, but
examples include when upstream treatment includes coagulant addition for solids removal or
when there is the potential for formation of iron and manganese precipitates (Stenzel and Merz,
1989; Summers et al., 2011). Chlorination prior to GAC treatment is not generally recommended
because of the potential for the chlorine compounds to react with adsorbed compounds or the
GAC itself (Brady and Moran, 2012; Summers et al., 2011).
In some cases, there can be temporary water chemistry changes immediately following GAC
changeout, such as leaching of metals (e.g., arsenic, antimony), increases in pH, or release of
fines which are small particles or powdered materials (Brady and Moran, 2012). These effects
are readily managed by using pre-treated GAC media or diverting the first few bed volumes of
treated water to waste and do not typically require post-treatment.
2.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs
The most likely management option for spent GAC containing adsorbed PFAS is reactivation.
There are a number GAC vendor-operated reactivation facilities available, including some that
hold Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permits to treat spent GAC that is
classified as hazardous waste (USEPA, 2020; Matthis and Carr, 2021). Matthis and Carr (2021)
report results from leaching tests on GAC used to remove PFAS from drinking water at full-scale
after reactivation, also in a full-scale facility. They found that 15 of the 16 PFAS compounds
analyzed were below analytical limits in the leachate. PFBA was present, but only at 1.9 parts
per trillion. These results suggest that reactivated GAC should be suitable for reuse.
The full-scale study in Mathis and Carr (2021), however, did not fully address the fate of PFAS
in the GAC reactivation process. There are a limited number of smaller scale studies that have
examined whether PFAS compounds are transformed, volatilized, or destroyed/defluorinated
during the process (e.g., Watanabe et al., 2016; Watanabe et al., 2018; Xiao, 2020). These studies
suggest that the fate of PFAS in GAC reactivation depends on factors including PFAS chain
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length, reactivation temperature, and combustion atmosphere (Baghirzade et al., 2021).
Additional full-scale research might be needed if future air quality regulations address PFAS
emissions from GAC reactivation facilities. The results of this research might necessitate
changes to spent GAC management practices. Future RCRA hazardous waste regulations for
PFAS could also limit the available management options.
GAC systems also intermittently generate a liquid residual in the form of spent backwash. Like
conventional filters, GAC contactors must be backwashed periodically to remove solids,
maintain the desired hydraulic properties of the bed, and possibly to control biological growth.
Backwash does not remove adsorbed contaminants from the GAC bed, although some attrition or
loss of actual GAC particles may occur during the backwash process. Therefore, spent backwash
water contains primarily suspended solids and not target contaminants. The interval between
backwash occurrences is mainly a function of the turbidity in the influent water. Management
options for spent backwash include discharge to surface water under a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, discharge to a wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP), or recycle to the head of the treatment plant. For some small systems, another option
may be discharge to an on-site septic system.
When averaged over the time between generation events, backwash flow is relatively low.
Instantaneous flow during a backwash event, however, is much higher. If spent backwash is
recycled to the head of a treatment plant, recommended engineering practice is that the recycle
stream should be no more than 5 to 10 percent of total system flow (USEPA, 2002; USEPA,
1996). Thus, when backwash is recycled, the system should include a spent backwash holding
tank to prevent recycle flow from exceeding this recommendation. Holding tanks also may be
advisable for other backwash management options (e.g., to prevent instantaneous flow from
overwhelming the capacity of a WWTP).
2.6 Critical Design Parameters
Critical design parameters for GAC systems removing PFAS are:
• EBCT
• Contactor configuration (number of vessels in series)
• Bed life
• Residuals management options.
Section 2.5 discusses residuals management options. The sections below discuss EBCT,
contactor configuration, and bed life in more detail, including the data available in the literature
for these parameters. Section 7.2.1 identifies the specific values for each parameter used in
EPA's cost estimates. Values for other GAC design parameters (e.g., loading rate, backwash
frequency), while not specifically addressed here, are well documented for GAC treatment in
general. EPA has no reason to expect a significant difference in these parameters for GAC
systems treating PFAS compounds.
2.6.1 Empty Bed Contact Time
For a given set of site-specific conditions, there is a minimum EBCT required to produce water
of a target quality. EBCT, measured in minutes, is defined by the following equation:
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Volume of GAC Bed
EBCT (in minutes) = —
Volumetric Flow Rate (per minute)
The minimum EBCT required varies depending on the specific contaminant treated, the required
contaminant removal percentage, the type of GAC used, and other influent water characteristics.
Full-scale GAC treatment systems that are purpose-built for PFAS removal and for which EBCT
data are available use EBCTs between 7.6 and 26 minutes (Appleman et al., 2014; Boodoo,
2018; Forrester and Mathis, 2018; Kwan and York, 2017; Vandermeyden and Hagerty, 2020).
GAC vendors commonly recommend a minimum EBCT of 20 minutes for PFAS removal
(Calgon Carbon, 2018; Forrester and Mathis, 2017; 2018).
2.6.2 Contactor Configuration
GAC treatment systems with multiple contactors can be configured in parallel or in series. The
schematic diagrams in Section 2.1 show contactors in parallel (in Figure 2-2) and in series (in
Figure 2-3). In a series (or lead/lag) configuration, water flows first through an initial contactor
that serves as a roughing contactor, then through subsequent contactors that serve as polishing
contactors. Each contactor in the series typically has an equal EBCT such that the total EBCT of
the series provides the design EBCT. In a parallel configuration, flow is divided equally among
the contactors, each of which provides the design EBCT (Brady and Moran, 2012).
A series (or lead/lag) configuration serves the purpose of treating a greater water volume than
one contactor with similar bed volume. When GAC in the roughing contactor is spent, this media
is replaced and the polishing contactor moves to the start of the series, becoming the roughing
contactor. The use of vessels in series can allow the carbon in the lead vessel to reach saturation,
increasing total capacity (Brady and Moran, 2012; Summers et al., 2011).
A parallel configuration can also increase total capacity by staggering GAC replacement events.
In this arrangement, individual contactors can approach saturation, providing lower removal
efficiency, while other, more recently replaced contactors are exceeding the required removal
efficiency. Correctly operated, the resulting blended flow will meet the treatment goal (Brady
and Moran, 2012; Summers et al., 2011). Systems can use a configuration that combines series
and parallel operation (i.e., multiple trains in parallel, each train with contactors in series).
Full-scale GAC treatment systems that are purpose-built for PFAS removal and for which
configuration data are available are pressure systems that use two vessels in series (Appleman et
al., 2014; Berretta et al., 2021; Boodoo, 2018; Forrester and Mathis, 2018; Kwan and York,
2017; Vandermeyden and Hagerty, 2020). For pressure systems removing PFAS, design
engineers and GAC vendors commonly recommend two vessels in series (Anderson et al., 2021;
Calgon Carbon, 2018; Forrester and Mathis, 2017; 2018). Gravity systems typically do not use
series operation.
2.6.3 Bed Life
As discussed in Section 2.2.2, GAC bed life depends on a number of factors. Designers should
select EBCT and contactor configuration to maximize bed life. Although bed life data are
available from full-scale systems removing PFAS, these data are of limited usefulness because of
one or more of the following factors:
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• Influent PFAS concentrations that are highly variable over time, with frequent non-detections
• A limited number of PFAS compounds monitored
• GAC reactivation or replacement prior to PFAS detection in treated water.
More extensive data are available in the literature from pilot studies and rapid small scale
column tests (RSSCTs). RSSCTs are laboratory tests designed and operated under hydraulic and
influent water conditions that are calibrated to simulate those in full-scale adsorbers. The
simulation considers fluid dynamic parameters such as flow rate, GAC particle size, Reynolds
number, diffusivity and others (Crittenden et al., 1991). RSSCTs have the advantage of being
less time-consuming than pilot-studies or full-scale studies, where reaching breakthrough can
require months or years.
Comparing and synthesizing bed life data from pilot studies and RSSCTs is complicated by
variations in study design (e.g., water quality, EBCT, type of GAC). To develop a practical
method of estimating bed life for purposes of estimating national costs for GAC, EPA used data
from six studies covering 10 water quality conditions. EPA selected these studies for the
following reasons:
• The studies are peer-reviewed publications
• Bed life data were tabulated in or readily interpolated from the published literature
• Multiple PFAS compounds were present in concentrations typical of PFAS-contaminated
drinking water
• The studies measured natural organic matter (as TOC or DOC) and it was present in
concentrations typical of drinking water sources
• The studies presented data for a EBCT of 10 minutes, providing a consistent and comparable
measure of bed volumes across the studies.
Table 2-5. Studies Used to Develop GAC Bed Life Estimates
Study
Study Type
Number of
Water Quality
Conditions
Influent
TOC (mg/L)
PFAS Compounds Present and Monitored
Burkhardt et
al., 2022
Pilot
3
1.8 to 3.2(a)
PFBA(b), PFPeA(b), PFHxA, PFOA,
PFNA(b), PFDA(b), PFBS, PFPeS(b),
PFHxS, PFOS, PFNS(b), HFPO-DA(c)
Liu et al., 2019
Pilot
1
2.7(d)
PFPeA(b), PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA,
PFPrS(b), PFBS, PFPeS(b), PFHpS(b),
PFHxS, PFOS
McNamara et
al., 2018
CD-RSSCT
1
1.42
PFOA, PFOS
Park et al.,
2020
CD-RSSCT
2
0.53 and 0.78
PFPeA(b), PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFBS,
PFOS
Patterson et al.,
2018
CD-RSSCT
1
2.3 to 2.4
PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA(b), PFBS, PFHxS,
PFOS
Zeng et al.,
2020
CD-RSSCT
2
0.4 and
0.88(d)
PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS,
PFOS
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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CD-RSSCT = constant diffusivity rapid small scale column test; DOC = dissolved organic carbon; TOC = total organic carbon
Notes:
(a) Includes unpublished TOC data from PFAS pilot study
(b) EPA was not able to develop a breakthrough relationship for this compound
(c) Other non-carboxylate, non-sulfonate PFAS were also present and monitored
(d) Influent DOC
EPA pooled the data from all the studies. When the studies compared different types of GAC,
EPA selected the data for the best performing GAC, assuming that systems would not use
underperforming media in practice. EPA then used multiple linear regression to develop a model
that results in compound-specific bed life equations.
EPA recognizes that PFAS breakthrough curves are not linear. However, to develop the
equations, EPA specifically used the data from the last point of non-detection to the first instance
of complete breakthrough (or the end of the study, whichever came first). By limiting the data to
this range, EPA sought to characterize the portion of the breakthrough curve where bed life
changes rapidly with removal efficiency. This portion of the curve is of most interest in selecting
a target bed life for purposes of cost estimating and is expected to be more approximately linear
than the curve overall. Figure 2-5 shows this concept graphically in relation to a typical
theoretical breakthrough curve.
TO
>
o
£
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Where:
• BVContam,GAC = GAC bed life for a given PFAS contaminant in BV
• TOC = influent TOC in milligrams per liter (mg/L)
• %Rcontam = target percent removal of a given PFAS as a decimal (e.g., 0.8, 0.95)
• Atoc, Ar,gac, and BCOntam,GAc are parameters derived in the regression analysis. Table 2-6
shows their estimated values.
Table 2-6. Estimated Parameter Values for GAC Bed Life Equations
Parameter
GAC Model Value
Atoc
-37,932
Ar
-36,309
Bhfpo-da
113,034
BpEHxA
113,967
Bpfbs
129,357
BpRHpA
129,357
BpEHxS
129,357
BpFOA
139,862
Bpfos
143,731
The parameter values result in the following order of breakthrough from earliest to latest, given a
constant influent TOC and target percent removal:
HFPO-DA > PFHxA > PFBS = PFHpA = PFHxS > PFOA > PFOS
This result is generally consistent with the typical expectation, as discussed in Section 2.2.2, that
shorter chain compounds break through before longer chain compounds and carboxylates break
through before sulfonates. The equations predict identical bed lives for PFBS, PFHpA, and
PFHxS because the intercept terms for these compounds (Bpfbs, Bpfhpa, and Bpfhxs) were not
significantly different from each other statistically. All compounds share the same slope term
(Atoc) for influent TOC (in mg/L) and the same slope term (Ar) for percent removal of the
PFAS compound (as a decimal) because specifying the model this way results in a consistent
order of breakthrough across the range of possible influent TOC values and percent removal
values. The model has an adjusted R2 of 0.62. The overall model and individual coefficients are
statistically significant. Note that the equations are valid only up to a TOC of 3.2 mg/L, the
maximum value in the data set used.
Because the equations are based on pooled data, they reflect central tendency results under
varying water quality conditions. As such, the EPA believes they represent the best approach for
estimating national cost given the data currently available in the literature. However, these
equations should not be used in lieu of site-specific engineering analyses or pilot studies to guide
the design or operation of specific treatment systems.
As discussed above, the equations are based in part on RSSCT data. For PFAS removal, there is
no consensus in the literature regarding methods to scale up GAC from RSSCTs to full-scale.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
There are concerns that RSSCT results may, in some cases, overestimate full-scale bed life
(Hopkins, 2021; Kempisty et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2021; Redding et al., 2019). The degree of
this potential overestimation is not certain. To compensate for this potential overestimation,
when applying the bed life equations, EPA did not incorporate the increase in bed life that would
be expected from operating multiple contactors in series or parallel (see Section 2.6.2). Section
7.2.1 discusses this topic, and the application of the bed life equations generally, in more detail.
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polyfluoroalkyl substances on a modified clay: a combined experimental and molecular
simulation study. Water Research, 184(2020), 116166.
https://doi.on 10 101 /i.watres.2020.1 I I
Zeng, C., Atkinson, A., Sharma, N., Ashani, H., Hjelmstad, A., Venkatesh, K., and Westerhoff,
P. 2020. Removing per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from groundwaters using activated
carbon and ion exchange resin packed columns. AWWA Water Science, 2(1), el 172.
http s: //doi. or e/10.1002/aws2.1172
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3.0 Ion Exchange (IX)
3.1 Operating Principle
IX is a physical/chemical separation process in which stronger binding ions such as PFAS in the
feed water are exchanged for weaker binding ions (typically chloride) on a resin generally made
of synthetic beads or gel. In application, feed water passes through a bed of resin in a vessel or
column. In the case of PFAS removal, the IX process is categorized as anion exchange (as
opposed to cation exchange), because the ions involved (PFAS compounds and chloride) are
negatively charged. To remove PFAS compounds, vendors generally recommend using special
PFAS-selective resins (Boodoo, 2018a; Boodoo et al., 2019; Lombardo et al., 2018; Woodard et
al., 2017).
The IX process continues until the resin does not have sufficient exchange sites available for the
target PFAS compounds. At this point, the result is reduced contaminant removal, referred to as
"breakthrough." Figure 3-1 is a conceptual diagram of the IX treatment process, from initial
adsorption to breakthrough. Once the contaminant concentration in the treated water reaches an
unacceptable level, the resin is considered "spent." In IX processes removing more traditional
anions (e.g., nitrate), the capacity of the spent resin is often restored by rinsing the media with a
concentrated chloride solution. However, conventional regeneration solutions are not effective
for restoring the capacity of PFAS-selective resins (Liu and Sun, 2021). Therefore, in drinking
water applications using PFAS-selective resin, design engineers and IX vendors recommend a
single-use approach where the spent resin is disposed and replaced with fresh resin (Anderson et
al., 2021; Boodoo, 2018a; Lombardo et al., 2018). Section 3.5 provides more information on the
management of spent PFAS-selective resin. The length of time between resin replacement events
is known as "bed life," discussed in more detail in Section 3.2.2.
Initially
At breakthrough
Influent
water
Resin
Spent Resin • PFAS •Chloride
Figure 3-1. Conceptual Diagram of the IX Treatment Process
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Figure 3-2 provides a schematic drawing for an IX system using disposable resin (i.e., without
regeneration). The schematic shows a system with piping designed to enable operation with
vessels in series, which is recommended for PFAS removal (see Section 3.6.1). In conventional
IX processes, an optional backwashing step can be performed periodically during the resin's
sen-ice cycle as needed to remove debris from the resin. In applications using PFAS-selective
resins, backwashing is not recommended (Berretta et al., 2021). However, the resin often
requires rinsing upon initial installation, with each replacement, and, in some cases, after periods
of inactivity (Gottlieb and Watkins, 2012). Thus, the schemati c shows optional tanks and pumps
that may be required by some systems to accomplish this rinse.
3.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal
3.2.1 Removal Efficiency
EPA's Drinking Water Treatability Database (USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c) includes extensive
data from the literature on PFAS removal by IX. Results are available from studies conducted in
the laboratory, in the field at pilot scale, and in full-scale application, as shown in Table 3-1,
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Table 3-2, and Table 3-3. 7 These tables present the number of studies at each scale, along with a
key benchmark of technology effectiveness: maximum removal efficiency. Removal efficiency
is the percentage of the influent concentration removed through treatment.
The literature demonstrates maximum IX removal efficiencies of 90 percent or greater from most
of the carboxylate and sulfonate PFAS compounds for which data are available.8 The literature
also shows that the technology often removes these compounds to levels below analytical
detection limits. For PFOA and PFOS, maximum removal efficiencies are greater than 99
percent, also to below analytical detection limits and lower than the regulatory thresholds
currently under consideration. There are fewer studies of IX performance for other (non-
carboxylate and non-sulfonate) PFAS compounds, but the available data show maximum
removal efficiency of 97 percent or greater for all the other compounds for which data are
available, including HFPO-DA.9
Table 3-1. Studies of IX Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Bench Studies
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFBA
4
11
5
2
99.3
Dixit et al. 2020; Dixit et
al. 2021
PFPeA
5
7
3
2
95.5
Schaefer et al. 2019
PFHxA
6
11
4
3
>97
Liu 2017
PFHpA
7
9
6
4
>99
Zeng et al. 2020
PFOA
8
15
7
4
99.3
Mohseni et al. 2019; Dixit
et al. 2020; Dixit et al.
2021
PFNA
9
6
3
2
>99
Zeng et al. 2020;
Kumarasamy et al. 2020
PFDA
10
7
0
0
>99
Kumarasamy et al. 2020
PFUnA
11
1
0
0
90
McCleaf et al. 2017
PFDoA
12
2
0
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2021
PFTriA
13
1
0
0
90
McCleaf etal. 2017
Sources: USEPA, 2021a; 2021c
7 Data shown in these tables are as of December 2021. EPA frequently updates the Drinking Water Treatability Database, so
parties interested in results from recently published literature may wish to access the database directly at
https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/home.
8 Exceptions are PFPeS and PFNS, but data for removal of these compounds by IX are available only from laboratory
experiments in batch mode (Wang et al., 2020; Yan et al., 2020). These experiments are not designed to simulate the operation of
an IX treatment process and, thus, may not reflect the result achievable at full scale.
9 Note, however, that data are not available to estimate IX bed life for HFPO-DA, as discussed in Section 3.6.3.
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Table 3-2. Studies of IX Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Bench Studies
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFBS
4
12
8
4
99.3
Dixit et al. 2020; Dixit et
al. 2021
PFPeS
5
2
0
0
74
Yan et al. 2020
PFHxS
6
11
7
4
>99
Zeng et al. 2020; Boodoo
2018a; Arevalo et al.
2014; Kumarasamy et al.
2020
PFHpS
7
2
3
0
93
Yan et al. 2020
PFOS
8
16
8
4
99.7
Woodard et al. 2017
PFNS
9
1
0
0
54.9
Wang et al. 2020
Sources: USEPA, 2021b; 2021c
Table 3-3. Studies of IX Treatment for Other PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number of
Bench Studies
Number of
Pilot
Studies
Number of
Full-scale
Studies
Maximum
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFBS A
4
1
0
0
98
Yan et al. 2020
PFMOPrA
4
1
0
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2021
PFMOBA
5
1
0
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2021
FtS 6:2
6
2
2
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2021
HFPO-DA
6
4
1
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2020; Dixit et
al. 2021
PFHxSA
6
1
0
0
99
Yan et al. 2020
FtS 8:2
8
2
2
0
99.3
Dixit et al. 2021
PFOSA
8
3
0
1
98
Yan et al. 2020
PFECHS
8
1
0
0
97
Yan et al. 2020
Source: USEPA, 2021c
3.2.2 Bed Life
In addition to removal efficiency, the effectiveness of IX depends on bed life, which is the length
of time the technology can maintain a target removal efficiency (e.g., 80 percent, 95 percent) or
predefined concentration limit (such as an MCL). Bed life can be expressed as the number of
days or months between resin replacement events. It can also be expressed in BV, which is a
measure of throughput: the volume of water treated during the bed life divided by the volume of
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the resin bed. With either measure, a higher number indicates a longer bed life and more
effective treatment. Figure 3-3 illustrates the concepts of breakthrough and bed life on a typical
"S-shaped" IX breakthrough curve.
Time or Bed Volumes >•
Figure 3-3. Typical IX Breakthrough Curve
There is a consensus in the literature that the capacity of IX resin for a given PFAS compound is
strongly influenced by chain length (i.e., number of carbon atoms) and functional group (i.e.,
carboxylate versus sulfonate). In general, all other factors (see below) being equal, IX exhibits a
greater capacity for sulfonate PFAS than carboxylate PFAS. Within these categories, the
technology exhibits a greater capacity for longer chain compounds than shorter chain
compounds. The greater capacity translates to longer bed life and lower treatment costs (Arevalo
et al., 2014; Berretta et al., 2021; McCleaf et al., 2017; Schaefer et al., 2019; Zaggia et al., 2016;
Zeng et al., 2020).
For IX, functional group is more significant than chain length, with carboxylates breaking
through before sulfonates (Arevalo et al., 2014; Berretta et al., 2021; Schaefer et al., 2019; Zeng
et al., 2020). An example IX breakthrough sequence from Zeng et al. (2020) is as follows (with
number of carbon atoms shown in parenthesis for ease of reference):
PFHxA (6) > PFHpA (7) > PFOA (8) > PFBS (4) > PFHxS (6) > PFOS (8)
In addition to chain length and functional group, estimates of IX bed life for PFAS removal
depend on multiple factors. These additional factors can include the following:
• The target removal efficiency or predefined concentration at which the treated water quality
is considered unacceptable (i.e., the "breakthrough" concentration)
• The influent concentration of the target PFAS compound(s)
• Other raw water quality parameters (see Section 3.3)
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• Size of the IX bed relative to the flow of water to be treated, measured by EBCT (see Section
3.6.2)
• The specific IX resin being employed.
Because of these varying factors, comparing IX bed life results across multiple studies is
difficult. Section 3.6.3 discusses methods to estimate bed life as a critical parameter in the design
and operation of IX treatment.
3.23 Full-Scale Applications
Additional support for the effectiveness of IX for PFAS removal is evident from the number of
full-scale facilities that are currently using the technology. Table 3-4 lists full-scale IX facilities
identified in the literature. The effectiveness studies enumerated in Section 3.1.1 include results
for some of these facilities. The first full-scale system treating drinking water using PFAS-
selective IX commenced operation in 2017 (WWSD, 2018). Since that time, a number of
additional drinking water systems have begun using the technology at full scale. Although IX
remains a less common choice for PFAS removal than GAC, these recent installations suggest an
increasing trend in the share of systems choosing IX. According to Berretta et al. (2021): "[n]ew
suppliers are creating PFAS-selective resins, while those already in the market are improving
their existing products."
Table 3-4. Full-scale IX Systems Removing PFAS from Drinking Water
Location
Flow rate
(MGD)
Groundwater
or Surface
Water
Year of
Startup
Sources
Security Water and Sanitation Districts,
Security, Colorado
9
Groundwater
2019
Jent 2020
Stratmoor Hills Water District, Stratmoor
Hills, El Paso County, Colorado
1
Groundwater
Not
reported
Berretta et al. 2021
Widefield Water and Sanitation District,
Widefield, Colorado
Not
reported
Groundwater
2017
WWSD 2018
City of Stuart, Florida
4
Groundwater
2018
Aqueous Vets 2019
Pease International Tradeport Drinking
Water System, Portsmouth, New
Hampshire
Not
reported
Groundwater
2019
City of Portsmouth
2020
Horsham Water and Sewer Authority,
Horsham, Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania
0.14
Groundwater
2021
Boodoo 2018a;
Boodoo et al. 2019;
HWSA 2021
Warminster Municipal Authority,
Warminster, Pennsylvania
Not
reported
Not reported
Not
reported
Boodoo 2018a;
Boodoo 2018b
MGD = million gallons per day
3.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations
PFAS-selective IX resin is less sensitive to TOC than GAC (Berretta et al., 2021; Boodoo, 2018;
Lombardo et al., 2018). For IX, the greater concern is the presence of competing anions, such as
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nitrate, sulfate, bicarbonate, and chloride. PFAS-selective resins are designed to have higher
affinity for PFAS than these other anions. However, these anions can be present in drinking
water at concentrations many orders of magnitude higher than PFAS. Therefore, they can
compete with PFAS for available exchange sites on the resin (Ateia et al., 2019; Berretta et al.,
2021; Boodoo, 2021). Individual PFAS compounds also potentially compete with one another. In
extreme cases, as more of the resin's exchange sites become occupied by influent anions,
preferred anions in the influent can displace previously accumulated, less preferred anions. Such
cases can result in a phenomenon known as chromatographic peaking, where the treated
concentration of a less preferred anion exceeds its influent concentration (Clifford et al., 2011).
McCleaf et al. (2017) observed this phenomenon for carboxylate PFAS in column tests that
included both carboxylate and sulfonate PFAS in the influent.
In general, competition does not necessarily reduce the maximum removal effectiveness of the
resin for PFAS. Instead, it shortens the time to breakthrough, meaning more frequent resin
replacement may be required in the presence of competing anions, all other factors being equal.
Therefore, it should be possible to reliably manage the impact of competition among anions,
including the potential for chromatographic peaking, through piloting, selection of design
parameters, and operational monitoring. As discussed in Section 3.6.3, for purposes of estimating
national costs, EPA used a method to estimate bed life that explicitly includes consideration of
total influent PFAS concentration. The inclusion of total PFAS concentration is intended to
account for competition among PFAS compounds. The method to estimate bed life also is based
on data from experiments where other competing anions, specifically nitrate and sulfate, were
present in concentrations typical of drinking water.
3.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs
In general, IX treatment can increase treated water corrosivity because of chloride ion addition
and/or carbonate along with bicarbonate removal (Gottleib and Watkins, 2012). For example,
Berlien (2003) reported this problem with a full-scale application of IX for perchlorate treatment.
However, for PFAS-selective resins specifically, one vendor reports that corrosivity effect is
limited to the first 200 BV of treatment for their product. During this initial period, pH in treated
water will decrease by 1 to 1.5 units; then the alkalinity and pH of the treated water returns to
normal (Boodoo, 2018b). In cases where increased corrosivity is a longer-term problem, it might
require post-treatment corrosion control or alterations to existing corrosion control.
3.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs
There are no known full-scale studies of spent resin from IX facilities specifically for the
removal of PFAS. In general, however, the characteristics and quantities of spent resin are
predictable. The spent resin contains the PFAS compounds and other anions removed from the
treated water. The generation rate of spent resin is a function of bed volume and replacement
frequency.
In IX processes removing more traditional contaminants (e.g., nitrate), the capacity of the spent
resin is often restored by rinsing the media with a concentrated chloride solution. However,
conventional regeneration solutions are not effective for restoring the capacity of PFAS-selective
resins (Liu and Sun, 2021). Therefore, in drinking water applications using PFAS-selective resin,
design engineers and IX vendors recommend a single-use approach where the spent resin is
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disposed and replaced with fresh resin (Anderson et al., 2021; Boodoo, 2018a; Lombardo et al.,
2018). Regeneration of selective resins may be possible using organic solvents (Boodoo, 2018a;
Zaggia et al., 2016) or proprietary methods (Woodard et al., 2017). These alternative
regeneration practices are generally practical or cost-effective only with very high influent
concentrations, such as in remediation settings (Anderson et al., 2021; Boodoo, 2018a).
Under current regulations, spent resin is typically incinerated (Boodoo, 2018b). The literature is
inconclusive regarding the fate of PFAS during incineration in general (USEPA, 2020) and there
are no studies specific to incineration of IX resin. Additional full-scale research might be needed
if future air quality regulations address PFAS emissions from incineration facilities. The results
of this research might necessitate changes to spent resin management practices. Future RCRA
hazardous waste regulations could also limit the available management options.
Although backwashing is not recommended for PFAS-selective resin (Berretta et al., 2021), IX
systems also intermittently generate a liquid residual in the form of spent rinse water. Because
the rinse follows immediately after fresh resin is installed, before the bed restarts service, it
should not contain target contaminants. Management options for spent rinse water include
discharge to surface water under a NPDES permit or discharge to a WWTP. When averaged over
the time between generation events, spent rinse water flow is relatively low. Instantaneous flow
during a rinse event, however, is much higher. Therefore, holding tanks might be advisable under
certain conditions (e.g., to prevent instantaneous flow from overwhelming the capacity of a
WWTP).
3.6 Critical Design Parameters
Critical design parameters that are specific to IX systems removing PFAS with selective resin
are:
• EBCT
• Vessel configuration (i.e., number of vessels in series)
• Bed life
• Residuals management options.
Section 3.5 discusses residuals management options. The sections below discuss EBCT, vessel
configuration, and bed life in more detail, including the data available in the literature for these
parameters. Section 7.3.1 identifies the specific values for each parameter used in EPA's cost
estimates. Values for other IX design parameters (e.g., loading rate, bed depth constraints, resin
density), while not specifically addressed here, are well documented for IX treatment in general.
EPA has no reason to expect a significant difference in these parameters for IX systems treating
PFAS compounds.
3.6.1 Empty Bed Contact Time
For a given set of site-specific conditions, there is a minimum EBCT required to produce water
of a target quality. EBCT, measured in minutes, is defined by the following equation:
Volume of Resin Bed
EBCT (in minutes) = —
Volumetric Flow Rate (per minute)
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The minimum EBCT required varies depending on the specific contaminant treated, the required
contaminant removal percentage, the type of resin used, and other influent water characteristics
(e.g., the presence of competing chemical species). Limited data are available on the EBCT
employed at full-scale anion exchange systems that are purpose-built for PFAS removal. One
pilot system was later permitted for permanent operation using two vessels in series with a total
EBCT of 5.6 minutes (Boodoo et al., 2019). A common vendor recommendation is to use a total
EBCT of 3 to 6 minutes (Boodoo, 2019; Boodoo et al., 2019; Boodoo, 2018; Lombardo et al.,
2018).
3.6.2 Vessel Configuration
IX treatment systems with multiple vessels can be configured in series or in parallel. In a parallel
configuration, flow is divided equally among the vessels, each of which provides the design
EBCT. In a series (or lead/lag) configuration, water flow first through an initial vessel that serves
as a roughing vessel, then through subsequent vessels that serve as polishing vessels (Clifford et
al., 2011). Each vessel in the series typically has an equal EBCT such that the total EBCT of the
series provides the design EBCT. A series (or lead/lag) configuration serves the purpose of
treating a greater water volume than one vessel with similar bed volume. When resin in the
roughing vessel is spent, this resin is replaced and the polishing vessel moves to the start of the
series, becoming the roughing vessel. The use of vessels in series can allow the resin in the lead
vessel to reach greater exhaustion, increasing total capacity (Clifford et al., 2011). For larger
flow rates, systems can use a configuration that combines series and parallel operation (i.e.,
multiple trains in parallel, each train with contactors in series).
For PFAS removal, design engineers and vendors commonly recommend two vessels in series
(Anderson et al., 2012; Berretta et al., 2021; Boodoo, 2019; Boodoo et al., 2019; Boodoo, 2018;
Lombardo et al., 2018). Full-scale IX treatment systems for PFAS removal for which
configuration data are available use two vessels in series (Aqueous Vets, 2019; Boodoo et al.,
2019; WWSD, 2018). The schematic diagram (Figure 3-2) in Section 3.1 shows a system
configured to operate with vessels in series. A system designed for operation with vessels in
parallel (which is not typical for PFAS removal) would not require piping between the two anion
exchange units.
3.6.3 Bed Life
As discussed in Section 3.2.2, IX bed life depends on a number of factors. Designers should
select EBCT and vessel configuration to maximize bed life. Bed life data are not available for
full-scale IX exchange systems using PFAS-selective resins. Although bed life data from pilot
studies are available, comparing and synthesizing these data is complicated by variations in study
design (e.g., water quality, EBCT, type of resin). For certain pilot studies, the bed life data have
been presented, published, or otherwise provided to EPA, but are not from a peer-reviewed
publications (e.g., Boodoo, 2018a; Boodoo et al., 2019; Lombardo et al., 2018). In other cases,
the pilot study data reflect treatment of water with very high PFAS concentrations, more
reflective of remediation conditions than drinking water (Newman and Berry, 2019; Woodard et
al., 2017).
To develop a practical method of estimating bed life for purposes of estimating national costs for
IX, EPA used data from Zeng et al. (2020). These data are from RSSCTs of IX treating actual
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groundwater, intended to simulate a full-scale EBCT of 3.3 minutes. The RSSCTs covered six
different water quality conditions (different groundwater sources) and two different PFAS-
selective resins. In each groundwater source, multiple PFAS compounds were present in
concentrations typical of PFAS-contaminated drinking water. PFAS compounds monitored in the
IX RSSCTs were: PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA,10 PFBS, PFHxS, and PFOS. EPA pooled the
data from the individual RSSCTs and used multiple linear regression to develop a model that
results in compound-specific bed life equations.
EPA recognizes that PFAS breakthrough curves are not linear. However, to develop the
equations, EPA specifically used the data from the last point of non-detection to the first instance
of complete breakthrough (or the end of the study, whichever came first). By limiting the data to
this range, EPA sought to characterize the portion of the breakthrough curve where bed life
changes rapidly with removal efficiency. This portion of the curve is most interest in selecting a
target bed life for purposes of cost estimating and is expected to be more approximately linear
than the curve overall. Figure 3-4 shows this concept graphically in relation to a typical
theoretical breakthrough curve.
to
>
o
£
Figure 3-4. Linear Bed Life Estimate in Relation to a Typical Breakthrough Curve
The resulting PFAS compound-specific bed life equations for IX take the following form:
BV,
contain,IX ~ ^PFAS ^ P^^^total ^R,IX ^ °^°^contam Bcontam,IX
10 EPA was not able to develop a breakthrough relationship for this compound.
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Where:
• BVContam,ix = IX bed life for a given PFAS contaminant in BV
• PFAStotai = total influent concentration of PFAS compounds in ng/L
• %Rcontam = target percent removal of a given PFAS as a decimal (e.g., 0.8, 0.95)
• Apfas, Ar,ix, and BContam,ix are parameters derived in the regression analysis. Table 3-5
shows their estimated values.
Table 3-5. Estimated Parameter Values for IX Bed Life Equations
Parameter
IX Model Value
Apfas
-6.04
Ar
-198,242
BpEHxA
212,867
Bpfbs
439,515
BpRHpA
319,511
BpEHxS
439,515
BpFOA
390,787
Bpfos
439,515
The parameter values result in the following order of breakthrough from earliest to latest, given a
constant total influent PFAS concentration and target percent removal:
PFHxA > PFHpA > PFOA > PFBS = PFHxS = PFOS
This result is generally consistent with the typical expectation, as discussed in Section 3.2.2, that
carboxylates break through before sulfonates and shorter chain compounds break through before
longer chain compounds. The equations predict identical bed lives for the three sulfonate
compounds included in the analysis because the intercept terms for these compounds (Bpfbs,
Bpfhxs, and Bpfos) were not significantly different from each other statistically. All compounds
share the same slope term (Apfas) for total influent PFAS (in ng/L) and the same slope term (Ar)
for percent removal of the PFAS compound (as a decimal) and because specifying the model this
way results in a consistent order of breakthrough across the range of possible influent PFAS
values and percent removal values.
The model has an adjusted R2 of 0.71. The overall model and individual coefficients are
statistically significant. Although the effect of total PFAS concentration on bed life (Apfas) is
small, it remains statistically significant and is included in the model to account for competition
among PFAS compounds. Note that the equations are valid only up to a total influent PFAS of
7,044 ng/L, the maximum value in the data set used. Other competing anions, specifically nitrate
and sulfate, were present in the water sources studied and measured by Zeng et al. (2020).
However, the range of concentrations for these anions across the RSSCTs was not wide.
Therefore, EPA was not able to incorporate them into the IX bed life model. Also note that,
unlike the bed life model for GAC (see Section 2.6.3), data were not available to incorporate
HFPO-DA into the IX model.
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Because the equations are based on pooled data, they reflect central tendency results under
varying water quality conditions. As such, the EPA believes they represent the best approach for
estimating national cost given the data currently available in the literature. However, these
equations should not be used in lieu of site-specific engineering analyses or pilot studies to guide
the design or operation of specific treatment systems.
The use of RSSCTs to predict IX performance for PFAS removal is a recent development (Najm
et al., 2021; Schaefer et al., 2019; Zeng et al., 2020), so there are no validated methods to scale
up from these bench-scale results. When RSSCTs are used to estimate the performance of GAC
for PFAS, there are concerns that the results may, in some cases, overestimate full-scale bed life
(Hopkins, 2021; Kempisty et al., 2019; Meng et al., 2021; Redding et al., 2019). To compensate
for the potential for similar overestimation concerns for IX, when applying the bed life
equations, EPA did not incorporate the increase in bed life that would be expected from
operating multiple vessels in series (see Section 3.6.2). Section 7.2.1 discusses this topic, and the
application of the bed life equations generally, in more detail.
3.7 References
Anderson, J., Meng, P., Sidnell, T., and Ross, I. 2021. Advances in Remediation of PFAS-
impacted Waters. In Kempisty, D.M. and Racz, L. (Eds.), Forever Chemicals: Environmental,
Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment (pp. 189-209). CRC
Press. https://doi.Org/l0.1201/978100
Aqueous Vets. 2019. The City of Stuart, Florida Installs 4 MGD Ion Exchange System to
Address PFAS Contamination. AVP-0016 Rev.2 9/19/2019. Retrieved from
http://www.aqiieoiisvets.eom/uploads/9/8/8/7/98870448/av as treatment svstem -
stua
Arevalo, E., Strynar, M., Lindstorm, A., McMillan, L., and Knappe, D. 2014. Removal of
Perfluorinated Compounds by Anion Exchange Resins: Identifying Effective Resin Regeneration
Strategies. AWWA Annual Conference and Exposition. Boston, MA.
Ateia, M., Maroli, A., Tharayil, N., and Karanfil, T. 2019. The overlooked short- and ultrashort-
chain poly- and perfluorinated substances: A review. Chemosphere, 220(2019), 866-882.
https://doi.Q- i\ .chemosphere.2018.12.186
Berlien, M. J. 2003. La Puente Valley County Water District's Experience withlSEP
Presentation of Carollo Engineers, Inc. and Association of California Water Agencies.
Beixetta, C., Mallmann, T., Trewitz, K., and Kempisty, D.M. 2021. Removing PFAS from
Water: From Start to Finish. In Kempisty, D.M. and Racz, L. (Eds.), Forever Chemicals:
Environmental, Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment (pp. 235-
253). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781Qi
Boodoo, F. 2021. Personal Communication (E-mail). June 7, 2021.
Boodoo, F. 2019. Personal Communication (E-mail). February 22, 2019.
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Boodoo, F., Begg, T., Funk, T., Kessler, T., Shaw, E., and Pickel, M. 2019. Polishing PFAS To
Non-Detect Levels Using PFAS Selective Resin. Water Online. Retrieved from:
https://www.wateronline.com/doc/polishing-pfas-to-non-detect-levels-using-pfas-selective-resin-
0001
Boodoo, F. 2018a. Short & Long Chain PFAS Removal to Non-Detect Level with Single-Use
PFA694EResin. Presentation by Purolite Corporation. Retrieved from:
https://docs.house.gov/meetim 11 11 * * '20180906/108649 t H \ ^ I I ill' _ ^ I ^ >906-
SD027.pdf
Boodoo, F. 2018b. Personal Communication (E-mail). July 12, 2018.
City of Portsmouth - Department of Public Works. 2019. Portsmouth Water System PFAS
Update. Retrieved from: https://www.citvofportsmouth.com/publicworks/water/portsmouth-
water-svstem-pfas-update
Clifford, D., Sorg, T.J., and Ghurye, G.L. 2011. Ion Exchange and Adsorption of Inorganic
Contaminants. In Edzwald, J.K. (Ed.), Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking
Water, Sixth Edition (pp. 12.1-12.97). American Waterworks Association.
Dixit, F., Barbeau, B., Mostafavi, S.G., and Madjid, M. 2020. Removal of legacy PFAS and
other fluorotelomers: Optimized regeneration strategies in DOM-rich waters. Water Research,
183(2020), 116098. https://doi.ore/10 J 016/i.watres.2010 I I 098
Dixit, F., Barbeau, B., Mostafavi, S.G., and Mohseni, M. 2021. PFAS and DOM removal using
an organic scavenger and PF AS-specific resin: Trade-off between regeneration and faster
kinetics. Science of the Total Environment, 754(2021), 142107.
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Gottlieb, M.C. and Watkins, G.S. 2012. Ion Exchange Applications in Water Treatment. In
Randtke, S.J. andHorsley, M.B. (Eds.), Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition (pp. 14.1-
14.71). American Waterworks Association/American Society of Civil Engineers.
Hopkins, Z.R. 2021. Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl
Substances - from Scale-Up to Factors Affecting Performance. Doctoral Dissertation, North
Carolina State University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 29004569.
Horsham Water and Sewer Authority (HWSA). 2021. PFAS Summary. Retrieved from:
https://www.horshamwater-sewer.com/pfas-summarv
Jent, H. 2020. Crews near completion on new ion-exchange treatment plant to purify water in
Security. The Gazette. Retrieved from: https://gazette.com/news/crews-near-completion-on-new-
ion-exchange-treatment-plant-to-purifv-water-in-securitv/article 2bf7d0ce-0410-1 1 eb-8776-
8306994433b3.html
Kempisty, D.M., Arevalo, E., Reinert, A., Edeback, V., Dickenson, E., Husted, C. Higgins, C.P.,
Summers, R.S., and Knappe, D.R.U. 2019. Adsorption ofper and polyfluoroalkyl acids from
ground and surface water by granular activated carbon. AWWA Water Quality Technology
Conference, Dallas, TX.
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Kumarasamy, E., Manning, I. M., Collins, L. B., Coronell, O., and Leibfarth, F. A. 2020. Ionic
Fluorogels for Remediation of Per-and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances from Water. ACS
Central Science, 2020(6), 487-492. https://dot.ore/10.1021 /acscentsci.9b01224
Liu, C. 2017. Removal ofPerfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water Treatment: A Study of
Ion Exchange Resins and Magnetic Nanoparticles. Doctoral Dissertation, University of
Waterloo. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10012/12660
Lombardo, J., Berretta, C., Redding, A., Swanson, C., and Mallmann, T. 2018. Carbon and Resin
Solutions for PFAS Removal. Evoqua Water Technologies Webinar. March 6.
McCleaf, P., Englund, S., Ostlund, A., Lindegren, K., Wiberg, K., and Ahrens, L. 2017. Removal
Efficiency of Multiple Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water using
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Anion Exchange (AE) Column Tests. Water Research,
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Mohseni, M., Dixit, F., Barbeau, B. 2019. Optimized Regeneration Strategies for Ion Exchange
Resins During PFAS Removal from Natural Waters. AWWA Water Quality Technology
Conference. Dallas, TX.
Newman, B. and Berry, J. 2019. Case Study: Pilot Testing Synthetic Media and Granular
Activated Carbon for Treatment of Poly- and Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Groundwater.
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Theory, Practice, and Innovation. Taylor & Francis, https://doi.ors 3780429487125
Schaefer, C.E., Nguyen, D., Ho, P., Im, J., and LeBlanc, A. 2019. Assessing Rapid Small-Scale
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Perfluorooctanoic Acid. Retrieved from https://tdb.epa.eov/tdb/contaminant?id=10520
USEPA. 2021b. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. Retrieved
from https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/contaminant?id=10940
USEPA. 2021c. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.
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Wang, R., Ching, C., Dichtel, W.R., and Helbling, D.E. 2020. Evaluating the Removal of Per-
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Using a Suspect Screening Approach. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 2020(7),
954-960. https://doi.ore/10 102 l/acs.estlett.0c00736
Woodard, S., Berry, J., and Newman, B. 2017. Ion exchange resin for PFAS removal and pilot
test comparison to GAC. Remediation, 27, 19-27. https://dot.ore/10.1002/ren
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Widefield Water and Sanitation District (WWSD). 2018. From Pilot to Full-Scale: A Case Study
for the Treatment ofPerfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) with Ion Exchange. AWWA Water
Quality Technology Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Yan, B., Munoz, G., Sauve, S., and Liu, J. 2020. Molecular mechanisms of per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances on a modified clay: a combined experimental and molecular
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Zeng, C., Atkinson, A., Sharma, N., Ashani, H., Hjelmstad, A., Venkatesh, K., and Westerhoff,
P. 2020. Removing per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances from groundwaters using activated
carbon and ion exchange resin packed columns. AWWA Water Science, 2(1), el 172.
http s: //dot. or e/10.1002/aws2.1172
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4.0 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration (RO/NF)
4.1 Operating Principle
RO and NF are membrane processes that separate contaminants from drinking water. These
processes separate solutes such as PFAS compounds from solution by forcing the solvent to flow
through a membrane at a pressure greater than the normal osmotic pressure. In drinking water
treatment, these membranes are most often used in a spiral-wound configuration that consists of
several membrane envelopes, layered with feed spacers and rolled together in around a central
collection tube.
The membrane is semi-permeable, transporting different molecular species at different rates. The
application of pressure splits the influent water passing over the membrane into two streams:
• Treated water or "permeate" that passes through the membrane layers along with solutes of
lower molecular weight into the central collection tube
• Water containing higher molecular weight solutes that remains outside the membrane layers,
called "reject," "concentrate," or "brine."
"Recovery rate" and "rejection rate" are the percentages of influent water that are recovered as
permeate and lost as reject, respectively.11 Figure 4-1 is a conceptual diagram of this process as
applied to water containing PFAS.
Influent llm™» Treated water (permeate)
water IWHL JMwI ~75 to 85% of influent water (recovery rate)
Reject, concentrate, or brine
~15 to 25% of influent water (rejection rate)
Membrane • PFAS
Figure 4-1. Conceptual Diagram of the RO Treatment Process
Specific membranes differ in the size of dissolved contaminants they can remove. In general, RO
membranes are effective for smaller contaminants than NF membranes. However, even within
the categories of RO and NF, individual membranes from different manufacturers vary in the
minimum size and weight of contaminants they reject, as shown in Table 4-1. Membranes that
remove smaller contaminants require higher feed pressure. Feed pressures for NF membranes are
typically in the range of 50 to 150 pounds per square inch (psi). Feed pressures for RO
membranes are in the range of 125 to 300 psi in low pressure applications targeting relatively
large contaminants (such as PFAS compounds) but can be as high as 1,200 psi in applications
such as seawater desalination (Bergman et al., 2012; USEPA, 2022c). As discussed in Section
4.2.1, both RO and NF membranes have the capacity to remove PFAS.
11 Note that recovery and rejection rates are not directly related to removal efficiency, which is the percentage of influent PFAS
removed from the treated water.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Table 4-1. Minimum Effective Ranges for RO/NF Membranes
Technology Contaminant Size (microns) Contaminant Molecular Weight (g/mol)
RO 0.0001 to -0.0015 <100 to -200
NF 0.001 to-0.006 200 to 1,000
~ = approximately; g/mol = grams per mole; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis
Sources: Bergman et al., 2012; DuPont, 2021; Duranceau and Taylor, 2011
A treatment system using RO or NF will employ multiple membrane elements, placed within a
pressure vessel. To achieve a high recovery rate and contaminant removal efficiency, these
pressure vessels often are arranged in sequential stages, typically up to three depending on the
recovery to be achieved (Bergman et al., 2012; DuPont, 2021). When multiple stages are used,
the number of pressure vessels decreases from stage to stage. Treated permeate is collected from
each pressure vessel. The concentrate from the first membrane stage serves as the feed to the
second and the concentrate from the second stage serves as the feed to the third. Consequently,
each successive stage of the process increases the total system recovery. As the feed water
travels through the membrane system and becomes more concentrated, its osmotic pressure
increases. The feed pressure must overcome this osmotic pressure. The final concentration in the
concentrate therefore has a major effect on the required feed pressure and energy use.
The membrane stages in combination make up an RO treatment train. A treatment system may
have multiple trains. Figure 4-2 provides a schematic drawing for an RO treatment facility; each
rectangular box within a train represents a pressure vessel that contains multiple membrane
elements. An NF treatment facility would be nearly identical, with the primary difference being
the type of membranes used and the operating pressures.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Pretneatment
System
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Figure 4-2. Typical Schematic Layout for RO/NF
4.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal
4.2.1 Removal Efficiency
EPA's Drinking Water Treatability Database (USEPA, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c) includes extensive
data from the literature on PFAS removal by RO and NF. Results are available from studies
conducted in the laboratory, in the field at pilot scale, and in full-scale application, as shown in
Table 4-2, Table 4-3, and Table 4-4.12 These tables present the number of studies at each scale,
along with a key benchmark of technology effectiveness: maximum removal efficiency.
Removal efficiency is the percentage of the influent concentration removed through treatment.
12 Data shown in these tables are as of December 2021. EPA frequently updates the Drinking Water Treatability Database, so
parties interested in results from recently published literature may wish to access the database directly at
https: // tdb. ev>a. go v/tdb/home.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Table 4-2. Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Carboxylate PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number
of Bench
Studies
Number
of Pilot
Studies
Number
of Full-
scale
Studies
Maximum
NF
Removal
Efficiency
Maximum
RO
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFBA
4
2
1
2
99
99.9
Lipp et al. 2010
PFPeA
5
2
3
2
>99
>99
Horst et al. 2018; Liu et
al. 2021; Dickenson and
Higgins 2016
PFHxA
6
3
4
4
>98
99.2
Liu et al. 2021
PFHpA
7
1
2
3
99
>99
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; Liu et al. 2021
PFOA
8
4
4
5
99.9
99.9
Boonya-Atichart et al.
2016; Lipp et al. 2010
PFNA
9
2
1
4
99
>98
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; Dickenson and
Higgins 2016; Appleman
et al. 2014
PFDA
10
2
0
4
99
>99
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; Dickenson and
Higgins 2016; Appleman
et al. 2014
PFUnA
11
1
0
2
99
>77
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; Dickenson and
Higgins 2016; Appleman
et al. 2014
PFDoA
12
0
0
2
>87
Dickenson and Higgins
2016; Appleman et al.
2014
- = no data; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis
Sources: USEPA, 2021a; 2021c
Table 4-3.
Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Sulfonate PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number
of Bench
Studies
Number
of Pilot
Studies
Number
of Full-
scale
Studies
Maximum
NF
Removal
Efficiency
Maximum
RO
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFPrS
3
0
1
0
>98
>99
Liu et al. 2021
PFBS
4
3
4
3
99.8
99.8
Lipp et al. 2010
PFPeS
5
0
1
0
>98
>99
Liu et al. 2021
PFHxS
6
2
4
4
>99
>99
Appleman et al. 2013;
Thompson et al. 2011;
Liu et al. 2021
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number
of Bench
Studies
Number
of Pilot
Studies
Number
of Full-
scale
Studies
Maximum
NF
Removal
Efficiency
Maximum
RO
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFHpS
7
0
1
0
>98
>99
Liu et al. 2021
PFOS
8
6
4
5
>99.9
99.9
Lipp et al. 2010; 2163
PFDS
10
1
0
0
99
-
Steinle-Darling et al. 2008
- = no data; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis
Sources: USEPA, 2021b; 2021c
Table 4-4. Studies of RO/NF Treatment for Other PFAS
PFAS
Compound
Number
of
Carbons
Number
of Bench
Studies
Number
of Pilot
Studies
Number
of Full-
scale
Studies
Maximum
NF
Removal
Efficiency
Maximum
RO
Removal
Efficiency
Source(s) for Maximum
Removal Efficiency
PFMOAA
3
0
1
0
-
>98.5
CDM Smith 2018
PF02HxA
4
0
1
0
-
>80.8
CDM Smith 2018
PF030A
5
0
1
0
-
>67.2
CDM Smith 2018
FtS 6:2
6
1
2
1
99.5
>65.5
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; CDM Smith 2018
HFPO-DA
6
0
1
0
-
>64.2
CDM Smith 2018
PFOSA
8
2
0
1
98.5
>13
Steinle-Darling et al.
2008; Dickenson and
Higgins 2016
N-
MeFOSAA
11
0
0
2
-
>84
Dickenson and Higgins
2016
N-EtFOSAA
12
0
0
2
-
>58
Dickenson and Higgins
2016
- = no data; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis
Source: USEPA, 2021c
The literature demonstrates RO and NF removal efficiencies in the high 90 percent range for
nearly all the carboxylate and sulfonate PFAS compounds for which data are available. The
literature also shows that the technology often removes these compounds to levels below
analytical detection limits. For PFOA and PFOS, maximum removal efficiencies are greater than
99 percent to levels lower than the regulatory thresholds currently under consideration. There are
fewer studies of RO/NF performance for other (non-carboxylate and non-sulfonate) PFAS
compounds. The apparently low removal values for these other PFAS compounds (e.g., greater
than 64.2 percent removal for HFPO-DA) are an artifact of low influent levels relative to the
detection or quantitation limits. As discussed below, higher removals than the values shown in
Table 4-3 could be achievable for other PFAS that are similar in size and weight to the
carboxylate and sulfonate compounds.
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PFAS removal efficiency for specific membranes appears to be closely related to the
characteristics of the membrane relative to the molecular weight of the target compound. For
example, Yu et al. (2016) found only 55 percent removal of PFOS by a membrane with a
membrane with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 1,000 grams per mole (g/mol), which is
larger than the molecular weight of PFOS (500.13 g/mol). In the same study, a membrane with
an MWCO of 200 g/mol achieved 95.5 to 97 percent removal of PFOS. Appleman et al. (2013)
and Steinle-Darling and Reinhard (2008) also observed the effect of molecular weight on PFAS
removal by NF, finding somewhat lower removal of lower molecular weight, shorter chain PFAS
than higher molecular weight, longer chain PFAS. Accordingly, PFAS removal efficiency by NF
membranes is not expected to vary substantially by functional group or chain length except to the
extent that these factors influence molecular size and weight. RO membranes have a lower
MWCO than NF membranes, often less than 100 g/mol (DuPont, 2021). Therefore, RO removal
efficiency also is not expected to vary substantially by functional group or chain length. In
addition, unlike GAC and IX, RO and NF do not exhibit "breakthrough" behavior. That is,
removal efficiency tends to be steady-state and does not vary over time.
4.2.2 Full-Scale Applications
Two drinking water systems, in North Carolina (Dowbiggin et al., 2021) and Alabama (Wetzel,
2021; WHNT News, 2019), recently constructed full-scale treatment plants using low-pressure
(or "loose") RO. These are the first two treatment plants utilizing membrane technology
specifically targeted at PFAS removal from drinking water. Although performance data are not
yet available from these facilities, the effectiveness studies enumerated in Section 4.2.1 include
results from full-scale facilities using membrane separation to treat other contaminants.
4.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations
In general, water quality affects the design (e.g., concentrate volume, cleaning frequency,
antiscalant selection) of RO and NF systems, but not removal efficiency. The literature
specifically for PFAS removal by membranes supports this conclusion. For example, Appleman
et al. (2013) found that the effectiveness of NF for PFAS removal was not impaired by the
presence of humic acid. Similarly, Steinle-Darling and Reinhard (2008) found that ionic strength
did not have a significant effect on removal performance. Although these authors noted a
significant effect from pH, this effect was observed at pH 2.8, substantially lower than typical
drinking water influent. Boonya-Atichart et al. (2016) found no significant effect within a more
typical range of pH (5.5 to 10). Although they observed a slight decrease in effectiveness with
increasing total dissolved solids, this effect was not significant.
4.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs
In general, pretreatment requirements for membrane technologies depend on influent water
quality as well as the type of membrane used. Most RO and NF processes include a prescreen or
cartridge filter to remove sediment that could damage the membranes. RO and NF membranes
also often require pre-treatment acid or antiscalant addition for scaling control (Bergman et al.,
2012; Duranceau and Taylor, 2011). Pretreatment requirements, however, typically are
independent of the specific contaminant targeted for removal. Calculations such as the silt
density index (SDI), found in ASTM standard D4189, can provide insight into the fouling
problems that are inherent in any membrane system (Bergman et al., 2012; Duranceau and
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Taylor, 2011). SDI measures the fouling potential of suspended solids. Manufacturers typically
specify maximum SDIs of 3 to 5 for RO and NF elements (Bergman et al., 2012). In addition, it
is important to model and conduct pilot studies to assess the potential for fouling from
substances such as natural organic matter, calcium carbonate, silica, calcium fluoride, barium
sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium phosphate. The Langelier saturation index
(LSI), described in ASTM standard D3738, characterizes the potential for CaCCb scaling. The
LSI is used to indicate the tendency of water to precipitate, dissolve, or be in equilibrium with
calcium carbonate, and what pH change is required to bring the water back to equilibrium
(Bergman et al., 2012). The scaling potential of other substances may be determined from a
saturation calculation. There is nothing unique about PFAS removal by RO/NF that suggests a
different relationship between the major water quality parameters and typical pretreatment and
cleaning requirements.
The permeate from RO and, in some cases, NF can be corrosive. The extent of this impact is site-
specific (Bergman et al., 2012). In other drinking water treatment applications, the permeate is
often blended with untreated water to produce a less corrosive finished water (Mickley, 2018). If
the source water has a sufficiently low concentration of PFAS and other contaminants, blending
may reduce post-treatment requirements. In instances where blending is not possible, post-
treatment (e.g., sodium hydroxide or lime addition) can be required to control corrosion impacts
(Lipp et al., 2010).
4.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs
There are no full-scale studies of residuals from RO or NF facilities specifically for the removal
of PFAS. In general, however, the characteristics of membrane concentrates are predictable, and
handling and treatment options are well understood. This waste stream contains the PFAS
compounds and other dissolved solids removed from the treated water. The two full-scale
facilities identified in Section 4.2.2 are designed for recovery rates of 85 to 92 percent
(Dowbiggin et al., 2021; Wetzel, 2021; WHNT News, 2019), which means that concentrate
flows at these facilities would account for 8 to 15 percent of influent (i.e., 100 percent minus the
recovery rate). Assuming these facilities achieve 95 percent removal efficiency, PFAS
concentrations in this waste stream would be approximately 6 to 12 times the concentration in
influent water.13
For disposal of membrane concentrate, most systems use surface water discharge or discharge to
sanitary sewer. Deep well injection is common in Florida. A small percentage of systems use
land application, evaporation ponds, or recycling (Mickley, 2018). The large volume of residuals
is a well-known obstacle to adoption of membrane separation technology, in general. In the case
of PFAS removal, the high PFAS concentration in the residuals might limit the disposal options
or require additional treatment prior to disposal, depending on state and local discharge
regulations.
Studies specific to treatment of concentrate containing PFAS currently are limited to lab- or
pilot-scale (Franke et al. 2021; Tow et al., 2021). The Alabama facility identified under Question
4.2.1 initially planned to treat membrane concentrate through its existing GAC filters prior to
13 The concentration in the reject stream can be calculated as the concentration in influent times the removal efficiency, divided
by the rejection rate. In this example, 0.95 / 0.15 = 6.33 and 0.95 / 0.08 = 11.88.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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discharge (WHNT News, 2019). More recent reports (Wetzel, 2021) do not address concentrate
treatment at this facility. The North Carolina facility includes the construction of a discharge
pipeline to a point "several miles" away, downstream of any drinking water intakes (Dowbiggin
etal.,2021).
Periodic cleaning of the membrane system is necessary to recover productivity lost to fouling.
This cleaning may include cycles of acid and caustic wash, depending on the nature of the
fouling. Since the spent cleaning solution is generated infrequently and in small amounts, it is
typically diluted by and handled with the concentrate.
4.6 Critical Design Parameters
Critical design parameters for membrane systems removing PFAS are:
• Pretreatment and cleaning requirements
• Membrane type
• Flux rate
• Recovery rate
• Residuals management options.
As discussed in Section 4.4, assumptions about pretreatment requirements and cleaning
procedures, in general, are determined based on major water quality parameters, such as hardness
parameters, chloride, sulfate, silica, pH, SDI, and total dissolved solids. They typically are not
affected by trace contaminant influent concentrations or removal requirements. There is nothing
unique about PFAS removal by membrane separation that suggests a different relationship
between the major water quality parameters and typical pretreatment and cleaning requirements.
Section 4.5 discusses residuals management options. The sections below discuss membrane type,
flux rate, and recovery rate in more detail, including the range of values reported in the literature
for these parameters. Section 7.4 identifies the specific values for each parameter used in EPA's
cost estimates.
4.6.1 Membrane Type
As discussed in Section 4.2.1, both RO and NF membranes can be effective at removing PFAS
compounds. More specifically, RO membranes shown to be effective include those in the
"loose" or low-pressure end of the RO category (Dowbiggin et al., 2021; Lipp et al., 2010). NF
membranes shown to be effective are at the "tight" or low MWCO end of that category
(Appleman et al., 2013; Steinle-Darling and Reinhard, 2008; Yu et al., 2016). The two current
full-scale membrane system specifically designed for PFAS treatment both utilize RO
membranes (Dowbiggin et al., 2021; Wetzel, 2021).
4.6.2 Flux Rate
The flux of an RO/NF system is the rate of permeate water per unit of membrane area, typically
measured in gallons per square foot per day (gfd). While each stage of a membrane system will
have a different flux, the average flux over all elements is a fundamental design parameter. In
general, the higher the quality of the feed water, the higher the flux that may be achieved.
Operating with excessively high flux, however, leads to fouling of the membrane elements.
Depending on the nature of the fouling, it may be reversed by cleaning, or may require
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replacement of the elements. As shown in Table 4-5, flux values found in the literature range
from 6 to 44 gfd including bench scale studies. Data are not available for the flux rate employed
at the two full-scale RO facilities constructed specifically for PFAS removal. Dickenson and
Higgins (2016) report full-scale flux rates of approximately 12 gfd, but these are for potable
reuse facilities. Bench-scale studies (Appleman et al., 2013; Lipp, 2010) show that RO and NF
remain effective for PFAS removal at higher flux rates.
Table 4-5. Flux Rates for PFAS Treatment Reported in the Literature
Study Scale and
Membrane Type
Source Water
Flux (gfd)
Source
Full Scale RO
WWTP
12
Dickenson and Higgins, 2016
Full Scale RO
WWTP
11.6
Dickenson and Higgins, 2016
Bench Scale NF
Lab
10 to 44
Appleman et al., 2013
Bench Scale RO
Lab
17.6 to 23.5
Lipp et al., 2010
Bench Scale NF
Lab
6 to 41
Lipp et al., 2010
gfd = gallons per square foot per day; NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis; WWTP = potable reuse facility receiving water
from wastewater treatment plant
4.63 Recovery Rote
As discussed in Section 4.1, the recovery rate is the percentage of the influent flow that is
recovered as permeate. Increasing the recovery rate will increase the concentration of dissolved
solids in the membrane reject water and will thus increase the required feed pressure and the
potential for membrane scaling. Thus, the achievable recovery rate depends on the quality of the
source water as well as the pretreatment of the water, and systems with high levels of total
dissolved solids in their feed water will typically operate at lower recovery rates than systems
with lower levels. As shown in Table 4-6, recovery rates found in the literature range from 78 to
92 percent.
Table 4-6. Recovery Rates for PFAS Treatment Reported in the Literature
Study Scale and
Membrane Type
Source Water
Recovery Rate
Source(s)
Full Scale RO
WWTP
85%
Thompson et al., 2011
Full Scale RO
WWTP
85%
Dickenson and Higgins, 2016
Full Scale RO
WWTP
80%
Dickenson and Higgins, 2016
Full Scale RO
Surface
90%
Wetzel, 2021; WHNT News, 2019
Pilot Scale NF
Ground
78%
Franke et al., 2019
Full Scale RO
Surface
85 to 92%
Dowbiggin et al., 2021
Bench Scale NF
Ground
84%
Boonya-Atichart et al., 2016
NF = nanofiltration; RO = reverse osmosis; WWTP = potable reuse facility receiving water from wastewater treatment plant
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4.7 References
Appleman, T.D., Dickenson, E.R.V., Bellona, C., and Higgins, C.P. 2013. Nanofiltration and
granular activated carbon treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids. Journal of Hazardous Materials,
260(2013), 740-746. http://dx.doi.org ihazmat.2013.06.033
Appleman, T.D., Higgins, C.P., Quinones, Q., Vanderford, B.J., Kolstad, C., Zeigler-Holady,
J.C., and Dickenson, E.R.V. 2014. Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-
scale water treatment systems. Water Research, 51(2014), 246-255.
http://dx.doi.org 10 101 t.watres _0l '> 10 067
Bergman, R.A., Garcia-Aleman, J., and Morgan, R. 2012. Membrane Processes. In Randtke, S.J.
and Horsley, M.B. (Eds.), Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition (pp. 15.1-15.61).
American Water Works Association/American Society of Civil Engineers.
Boonya-Atichart, A., Boontanon, S. K., and Boontanon, N. 2016. Removal of perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA) in groundwater by nanofiltration membrane. Water Science and Technology, 74
(11), 2627-2633. https://doi.ore/10.2166/wst.2016.434
CDM Smith. 2018. Advanced Treatment Options for the Northwest Water Treatment Plant. Final
Report. Prepared for Brunswick County Public Utilities.
Dickenson, E.R.V. and Higgins, C. 2016. Treatment Mitigation Strategies for Poly- and
Perfluoroalkyl Substances. Web Report #4322. Water Research Foundation.
Dowbiggin, B., Treadway, J., Nichols, J. and Walker G. 2021. Exploring Treatment Options for
PFAS Removal in Brunswick County, North Carolina. JournalAWWA, 113(4), 10-19.
https://doi.ore/! 0.1002/awwa. 1705
DuPont. 2021. FilmTec™ Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual. Version 10.
Retrieved from https://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/water-
solutions/public/documents/en/RO-NF-FilmTec-Manual-45-D01504-en.pdf
Duranceau, S.J. and Taylor, J.S. 2011. Membranes. In Edzwald, J.K. (Ed.), Water Quality &
Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water, Sixth Edition (pp. 11.1-11.106). American Water
Works Association.
Franke, V., Ullberg, M., McCleaf, P., Walinder, M., Kohler, S.J., and Ahrens, L. 2021. The Price
of Really Clean Water: Combining Nanofiltration with Granular Activated Carbon and Anion
Exchange Resins for the Removal of Per- And Polyfluoralkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking
Water Production. ACSES&T Water, 2021(1), 782-795.
https ://doi. ore/10.1021 / acsestwater. OcOO 141
Horst, J., McDonough, J., Ross, I., Dickson, M., Miles, J., Hurst, J., and Storch, P. 2018. Water
Treatment Technologies for PFAS: The Next Generation. Groundwater Monitoring &
Remediation, 38(2), 13-23. https://doi.oo ;wmr. 12281
Lipp, P., Sacher, F., and Baldauf, G. 2010. Removal of organic micro-pollutants during drinking
water treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Desalination and Water Treatment,
13(2010), 226-237. http://doi.ore/10.5004/dwt.2 63
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Liu, C.J., Strathmann, T.J. and Bellona, C. 2021. Rejection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFASs) in aqueous film-forming foam by high-pressure membranes. Water
Research, 188(2021), 116546. https://doi.org/10.1016/i.watres.202^ l l "'46
Mickley, M. 2018. Updated and Extended Survey of U.S. Municipal Desalination Plants.
Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 207. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
Steinle-Darling, E., and Reinhard, M. 2008. Nanofiltration for Trace Organic Contaminant
Removal: Structure, Solution, and Membrane Fouling Effects on the Rejection of
Perfluorochemicals. J. Environ. Sciences, 42, 5292-5297. https://doi.( l/es703207s
Thompson, J., Eaglesham, G., Reungoat, J., Poussade, Y., Bartkowf, M., Lawrence, M. and
Mueller, J.F. 2011. Removal of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl acids at water reclamation
plants in South East Queensland Australia. Chemosphere, 82(2011), 9-17.
https://doi.oi\ 10 101 /i.chemosphere JO 10 10 0 10
Tow, E.W., Ersan, M.S., Kum, S., Lee, T., Speth, T.F., Owen, C. Bellona, C., Nadagouda, M.N.,
Mikelonis, A.M., Westerhoff, P., Mysore, C., Frenkel, V.S., DeSilva, V., Walker, S.W., Safulko,
A.K., and Ladner, D.A. 2021. Managing and treating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
(PFAS) in membrane concentrates. AWWA Water Science, 3(5), el233.
https ://doi. ore/10.1002/aws2.1233
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2021a. Drinking Water Treatability Database:
Perfluorooctanoic Acid. Retrieved from https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/contaminant?id=10520
USEPA. 2021b. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. Retrieved
from https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/contaminant?id=10940
USEPA. 2021c. Drinking Water Treatability Database: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.
Retrieved from https://tdb.epa.gov/tdb/contaminant?id=l 1020
Wetzel, M. 2021. Reverse osmosis filtration facility near completion. The Moulton Advertiser.
Retrieved from: https://www.moiiltonadvertiser.com/news/articte dc\7: I >% I I -fabf-1 leb-NO I f
c3b7ff0b4dc4.html
WHNT News. 2019. WMEL water authority approves $30.5 million contract for Reverse
Osmosis treatment system. Nexstar Media Inc. Retrieved from: https://whnt.com/news/wmel-
water-authoritv-approves-30-5~million-contract-for-reverse-osmosis~treatment~svstem/
Yu, Y., Zhao, C., Yu, L., Li, P., Wang, T., and Xu, Y. 2016. Removal of perfluorooctane
sulfonates from water by a hybrid coagulation-nanofiltration process. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 289(1), 7-16. https://doij xi.2015.12.048.
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5.0 Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Treatment
5.1 Operating Principle
A POU/POE device uses a miniaturized version of a centralized treatment process to meet water
quality standards at the household level. POU devices are sized to treat water for consumption at
individual taps (e.g., a kitchen sink). POE devices are designed to treat water where the service
line enters the house (e.g., in the basement). When a system installs, controls (i.e., owns), and
maintains POU/POE devices at all customer locations where water is consumed (e.g.,
residences), it can forego centralized treatment (USEPA, 2006). Because POU/POE devices treat
a fraction of the water delivered by a system, a compliance program that relies on POU/POE
devices may be more cost-effective for smaller systems.
The NSF14 committee of stakeholders has updated the NSF/American National Standards
Institute (NSF/ANSI) standards applicable to POU/POE devices to incorporate requirements for
PFAS removal. To be certified under the standards a device must reduce the total concentration
of PFOA and PFOS to below 70 ng/L (NSF International, 2019). Several organizations (e.g.,
NSF International, Underwriters Laboratories, Water Quality Association) provide third-party
testing and certification that POU/POE devices meet drinking water treatment standards.
The discussion in this section focuses on POU/POE RO devices because these are the most
common type of device certified for PFAS removal. The operating principle for POU/POE RO
devices is the same as centralized RO: they separate solutes such as PFAS compounds from
solution by forcing the solvent to flow through a membrane at a pressure greater than the normal
osmotic pressure. In addition to an RO membrane for dissolved contaminant removal, POU/POE
RO devices often have a sediment pre-filter and a carbon filter in front of the RO membrane, a 3-
to 5-gallon treated water storage tank, and a carbon filter between the tank and the tap.
POU/POE devices are not currently a compliance option because the regulatory options under
consideration require treatment to concentrations below the current certification standard of 70
ng/L total of PFOA and PFOS. However, POU/POE treatment might become a compliance
option for small systems in the future if NSF/ANSI develop a new certification standard that
mirrors EPA's proposed regulatory standard. To meet a PFAS drinking water standard, a system
would need to purchase, install, and maintain certified devices for all customers. Usually, a
system would install a single POU RO device at the kitchen tap for each residential customer.
Nonresidential customers might require multiple POU devices (e.g., for drinking fountains) or a
single POE device. Installation requires retrofitting the device into existing plumbing fixtures
(e.g., tapping into the water supply line to insert a treated water line with a dedicated tap and
adding a wastewater connection for the RO membrane concentrate or reject). Maintenance
primarily consists of filter replacement, often on a fixed schedule that varies by filter type.
Monitoring water quality at individual treated water taps will also be necessary to demonstrate
compliance with a perchlorate drinking water standard.
14 Formerly National Sanitation Foundation
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5.2 Effectiveness for PFAS Removal
As discussed above, POU/POE devices certified under the current NSF/ANSI standards remove
PFOA and PFOS to a total of less than 70 ng/L. There is evidence in the literature that POU/POE
RO devices can achieve even lower concentrations. Patterson et al. (2019) tested three such RO
devices for removal of PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA. The devices were
sized for POU use, but plumbed with additional equipment (storage tanks, booster pumps) to
simulate POE usage. Two of the devices removed each of the PFAS compounds tested to below
the quantitation limit (10 ng/L) throughout the test period. The third device removed the
compounds to below the quantitation limit except for one sampling event. During this sampling
event, which took place immediately upon startup after a five-day stagnation period, all the
PFAS compounds except PFBS were detected in the treated water at concentrations from 11 to
77 ng/L. The concentrations returned to levels below the quantitation limit during the next
sampling event four hours later. Additional support for the effectiveness of POU/POE programs
for PFAS removal is evident from the number of community-scale applications of the
technology, as listed in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. Community-Scale Applications of POU/POE Treatment to Remove PFAS from
Drinking Water
Number of
POU/POE
Year of
Location
Households
Startup
Sources
Camp Grayling, Crawford County,
Michigan
Not reported
Not reported
2018
Michigan DEGLE 2021b
House Street Disposal Area, Belmont,
Kent County, Michigan
781
546 POE and
235 POU
2020
Michigan DEGLE 2021c
Alpena Combat Readiness Training
Center, Alpena County, Michigan
31
Not reported
Not reported
Michigan DEGLE 2021a
Former Washington County Landfill,
57
POE
2007
ATSDR 2008
Lake Elmo, Minnesota
Deepwater, Salem County, New Jersey
Not reported
Not reported
2011
Dunn 2011
Bennington and North Bennington,
Vermont
255
POE
2020
Danko 2018; VDEC 2020
Hoosick Falls, New York
>800
POE
Not reported
NYS DEC 2021
POE = Point-of Entry; POU = Point-of-Use
5.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations
Because the POU/POE RO devices will be installed at service taps that are downstream of a
system's entry point to the distribution system, EPA assumes that the raw water entering a
POU/POE RO device will be water that is suitable for consumption except for an exceedance of
the proposed perchlorate regulatory standard. As noted in the next section, POU/POE RO
devices include pre-filters to address potential interference of delivered water quality with RO
performance.
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5.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs
POU/POE RO devices include various filters to address pre- and post-treatment concerns. Most
devices include a sediment filter for solids removal to prevent membrane fouling and a pre-RO
carbon filter to remove chlorine and organic compounds that could impair membrane function.
They also include a carbon filter after the membrane and storage tank to remove any organics
that may remain or bacterial growth that occurs during storage. Because the POU device is
installed at the tap, there are no potential adverse impacts on the distribution system.
5.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs
The treatment process waste comprises wastewater and used filter cartridges. Waste disposal
methods must comply with state and local requirements. The wastewater connection is generally
plumbed to the household sewer system, which uses either an on-site septic system or a
centralized wastewater collection system for disposal. Depending on state and local regulations,
the used cartridge filters may be included in household solid waste (USEPA, 2006).
5.6 Critical Design Parameters
EPA's cost estimates for POU/POE treatment programs assume the use of POU, as opposed to
POE, devices because ingestion is the primary route of concern for exposure to PFAS. In
addition to the POU devices themselves, there are several components to the design of a POU
program that are primary cost drivers. These include the following:
• POU RO device installation
• Public education program development
• POU device monitoring
• POU device maintenance.
Chapter 7 discusses each of these parameters in more detail and identifies the specific values for
each used in EPA's cost estimates.
5.7 References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. Perfluorochemical
Contamination in Lake Elmo Final Release and Oakdale, Washington County, Minnesota.
Retrieved from:
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gOv/HA.C/pha/PFCsLakeElmo/PFCs in Lake Elmo PHA 8-29-
2008 508.pdf
Gascoyne, J. 2018. 2018 PFAS Sampling Summary Report. ATC Group Services LLC. Retrieved
from:
https://anrweb.vt.gov/PubDocs/DEC/Hazsites/20184763.SVRA.2018.DW.SamplingSummarv.rp
t.pdf
Danko, A. 2018. Treatment Technologies for PFAS Site Management. Retrieved from:
https://frtr.gov/pdf/meetings/novl8/presentations/handoiits/danko-handoiit.pdf
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (DEGLE). 2021a. PFAS
Response and Investigations - Alpena County, Alpena, Alpena Combat Readiness Training
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Center (CRTC). Michigan PFAS Action Response Team. Retrieved from:
https://www.michigan.gOv/pfasfesponse/0.9038.7-365- tml
Michigan DEGLE. 2021b. PFAS Response and Investigations - Crawford County, Grayling,
Camp Grayling - Lake Margrethe. Michigan PFAS Action Response Team. Retrieved from:
https://www.michigan.gOv/pfasresponse/0.9038.7-365-86511 82704-488777—.QQ.html
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (DEGLE). 2021c. PFAS
Response and Investigations - House Street Disposal Area, Belmont, Kent County. Michigan
PFAS Action Response Team. Retrieved from:
https://www.michigan.gOv/pfasresponse/0.9038.7-365-86511 82704 83030—.00.html
Dunn, P. 2011. DuPont settles suit over claims chemical tainted drinking water around Salem
County plant. Today's Sunbeam. Retrieved from:
https://www.ni.com/salem/2011/03/dupont settles suit over claim .html
NSF International. 2019. PFOA/PFOSReduction Claims Requirements Added toNSF Standards
for Drinking Water Treatment Devices. Retrieved from: https://www.nsf.org/news/pfoa-pfos-
reduction-claims-requirements-added-to-nsf-standards
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC). 2021. Hoosick Falls
Area Information for Communities Impacted by Per- and Poly-fluorinated Aklyl Substances
(PFAS). Retrieved from: https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/108791.htm 1
Patterson, C., Burkhardt, J., Schupp, D., Krishnan, R., Dyment, S., Merritt, S., Zintek, L., and
Kleinmaier, D. 2018. Effectiveness of point-of-use/point-of-entry systems to remove per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water, A WW A Water Science, 1(2), el 131.
https://doi.org/l 0.1002/aws2.1131
Sullivan, M. 2018. Addressing Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid
(PFOA). U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved from:
https://denix.osd.mil/derp/home/documents/pfos-pfoa-briefing-to-the-hasc/
USEPA. 2006. Point-of-Use or Point-of-Entry Treatment Options for Small Drinking Water
Systems. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. EPA-815-R-06-010.
Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (VDEC). 2020. Bennington PFAS
Sampling and Treatment System Maintenance Considering Ongoing COVID-19 Emergency.
Retrieved from: https://dec.vermont.gov/pfas/pfoa
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6.0 Nontreatment Alternatives
6.1 Application Principle
For small water utilities that lack the financial and/or technical capacity to implement a new
treatment-based compliance strategy, nontreatment options may offer a more cost-effective path
to compliance. Nontreatment options essentially replace the contaminated water source with
water that meets drinking water standards, including new standards for PFAS compounds.
Nontreatment solutions for drinking water compliance include the following (USEPA, 2006):
• well rehabilitation
• contaminant source elimination
• new well construction
• interconnecting with another system to purchase water.
The feasible nontreatment options will depend on site-specific circumstances such as system
size, source water type, contaminant reduction needs, and proximity to alternative water sources.
For small systems, neither well rehabilitation nor source elimination (e.g., remediation of PFAS-
contaminated soils or groundwater) is likely to be feasible and cost-effective. Another option -
blending water from existing wells - may be a feasible, low-cost option for systems that have
multiple wells including some with PFAS concentrations substantially below the new standards.
For systems that cannot blend water from existing sources to comply with the new PFAS
regulations, two feasible nontreatment options include the following:
1. a new well to replace the contaminated source water
2. interconnection to purchase water from a supplier.
These two options (new wells and interconnection) are likely to have higher costs than the other
options (well rehabilitation and source elimination) (USEPA, 2006).
The costs associated with drilling a new well include the initial hydrological assessment, pilot
hole drilling, developing the final well design, drilling the well bore, installing well casings,
screens, and filters, development of the well, and installation of the pump and power source
(Harter, 2003). A hydrological assessment identifies groundwater sources of suitable quality and
adequate long-term supply. When replacing an existing well, the costs will also include
connecting the well to the existing water distribution system.
The interconnection option involves laying a pipeline to connect the affected system to the
distribution network of a neighboring system that can provide adequate water that meets all
applicable drinking water standards. Costs include the cost of purchased water as well as
construction and maintenance of the interconnection pipeline. Pipeline costs will depend on
proximity of the neighboring system, topography of the distance to be covered, and right-of-way
requirements for pipes and booster pump stations.
6.2 Compliance Effectiveness
Nontreatment options achieve compliance by replacing a PFAS-contaminated water source with
an alternative water source that complies with the new PFAS regulations. This strategy is
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inherently compliant if the new water source is not at risk for PFAS contamination. If the
wholesale supplier of purchased water has PFAS contamination, it must implement an effective
treatment process because the water it sells must comply with the PFAS standard before it can be
distributed to the purchasing system.
Drinking water systems have successfully used nontreatment options to alleviate PFAS concerns.
In response to PFAS contamination near Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado, three water
districts turned off their wells and are purchasing surface water from another source (Sullivan,
2018). In March 2016, Fort Drum Public Works in New York took two drinking water wells out
of service following detection of PFAS. Fort Drum dug five new wells with a maximum capacity
of 2.2 MGD in August 2016 (Fort Drum, 2019).
6.3 Raw Water Quality Considerations
A system will need to determine whether the change in source water may affect other existing
treatment processes (e.g., chlorination), or if changes in water quality may affect the distribution
system (e.g., purchased water has a different pH). Changes in delivered water chemistry that
trigger major process additions or adjustments could diminish the cost-effectiveness of
nontreatment options.
6.4 Pre- and Post-Treatment Needs
By definition, there are no pre-treatment needs to consider with a change in source water. All
treatment adjustments to account for differences in source water quality would necessarily occur
after the point of source water connection. If the alternative water source has chemical
parameters that differ substantially from the original source water and may affect water quality
elsewhere in the system, then there may be additional treatment needs to adjust water chemistry.
6.5 Waste Generation and Residuals Management Needs
An interconnection or new well should not have incremental wastes or residuals requiring
management.
6.6 Critical Design Assumptions
For new wells, key design parameters are the following:
• Total flow rate requirements and flow per well
• Well depth (and screened depth)
• Distance from well to distribution system.
For an interconnection option, key design parameters include:
• Flow rate requirements
• Distance to interconnection water supply
• Pressure at water supply source
• Cost of purchased water.
Chapter 7 discusses each of these parameters in more detail and identifies the specific values for
each used in EPA's cost estimates.
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6.7 References
Fort Drum Public Works (FDPW). 2019. 2018 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report. Retrieved
from:
https://home.army.mil/drum/application/files/8615/5535/5022/ urn AWQR.pdf
Harter, T. 2003. Water Well Design and Construction. University of California, Division of
Agricultural and Natural Resources.
Sullivan, M. 2018. Addressing Perjluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid
(PFOA). U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved from:
https://denix.osd.mil/derp/home/dociiments/pfos-pfoa-briefine4o4he-hasc/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006. Technology and Cost Document for the
Final Ground Water Rule. EPA-815-R-06-015.
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7.0 Costs for Treatment and Nontreatment
Options
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview and Cost Modeling Approach
This chapter presents estimated costs for installing and operating the technologies and
nontreatment options discussed in Chapters 2 through 6. Based on the information in those
chapters, particularly the data on engineering design specifications, EPA developed work
breakdown structure (WBS) cost estimating models for each of the PFAS treatment technologies.
The WBS models are spreadsheet-based engineering models for individual treatment
technologies, linked to a central database of component unit costs. EPA developed the WBS
model approach as part of an effort to address recommendations made by the Technology Design
Panel (TDP), which convened in 1997 to review the Agency's methods for estimating drinking
water compliance costs (USEPA, 1997). The TDP consisted of nationally recognized drinking
water experts from the EPA, water treatment consulting companies, public and private water
utilities and suppliers, equipment vendors, and Federal and State regulators in addition to cost
estimating professionals.
In general, the WBS approach involves breaking a process down into discrete components for
the purpose of estimating unit costs. The WBS models represent improvements over past cost
estimating methods by increasing comprehensiveness, flexibility, and transparency. By adopting
a WBS-based approach to identify the components that should be included in a cost analysis, the
models produce a more comprehensive assessment of the capital and operating requirements for
a treatment system. The documentation for the individual WBS models (USEPA, 2024a; 2024b;
2024c; 2024d) provides complete details on the structure, content, and use of the models. EPA
used the WBS models to develop the costs presented in this chapter. The models and their
documentation can be accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/dwregdev/drinkine-water-treatment-
technology-unit-cost-models-and-overview-technologies.
The remainder of this section provides a brief overview of the common elements of all the WBS
models and information on the anticipated accuracy of the resulting cost estimates. Subsequent
sections describe how EPA used each individual technology specific WBS model to estimate
costs for PFAS treatment and present the resulting cost estimates.
7.1.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Models
Each WBS model contains the work breakdown for a particular treatment process and
preprogrammed engineering criteria and equations that estimate equipment requirements for
user-specified design requirements (e.g., system size and influent water quality). Each model
also provides unit and total cost information by component (e.g., individual items of capital
equipment) and totals the individual component costs to obtain a direct capital cost. Additionally,
the models estimate add-on costs (permits, pilot study, and land acquisition costs for each
technology), indirect capital costs, and annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, thereby
producing a complete compliance cost estimate.
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Primary inputs common to all the WBS models include design flow and average flow in million
gallons per day (MGD). Each WBS model has default designs (input sets) that correspond to
specified categories of flow, but the models can generate designs for many other combinations of
flows. To estimate costs for PFAS compliance, EPA fit cost curves to the WBS estimates for up
to 49 different flow rates.15 Thus, the cost estimates in Sections 7.2 through 7.5, and Appendix A
are in the form of equations.
Another input common to all the WBS models is "component level" or "cost level." This input
drives the selection of materials for items of equipment that can be constructed of different
materials. For example, a low-cost system might include fiberglass pressure vessels and PVC
piping. A high-cost system might include stainless steel pressure vessels and stainless-steel
piping. The component level input also drives other model assumptions that can affect the total
cost of the system, such as building quality and heating and cooling. The component level input
has three possible values: low cost, mid cost, and high cost. To estimate costs for PFAS
treatment, EPA generated separate cost equations for each of the three component levels, thus
creating a range of cost estimates for use in national compliance cost estimates.
The third input common at all the WBS models is system automation, which allows the design of
treatment systems that are operated manually or with varying degrees of automation (i.e., with
control systems that reduce the need for operator intervention). The cost estimates in the
technology-specific sections below are for systems that are fully automated, minimizing the need
for operator intervention and reducing operator labor costs.
The WBS models generate cost estimates that include a consistent set of capital, add-on, indirect,
and O&M costs. Table 7-1 identifies these cost elements, which are common to all the WBS
models and included in the cost estimates below. Sections 7.2 through 7.5 identify the
technology-specific cost elements included in each model. The documentation for the WBS
models (USEPA, 2024a; 2024b; 2024c; 2024d) provide more information on the methods and
assumptions used in the WBS models to estimate the costs for both the technology-specific and
common cost elements.
15 Specifically, for each scenario modeled and separately for total capital and for O&M costs, EPA fit up to three curves: one
covering small systems (less than 1 MGD design flow), one covering medium systems (1 MGD to less than 10 MGD design
flow), and one covering large systems (10 MGD design flow and greater). For each curve fit, EPA chose from among several
possible equation forms: linear, quadratic, cubic, power, exponential, and logarithmic. EPA chose the form that resulted in the
best correlation coefficient (R2), subject to the requirement that the equation must be monotonically increasing over the
appropriate range of flow rates (i.e., within the flow rate category, the equation must always result in higher estimated costs for
higher flow systems than for lower flow systems).
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Table 7-1. Cost Elements Included in All WBS Models
Cost Category
Components Included
Direct Capital
• Technology-specific equipment (e.g., vessels, basins, pumps, treatment media, piping,
Costs
valves)
• Instrumentation and system controls
• Buildings
• Residuals management equipment
Add-on Costs
• Land
• Permits
• Pilot testing
Indirect Capital
• Mobilization and demobilization
Costs
• Architectural fees for treatment building
• Equipment delivery, installation, and contractor's overhead and profit
• Sitework
• Yard piping
• Geotechnical
• Standby power
• Electrical infrastructure
• Process engineering
• Contingency
• Miscellaneous allowance
• Legal, fiscal, and administrative
• Sales tax
• Financing during construction
• Construction management
O&M Costs:
• Operator labor for technology-specific tasks (e.g., managing backwash and media
Technology-
replacement)
specific
• Materials for O&M of technology-specific equipment
• Technology-specific chemical usage
• Replacement of technology-specific equipment that occurs on an annual basis (e.g.,
treatment media)
• Energy for operation of technology-specific equipment (e.g., mixers)
O&M Costs:
• Operator labor for O&M of process equipment
Labor
• Operator labor for building maintenance
• Managerial and clerical labor
O&M Costs:
• Materials for maintenance of booster or influent pumps
Materials
• Materials for building maintenance
O&M Costs:
• Energy for operation of booster or influent pumps
Energy
• Energy for lighting, ventilation, cooling, and heating
O&M Costs:
• Residuals management operator labor, materials, and energy
Residuals
• Residuals disposal and discharge costs
In addition to costs, the models also output an estimated useful life, in years, for each WBS
component. The useful lives vary by component type (e.g., buildings generally last longer than
mechanical equipment) and by material (e.g., steel tanks generally last longer than plastic tanks).
The models use the component useful lives to calculate an average useful life for the entire
system. The calculation uses a reciprocal weighted average approach, which is based on the
relationship between a component's cost (C), its useful life (L) and its annual depreciation rate
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(A) under a straight-line depreciation method. The formula below shows the reciprocal weighted
average calculation:
N
IX r
Average Useful Life = — = —
Z4, A
n=l
where:
Cn denotes the cost of component n, n=l to N
C denotes total cost of all N components
An denotes the annual depreciation for component n, which equals Cn/Ln
A denotes total annual depreciation for the N components.
7.1.3 WBS Model Accuracy
Costs for a given system can vary depending on site-specific conditions (e.g., raw water quality,
climate, local labor rates, and location relative to equipment suppliers). The costs presented here
are based on national average assumptions and include a range (represented by low-, mid-, and
high-cost equations) intended to encompass the variation in costs that systems would incur to
remove PFAS. To validate the engineering design methods used by the WBS models and
increase the accuracy of the resulting cost estimates, EPA has subjected the individual models to
a process of external peer review by nationally recognized technology experts.
The GAC model underwent peer review in 2006. Two of the three reviewers felt they had
enough experience with GAC cost estimates to evaluate the model's accuracy. One of these
reviewers expressed the opinion that resulting cost estimates would be in the range of budget
estimates (+30 to -15 percent). The other reviewer did not provide a precise estimate of the
model's accuracy range but commented that the resulting cost estimates were reasonable. EPA
made substantial revisions to the GAC model in response to the peer review.
The IX model underwent peer review in 2005, during an early stage of its development. One peer
reviewer responded that resulting cost estimates were in the range of budget estimates (+30 to -
15 percent). The other two reviewers thought the estimates were order of magnitude estimates
(+50 to -30 percent), with an emphasis on the estimates being high. The IX model has since
undergone extensive revision, both in response to the peer review and to adapt it for PFAS
treatment using selective resin.
The RO/NF model underwent peer review in 2007. The majority of peer reviewers who
evaluated the model expressed the opinion that resulting cost estimates would be in the range of
budget estimates (+30 to -15 percent). The RO model has since undergone substantial revision in
response to the peer review comments.
EPA received peer review comments on the non-treatment model in May 2012. The first
reviewer responded that cost estimates resulting from the non-treatment model were in the range
of budget estimates (+30 to -15 percent). The second reviewer thought the cost estimates were
order of magnitude estimates (+50 to -30 percent). The third reviewer felt the cost estimates were
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definitive (+15 to -5 percent), except for land costs, which were difficult to assess due to regional
variations. EPA revised the nontreatment model in response to the peer review
recommendations.
7.1.4 Model Updates for Final Rule
In response to public comments on the proposed PFAS rule, EPA made a number of updates to
the WBS models. First, EPA updated the models' cost outputs to 2022 dollars. The Agency
accomplished this by escalating unit costs using indices including the Bureau of Labor Statistics
producer price indices (USBLS, 2010). EPA updated each unit cost using the change in the
relevant price index from year 2020 to 2022. For example, the EPA applied the percent increase
of the price of metal tanks and vessels to the price of metal tanks and vessels in the WBS cost
models. The EPA also collected new vendor price quotes for cost driver equipment components
(e.g., pressure vessels, treatment media). In addition, EPA made the following adjustments to the
models' inputs and assumptions:
• EPA updated the pilot study costs included in each of the treatment technology models. As
part of this update, EPA increased the estimated length of the pilot study and the frequency
of sampling during the pilot study. Additionally, EPA added a full year of confirmation
sampling after full-scale installation to the estimated pilot study costs.
• EPA changed its assumptions regarding contingency. Specifically, EPA incorporated
contingency at all cost levels, not just the high-cost level. EPA also increased the complexity
factor applied to estimate contingency for systems using GAC and non-treatment options.
Taken together, these changes result in a contingency factor of 5 to 10 percent depending on
total project cost at all cost levels.
• EPA changed the input assumptions for the nontreatment interconnection option to
incorporate booster pumps designed to account for friction loss in interconnecting piping (see
Section 7.6.3.3).
7.2 Costs for GAC
7.2.1 Model Components and Assumptions
USEPA (2024a) provides a complete description of the engineering design process used by the
WBS model for GAC. The model can generate costs for two types of design:
• Pressure designs where the GAC bed is contained in stainless steel, carbon steel, or fiberglass
pressure vessels
• Gravity designs where the GAC bed is contained in open concrete basins.
Table 7-2 shows the technology-specific capital equipment and O&M requirements included in
the GAC model. These items are in addition to the common WBS cost elements listed in Table
7-1.
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Table 7-2. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the GAC Model
Cost Category
Major Components Included
Direct Capital
• Booster pumps for influent water (for gravity GAC designs)
Costs
• Contactors (either pressure vessels or concrete basins) that contain the GAC bed
• Tanks and pumps for backwashing the contactors
• GAC transfer and storage equipment
• Spent GAC reactivation facilities (if on-site reactivation is selected)
• Associated piping, valves and instrumentation
O&M Costs:
• Operator labor for contactor maintenance (for gravity GAC designs)
Labor
• Operator labor for managing backwash events
• Operator labor for backwash pump maintenance (if backwash occurs weekly or more
frequently)
• Operator labor for GAC transfer and replacement
O&M Costs:
• Materials for contactor maintenance (accounts for vessel relining in pressure designs,
Materials
because GAC can be corrosive, and for concrete and underdrain maintenance in
gravity designs)
• Materials for backwash pump maintenance (if backwash occurs weekly or more
frequently)
• Replacement virgin GAC (limited to loss replacement only if reactivation is selected)
O&M Costs:
• Operating energy for backwash pumps
Energy
O&M Costs:
• Discharge fees for spent backwash
Residuals
• Fees for reactivating spent GAC (if off-site reactivation is selected)
• Labor, materials, energy, and natural gas for reactivation facility (if on-site
reactivation is selected)
• Disposal of spent GAC (if disposal is selected)
For small systems (less than 1 MGD) using pressure designs, the GAC model assumes the use of
package treatment systems that are pre-assembled in a factory, mounted on a skid, and
transported to the site. The model estimates costs for package systems by costing all individual
equipment line items (e.g., vessels, interconnecting piping and valves, instrumentation, and
system controls) in the same manner as custom-engineered systems. This approach is based on
vendor practices of partially engineering these types of package plants for specific systems (e.g.,
selecting vessel size to meet flow and treatment criteria). The model applies a variant set of
design inputs and assumptions that are intended to simulate the use of a package plant and that
reduce the size and cost of the treatment system. USEPA (2024a) provides complete details on
the variant design assumptions used for package plants.
The paragraphs below describe the specific inputs and assumptions that EPA used to generate the
costs in Section 7.2.2. Other inputs and assumptions not discussed below (e.g., loading rate,
number of booster pumps, backwash frequency, bed expansion) remained as described in
USEPA (2024a).
7.2.1.1 Design Type
Systems often choose between pressure and gravity GAC designs based on cost (Brady and
Moran, 2012; Summers et al., 2011). However, groundwater systems are more likely to choose
pressure designs to maintain their existing pressure head. For these systems, use of gravity
contactors would entail installation and operation of new pumps to restore pressure after GAC
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treatment (Summers et al., 2011). Therefore, for treatment of groundwater, EPA generated cost
equations for pressure designs only. For treatment of surface water, EPA generated separate cost
equations for pressure and gravity designs.
7.2.1.2 EBCT and Contactor Configuration
For pressure designs, the estimates below and in Appendix A assume two vessels in series with a
minimum total EBCT of 20 minutes (i.e., 10 minutes per vessel). For gravity designs, they
assume contactors in parallel with a minimum total EBCT of 20 minutes. These assumptions are
consistent with design engineer and GAC vendor recommendations for PFAS removal as
discussed in Sections 2.6.1 and 2.6.2. The EBCT per vessel is also consistent with the data used
to derive the bed life equations (10 minutes).
7.2.1.3 Bed Life
As discussed in Sections 2.2.2 and 2.6.3, GAC bed life depends on factors including target
removal efficiency, influent water quality (particularly natural organic matter), and the specific
PFAS compound(s) targeted. To accommodate variations in these factors, EPA generated
separate cost equations at 5,000 BV increments for bed lives ranging from 5,000 to 75,000 BV.
Each 5,000 BV increment corresponds to a 2- to 5-month shift in changeout frequency,
depending on system size. To estimate national costs, EPA selected from among these cost
equations using the bed life equations described in Section 2.6.3. EPA rounded results from the
bed life equations down to the nearest 5,000 BV, which errs on the side of higher costs.
The bed life equations are based on data representative of a single contactor with an EBCT of 10
minutes. As discussed in Section 7.2.1.1, the estimates below assume two contactors in series,
each with an EBCT of 10 minutes (for pressure systems) or multiple contactors in parallel, each
with an EBCT of 20 minutes (for gravity systems). Either of these configurations should result in
a longer bed life than estimated for a single, 10-minute EBCT contactor (see Section 2.6.2). EPA
did not adjust the bed life results to account for the more efficient contactor configuration
assumptions. Not incorporating an adjustment for configuration errs on the side of higher costs
and is intended to compensate for the fact that the bed life equations are based in part on RSSCT
data, which might overestimate full-scale bed life (see Section 2.6.3). Note that EPA does not
have data on the degree to which RSSCTs might overestimate bed life or to quantify the bed life
extension resulting from contactor configuration. Therefore, the net result of this compensating
adjustment is uncertain.
7.2.1.4 Residuals Management
EPA generated separate cost equations for two spent GAC management scenarios:
• Off-site reactivation under current RCRA non-hazardous waste regulations
• Off-site disposal as a hazardous waste and replacement with virgin GAC (i.e., single use
operation).
The first scenario reflects typical management practices under current regulations. The second
scenario provides an upper bound on other options that might emerge under future air quality
regulations (e.g., off-site disposal as a non-hazardous waste and replacement with virgin GAC)
or RCRA hazardous waste regulations (e.g., off-site reactivation as a hazardous waste,).
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7.2.2 Cost Estimates
The graphs below plot WBS cost model results in 2022 dollars at the mid cost level for removal
of PFAS from groundwater using pressure GAC (Figure 7-1) and surface water using gravity
GAC (Figure 7-2), assuming a bed life of 50,000 BV and off-site GAC reactivation as a non-
hazardous waste. In these exhibits, note that costs increase at 1 MGD design flow (0.355 MGD
average flow) because of the transition from package systems (used by small systems) to custom-
engineered systems (used by large systems). Appendix A provides complete cost equations for
across the range of bed life and residuals management scenarios, including the high, mid, and
low-cost levels and for treatment of groundwater and surface water. Appendix B presents
example WBS model outputs at selected flow rates, allowing review of individual cost line
items.
1,000,000,000
1000
0.1 Average flow (mgd) 1
100
Note: costs shown assume bed life of 50,000 BV and off-site reactivation of spent GAC as a non-hazardous waste
Figure 7-1. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using Pressure
GAC (2022 dollars)
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0.01
0.1
1 Design size (mgd) 10
100
10,000,000
?1,000,000
100,000
10,000
y = 2.9486x3 - 401.4571X2 + 104300.0261X + 151920.8815
Rz = 0.9999
y = 2259.2860X3 - 18146.6061x2 + 155461 0244x +61810.5502
R2 = 0 9995
Of*
y =-883961.6809x3 + 585242.3022x2 +52569.1706x +32743.5967
R2 = 0.9961
El
0.001
0.01
0.1 Average flow (mgd) 1
10
100
Note: costs shown assume bed life of 50,000 BV and off-site reactivation of spent GAC as a non-hazardous waste
Figure 7-2. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Surface Water Using Gravity
GAC (2022 dollars)
7.3 Costs for IX
7.3.1 Model Components and Assumptions
USEPA (2024d) provides a complete description of the engineering design process used by the
WBS model for PFAS-selective IX. Table 7-3 shows the technology-specific capital equipment
and O&M requirements included in the model. These items are in addition to the common WBS
cost elements listed in Table 7-1.
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Table 7-3. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the PFAS-selective IX Model
Cost Category
Major Components Included
Direct Capital
• Pre-treatment cartridge filters
Costs
• Pressure vessels that contain the resin bed
• Tanks and pumps for initial rinse and (optionally) backwash of the resin bed
• Tanks (with secondary containment), pumps and mixers for delivering sodium
hydroxide for use in post-treatment corrosion control (optional)
• Associated piping, valves, and instrumentation
O&M Costs:
• Operator labor for pre-treatment filters
Labor
• Operator labor for managing backwash/rinse events
• Operator labor for backwash pump maintenance (only if backwash occurs weekly or
more frequently)
• Operator labor for resin replacement
O&M Costs:
• Replacement cartridges for pre-treatment filters
Materials
• Materials for backwash pump maintenance (only if backwash occurs weekly or more
frequently)
• Chemical usage (if post-treatment corrosion control is selected)
• Replacement virgin PFAS-selective resin
O&M Costs:
Energy
• Operating energy for backwash/rinse pumps
O&M Costs:
• Disposal of spent cartridge filters
Residuals
• Discharge fees for spent backwash/rinse
• Disposal of spent resin
For small systems (less than 1 MGD), the PFAS-selective IX model assumes the use of package
treatment systems that are pre-assembled in a factory, mounted on a skid, and transported to the
site. The model estimates costs for package systems by costing all individual equipment line
items (e.g., vessels, interconnecting piping and valves, instrumentation, and system controls) in
the same manner as custom-engineered systems. This approach is based on vendor practices of
partially engineering these types of package plants for specific systems (e.g., selecting vessel size
to meet flow and treatment criteria). The model applies a variant set of design inputs and
assumptions that are intended to simulate the use of a package plant and that reduce the size and
cost of the treatment system. USEPA (2024d) provides complete details on the variant design
assumptions used for package plants.
The paragraphs below describe the specific inputs and assumptions that EPA used to generate the
costs in Section 7.3.2. Other inputs and assumptions not discussed below (e.g., number of
booster pumps, treated water corrosion control, bed expansion) remained as described in USEPA
(2024d).
7.3.1.1 EBCT and Vessel Configuration
The estimates below and in Appendix A assume two vessels in series with a minimum total
EBCT of 6 minutes (i.e., 3 minutes per vessel). The use of two vessels in series is consistent with
full-scale practice and design engineer and IX vendor recommendations for PFAS removal as
discussed in Section 3.6.2. The total EBCT is at the upper bound of the recommended range
discussed in Section 3.6.1 and, therefore, errs on the side of higher cost. It also results in an
EBCT per vessel roughly consistent with the data used to derive the bed life equations (3.3
minutes).
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7.3.1.2 Bed Life
As discussed in Sections 3.2.2 and 3.6.3, IX bed life depends on factors including target removal
efficiency, influent water quality, and the specific PFAS compound(s) targeted. To accommodate
variations in these factors, EPA generated separate cost equations at 20,000 BV increments for
bed lives ranging from 20,000 to 260,000 BV. Each 20,000 BV increment corresponds to a 3- to
4-month shift in changeout frequency, depending on system size. To estimate national costs,
EPA selected from among these cost equations using the bed life equations described in Section
2.6.3. EPA rounded results from the bed life equations down to the nearest 20,000 BV, which
errs on the side of higher costs.
The bed life equations are based on data representative of a single vessel with an EBCT of 3.3
minutes. As discussed in Section 7.3.1.1, the estimates below assume two vessel in series, each
with an EBCT of 3 minutes. The use of vessels in series should result in a longer bed life than
estimated for a single, 3.3-minute EBCT vessel (see Section 3.6.2). EPA did not adjust the bed
life results to account for the more efficient vessel configuration. Not incorporating an
adjustment for configuration errs on the side of higher costs and is intended to compensate for
the fact that the bed life equations are based on RSSCT data, which might overestimate full-scale
bed life (see Section 3.6.3). Note that EPA does not have data on the degree to which RSSCTs
might overestimate bed life or to quantify the bed life extension resulting from vessel
configuration. Therefore, the net result of this compensating adjustment is uncertain.
7.3.1.3 Residuals Management
EPA generated separate cost equations for two spent resin management scenarios:
• Spent resin managed as non-hazardous and sent off-site for incineration
• Spent resin managed as hazardous and sent off-site for incineration.
In both cases, the spent resin is replaced with virgin resin. The first scenario reflects typical
management practices under current regulations. The second scenario provides an upper bound
on other options that might emerge under future air quality regulations (e.g., off-site disposal in a
non-hazardous waste landfill) or RCRA hazardous waste regulations (e.g., off-site disposal in a
hazardous waste landfill).
73.2 Cost Estimates
The graphs below (Figure 7-4) plot WBS cost model results in 2022 dollars at the mid cost level
for removal of PFAS from groundwater using PFAS-selective IX, assuming a bed life of 160,000
BV. In the exhibit, note that costs increase at 1 MGD design flow (0.355 MGD average flow)
because of the transition from package systems (used by small systems) to custom-engineered
systems (used by large systems). Appendix A provides complete cost equations for across the
range of bed life and residuals management scenarios, including the high, mid, and low-cost
levels and for treatment of groundwater and surface water. Appendix B presents example WBS
model outputs at selected flow rates, allowing review of individual cost line items.
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100,000,000
: 10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
0.01
100,000,000
10,000,000
"W 1,000,000
o
100,000
10,000
y = -156.1913x2 + 540836.1859x +2366805.8704
R2 = 0.9995
y =-10424.7434x2 + 738369.9087X + 1145973.9043
Rz = 0 9993
y = 279001.2156x3 - 684702.7894X2 + 1114657.3297X + 181484.5646
R2 = 0.
0.1
1 Design size (mgd) 10
100
1000
0.1 Average flow (mgd) 1
100
Note: costs shown assume bed life of 120,000 BV and incineration of spent resin as a non-hazardous waste
Figure 7-3. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using IX (2022
dollars)
7.4 Costs for RO/NF
7.4.1 Model Components and Assumptions
USEPA (2024c) provides a complete description of the engineering design process used by the
WBS model for RO/NF. Table 7-4 shows the technology-specific capital equipment and O&M
requirements included in the model. These items are in addition to the common WBS cost
elements listed in Table 7-1.
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Table 7-4. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the RO/NF Model
Cost Category
Major Components Included
Direct Capital
High-pressure pumps for influent water and (optionally) interstage pressure boost
Costs
Pre-treatment cartridge filters
Tanks, pumps, and mixers for pretreatment chemicals
Pressure vessels, membrane elements, piping, connectors, and steel structure for the
membrane racks
Valves for concentrate control and (optionally) per-stage throttle
Tanks, pumps, screens, cartridge filters, and heaters for membrane cleaning
Equipment, including dedicated concentrate discharge piping, for managing RO
concentrate and spent cleaning chemicals
Associated pipes, valves, and instrumentation
O&M Costs:
Operator labor for pre-treatment filters
Labor
Operator labor for routine O&M of membrane units
Operator labor to maintain membrane cleaning equipment
O&M Costs:
Replacement cartridges for pre-treatment filters
Materials
Chemical usage for pretreatment
Maintenance materials for pre-treatment, membrane process, and cleaning equipment
Replacement membrane elements
Chemical usage for cleaning
O&M Costs:
Energy for high-pressure pumping
Energy
O&M Costs:
Disposal costs for spent cartridge filters and membrane elements
Residuals
Concentrate discharge fees*
* Not applicable under the
esiduals management used in the estimates below (direct discharge to a non-potable water body).
The paragraphs below describe specific inputs and assumptions that EPA used to generate the
costs in Section 7.4.2. Other inputs and assumptions not discussed below (e.g., cleaning interval,
permeate throttling and interstage boost, membrane life) were as described in USEPA (2024c).
7.4.1.1 Water Type
The WBS model for RO/NF includes three default groundwaters and three default surface
waters, ranging from high to low quality (i.e., from low to high total dissolved solids and scaling
potential). The default water parameters are based on a survey of membrane feed water
characteristics in the literature. The cost estimates below and in Appendix A are intended to
reflect the incremental cost of removing PFAS from otherwise potable water using RO/NF.
Therefore, the estimates use the default high quality water parameters built in to the WBS model.
Total dissolved solids for the high-quality surface water is approximately 360 mg/L; for high-
quality groundwater, total dissolved solids is approximately 500 mg/L. USEPA (2024c)
documents the other relevant characteristics of these default waters.
7.4.1.2 Membrane Type
The WBS model includes the option of NF, low-pressure RO, or brackish water RO membrane
elements, with a diameter of 4 inches, 8 inches, or 16 to 18 inches.16 As discussed in Section
4.6.1, both low MWCO (or "tight") NF membranes and low-pressure (or "loose") RO
membranes are effective for PFAS removal. Therefore, EPA used the WBS model to compare
16 Not all manufacturers use the same size for their largest diameter elements, but the model is independent of the exact diameter.
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costs using NF membranes to those using low-pressure (or "loose") RO membranes, holding the
other inputs and assumptions documented here constant. The difference in annualized cost
between the two membrane types varied by system size, component level, and water source
(groundwater versus surface water), but was at most 10 percent. For simplicity, given the small
difference in cost, the cost estimates below and in Appendix A assume use of low-pressure (or
"loose") RO membrane elements. This assumption tends to err on the side of higher cost,
because RO was more frequently (although not always) the more expensive option in EPA's
comparisons. This assumption is also consistent with the types of membrane elements used at the
two full-scale membrane facilities designed for PFAS removal (see Section 4.6.1). For very
small systems, the cost estimates use 4-inch diameter elements; for larger systems, the estimates
use 8-inch elements. The switch from 4-inch to 8-inch elements takes place at a flow rate of
about 75,000 gallons per day.
7.4.13 Flux Rate
The flux rate, in combination with the system design flow, determines the total membrane area in
the system, and therefore the total number of membrane elements to be used. Flux rates are based
on the recommendations of various manufacturers for waters of different challenge. For
groundwater, the cost estimates below and in Appendix A use a flux rate of 19 gfd. For surface
water, the rates are 15 to 16 gfd. These flux rates fall within the range reported in the literature
for PFAS removal (see Section 4.6.3).
7.4.1.4 Target Recovery Rate
For systems larger than approximately 0.5 MGD, the cost estimates below and in Appendix A
use target recovery rates of 80 percent for groundwater and 85 percent for surface water.17 These
recovery rates fall within the range reported in the literature for PFAS removal (see Section
4.6.3). At small flows, the minimum size of membrane elements limits flexibility in the system
design; therefore, estimates up to about 500,000 gallons per day may use recovery rates as low as
70 to 75 percent.
7.4.1.5 Residuals Management
The cost estimates below and in Appendix A assume direct discharge of concentrate to a
permitted outfall on a non-potable water body (e.g., ocean or brackish estuary) via 10,000 feet of
buried dedicated piping. As discussed in Section 4.5, this assumption is consistent with the
management practice planned at the full-scale membrane facility in North Carolina designed for
PFAS removal. It is also the most common management practice for RO/NF facilities in general.
Since spent cleaning solution is generated infrequently and in small amounts, the estimates her
assume that it will be diluted and discharged with membrane concentrate.
7.4.2 Cost Estimates
The graphs below (Figure 7-4) plot WBS cost model results in 2022 dollars at the mid cost level
for removal of PFAS from groundwater using RO. Because RO/NF can continuously achieve
high removal efficiencies for PFAS, systems that require lower removals may be able to treat a
portion of their total flow and blend treated water and untreated water to meet a regulatory
17 Note that recovery rate is the percent of influent flow that is recovered as useable treated water (permeate), as opposed to lost
as residual concentrate. It is not directly related to percent removal of PFAS
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standard. When blending is possible, it will reduce treatment costs and potential post-treatment
requirements (see Section 4.4). EPA assumes systems using RO/NF will employ blending when
they require less than 95 percent removal. Because RO/NF can achieve greater than 95 percent
removal efficiency for most PFAS compounds (see Section 4.2.1), this assumption errs on the
side of higher costs. The flow rates shown on the x-axes in Figure 7-4 and as the independent
variables in the equations below and in Appendix A are treatment process flows. To account for
blending in the cost estimates, these treatment process flows should be calculated from entry
point flows by incorporating a blending ratio as follows:
D _ °/°Rrequired
B ~ 0.95
Qtreated,design — B X Qtotal,design
Qtreated,average — B X Qtotal,design
Where:
• B = the blending ratio expressed as a decimal
• %Rrequired = removal required to meet regulatory standard, expressed as a decimal
• 0.95 = assumption about the continuous removal achieved by RO/NF (see above)
• Qtreated = treated portion of entry point flow in MGD
• Qtotai = total entry point flow in MGD
Appendix A provides complete cost equations for the high, mid, and low-cost levels and for
treatment of groundwater and surface water. Appendix B presents example WBS model outputs
at selected flow rates, allowing review of individual cost line items.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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100,000,000
8 10,000,000
1,000,000
0 01
100,000,000
10,000,000
5 1,000,000
o
100,000
I J I Mill ! I II Mill I I I I I I
y = 12.7538X3 -3409.4027X2 + 916678.3253X +5223375.5038
R2 " 0.9993
;
: /
-T
>
j
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y
-
I
y = -2783.240QX3 + 10761.4023x2 + 1266677.0235X +2868082.8393
R* = 0.9947
rj
i
*
-
-
--
-
=
-
.±4
A
¦
M
M
9
,
y = -1133971.6130x2 + 2808082.3095X + 1573876.808"
R2 = 0 9890
u
i
i
i
|
0,1
1 Design size (mgd) 10
100
- y = 6.7065x3 - 968.2361X2 + 282811,6573x + 375801.5896
R2 = 0.9998
y = 13193.5845X3 -122763.9786x2 + 653229.2641 X - 34056.4398
R2 = 0.9892
y = 2057176.2727x3 - 893150.1140x2 + 483387.9400x + 44626.9484
R2 = 0.9914
0.01
0.1 Average flow (mgd) 1
10
100
Figure 7-4. Mid Cost Results for Removal of PFAS from Groundwater Using Reverse
Osmosis (2022 dollars)
7.5 Costs for POU Treatment
7.5.1 Model Components and Assumptions
The document Cost Evaluation of Point-of-11st' and Point-of-Entry Treatment Units for Small
Systems: Cost Estimating Tool and User Guide (USEPA, 2023) provides a complete descripti on
of the WBS model for POU/POE technologies. The POU/POE model is capable of estimating
equipment costs for a variety of POU/POE devices. To use the POU/POE model in estimating
costs for PFAS, EPA selected a program using POU RO devices. EPA assumed the use of POU,
as opposed to POE, devices because ingestion is the primary route of concern for exposure to
PFAS. hi addition to the costs of the POU RO devices and replacement filters, the WBS model
also includes the cost of the following other components of a complete POU program:
• POU RO device installation
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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• Public education program development
• POU device monitoring
• POU device maintenance.
Because only small systems would be expected to use POU programs, the model does not cover
systems serving greater than 3,300 people (greater than 1 MGD design flow). Also, the model
does not include assumptions or materials of construction that vary based on a "component
level" or "cost level" input. Therefore, unlike the other models, it does not generate separate
estimates for low-, mid-, and high-cost scenarios.
To use the model for PFAS removal, EPA collected cost data for POU RO devices certified for
PFOA and PFOS removal under the current standard. EPA also updated all other unit costs (e.g.,
analytical costs, labor rates, printed material costs). Table 7-5 identifies the values used for
parameters other than unit costs that drive the costs of a POU RO program. EPA developed these
assumptions based on EPA guidance (USEPA, 2006) and case study data, as discussed in detail
in the paragraphs below.
Table 7-5. POU Model Assumptions for PFAS Removal
Parameter Category Value
Installation labor • Plumber installation time: 2 hours per POU device (NSF International, 2005)
Scheduling time: 0.5 hours per household (USEPA, 2006)
time
Public education
program
Public meeting-related time: 20 hours
Other outreach time (e.g., program updates in a billing mailer): 4 hours
Monitoring
requirements
Initial monitoring for all units; annual monitoring for 1/3 of units (USEPA, 2006)
Sampling time: 0.25 hours per sampling event (NSF International, 2005)
Filter replacement
Replacement schedule: RO element (3 years); post-RO carbon filter (1 year); pre-
RO filters (9 months) (manufacturer recommendations)
Filter replacement time: 0.5 hour per change-out (NSF International, 2005)
Scheduling time: 0.5 hours per household (USEPA, 2006)
7.5.1.1 POU RO Device Installation
Installation of the POU RO devices will be the responsibility of the water system. The utility can,
however, hire a licensed plumber or representative of the product manufacturer to install the
devices. Based on the variety of plumbing issues encountered among older housing units in a
rural community, NSF International (2005) recommends using an experienced plumber to
perform the installations.
The POU model contains a default estimate of two hours per household to install the POU RO. A
variety of factors such as existing plumbing conditions and travel distance will affect installation
times across sites. The estimate is consistent with case study data. In a Grimes, California,
arsenic demonstration program (NSF International, 2005), POU adsorptive filter installation
times ranged from 15 minutes to 3 hours depending on the accessibility of piping and the need
for additional lines (e.g., to provide treated water to ice-makers). The mean device installation
time was one hour, but total plumber billing records indicated that twice as much time was spent
on all installation-related activities (e.g., additional time to obtain special plumbing fittings and
return visits to homes when residents missed their appointments).
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Installation costs also include administrative time for system staff to contact homeowners to
schedule an installation appointment. EPA assumed an average of 30 minutes (0.5 hours) per
household to schedule an appointment. Scheduling effort is likely to vary across customers, with
some being relatively easy to schedule while others may require multiple calls to identify and
contact the correct homeowners or to handle situations such as homeowner reluctance to
participate or language barriers (USEPA, 2006).
7.5.1.2 Public Education Program
EPA guidance (2006) recommends that systems implement a public education program to obtain
and maintain customer participation and long-term customer satisfaction with the POU program.
The two main program elements recommended in USEPA (2006) are: public meetings prior to
installing any POU devices to educate customers about the regulatory compliance requirements
and the role of the POU devices; and POU program updates in billing mailers and on information
flyers posted in public locations such as a post office, a public library, or a website. The POU
model includes labor costs for the following program elements:
• preparing information for one public meeting
• attending the meeting
• preparing an additional billing mailer with program updates.
Public education program costs are not available from POU case studies. USEPA (2023)
provides a detailed breakdown of the assumptions used to generate the time estimates shown in
Table 7-5. It also describes the costs for materials such as information flyers for the public
meeting, meeting announcements, and billing mailers.
7.5.1.3 POU Device Monitoring
A system that implements a POU compliance strategy will need to monitor the quality of water
produced by the treatment devices to demonstrate compliance with a PFAS standard. The system
will need to work with the appropriate regulatory agency to establish an approved compliance-
monitoring schedule (USEPA, 2006). The resulting monitoring schedule may have sampling
rates in initial year that differ from sampling rates in subsequent years. EPA Guidance (2006)
provides an example of a monitoring schedule in which samples are taken from every unit during
the first year to confirm that the units are working properly, and then monitoring frequency
declines to one-third of units each subsequent year. EPA's cost estimates incorporate these
monitoring frequencies.
Monitoring costs include sampling time, shipping fees, and laboratory analysis fees. The average
sampling is 15 minutes (0.25 hours). To minimize the burden on households as well as system
resources, EPA assumes that sampling occurs during installation or maintenance trips. The
assumption is consistent with the Grimes case study cost analysis (NSF International, 2005) used
an estimate of 15 minutes per sampling event.
7.5.1.4 POU Device Maintenance
Maintenance for the POU RO device primarily includes replacing the four filters: RO membrane,
two carbon filters, and the sediment filter. Replacement schedules reflect average useful lives
based on vendor recommendations. On average, the RO membrane is replaced once every three
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years based on average replacement schedules across vendors, and the other filter cartridges are
changed once per year.
In addition to replacement filter costs, maintenance costs include scheduling time and time to
change filters. The Grimes case study cost analysis (NSF International, 2005) used an estimate of
15 minutes per filter change out. EPA assumed the average length of a maintenance call 30
minutes (0.5 hours) because the most frequent type of visit involves changing two filters. EPA
used the same 30-minute scheduling time assumption that it used for initial installation.
7.5.2 Cost Estimates
POU RO is not currently a compliance option because the regulatory options under consideration
require treatment to concentrations below 70 ng/L total of PFOA and PFOS, the current
certification standard for POU devices. However, POU treatment might become a compliance
option for small systems in the future if NSF/ANSI develops a new certification standard that
mirrors or is more stringent than EPA's proposed regulatory standard. The cost estimates
presented here for POU RO reflect the costs of devices certified under the current testing
standard, which might differ from the costs of devices certified under a future standard.
Therefore, the POU RO costs should be considered preliminary estimates. Additionally, EPA
notes that it did not develop estimates for POU GAC devices; however, these may also
potentially be a future compliance option if they are certified to the new testing standard.
Figure 7-5 plots WBS cost model results in 2022 dollars for removal of PFAS from groundwater
using POU treatment. EPA limits the POU model to a maximum of approximately 1,000
households served because implementing and maintaining a POU program for a greater number
of households is likely to be impractical. Therefore, the graphs do not extend beyond a maximum
of 1 MGD design flow, which corresponds to this limit on the number of households. As
discussed above, the POU model also does not generate separate high, mid, and low-cost
estimates. Appendix A contains complete cost equations for POU treatment, including for
groundwater and surface water. Appendix B presents example WBS model outputs for selected
flow rates, allowing review of individual cost line items.
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1,000,000
y = 700944.3700x1
.0355
1
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Table 7-6. Technology-Specific Cost Elements Included in the Non-treatment Model
Cost Category
Major Components Included for
Interconnection
Major Components Included for New
Wells
Direct Capital
Costs
•
•
Booster pumps or pressure reducing
valves (depending on pressure at supply
source)
Concrete vaults (buried) for booster
•
•
Well casing, screens, and plugs
Well installation costs including
drilling, development, gravel pack, and
surface seals
•
pumps or pressure reducing valves
Interconnecting piping (buried) and
valves
•
•
Well pumps
Piping (buried) and valves to connect
the new well to the system
O&M Costs:
Labor
•
Operator labor for O&M of booster
pumps or pressure reducing valves
(depending on pressure at supply
source) and interconnecting valves
•
Operator labor for operating and
maintaining well pumps and valves
O&M Costs:
Materials
•
•
Cost of purchased water
Materials for maintaining booster
pumps (if required by pressure at supply
source)
•
Materials for maintaining well pumps
O&M Costs:
Energy
•
Energy for operating booster pumps (if
required by pressure at supply source)
•
Energy for operating well pumps
Nontreatment options are less likely to be available for larger systems because of the large water
quantities required. Therefore, EPA's WBS nontreatment cost model generates costs only for
systems serving less than 10,000 people. As discussed in Section 6.1, the two options covered by
the WBS nontreatment model (new wells or interconnection) are likely to have higher costs than
other nontreatment options available for PFAS. The sections below describe the specific inputs
and assumptions that EPA used to generate the costs for each option in Section 7.6.4. For both
options, the cost estimates assume that systems choosing a nontreatment option do so because
they have an alternative source that will not require additional water treatment to address
changes in raw water quality (i.e., no post-treatment). Because of this, they further assume no
incremental waste or residuals management costs.
7.6.2 Assumptions for New Wells
The sections below describe specific inputs and assumptions used to generate costs under the
new well nontreatment option. Other inputs and assumptions not discussed below (e.g., pump
type, gravel pack and grout requirement, screen and casing length ratios, well pressure and
footprint) were as described in USEPA (2024b).
7.6.2.1 Total Flow Rate Requirements and Flow per Well
As with other WBS models, design and average flow are inputs to the nontreatment model. In the
case of nontreatment approaches, however, "design" flow is the peak flow required by the
system, rather than the design capacity of a treatment plant. In the new well nontreatment option,
the flow rate requirements determine the number of new wells required. The cost estimates
below and in Appendix A assume A maximum well capacity of 500 gallons per minute (gpm),
such that one new well is installed per 500 gpm of water production capacity required.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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7.6.2.2 Weil Depth
Well depth will vary for each site depending on the geological formations and aquifer depths.
Geophysical studies prior to well installation will provide guidance on optimum well depths. The
WBS model has cost data for pumps to serve wells up to 1,350 feet in depth. The cost estimates
below and in Appendix A assume a 250-foot well depth.
7.6.2.3 Distance from Well to Distribution System
The distance between a new well and the distribution system affects pipe installation costs.
Distance will vary depending on distribution system geography relative to the extent of aquifer
contamination. The cost estimates below and in Appendix A assume a distance of 500 feet.
7.63 Assumptions for interconnection
The sections below describe specific inputs and assumptions used to generate costs under the
interconnection nontreatment option. Other inputs and assumptions not discussed below (e.g.,
trench dimensions, concrete thickness) were as described in USEPA (2024b).
76.3.1 Flow Rate Requirements
As with other WBS models, design and average flow are inputs to the nontreatment model. In the
case of nontreatment approaches, however, "design" flow is the peak flow required by the
system, rather than the design capacity of a treatment plant. In the interconnection nontreatment
option, the flow rate requirements determine a number of system and equipment parameters,
including pipeline and valve size and pump capacity and energy use (if required by pressure at
the supply source).
7.6.3.2 Distance to Interconnection Water Supply
For utilities able to purchase water from a neighboring system, the capital cost of the
interconnection project will depend on the distance between the two systems. If the systems are
far apart geographically, the cost of installing a pipeline may be too high to make an
interconnection project feasible. Also, a larger booster pump will be required to overcome
friction losses along longer pipelines. The cost estimates below and in Appendix A assume an
average interconnection distance of 10,000 feet, based on comments from the peer review of the
nontreatment model.
7 6.3.3 Pressure at Supply Water Source
The water pressure of purchased water may require adjustment prior to entering the purchasing
system's distribution network (e.g., to account for elevation differences). If the wholesale
supplier does not have enough pressure to meet the distribution needs of the interconnection
project, then booster pumps are needed to move water from the supply source into the
distribution system. The booster pump size is based on flow rate as well as distance and grade to
the distribution system. If the supply source has more pressure than necessary, then pressure
reducing valves are needed. The cost estimates below and in Appendix A assume that differences
in pressure between the supplier and the purchasing system are minimal, but that booster pumps
are still needed to overcome friction loss in the interconnecting piping between the two systems.
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7.6.3.4 Cost of Purchased Water
An interconnection project will include one or more water rates paid to the wholesale system by
the purchasing system. The model assumption is a single water rate for the average cost in
dollars per thousand gallons of purchased water. The cost estimates below and in Appendix A
assume a higher cost of purchased water of $3.17 per thousand gallons, based on recent data
from wholesaling and purchasing systems that published their agreed rates online.
7.6.4 Cost Estimates
The graphs below plot WBS cost model results in 2022 dollars at the mid cost level for the two
nontreatment options for systems using groundwater: new wells (Figure 7-6) and interconnection
(Figure 7-7). The graphs do not extend beyond 3.536 MGD design flow, because the
nontreatment model does not generate costs for larger systems. Appendix A provides complete
cost equations for both nontreatment options, including the high, mid, and low-cost levels and
for interconnection of groundwater and surface water systems. Appendix B presents example
WBS model outputs for selected flow rates, allowing review of individual cost line items.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Design size (mgd)
Average flow (mgd)
Figure 7-6. Mid Cost Results for PFAS Compliance Using New Wells at Groundwater
Systems (2022 dollars)
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
f1,000,000
100,000
0.01
10,000,000
»1,000,000
(f)
o
o
I 100,000
10,000
0.001
y = -59703.7808x3 + 402536.2258X2 - 647866.3051 X + 1241967.7321
R2 = 0.9077
y = -605774.9391 x3 + 831092.7558x2 + 43597.1038x + 611295.3516
R2 = 0.9542
0.1 1
Design size (mgd)
10
r= 140676.5805x3-307834.6500x2 + 1526384.5390x- 37333.9888
R2 = 0.9994
A.
*
*
r4
r
k
j¥
y - 1172393.6956x3 - 323637.2531x2 + 1328660.5427X+ 1012.2372
R2 " 1.0000
>
0.01
0.1
Average flow (mgd)
10
Figure 7-7. Mid Cost Results for PFAS Compliance Using Interconnection at Groundwater
Systems (2022 dollars)
7.7 References
Brady, R. and Moran, M. 2012. Activated Carbon Adsorption. In Randtke, S.J. and Horsley,
M.B. (Eds.), Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition (pp. 16.1-16.45). American Water
Works Association/American Society of Civil Engineers.
NSF International. 2005. Feasibility of Economically Sustainable Point-of-Use Point-of-Entry
Decentralized Public Water System. Ann Arbor, MI: NSF International.
Summers, R.S., Knappe, D.R.U., and Snoeyink, V.L. 2011. Adsorption of Organic Compounds
by Activated Carbon. In Edzwald, J.K. (Ed.), Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on
Drinking Water, Sixth Edition (pp. 14.1-14.105). American Waterworks Association.
89
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
USEPA. 1997. Discussion Summary: EPA Technology Design Workshop. Washington, D.C.:
USEPA, Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water.
USEPA. 2006. Point-of-Use or Point-of-Entry Treatment Options for Small Drinking Water
Systems. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. EPA-815-R-06-010.
USEPA. 2023. Cost Evaluation of Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Treatment Units for Small
Systems: Cost Estimating Tool and User Guide. Office of Water.
USEPA. 2024a. Work Breakdown Structure-Based Cost Model for Granular Activated Carbon
Drinking Water Treatment. Office of Water.
USEPA. 2024b. Work Breakdown Structure-Based Cost Model for Nontreatment Options for
Drinking Water Compliance. Office of Water.
USEPA. 2024c. Work Breakdown Structure-Based Cost Model for Reverse
Osmosis/Nanofiltration Drinking Water Treatment. Office of Water.
USEPA. 2024d. Work Breakdown Structure-Based Cost Model for Ion Exchange Treatment of
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water. Forthcoming.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
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Appendix A. Cost Equations
Notes:
• Cost equations presented here take one of the following forms, identified by which
coefficients (CI through CIO) are nonzero:
Cost = CI QC2
or Cost = C3 Ln(Q) + C4
or Cost = CSe(C6Q)
or Cost = CI Q3 + C8 Q2 + C9 Q + CIO
where Q is design flow in MGD for total capital costs, or average flow in MGD for
annual O&M costs. Resulting costs are in 2022 dollars.
• Equations are designated as for small, medium, or large systems. These equations apply as
follows:
o Small system equations apply where design flow (Q) is less than 1 MGD
o Medium system equations apply where design flow (Q) is 1 MGD or greater,
but less than 10 MGD
o Large system equations apply where design flow (Q) is 10 MGD or greater,
but less than 162 MGD
Note: although the independent variable Q in the O&M equations is average flow,
selection between O&M equations for small, medium, and large systems is made based
on design flow.
• EPA developed each equation using the method described in Section 7.1.
• For GAC, equations are not presented for gravity designs for groundwater systems, because
groundwater systems are unlikely to use this design type.
• For POU RO, costs do not vary by component level input (high, mid, low); equations are not
presented for medium and large systems.
• For Nontreatment, medium system size curves are valid only up to 3.536 MGD design flow
(1.417 MGD groundwater average flow and 1.345 MGD surface water average flow);
equations are not presented for systems of greater size.
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
A.l Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.018
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2486.3578
27414.1362
747627.6848
1517889.733
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.758
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4254
-429.7729
541257.9754
3500298.704
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1721
-239.2412
605710.8055
4654699.52
GW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0331
-691.4953
859964.47
6895608.343
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.466
-440.2387
541837.5065
3493395.48
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.2128
-249.7072
606290.3518
4647796.121
GW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0727
-701.7678
860535.54
6888790.727
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
92
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
3501541.999
-2165452.331
877869.7948
3263.1157
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.018
0
0
0
0
0
0
3250.4356
-23665.12
561526.7756
43752.593
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.758
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
252.5515
486878.1261
218860.293
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
3113884.66
-1945691.778
853757.4075
3978.2238
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3424.1855
-24777.0461
565525.6523
46646.6871
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
263.1991
486763.8627
220014.9753
GW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3284292.916
-2055922.467
881706.9102
4989.1575
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2327.4254
531454.5345
68105.0319
GW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
331.5468
487871.3966
243989.805
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1163798.788
-956594.5385
521753.5662
3212.0126
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
969.2297
285541.4468
67721.8084
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
239.8974
263461.4869
215052.1595
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
272277.1609
0.7634
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2222.7632
-14796.6698
318314.1199
57626.1513
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
251.2656
263284.0211
216656.4233
GW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
270585.7863
0.7334
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1605.1331
-12529.8744
324256.8748
60919.5312
GW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4754
15.1504
274030.553
176296.6942
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
206605.9939
0.7477
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
1825.2098
-11514.6751
233300.3448
59869.4318
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
235.6792
188989.2911
213782.4452
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
691543.6845
-571481.5178
382986.5369
3892.2745
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2008.9206
-12691.1516
237388.4202
62712.6846
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1787
-21.9534
197385.7524
158121.9551
GW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
862231.7763
-681929.6582
410966.5325
4902.4442
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1371.455
-10316.7192
243231.1483
66015.6036
GW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
317.5582
189729.6626
240710.6887
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1059149.591
-733383.2022
349657.4428
3161.0361
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2078.4966
-13333.9665
199191.3219
59530.7251
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233.5701
151753.1858
213147.8234
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
671818.9964
-513793.35
325560.0534
3876.0166
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2261.8236
-14507.3435
203271.6442
62375.6333
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
245.2989
151544.1032
214976.8352
GW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
842340.7288
-624162.4319
353530.0089
4886.4332
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1614.331
-12078.3942
209063.6135
65682.8412
GW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4526
12.7192
162137.5397
175667.6539
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1053276.065
-707093.9765
315190.3657
3151.4118
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2435.2004
-16095.8916
182512.996
57615.2662
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232.3049
129411.5
212767.1982
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
665773.6095
-487425.8037
291085.3975
3866.5236
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2618.2081
-17266.6799
186587.5011
60460.8336
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
244.1057
129196.1015
214641.3671
93
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
836343.5993
-597800.2384
319049.6204
4877.2396
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1964.7923
-14805.5973
192349.6102
63770.941
GW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
314.7601
130101.3384
240054.6892
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.018
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2492.0991
27485.0084
747380.7199
1518120.093
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.758
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4199
-428.2096
541142.2803
3500765.618
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1667
-237.6853
605595.6021
4655161.709
SW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0276
-689.8981
859843.855
6896164.069
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4606
-438.6757
541721.8267
3493862.219
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.2074
-248.1514
606175.1485
4648258.31
SW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0673
-700.1708
860414.9396
6889346.279
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
94
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
3302567.774
-2081398.277
870268.9005
2938.6808
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.018
0
0
0
0
0
0
4313.4488
-27486.8763
570649.6103
40003.1272
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.758
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
221.9261
494506.3018
215974.1184
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
2944918.421
-1870870.423
845780.859
3710.478
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4569.1534
-28952.3395
575248.9642
42671.8935
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233.3974
494442.9562
216763.0629
sw
Small
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3098112.413
-1972311.373
872697.3103
4665.8707
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3574.3541
-25007.3054
579438.2808
46607.892
sw
Large
High
Pressure
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
304.6488
496178.8936
238680.4656
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1093428.716
-920680.956
517235.5887
2834.5612
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2700.7403
-15285.9116
320511.2896
52086.6939
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
208.7677
271054.2329
212814.7354
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
280824.6354
0.7841
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2965.0399
-16801.6269
325173.1824
54721.0283
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
221.0012
270928.9862
213992.647
sw
Small
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
279844.8693
0.7557
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
306120.8072
68664.6156
sw
Large
High
Pressure
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
293.7762
272541.1358
236688.5244
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
214214.9983
0.7723
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2504.9836
-13374.8687
240156.1568
56910.5463
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
204.3817
196570.2069
211761.5245
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
215132.9271
0.766
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2768.0717
-14881.3544
244797.3115
59549.7187
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0439
-133.5236
206771.9515
150482.5302
sw
Small
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
215424.7458
0.7334
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1661.7265
-10369.0046
248430.1075
63575.3329
sw
Large
High
Pressure
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2632
-85.4788
209088.137
168930.2015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
176686.4915
0.7532
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2835.7301
-15509.6714
206207.3203
56658.0803
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0896
-153.4612
169831.0651
147709.2076
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
613007.1981
-476871.8362
319262.4672
3577.2498
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3098.138
-17011.1381
210837.5923
59299.6617
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.035
-134.5656
169489.3809
150203.6821
sw
Small
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
766445.309
-578490.4263
346197.5326
4532.3768
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977.7496
-12427.1976
214399.5842
63336.7015
sw
Large
High
Pressure
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288.3396
160722.2831
235692.1656
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
960644.7055
-658812.2569
308974.9826
2800.5673
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3390.0666
-19518.8507
191722.1325
53879.3413
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0829
-154.008
147463.1415
147530.9253
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
603083.5751
-448355.8108
284492.5907
3572.3717
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3652.1782
-21018.2377
196347.947
56521.342
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0297
-135.188
147119.7477
150037.0852
95
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
756298.5321
-549863.178
311413.059
4527.8226
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2523.3883
-16391.2858
199866.8573
60565.9163
SW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2561
-87.5621
149427.3076
168544.487
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2289.8176
441957.2669
6924159.09
96
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1051141.904
-692934.4954
292190.9296
3145.5028
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2767.7757
-18932.5039
174322.7649
54468.6203
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1726
-37.029
123088.1148
155258.537
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
663764.4023
-473327.8748
268092.018
3860.3504
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
2950.5643
-20101.5473
178393.16
57315.1854
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
243.3099
114297.4674
214417.3268
GW
Small
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
834373.5222
-583736.1006
296062.6744
4871.1499
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2293.2451
-17619.4796
184136.7044
60626.2742
GW
Large
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
314.0608
115194.2438
239890.8457
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1050701.23
-684671.0949
275779.2456
3140.7884
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2989.8076
-21043.9416
169305.4423
51442.9965
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1684
-37.1164
112432.7865
155186.8196
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
663295.9165
-465035.0621
251673.4867
3856.0778
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3172.4462
-22211.7175
173372.7568
54290.288
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242.7417
103655.5653
214257.384
GW
Small
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
833873.4295
-575424.0179
279640.7141
4866.652
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2512.2641
-19714.0549
179101.4647
57602.9132
GW
Large
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4428
11.6775
114183.3942
175398.0029
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1050650.785
-679339.9491
263456.6527
3137.7255
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3025.6693
-21863.7255
164727.9711
49178.799
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
230.4062
95899.0549
212195.5581
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
663367.5014
-459784.2717
239364.5068
3852.4774
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3208.3008
-23031.3452
168794.49
52026.0338
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.148
-23.1372
104148.2091
157530.4598
GW
Small
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
833834.5078
-570107.4833
267320.266
4863.568
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2545.9635
-20521.9677
174512.3998
55339.6614
GW
Large
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4412
11.5051
106190.9781
175353.6841
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1051045.013
-675883.4231
253890.9976
3134.8134
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2934.6611
-21541.0477
159218.15
48095.5502
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
230.0551
89693.0039
212090.1986
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
663481.7506
-456191.4893
229781.4541
3850.1469
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3117.1448
-22707.6083
163282.4621
50943.3523
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.146
-23.218
97932.4374
157490.538
GW
Small
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
834103.4367
-566589.0825
257747.8571
4860.6901
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2453.0981
-20188.8066
168990.8939
54258.3791
GW
Large
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4399
11.3689
99974.7456
175318.1043
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1051207.181
-673322.271
246214.8668
3133.234
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2893.5592
-21353.4903
154649.9594
47228.3517
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.156
-36.5863
93225.7735
155340.7325
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
663782.1811
-453701.1327
222116.9621
3847.9304
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3075.8732
-22518.7919
158711.6278
50077.1166
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
241.8009
84492.0557
214122.824
97
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
834539.0852
-564173.3772
250093.156
4858.4905
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2410.6022
-19993.5814
164415.1863
53391.7044
GW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.434
11.9469
94974.379
175571.9043
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
98
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
955965.2204
-643254.5548
285786.8427
2797.4999
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3816.278
-22964.8201
184626.3964
50276.4631
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0784
-154.3709
132551.1557
147411.9536
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
598433.4043
-432810.7858
261305.5919
3569.1401
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4078.0859
-24461.9644
189247.631
52919.2762
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0261
-135.6065
132206.7702
149925.1606
sw
Small
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
751655.1286
-534327.8711
288228.0663
4524.4536
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2943.6423
-19806.3099
192738.3336
56968.538
sw
Large
High
Pressure
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
286.5277
123449.3073
235360.4482
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
953505.3376
-633867.9327
269220.1286
2795.2815
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3914.4434
-24359.674
178584.8408
47598.3294
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0753
-154.6315
121899.7621
147326.9488
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
596060.3449
-423476.1233
244747.3907
3566.5944
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4176.0443
-25855.2067
183202.4108
50242.1327
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0236
-135.9023
121554.5476
149845.9022
sw
Small
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
749225.2399
-524948.0294
271659.5722
4522.4061
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3037.8493
-21180.8968
186676.3684
54293.0442
sw
Large
High
Pressure
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.253
-88.4546
123858.3753
168379.3967
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
952133.0586
-627820.4304
256802.0682
2793.3344
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3850.247
-24522.6197
172809.5532
45826.9615
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198.8992
103465.1699
210445.2031
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
594582.4798
-417366.3086
232320.4832
3565.0348
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4111.7833
-26017.6931
177426.1941
48470.4455
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0217
-136.1257
113565.4428
149785.8976
sw
Small
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
747995.476
-518983.8208
259253.1904
4520.4163
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2970.54
-21327.6173
180883.826
52524.6784
sw
Large
High
Pressure
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2521
-88.7344
115868.1112
168327.5636
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
951264.0907
-623670.9617
247142.4408
2792.0187
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3823.5285
-24545.0403
167711.4627
44594.5756
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0647
-154.1576
107667.6308
147498.7525
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
593666.1209
-413187.2858
222655.5888
3563.9621
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4084.777
-26038.1494
172324.1606
47239.6459
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0139
-135.4792
107321.4126
150024.6267
sw
Small
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
746966.487
-514755.1408
249583.304
4519.2441
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2941.213
-21336.2678
175770.2134
51295.7591
sw
Large
High
Pressure
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2451
-88.1312
109623.187
168572.3915
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
950618.3806
-620670.7397
239410.1623
2790.7886
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3982.0822
-25543.5244
165110.7659
42934.5469
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0464
-152.0757
102615.6846
148224.9821
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
593126.7025
-410248.3687
214931.5065
3562.4396
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4243.3673
-27036.7421
169723.3838
45579.2149
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9958
-133.4133
102269.0808
150753.5222
99
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
746406.5724
-511800.3213
241858.6306
4517.8884
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3097.9246
-22325.1882
173159.521
49637.1184
SW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2276
-86.0997
104570.1034
169306.4934
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
GW
Small
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2523.6675
28012.9376
745181.4392
1520377.017
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4227
-431.4662
541371.2133
3499016.173
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3865.827
41101.8956
878562.1787
1836517.062
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1694
-240.9347
605824.0587
4653416.815
100
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8303.065
98339.2387
1117284.869
2553290.209
GW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0278
-692.6687
860051.8917
6894620.619
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1051487.85
-671495.3174
239941.5572
3131.4827
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
2998.2731
-22105.5277
152596.27
45725.9479
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1414
-34.783
89084.1176
156068.482
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
664042.2761
-451861.7824
215839.0456
3846.5693
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3180.6831
-23271.5188
156659.2527
48573.7688
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.125
-20.8072
88790.5215
158470.9514
GW
Small
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
834746.977
-562323.0152
243816.8128
4856.9243
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2514.2357
-20739.6958
162355.7008
51889.7037
GW
Large
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4201
13.6971
90832.2101
176304.8982
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1051928.601
-670233.6193
234725.6653
3129.9095
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3079.9742
-22724.4535
150910.5624
44396.2028
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1283
-33.1649
85627.6546
156738.2673
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
664488.9941
-450598.222
210623.526
3844.9784
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3262.3048
-23889.6464
154971.4487
47244.7886
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1122
-19.2076
85334.0544
159140.9232
GW
Small
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
835165.1069
-561030.7638
238595.4854
4855.5342
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2594.8965
-21352.521
160662.5334
50561.6169
GW
Large
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
312.8143
77876.8354
240428.6751
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1052140.665
-669181.4993
230300.7575
3128.8802
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3125.9312
-23145.3942
149431.5651
43215.621
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1031
-29.7577
82618.5538
158243.3079
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
664689.8822
-449526.034
206194.2018
3843.9901
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3308.2587
-24310.4691
153491.9113
46064.3463
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242.1217
74090.7367
215651.2511
GW
Small
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
835414.6956
-560011.9572
234177.1846
4854.0687
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2640.305
-21770.6708
159181.7676
49380.495
GW
Large
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.383
18.6403
84365.878
178487.2218
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1052485.171
-668417.4884
226510.8158
3127.9062
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3149.1213
-23418.0077
148047.4413
42207.4667
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.0845
-27.2669
80056.8966
159342.7227
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
665040.8806
-448776.385
202408.9398
3842.7964
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3331.3959
-24582.7754
152107.2619
45056.3122
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.0687
-13.3332
79763.0556
161747.892
GW
Small
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
835725.9595
-559224.6179
230382.2482
4853.4064
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2662.7004
-22038.9572
157793.3837
48372.5616
GW
Large
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.3649
21.0925
81804.1441
179587.854
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
1052836.508
-667858.8762
223237.2973
3126.7443
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
3152.5713
-23524.8441
146552.403
41443.6053
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.0684
-25.0936
77834.9085
160343.4075
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
665299.3562
-448183.9852
199131.0486
3841.9003
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
3334.6995
-24688.4978
150609.8777
44293.4464
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242.511
69442.7456
216845.7353
101
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
835948.2948
-558596.8236
227098.4232
4852.419
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
2665.4201
-22141.4758
156292.7991
47610.199
GW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
313.5505
70314.212
242499.6385
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
SW
Small
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
155873.3869
-801906.4663
1575613.983
150079.049
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2529.4088
28083.8097
744934.4742
1520607.377
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.4173
-429.9031
541255.5335
3499482.913
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.815
1277796.793
0.4821
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3871.5568
41172.6101
878315.7892
1836746.876
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1641
-239.3788
605708.8553
4653879.004
102
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
925760.6399
-2223622.419
2700805.487
376429.0306
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8308.7991
98410.0174
1117038.242
2553520.247
SW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.0223
-691.0717
859931.2914
6895176.171
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
950092.0731
-618391.689
233070.6105
2790.634
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
4117.4978
-26502.795
163436.6769
41273.0511
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0219
-149.1208
98434.2177
149310.834
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
592637.4292
-407992.379
208596.0103
3562.1402
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4378.7314
-27995.6544
168048.6336
43917.7999
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9716
-130.4739
98087.3514
151841.0148
sw
Small
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
746088.1792
-509620.5717
235529.7626
4517.2656
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3231.6757
-23275.8786
171476.466
47977.1551
sw
Large
High
Pressure
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2039
-83.188
100387.7581
170398.3601
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
949787.6394
-616725.9835
227804.7086
2789.5582
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
4186.1387
-27086.7101
161803.2371
39894.6085
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9921
-145.3879
94900.9922
150711.1839
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
592347.5938
-406335.5071
203331.5653
3560.9672
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4447.1753
-28578.257
166412.5954
42540.338
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.942
-126.7549
94553.9088
153243.2467
sw
Small
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
745742.9278
-507935.0201
230259.8365
4516.483
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3298.9504
-23852.5656
169834.8393
46600.4764
sw
Large
High
Pressure
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1746
-79.4923
96853.8186
171803.9049
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
949554.8885
-615417.3828
223341.6858
2789.0941
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
4212.2868
-27417.5551
160215.5626
38750.3239
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9694
-142.5621
91923.256
151791.1841
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
592017.1141
-404975.9893
198861.671
3560.8398
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4473.4515
-28909.7759
164825.7147
41395.5749
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9194
-123.9348
91575.8336
154325.4757
sw
Small
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
745476.595
-506604.85
225794.7019
4516.0066
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3324.1222
-24178.6815
168243.4119
45455.9618
sw
Large
High
Pressure
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1525
-76.694
93875.3771
172888.7017
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
949479.7863
-614438.2948
219526.3145
2788.3379
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
4184.3886
-27384.6656
158308.9578
37955.7208
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9478
-139.8365
89357.4594
152890.9067
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
592089.2104
-404062.1835
195051.5266
3560.0089
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4445.4153
-28875.9823
162917.5472
40601.4264
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8981
-121.2188
89009.8736
155426.7095
sw
Small
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
745306.413
-505584.7727
221974.8855
4515.3339
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3295.1688
-24140.071
166330.046
44662.9419
sw
Large
High
Pressure
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1314
-73.9976
91309.1417
173991.8195
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.59
0
0
0
0
0
0
949302.455
-613591.1715
216213.0828
2787.8809
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.029
0
0
0
0
0
0
4062.3849
-26778.8205
155796.5998
37555.9996
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9323
-137.8857
87149.5367
153683.0801
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.815
0
0
0
0
0
0
591810.0308
-403155.9502
191729.2146
3559.8187
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.359
0
0
0
0
0
0
4323.3091
-28269.2417
160402.9802
40202.825
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.463
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8826
-119.2754
86801.8137
156219.7272
103
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
24.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
745048.072
-504701.3898
218656.7362
4515.0366
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.282
0
0
0
0
0
0
3172.2839
-23529.4898
163811.9583
44264.8187
SW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.505
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1162
-72.0675
89100.692
174787.9504
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2215.9319
-47607.7405
905378.5464
1498796.203
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
1747.5957
-40783.7296
1021445.793
2016353.85
sw
Large
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2215.9319
-47607.7405
905378.5464
1498796.203
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
1747.5957
-40783.7296
1021445.793
2016353.85
sw
Large
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
1747.5957
-40783.7296
1021445.793
2016353.85
sw
Large
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
104
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
SW
Large
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
1553949.451
-941766.8848
688128.7417
28094.6299
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
513388.8313
77224.2648
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
491422.8766
266976.5986
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
1468267.845
-875616.7882
683466.1672
32890.4998
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
516837.2312
80596.7135
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
491762.1239
261806.4982
sw
Small
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
1456223.479
-861545.1655
686493.8491
34783.2849
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
516776.5238
80843.8182
sw
Large
High
Gravity
5000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
492327.3661
258618.4294
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-655303.9056
218997.6708
335086.1423
27990.8175
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
289485.5994
76609.9675
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.0104
272817.0482
217003.2373
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-740910.4421
285105.4996
330420.1886
32786.6026
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
292910.9422
79968.9438
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
268372.5944
259801.6116
sw
Small
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-752949.8049
299131.2227
333447.1147
34679.0468
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
292667.775
80353.2715
sw
Large
High
Gravity
10000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
268933.9874
256193.2518
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-751960.4934
391063.6776
219511.3385
27970.303
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
214010.0674
78884.2913
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1063
-421.9722
208947.5263
151995.2586
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-837704.5411
457220.6587
214842.2504
32766.1011
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
217550.3678
82107.4056
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9574
-402.2759
208570.5531
152504.0607
sw
Small
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-849615.2934
471182.5701
217870.8876
34658.6047
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.735
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1270.5219
222367.9636
79291.6673
sw
Large
High
Gravity
15000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0435
-407.9239
209105.8333
150142.6098
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-778132.9298
452322.1283
161597.3902
27961.7537
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
176291.9677
80242.4254
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.597
161173.3565
215294.8982
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-863805.9837
518451.297
156927.9439
32757.4523
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179840.8933
83450.2078
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9625
-403.0647
171370.9449
151920.3755
sw
Small
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-875945.8327
532521.2453
159943.4493
34650.1788
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1358.7924
184867.9854
80535.6235
sw
Large
High
Gravity
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0482
-408.7308
171908.9806
149450.0447
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-788043.8064
480858.0533
126819.2983
27957.146
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
1639.6414
-12072.3682
178644.5597
69404.543
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.7145
138844.6306
214952.8326
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-873705.9321
546961.6412
122156.7658
32752.6553
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1704.2299
-12327.776
182293.9488
72697.2791
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.1558
138969.6671
212547.342
105
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-885729.7813
560967.9696
125178.4708
34645.4088
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1804.6317
164050.9995
80446.4376
SW
Large
High
Gravity
25000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-57.9972
139218.9217
211767.9863
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
106
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
SW
Large
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-792740.8478
496414.8729
103633.3399
27953.766
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2047.557
-15421.1073
171442.7273
65831.0802
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1102
-422.8136
134531.6902
150775.723
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-878471.3832
562564.7983
98963.68
32749.4115
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2118.0777
-15704.8655
175123.9301
69114.0348
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.2335
124082.8211
212356.094
sw
Small
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-890499.1756
576568.7048
101984.1109
34642.1435
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1644.9738
-13172.3627
171270.7288
70698.2142
sw
Large
High
Gravity
30000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.053
-409.5376
134712.1612
148756.874
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-795216.6807
505806.6316
87066.7389
27951.5145
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2132.5829
-16745.919
165323.9016
63174.8008
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1108
-422.9335
123900.8299
150601.9529
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-880846.5024
571910.0793
82399.2614
32747.429
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2207.463
-17050.8762
169029.9264
66449.6158
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9692
-404.0768
123542.8391
151170.0719
sw
Small
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-892855.2136
585898.0543
85423.5131
34639.8375
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1731.4305
-14505.7019
165157.4931
68040.4418
sw
Large
High
Gravity
35000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0544
-409.7709
124084.5918
148558.1653
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-796693.6716
511916.2254
74639.3036
27950.1144
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2058.7078
-16857.3892
159492.2997
61419.2535
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1112
-423.022
115927.6642
150471.5136
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-882321.9354
578003.3076
69976.3566
32745.6989
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2136.7483
-17177.4629
163215.5664
64688.3825
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9703
-404.2462
115571.4953
151045.2538
sw
Small
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-894441.0717
592070.9271
72985.6315
34638.4544
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1658.5773
-14623.25
159329.8202
66283.5528
sw
Large
High
Gravity
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0554
-409.9439
116113.8503
148409.4416
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-797502.071
516042.7921
64980.425
27948.7228
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2024.1324
-16837.7963
154347.2972
60200.2876
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1052
-422.2712
109696.076
150654.8602
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-883279.2412
582206.4885
60308.6259
32744.4316
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2104.7814
-17170.7089
158085.9229
63464.3535
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9649
-403.5568
109341.2889
151233.0796
sw
Small
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-895261.9097
596197.9994
63326.6218
34637.1461
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1624.7661
-14608.1542
154186.9743
65064.5713
sw
Large
High
Gravity
45000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0499
-409.2575
109884.0834
148579.4744
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-798180.1361
519054.1014
57247.895
27947.6639
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2176.7898
-17805.0707
151713.082
58549.3672
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0886
-420.1243
104653.7158
151339.7045
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-883961.6809
585242.3022
52569.1706
32743.5967
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2259.286
-18146.6061
155461.0244
61810.5502
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9486
-401.4571
104300.0261
151920.8815
107
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-895889.3295
599181.0501
55597.6706
34636.1334
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1777.9698
-15578.522
151553.7949
63413.5349
SW
Large
High
Gravity
50000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0337
-407.1606
104843.1765
149253.1411
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
sw
Small
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
sw
Large
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1281459.361
2163339.033
-89735.902
829825.997
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2323.6228
-49013.6019
910462.7037
1493951.594
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.5064
-1948.8489
565732.9385
2532745.806
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1066999.862
1783021.413
214961.9487
981685.0453
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1676.5458
-38879.764
945256.0752
1888966.945
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.9022
-1720.4962
556962.1631
3998799.813
108
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-841567.548
1416348.991
453411.6132
1037706.132
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1718.4988
-40235.0004
1018912.538
2019122.046
SW
Large
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.9161
-2183.0783
643185.9908
4001841.938
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-798709.8227
521316.6563
50915.3064
27946.7883
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2307.2584
-18738.2912
150011.3168
56895.3275
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0656
-417.1154
100480.0918
152391.2826
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-884184.3144
587338.0875
46258.8618
32742.2695
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2391.3872
-19087.5486
153767.6283
60153.962
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.926
-398.4906
100127.3529
152975.2363
sw
Small
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-896340.1072
601395.1837
49273.3809
34634.9209
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1908.8452
-16513.9601
149851.7392
61760.2244
sw
Large
High
Gravity
55000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.011
-404.1937
100670.7427
150296.0063
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-798896.9431
522929.4901
45653.1341
27945.9024
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2371.6519
-19299.5146
148352.5729
55524.1078
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0369
-413.3366
96953.3533
153763.7771
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-884586.5539
589066.5937
40979.2476
32741.8711
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2457.1279
-19655.1467
152115.8062
58780.8074
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8976
-394.7458
96601.3844
154350.1202
sw
Small
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-896499.9137
603004.741
44008.3979
34634.2059
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1973.7208
-17078.1529
148195.5015
60387.9226
sw
Large
High
Gravity
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9825
-400.4507
97145.0546
151660.4727
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-799019.5728
524173.5958
41200.0943
27945.095
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2394.4022
-19612.4851
146745.9935
54384.9443
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0152
-410.472
93981.1132
154820.1533
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-884762.6872
590315.3621
36532.4174
32740.5935
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2481.0166
-19973.6181
150515.6671
57639.317
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8762
-391.9073
93629.7202
155408.7094
sw
Small
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-896841.4237
604375.4337
39537.7676
34633.8644
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1996.7203
-17392.4915
146588.6921
59249.2033
sw
Large
High
Gravity
65000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.961
-397.614
94173.6072
152710.8236
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-799118.2751
525170.0815
37381.2242
27944.5198
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2363.4202
-19562.9464
144820.4818
53595.8589
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9945
-407.7157
91420.1207
155899.0953
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-884975.2452
591384.0789
32700.2692
32740.6734
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2451.1416
-19929.7702
148597.5566
56847.7182
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8557
-389.1765
91069.297
156489.3416
sw
Small
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-897102.2317
605439.2713
35712.2536
34633.2716
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1966.1943
-17345.7537
144666.0297
58458.9849
sw
Large
High
Gravity
70000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9406
-394.8844
91613.3536
153784.3556
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
30.095
0
0
0
0
0
0
-799441.3448
526106.8602
34053.1854
27944.3783
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.024
0
0
0
0
0
0
2238.9038
-18943.6832
142293.3968
53200.4987
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.621
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9797
-405.7372
89216.3198
156673.3209
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
29.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
-885151.1359
592235.4329
29385.5761
32740.0709
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2327.2884
-19313.2678
146072.378
56452.1888
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.079
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.8411
-387.2179
88865.9545
157265.0755
109
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
31.155
0
0
0
0
0
0
-897249.4508
606285.2461
32395.6695
34632.7775
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.729
0
0
0
0
0
0
1841.7892
-16726.9892
142137.5816
58064.6618
SW
Large
High
Gravity
75000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.763
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9259
-392.9276
89410.1847
154553.8478
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2204.6567
23830.3241
793506.3115
1504948.47
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5738
-476.4487
581178.4286
3451620.657
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1298
-237.2104
642538.8427
4627318.984
GW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3087
-748.0259
900892.6186
6851542.74
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2204.6567
23830.3241
793506.3115
1504948.47
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.6145
-486.9148
581757.9749
3444717.259
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1705
-247.6765
643118.3891
4620415.585
GW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3483
-758.2982
901463.688
6844725.123
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
110
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
3285811.774
-1884614.614
992203.0012
14540.3991
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
3670.2654
-27110.0642
789604.6564
46659.716
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
251.4776
706757.962
224250.4486
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
2898587.198
-1664639.247
967989.6747
15253.2076
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3851.1402
-28284.4413
793768.0138
49438.6324
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
262.125
706643.7074
225405.3004
GW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
3068948.195
-1774852.693
995939.8754
16264.2607
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
3326.9129
-26499.0659
800046.1726
52798.2026
GW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
330.4724
707751.2699
249379.4795
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
2081176.324
-1413690.873
644829.5458
7806.4536
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
2856.565
-20721.0328
442852.841
44606.206
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
239.3601
373401.431
217746.9589
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
1696739.621
-1195173.088
620777.3535
8518.8389
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3056.0727
-22015.2897
447177.6246
47333.3259
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250.7288
373223.9263
219351.7504
GW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
1867181.477
-1305464.053
648736.9652
9529.4393
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
408618.1177
72942.7622
GW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
320.5178
374205.0545
244225.0083
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1196707.509
-910060.6597
476002.5482
6445.1888
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2419.6735
-17225.3409
323953.9255
46012.0459
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
235.3214
262282.5426
215579.5436
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
813050.7627
-691948.7761
451995.9777
7157.5312
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2606.3426
-18426.8915
328104.6116
48813.6144
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
246.9299
262084.01
217333.6852
GW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
983652.2656
-802333.0567
479964.4663
8168.0709
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1980.1897
-16105.5618
333960.5309
52146.5982
GW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
317.1999
263022.9602
242507.3443
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1140974.411
-812524.1342
401294.8294
5612.7464
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
1906.3315
-13038.943
258558.2515
50636.6859
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.2281
-42.0438
215513.024
155778.7925
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
757707.9488
-594628.022
377313.8654
6324.9529
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2091.7803
-14230.1686
262683.4462
53450.8223
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
245.0305
206514.0567
216324.5611
GW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
928431.2688
-705077.0014
405288.7887
7335.5771
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1452.7697
-11841.0226
268484.9258
56781.3304
GW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
315.5406
207431.9414
241648.0166
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1115441.217
-765254.1605
356449.8008
5113.7132
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
1648.4901
-10873.4609
219891.7785
53404.5979
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232.0899
173387.4837
213845.1138
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
732677.9165
-547602.5568
332495.7345
5825.6666
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1833.2475
-12059.0903
224003.2961
56225.4992
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1918
-26.9695
181818.7861
157959.0742
111
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
903105.4377
-657899.375
360449.0258
6836.7152
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
208047.2175
70457.075
GW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4807
7.9757
183863.9531
175758.0129
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
112
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1101251.169
-738527.8953
326552.953
4780.7093
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
1618.2908
-10474.3191
196127.7573
54687.4971
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
231.2821
151163.7209
213411.5815
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
718568.0164
-520908.42
302598.3397
5493.1154
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1802.6081
-11656.055
200229.4727
57513.0856
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
243.1308
150944.1091
215315.6385
GW
Small
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
889193.3837
-631314.1166
330567.1825
6503.7062
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
185524.1248
71001.4732
GW
Large
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4722
8.3629
161593.998
175638.299
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1092344.139
-721804.8905
305195.6377
4543.151
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
1708.9666
-11040.3143
180897.2984
54945.9382
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1918
-40.1558
143936.3114
155341.768
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
709612.879
-504186.2669
281244.6344
5255.5251
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
1892.8691
-12218.7814
184991.3478
57775.2345
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242.5883
135066.9753
215027.1845
GW
Small
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
880329.7582
-614632.6979
309216.8012
6266.0274
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-889.8801
173319.4724
68955.7446
GW
Large
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4662
8.6385
145686.9073
175552.735
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1086251.157
-710570.0411
289178.6981
4365.0519
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
1867.0334
-12185.5992
171104.2014
54299.3673
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
230.2721
123384.0258
212869.3839
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
703550.7018
-492984.0388
265234.5988
5077.1823
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2050.7025
-13362.046
175192.9549
57131.6563
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242.181
123159.1407
214810.8664
GW
Small
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
874196.844
-603396.8446
293202.7476
6087.9336
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1392.556
-10872.1882
180914.7001
60457.1982
GW
Large
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
313.0522
124045.3645
240359.7897
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1081624.069
-702512.3398
276712.6855
4226.4445
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2037.9582
-13478.6488
164461.6167
53217.2043
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.181
-39.5963
122728.3986
155212.1184
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
698992.175
-484951.1709
252768.5712
4938.7754
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2221.4044
-14653.0322
168544.9848
56052.0861
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
241.8644
113897.4831
214642.7825
GW
Small
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
869714.251
-595396.5428
280739.1672
5949.4919
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1561.1847
-12152.4767
174259.2478
59376.3143
GW
Large
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
312.7756
114780.204
240216.5051
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1078400.583
-696708.3029
266758.4471
4115.1883
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2203.3087
-14755.626
159745.5173
51982.009
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.6666
106716.1619
212544.6376
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
695771.0923
-479141.9062
242811.6575
4827.8253
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2386.7205
-15929.7597
163828.0943
54817.3424
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1607
-25.4067
115012.1689
157567.8858
113
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
866345.0556
-589523.5063
270777.4909
5838.5553
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1724.7951
-13420.145
169534.8175
58141.6034
GW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
312.5546
107368.0533
240102.0653
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
GW
Small
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
114
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
GW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1075515.641
-692112.1552
258595.8439
4024.6782
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2396.8344
-16288.149
157037.703
50384.589
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1742
-39.2415
109232.4883
155129.4071
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
693299.4201
-474752.2609
234673.9645
4736.6583
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2580.0342
-17460.6307
161116.4324
53221.9092
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1579
-25.2659
108938.88
157532.2266
GW
Small
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
863752.9907
-585061.296
262628.2431
5747.7697
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1916.7185
-14943.7378
166817.5799
56545.5598
GW
Large
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4529
9.2394
110980.573
175365.676
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1073308.67
-688554.8895
251796.0847
3949.3629
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2551.1818
-17523.5722
154742.4822
48993.0812
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229.2626
95604.2888
212327.7746
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
691038.1543
-471164.7043
227869.8097
4661.4595
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2734.2339
-18694.8488
158818.4998
51831.6247
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1555
-25.1488
103877.8418
157501.7994
GW
Small
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
861848.6207
-581690.0709
255857.8485
5671.569
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2069.7629
-16171.8988
164514.9368
55154.9051
GW
Large
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.451
9.3265
105919.2395
175338.3943
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1071743.115
-685844.0678
246063.8973
3884.8817
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2659.0441
-18396.1353
152457.752
47902.3891
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1695
-38.9958
99889.1588
155072.3305
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
689263.914
-468367.6915
222130.3133
4597.2236
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2842.0031
-19566.5392
156531.4821
50742.0732
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
241.0855
91099.5221
214228.9703
GW
Small
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
859811.9176
-578721.3285
250088.1805
5608.0875
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2176.4972
-17038.0233
16222? 7943
54065.9791
GW
Large
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
312.095
91973.6221
239864.0016
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1070021.56
-683428.5497
241122.7437
3830.2835
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2734.2814
-19013.0776
150239.138
47034.6904
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
228.9738
87667.2478
212172.6554
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
687715.4419
-466021.8537
217194.5419
4542.6289
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2917.1851
-20183.1488
154312.1986
49874.6058
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1518
-24.9642
95924.7173
157454.9004
GW
Small
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
858466.1508
-576498.7779
245172.2671
5553.0164
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2250.9296
-17650.8327
160001.2786
53197.4986
GW
Large
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.448
9.4625
97965.7632
175294.9723
GW
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1068823.161
-681555.232
236859.0566
3782.5948
GW
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2796.4715
-19546.0465
148377.3514
46210.5023
GW
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.166
-38.8151
93037.3837
155030.2859
GW
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
686549.9831
-464173.0724
212934.0728
4494.8488
GW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2979.2482
-20715.0917
152448.0697
49051.58
GW
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
240.8516
84260.1517
214104.8537
115
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
857117.2271
-574550.5218
240897.9619
5505.635
GW
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2312.2738
-18179.062
158134.6934
52373.7192
GW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.4468
9.5181
94784.3396
175277.9677
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2204.6567
23830.3241
793506.3115
1504948.47
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5738
-476.4487
581178.4286
3451620.657
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1298
-237.2104
642538.8427
4627318.984
SW
Small
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3087
-748.0259
900892.6186
6851542.74
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.6145
-486.9148
581757.9749
3444717.259
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1705
-247.6765
643118.3891
4620415.585
SW
Small
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3483
-758.2982
901463.688
6844725.123
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
SW
Small
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
SW
Small
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
SW
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
SW
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
SW
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
SW
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
SW
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
SW
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
116
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
2890926.402
-1670769.014
956710.8322
16629.4625
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.165
0
0
0
0
0
0
4929.6376
-31983.6205
799889.4083
42534.8851
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
221.0659
714369.4437
220811.0287
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
2532635.499
-1459462.205
932043.4326
17400.6598
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
5194.9748
-33526.0301
804674.9625
45081.0048
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232.5375
714306.0752
221600.1435
sw
Small
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
2685714.58
-1560847.612
958955.2788
18356.132
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
750295.6461
76080.7752
sw
Large
High
Pressure
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
303.7888
716042.0219
243517.3907
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
2019366.736
-1372032.785
634940.6118
8390.8391
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3819.1009
-24101.7936
451592.7703
40990.8607
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
208.3377
380985.7991
215233.19
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
1664210.968
-1162418.922
610476.6453
9160.6073
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
4089.3901
-25663.1268
456358.4549
43559.9785
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
220.5709
380860.5644
216411.1249
sw
Small
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
1817408.027
-1263901.629
637397.7058
10115.863
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1724.1421
424759.679
62767.5285
sw
Large
High
Pressure
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
293.3462
382472.6998
239107.0445
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1075855.772
-841832.2426
464424.0859
6787.1082
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3202.7614
-19659.3262
331558.2597
42741.2435
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
204.0949
269857.9315
213373.5803
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
721729.6563
-632772.5865
440026.3297
7556.488
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3469.7484
-21195.9149
336268.8414
45336.4075
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
216.582
269712.0631
214681.3858
sw
Small
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
874986.8192
-734316.2616
466959.2727
8511.4242
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2379.5739
-16756.3053
339936.2909
49384.6496
sw
Large
High
Pressure
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
289.8654
271282.914
237637.1565
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1023546.939
-747267.0123
390780.7556
5785.9255
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2466.936
-14221.7036
264346.2365
48039.167
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
201.9738
214293.9674
212444.4452
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
670002.4158
-538524.6035
366425.3494
6554.621
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2732.2733
-15745.9421
269029.4726
50647.2651
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
214.5879
214137.7846
213816.6608
sw
Small
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
823164.8135
-639985.2779
393336.8626
7510.3042
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250891.2807
64575.8752
sw
Large
High
Pressure
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288.1247
215688.0524
236901.686
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
1000038.313
-701714.3863
346559.4451
5185.6192
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2103.8421
-11450.1471
224765.5493
51179.5438
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200.7009
180955.6073
211886.5957
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
646618.5232
-493042.1035
322209.0159
5954.6807
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2368.3564
-12967.7543
229432.8491
53795.3041
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
213.3914
180793.2197
213298.1493
117
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
799783.5367
-594538.5988
349131.2948
6909.938
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
217242.7092
64826.5446
SW
Large
High
Pressure
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
287.0805
182331.1243
236460.6054
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
118
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
986869.2019
-675992.3584
317062.7512
4785.9369
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2113.6374
-11286.1063
201355.7255
52445.103
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1071
-157.8156
169292.5148
147628.3044
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
633906.7037
-467560.0613
292741.8788
5554.3607
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2377.366
-12797.9694
206010.7635
55066.3453
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0548
-139.0496
168948.0618
150142.2971
sw
Small
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
787081.0177
-569048.1749
319660.9646
6509.7182
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1251.2875
-8180.5148
209522.1061
59125.8332
sw
Large
High
Pressure
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
286.3842
160093.1637
236166.7669
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
978856.237
-660094.0225
296011.9364
4499.4376
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2278.2451
-12276.927
186807.5069
52425.1561
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
199.2463
142854.6166
211249.0464
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
625847.5558
-451650.4404
271691.1889
5268.1248
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2541.6061
-13785.9422
191455.7972
55049.9154
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
212.0239
142685.1476
212705.3888
sw
Small
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
779110.2715
-553181.2539
298612.7971
6223.6016
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1410.133
-9141.2771
194941.5394
59112.1271
sw
Large
High
Pressure
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285.887
144208.9135
235956.5428
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
973281.1373
-649373.6409
280204.474
4285.7078
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2510.2309
-13816.9867
177578.0054
51549.1067
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0944
-157.4074
141467.1487
147426.0405
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
620498.1994
-441039.6389
255895.2922
5054.2087
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
2773.1589
-15322.8765
182219.6537
54176.8164
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
211.5965
130776.3909
212519.7663
sw
Small
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
773720.0047
-542562.373
282819.9726
6009.4074
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1637.9059
-10659.5942
185689.357
58240.1381
sw
Large
High
Pressure
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285.5143
132295.7057
235799.1894
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
969188.2219
-641785.4522
267911.5758
4119.0252
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
2802.9337
-15849.1183
172169.2986
49994.1316
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0902
-157.2758
132192.1589
147357.856
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
616531.5626
-433525.6869
243614.5333
4887.1181
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3065.6836
-17353.2976
176806.3348
52624.3419
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0393
-138.5947
131845.8898
149883.9721
sw
Small
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
769840.61
-535090.874
270543.198
5842.3218
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
1927.3526
-12674.9055
180263.1488
56688.1915
sw
Large
High
Pressure
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285.224
123029.9063
235676.5093
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
966212.2017
-636278.384
258089.519
3985.4487
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3063.5142
-17699.2944
168407.3354
48376.4542
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198.1551
114278.8914
210770.7357
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
613543.3051
-428003.6619
233787.4532
4753.9807
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3326.0389
-19201.9666
173041.3544
51007.7675
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0362
-138.5055
124425.4834
149832.3021
119
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
766669.1461
-529476.1454
260704.5452
5709.2522
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2185.4553
-14512.3438
176488.2952
55072.377
SW
Large
High
Pressure
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
284.9919
115617.255
235578.6756
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
sw
Small
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
sw
Large
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
218205.7779
-879696.1705
1619582.503
149347.4904
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2241.9665
24429.1255
791060.0658
1507435.754
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.5711
-478.1422
581291.6818
3450337.952
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.865
1300023.414
0.4864
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
-3706.0774
39849.5823
913457.546
1835718.028
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.1271
-238.9039
642652.0959
4626036.279
120
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
906888.8213
-2194035.54
2716802.713
377083.5384
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8214.9816
97767.571
1153481.446
2550759.106
SW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Total Capital
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
21.3034
-749.1992
900980.0398
6850555.015
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
963767.8412
-632020.7847
250041.0491
3876.4248
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3336.3605
-19675.8926
166355.8921
46531.7191
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.084
-157.0782
118701.0923
147259.6674
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
611075.8724
-423739.0678
225738.2937
4645.0162
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3598.618
-21176.5874
170985.7551
49165.0171
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210.7808
108041.4559
212166.0538
sw
Small
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
764497.1217
-525361.468
252674.1438
5599.9552
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2456.0581
-16477.1153
174423.7373
53230.4908
sw
Large
High
Pressure
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2659
-91.1444
120654.6075
168347.3055
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
961783.4013
-628705.0085
243337.9145
3785.5637
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3522.784
-21040.1066
164130.0309
45127.8597
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197.7308
103166.1062
210584.9877
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
609315.5293
-420547.7401
219053.4562
4553.4736
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3784.7942
-22539.1289
168756.516
47762.8022
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0315
-138.3687
113294.8012
149755.1487
sw
Small
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
762611.2107
-522085.8239
245972.9061
5509.2068
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2640.6431
-17832.105
172189.0703
51827.6361
sw
Large
High
Pressure
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2642
-91.1078
115594.7666
168315.6357
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
960135.4373
-626021.5858
237657.8204
3708.7404
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3650.15
-21984.7006
161863.8582
44039.9406
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0797
-156.9425
109361.1719
147191.0892
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
607556.9523
-417810.0117
213365.0682
4477.1505
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
3912.1813
-23483.6765
166489.8108
46674.9609
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
210.4457
98714.3291
212020.8786
sw
Small
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
761053.4143
-519472.6105
240305.7888
5432.1176
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2766.5165
-18768.8194
169914.1223
50741.5143
sw
Large
High
Pressure
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2628
-91.0763
111313.3621
168288.422
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
958787.5976
-623871.8389
232795.7258
3642.9355
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3749.3399
-22754.8195
159928.244
43047.1421
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.078
-156.886
105691.8112
147165.0078
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
606341.7162
-415725.1036
208509.8501
4411.2676
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
4011.324
-24253.2956
164552.7432
45683.0346
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0282
-138.272
105344.3711
149699.5207
sw
Small
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
759623.94
-517283.9302
235438.2792
5366.4686
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2864.5197
-19532.8815
167972.5947
49749.4955
sw
Large
High
Pressure
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
284.3956
96556.1183
235326.9234
sw
Small
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
21.605
0
0
0
0
0
0
957710.6467
-622138.859
228589.2907
3585.4977
sw
Medium
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.171
0
0
0
0
0
0
3852.2364
-23617.3076
158817.4489
41881.607
sw
Large
Low
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.979
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0765
-156.8393
102511.7662
147141.9184
sw
Small
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
21.865
0
0
0
0
0
0
605239.6298
-413976.8568
204302.4117
4353.8888
sw
Medium
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
33.482
0
0
0
0
0
0
4113.876
-25113.4517
163437.594
44519.3666
sw
Large
Mid
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.711
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0269
-138.2329
102164.1469
149678.0902
121
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
24.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
758522.8602
-515534.8091
231228.6167
5309.2146
sw
Medium
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.324
0
0
0
0
0
0
2966.0938
-20388.3053
166853.6582
48585.6621
SW
Large
High
Pressure
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.642
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.2605
-91.0247
104463.0547
168245.6235
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2305.6323
-47510.7565
970665.0402
1507746.82
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1733.4111
-39746.9636
1086122.427
2021702.383
sw
Large
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2305.6323
-47510.7565
970665.0402
1507746.82
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.947
0
0
0
0
0
0
1710.5042
-39314.9705
1084128.094
2023881.676
sw
Large
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2305.6323
-47510.7565
970665.0402
1507746.82
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.947
0
0
0
0
0
0
1710.5042
-39314.9705
1084128.094
2023881.676
sw
Large
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2305.6323
-47510.7565
970665.0402
1507746.82
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
122
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Capital
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Capital
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
SW
Large
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Total Capital
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
1430890.047
-607724.481
790430.8213
33781.7538
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
3900.0251
-28227.7788
790146.1782
55129.5735
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
711199.4198
270134.9983
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
1346987.762
-542189.6111
785872.9296
38574.7787
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
3855.0968
-28100.9759
793659.5509
58387.2114
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
711552.5541
264208.9841
sw
Small
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
1335162.41
-528214.2694
788917.2038
40467.3302
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
3578.0134
-26343.2737
790593.5323
59809.8904
sw
Large
High
Gravity
5000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
712099.7813
262005.3046
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
417681.0738
-271908.3328
460833.1774
29543.3928
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
400879.427
74115.9984
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
377936.3502
266007.9695
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31106.6477
433217.7308
34891.0934
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
404200.0209
77576.1303
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
378274.4814
260645.316
sw
Small
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
320653.6944
-191936.3269
459228.79
36231.0225
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
34.947
0
0
0
0
0
0
2045.5686
-16331.3178
440193.7569
59861.3858
sw
Large
High
Gravity
10000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
378820.1876
257886.9068
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-572923.2279
270587.5938
287716.7552
29272.7914
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1742.9522
-13695.2371
320074.6439
57079.7327
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.5206
271655.64
216828.7558
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-658019.7952
336510.9611
283085.4427
34067.6325
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1720.9617
-13656.3651
323538.6312
60386.8618
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
267181.7865
259457.4779
sw
Small
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-670018.8695
350515.7455
286110.8822
35960.2387
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
34.947
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2815.7091
304410.8133
68582.8542
sw
Large
High
Gravity
15000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
267726.9961
256513.9085
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-648968.2182
371417.8195
212754.4958
28938.7052
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1801.0629
241521.5694
67358.5244
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1116
-422.8647
226701.686
152040.821
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-734161.7435
437376.6622
208113.6969
33733.697
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1897.3957
245203.5696
70575.7178
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.6223
216300.9903
212466.4821
sw
Small
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-746239.6027
451406.8775
211136.1843
35626.1863
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
237283.4584
75898.2724
sw
Large
High
Gravity
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-57.8984
216494.0017
212930.3297
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-686686.2807
420685.9188
167751.5742
28738.4701
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1634.5978
207112.0291
68283.1264
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1121
-423.0218
193384.4828
151544.1887
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-772055.9228
486708.4954
163102.4582
33533.6622
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1518.7439
210083.2867
71882.5568
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9788
-405.6184
193106.8501
150788.6256
123
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-784169.9158
500763.7248
166116.2936
35426.6152
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2096.5894
212110.4302
70890.512
SW
Large
High
Gravity
25000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0532
-409.4974
193555.7366
149635.7467
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
124
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Capital
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Capital
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
SW
Large
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Total Capital
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-709196.2955
448835.512
137736.6189
28605.2837
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1441.2403
183769.8892
69567.1796
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.8521
160592.6543
215207.3545
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-794529.666
514837.4045
133086.5805
33400.6437
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1317.3739
186708.9037
73183.7538
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9806
-405.893
170899.4056
150464.5781
sw
Small
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-806572.3044
528846.5315
136109.3429
35293.0815
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
181075.798
77040.0261
sw
Large
High
Gravity
30000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0547
-409.7748
171349.594
149257.7323
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-723954.714
466496.1952
116312.5789
28509.4686
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1389.3427
167430.6551
70348.4185
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.8993
144726.4983
214975.9265
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-809435.2463
532569.4971
111652.9968
33304.9954
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1259.6444
170346.1251
73977.6576
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.8355
144900.1458
211544.7824
sw
Small
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-821537.3002
546621.5496
114667.4149
35197.6814
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1821.1465
172272.2837
73037.6901
sw
Large
High
Gravity
35000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-58.2055
145099.8283
211820.2739
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-734605.5015
478549.7906
100228.0297
28438.1746
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1443.7247
155591.011
70616.0689
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-64.9347
132826.88
214802.3395
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-820076.7308
544601.9474
95571.4598
33233.5587
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1309.7295
158489.2406
74254.2121
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.8711
133000.013
211391.159
sw
Small
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-832157.1618
558633.0026
98589.2549
35126.2271
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1866.1049
160383.7189
73330.9648
sw
Large
High
Gravity
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-58.2567
133200.7987
211635.3631
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-742541.8574
487108.5107
87726.9115
28382.4104
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1029.6676
-8268.1208
158859.3801
65365.144
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.113
-423.3051
134154.052
150660.2181
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-828098.323
553217.583
83058.7308
33178.3437
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1180.4778
-9108.4343
163504.0701
68256.3772
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-62.8989
123744.3568
211271.7521
sw
Small
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-840256.9384
567287.2897
86071.7804
35071.1264
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2007.3883
151596.2321
73246.4668
sw
Large
High
Gravity
45000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0573
-410.2336
134339.224
148629.0446
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-748770.3461
493518.6015
77715.3472
28338.3235
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1281.6919
-10074.3516
155058.9874
63779.2959
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1131
-423.3374
126750.1484
150550.3987
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-834286.9579
559570.3028
73061.7484
33133.5255
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1434.1383
-10922.5149
159711.5222
66668.7351
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9842
-406.4414
126484.4917
149816.9148
125
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-846364.3144
573613.9926
76073.8415
35026.3668
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2173.6854
144823.2723
72936.9971
SW
Large
High
Gravity
50000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0579
-410.3248
126937.144
148503.0647
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
sw
Small
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
sw
Large
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1290650.747
2183545.961
-44745.7357
831220.478
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2438.6353
-49247.0571
976944.1976
1501763.516
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7058
-2008.5071
656104.6466
2291190.469
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1076120.098
1802620.601
259930.1507
983021.2525
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1894.7388
-41884.8618
1029811.453
1874136.517
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.137
-1786.4645
647268.4015
3787188.37
126
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Capital
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-850266.0535
1435347.569
498569.2441
1039031.084
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Capital
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1748.1779
-39470.2013
1081870.567
2028101.829
SW
Large
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Total Capital
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.3666
-2105.3529
726477.3605
3837805.245
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-753826.5767
498462.6422
69522.8939
28302.1371
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1547.4196
-12014.0256
152973.52
61962.5501
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1132
-423.366
120692.4695
150460.1927
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-839264.4939
564486.5963
64869.5053
33097.3735
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1701.2723
-12868.9941
157633.2406
64849.7131
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9847
-406.5172
120427.9559
149728.1761
sw
Small
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-851373.7293
578523.424
67887.4348
34989.9743
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1160.4777
-9909.5472
153156.0211
66660.7073
sw
Large
High
Gravity
55000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0583
-410.4006
120880.9234
148400.0628
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-757885.6705
502305.5133
62706.9977
28271.5758
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1727.7584
-13346.696
150718.5671
60581.8019
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1132
-423.3871
115644.3366
150385.3312
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-843348.6609
568359.3136
58045.9036
33067.0804
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
1882.6612
-14206.7284
155383.6335
63467.1506
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9851
-406.5801
115380.8211
149654.5421
sw
Small
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-855363.945
582341.5104
61069.546
34959.7398
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1340.358
-11235.0627
150874.3407
65293.2054
sw
Large
High
Gravity
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0586
-410.4631
115834.0436
148314.3156
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-761264.4588
505409.1873
56934.6204
28245.9731
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1850.4101
-14267.3281
148432.4491
59511.4575
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1133
-423.4124
111373.0331
150320.971
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-846895.5962
571524.1654
52269.6631
33041.5324
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006.0157
-15130.2946
153099.0901
62396.9941
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9855
-406.6311
111110.0853
149592.9427
sw
Small
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-858925.4612
585533.2347
55287.3509
34934.2148
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1462.3373
-12148.0472
148563.0443
64235.5151
sw
Large
High
Gravity
65000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0589
-410.514
111563.5683
148242.149
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-764130.4573
507950.182
51988.3524
28223.9884
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
1945.1833
-15014.2301
146474.3711
58536.2482
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1134
-423.4289
107711.7962
150266.3529
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-849818.7944
574092.5785
47319.4272
33019.7083
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
2101.9039
-15883.334
151149.6667
61418.2862
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9858
-406.6786
107449.6092
149538.7299
sw
Small
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-861862.1753
588110.4729
50335.3112
34912.3704
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1556.8234
-12890.2175
146586.719
63269.4969
sw
Large
High
Gravity
70000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0592
-410.5609
107903.2388
148179.5654
sw
Small
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
30.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
-766599.3915
510047.3296
47707.5709
28204.7397
sw
Medium
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.318
0
0
0
0
0
0
2044.1762
-15856.2408
145343.9392
57386.0757
sw
Large
Low
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1134
-423.4404
104538.6286
150219.7718
sw
Small
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
29.295
0
0
0
0
0
0
-852306.3978
576210.5083
43035.3266
33000.3067
sw
Medium
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
33.771
0
0
0
0
0
0
2201.4646
-16727.8702
150021.2677
60267.7096
sw
Large
Mid
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
35.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.986
-406.7174
104277.0895
149492.9147
127
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for GAC
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design
Type
Bed
Volumes
Spent Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
31.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
-864209.306
590152.131
46061.3542
34892.8944
sw
Medium
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
34.953
0
0
0
0
0
0
1655.5058
-13727.7496
145439.8751
62127.283
SW
Large
High
Gravity
75000
haz
Annual O&M
36.221
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0594
-410.5992
104730.9097
148125.6365
128
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
A.2 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for IX
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Larqe
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-138.0534
520295.2314
2097973.873
GW
Small
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Larqe
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.047
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.0817
540783.5033
2366181.96
GW
Small
Hiqh
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
Hiqh
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Larqe
Hiqh
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-203.4804
693808.3856
3816368.881
GW
Small
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Larqe
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-136.6756
519963.9788
2105105.946
GW
Small
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Larqe
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-152.704
540452.2565
2373313.916
GW
Small
Hiqh
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
Hiqh
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Larqe
Hiqh
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-202.1057
693478.446
3823469.173
GW
Small
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Larqe
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-138.1552
520116.175
2102649.929
GW
Small
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Larqe
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.1836
540604.4527
2370857.899
GW
Small
Hiqh
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
Hiqh
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Larqe
Hiqh
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-203.5853
693630.6422
3821013.156
GW
Small
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Larqe
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Larqe
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
Hiqh
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
Hiqh
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Larqe
Hiqh
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Larqe
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Larqe
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
129
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064723.853
4675.891
GW
Medium
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1068385.932
26095.6274
GW
Large
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064120.695
43944.6759
GW
Small
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064729.974
4663.4818
GW
Medium
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1068957.152
27422.7465
GW
Large
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.047
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064398.826
41319.191
GW
Small
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1066125.186
4745.1175
GW
Medium
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1069190
26924.9391
GW
Large
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064974.626
34924.4203
GW
Small
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30138.106
552285.9443
4297.6004
GW
Medium
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
545808.3357
26229.6665
GW
Large
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
541179.6902
45589.3443
GW
Small
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29112.2037
551957.6386
4300.2747
GW
Medium
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
546371.5684
27557.1583
GW
Large
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
541400.35
43365.7935
GW
Small
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30689.569
553867.8181
4361.7912
GW
Medium
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
546577.1301
27097.0258
GW
Large
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
541860.8292
37800.2376
GW
Small
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
368373.2371
4678.2524
GW
Medium
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
371615.8462
26274.3289
GW
Large
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
366855.7558
46312.9986
GW
Small
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
368379.563
4668.6211
GW
Medium
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
372176.3948
27601.8267
GW
Large
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
367046.99
44398.8966
GW
Small
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
369773.2427
4750.2218
GW
Medium
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
372372.8373
27154.4911
GW
Large
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
367448.4879
39460.7017
GW
Small
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32422.4192
291900.9894
4269.51
GW
Medium
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
284519.5327
26296.8118
GW
Large
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
279705.0725
46478.8316
GW
Small
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31512.6076
291610.6109
4271.7118
GW
Medium
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285078.8952
27623.9473
GW
Large
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
279870.3118
44915.4253
GW
Small
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33098.6247
293521.5326
4333.293
GW
Medium
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
285270.7183
27183.1163
GW
Large
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
280242.3235
40290.6772
GW
Small
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32866.5403
239817.8443
4264.2081
GW
Medium
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232261.8317
26310.0878
GW
Large
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
227407.8657
46696.2751
GW
Small
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31986.6029
239537.2918
4266.2738
GW
Medium
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
232820.3085
27637.5622
GW
Large
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
227564.2981
45225.4834
130
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33583.7301
241454.8296
4327.3424
GW
Medium
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233009.4792
27200.328
GW
Large
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
227918.6218
40788.7716
SW
Small
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-138.0534
520295.2314
2097973.873
SW
Small
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.047
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.0817
540783.5033
2366181.96
SW
Small
High
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
20000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-203.4804
693808.3856
3816368.881
SW
Small
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-136.6756
519963.9788
2105105.946
SW
Small
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-152.704
540452.2565
2373313.916
SW
Small
High
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
40000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-202.1057
693478.446
3823469.173
SW
Small
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-138.1552
520116.175
2102649.929
SW
Small
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.1836
540604.4527
2370857.899
SW
Small
High
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
60000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-203.5853
693630.6422
3821013.156
SW
Small
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
SW
Small
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
SW
Small
High
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
80000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
SW
Small
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
SW
Small
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
100000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
131
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
100000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064266.215
4689.7346
sw
Medium
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1071107.126
24446.2211
sw
Large
Low
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1065231.958
60706.4346
sw
Small
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1064269.612
4677.299
sw
Medium
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1071747.413
25731.5582
sw
Large
Mid
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.047
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1065525.652
58259.0692
sw
Small
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1065648.754
4752.4664
sw
Medium
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1072005.198
25219.1389
sw
Large
High
20000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1066133.339
52256.6105
sw
Small
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542127.5219
4642.0763
sw
Medium
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
548527.6053
24576.6829
sw
Large
Low
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542286.5529
62212.0042
sw
Small
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542131.5543
4631.8186
sw
Medium
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
549159.9235
25862.2108
sw
Large
Mid
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542516.5272
60209.4175
sw
Small
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
543510.2393
4706.9878
sw
Medium
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
549389.3484
25387.7067
sw
Large
High
40000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542996.4236
55118.3653
sw
Small
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29091.8475
377812.3059
4222.5195
sw
Medium
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
374334.5154
24619.9539
sw
Large
Low
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
367963.2854
62838.1265
sw
Small
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-28121.2039
377491.9025
4226.451
sw
Medium
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
374963.9123
25906.1196
sw
Large
Mid
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
368163.8659
61108.5217
sw
Small
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29400.8472
379296.0441
4284.2095
sw
Medium
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
375184.0142
25443.8034
sw
Large
High
60000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
368584.8766
56570.2412
sw
Small
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29482.7766
290918.001
4209.2912
sw
Medium
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
287237.9703
24641.6485
sw
Large
Low
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
280813.8532
62961.7627
sw
Small
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-28558.6135
290613.2665
4212.9641
sw
Medium
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
287866.231
25927.5102
sw
Large
Mid
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
280987.5434
61557.941
sw
Small
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29845.5249
292422.6578
4270.2018
sw
Medium
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288081.3102
25472.0596
sw
Large
High
80000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
281379.1135
57296.0667
sw
Small
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29710.15
238782.0626
4201.198
sw
Medium
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
234980.0984
24654.6213
sw
Large
Low
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
228516.8401
63149.8734
sw
Small
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-28809.2271
238485.1626
4204.7415
sw
Medium
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
235607.355
25940.7848
sw
Large
Mid
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
228681.7426
61827.6959
132
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30114.2164
240299.6672
4261.9344
sw
Medium
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
235819.6943
25488.9673
sw
Large
High
100000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
229055.6548
57731.5199
GW
Small
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
120000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33173.7674
205101.4462
4260.3771
GW
Medium
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197423.3529
26318.9393
GW
Large
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192543.0476
46841.6819
GW
Small
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32305.439
204824.6865
4262.3956
GW
Medium
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197981.3041
27646.5245
GW
Large
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192693.6248
45432.2035
133
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33895.2093
206738.1821
4323.6841
GW
Medium
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198168.53
27211.9235
GW
Large
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
193036.1521
41121.0624
GW
Small
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
35681.5845
-51721.7763
182631.0521
4205.9804
GW
Medium
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-880.1279
176426.3238
23722.2794
GW
Large
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
167639.6152
46945.2426
GW
Small
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32540.2454
180030.313
4259.6831
GW
Medium
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-890.3845
177029.1365
25019.671
GW
Large
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
167786.0028
45579.7341
GW
Small
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34138.93
181947.0208
4320.9262
GW
Medium
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
230.0847
-2590.2057
180688.3221
22967.8686
GW
Large
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
168120.1043
41358.2373
GW
Small
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33554.2091
161702.2379
4255.8323
GW
Medium
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
153875.1246
26330.3668
GW
Large
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
148962.0377
47022.8481
GW
Small
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32707.3957
161432.3752
4257.7921
GW
Medium
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
154432.4544
27657.7623
GW
Large
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149105.2866
45690.2555
GW
Small
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34306.6957
163349.3479
4319.0205
GW
Medium
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
154617.4865
27226.2958
GW
Large
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149433.0726
41535.8937
GW
Small
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33688.3305
147239.4745
4254.0898
GW
Medium
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-883.6657
143262.3106
23720.6991
GW
Large
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134435.0337
47083.4506
GW
Small
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32848.1732
146971.8524
4256.0081
GW
Medium
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-894.0329
143865.0956
25017.6807
GW
Large
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134575.8435
45776.4166
GW
Small
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34440.1492
148885.8696
4317.44
GW
Medium
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-947.713
144286.5944
24428.1293
GW
Large
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134898.7126
41674.1754
SW
Small
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
SW
Small
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
SW
Small
High
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
120000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
SW
Small
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
SW
Small
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
140000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
134
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
140000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
160000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
180000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29870.3672
204025.3474
4195.945
sw
Medium
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-785.3175
203307.1247
22656.9849
sw
Large
Low
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
193652.1592
63275.6516
sw
Small
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-28986.1033
203733.9984
4199.4099
sw
Medium
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-788.917
203948.4194
23933.6705
sw
Large
Mid
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
193811.2144
62007.4224
sw
Small
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30287.3573
205549.1764
4256.4363
sw
Medium
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-853.9895
204421.3476
23317.9075
sw
Large
High
120000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
194173.3414
58021.967
sw
Small
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29988.8551
179202.1335
4191.7844
sw
Medium
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
175256.5747
24669.8708
sw
Large
Low
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
168748.8189
63365.4619
sw
Small
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29116.2113
178914.7017
4195.1846
sw
Medium
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
175883.0472
25955.6205
sw
Large
Mid
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
168903.691
62136.0331
sw
Small
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30422.1307
180729.2743
4252.4421
sw
Medium
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
176092.2195
25508.1987
sw
Large
High
140000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
169257.4064
58229.3041
sw
Small
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30070.9946
160581.1649
4189.0431
sw
Medium
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
156593.12
24674.2441
sw
Large
Low
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150071.3192
63432.5207
sw
Small
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29204.9321
160296.0166
4192.3927
sw
Medium
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
157219.2857
25960.0878
sw
Large
Mid
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150223.0494
62232.2821
135
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30503.2219
162109.5074
4249.6393
sw
Medium
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-859.2921
160891.3121
23318.614
sw
Large
High
160000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150570.4554
58385.0229
sw
Small
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30133.6436
146098.465
4186.9389
sw
Medium
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
142076.9559
24677.9414
sw
Large
Low
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
135544.3644
63485.0017
sw
Small
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29279.2012
145817.234
4190.2238
sw
Medium
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
142702.8819
25964.0623
sw
Large
Mid
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
135693.6582
62307.2731
sw
Small
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30567.8121
147627.0909
4247.6496
sw
Medium
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
142910.1884
25518.9507
sw
Large
High
180000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
136036.1583
58506.1043
GW
Small
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
136
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
260000
non-haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
260000
non-haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
260000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
GW
Small
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33798.2383
135669.7703
4252.67
GW
Medium
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
127746.3893
26336.7118
GW
Large
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
122813.4321
47131.7902
GW
Small
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32969.69
135405.9409
4254.5411
GW
Medium
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
128303.1611
27664.6285
GW
Large
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
122952.2806
45845.4708
GW
Small
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34551.2737
137315.3692
4316.2833
GW
Medium
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
128486.8527
27234.9565
GW
Large
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
123271.2207
41784.9972
GW
Small
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33868.8508
126196.8521
4251.9422
GW
Medium
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-885.8967
122157.9913
23719.0935
GW
Large
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113304.8412
47171.4792
GW
Small
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33040.3026
125933.0227
4253.8132
GW
Medium
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-896.4758
122761.3683
25015.6484
GW
Large
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113442.0975
45901.667
GW
Small
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34634.165
127847.5618
4315.1813
GW
Medium
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-949.9843
123180.9943
24428.3505
GW
Large
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113757.8195
41875.5432
GW
Small
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33956.2504
118312.7024
4250.6317
GW
Medium
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110326.9847
26341.5783
GW
Large
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
105381.0235
47204.4006
GW
Small
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33127.7021
118048.8729
4252.5027
GW
Medium
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110883.6108
27669.1069
GW
Large
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
105516.9518
45948.4232
GW
Small
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34713.1249
119959.5503
4314.0969
GW
Medium
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
111066.4262
27240.6392
GW
Large
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
105829.9857
41951.0947
GW
Small
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34011.6325
111633.5752
4250.2699
GW
Medium
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-887.4488
107547.1826
23718.5241
GW
Large
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98676.2546
47232.1872
GW
Small
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33183.0843
111369.7458
4252.1409
GW
Medium
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-898.0611
108150.6294
25014.7053
GW
Large
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98811.0468
45988.4927
GW
Small
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34768.944
113282.5745
4313.5132
GW
Medium
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-951.5776
108569.3121
24428.6524
GW
Large
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99121.8235
42014.7232
SW
Small
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
SW
Small
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
200000
non-haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
137
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
200000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
220000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
240000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
260000
non-haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.5931
693862.3754
3816961.127
sw
Small
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30194.3778
134516.8087
4184.8201
sw
Medium
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-793.8364
133664.2158
22652.5618
sw
Large
Low
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
123922.8044
63526.8681
sw
Small
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29351.5556
134239.4948
4188.0403
sw
Medium
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-797.8781
134306.2869
23928.0697
sw
Large
Mid
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
124070.1545
62367.0703
sw
Small
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30627.7053
136044.6805
4245.5961
sw
Medium
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-862.6789
134774.1228
23318.4116
sw
Large
High
200000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
124408.7274
58602.6347
sw
Small
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30232.6951
125034.6276
4183.5207
sw
Medium
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-795.1449
124167.9595
22651.7415
sw
Large
Low
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
114414.2607
63560.9425
sw
Small
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29389.8729
124757.3137
4186.741
sw
Medium
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
121588.2765
25969.0497
sw
Large
Mid
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
114560.0013
62416.3472
138
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30680.8907
126568.1362
4244.1152
sw
Medium
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
121794.5032
25525.6587
sw
Large
High
220000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
114895.3639
58681.9855
sw
Small
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
34111.3809
-48204.2389
119495.4572
4125.4844
sw
Medium
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-796.0656
116253.8965
22651.0577
sw
Large
Low
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
106490.4701
63589.5704
sw
Small
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29437.7121
116863.1798
4185.3777
sw
Medium
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-800.0942
116895.6647
23926.6584
sw
Large
Mid
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
106634.8768
62457.2321
sw
Small
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30730.8174
118673.543
4242.7044
sw
Medium
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-864.7682
117362.0011
23318.7766
sw
Large
High
240000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
106967.5648
58748.0391
sw
Small
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30306.5688
110454.9454
4181.2444
sw
Medium
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
106344.9169
24686.9299
sw
Large
Low
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99785.7195
63613.8768
sw
Small
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-29468.7854
110179.2654
4184.4506
sw
Medium
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
106970.4309
25972.8474
sw
Large
Mid
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
99929.01
62491.7234
sw
Small
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-30745.8108
111984.3804
4241.9855
sw
Medium
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
107175.8448
25530.443
sw
Large
High
260000
non-haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100259.4392
58803.5869
GW
Small
Low
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.495
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-150.8093
522541.2956
2067509.667
GW
Small
Mid
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.026
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-172.5454
543990.233
2331807.921
GW
Small
High
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
20000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.195
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-256.1575
703098.5076
3662722.799
GW
Small
Low
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-149.4315
522210.043
2074641.74
GW
Small
Mid
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-176.9949
544836.3714
2291858.692
GW
Small
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-207.7629
694310.5292
3821848.318
GW
Small
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-153.5159
522888.5227
2051140.741
GW
Small
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.1836
540604.4527
2370857.899
139
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-209.2425
694462.7254
3819392.301
GW
Small
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1132465.103
13709.2584
GW
Medium
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1137724.597
31072.6805
GW
Large
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.495
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2292.4161
1126369.202
25983.9344
GW
Small
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1132470.871
13692.0872
GW
Medium
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1138294.683
32403.5805
GW
Large
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.026
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2295.4536
1126398.055
26004.3217
GW
Small
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1133864.645
13773.7777
GW
Medium
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1138531.44
31895.4706
GW
Large
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.195
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2303.1177
1126282.481
30701.0611
GW
Small
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-50293.4697
592728.4597
8559.9633
GW
Medium
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
580477.7028
28717.9842
GW
Large
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1148.4666
572123.0632
39211.2295
GW
Small
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-48983.9971
592307.5766
8563.7776
GW
Medium
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
581040.3428
30047.5296
GW
Large
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1152.5943
571987.8749
41646.3404
GW
Small
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-50566.9793
594219.927
8625.1866
GW
Medium
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
581247.8772
29582.3025
GW
Large
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1147.9067
572899.984
34073.9924
GW
Small
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
122493.1151
-108031.2566
413657.567
6942.6325
GW
Medium
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
394728.8393
27933.0818
GW
Large
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
767.0541
387365.3749
44057.421
GW
Small
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
108982.9597
-99949.046
412409.3797
6965.3688
GW
Medium
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
395288.9627
29262.1589
GW
Large
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
763.6199
387888.1306
39523.5666
140
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
109900.112
-102007.6368
414379.5813
7025.9161
GW
Medium
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
395486.6706
28811.3389
GW
Large
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
768.0014
387922.1561
39429.2806
GW
Small
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-42504.0836
312121.9359
6400.8146
GW
Medium
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
301854.2032
27541.0821
GW
Large
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
572.6012
295345.0426
42721.5719
GW
Small
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-41454.9632
311786.0448
6403.5835
GW
Medium
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
302413.2703
28869.4486
GW
Large
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
574.1815
295383.6898
42554.8397
GW
Small
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-43043.0386
313698.7428
6465.0197
GW
Medium
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
302606.0853
28425.7369
GW
Large
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
576.2445
295568.8722
41776.6191
GW
Small
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-40944.0833
256000.1505
5968.7789
GW
Medium
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
246129.6134
27305.3883
GW
Large
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
459.0429
239842.7739
44540.9458
GW
Small
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39948.0553
255681.6708
5971.3172
GW
Medium
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
246687.8583
28633.8044
GW
Large
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
460.5186
239881.0109
44374.0576
GW
Small
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-41534.8612
257594.0324
6032.9111
GW
Medium
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
246877.8538
28194.3394
GW
Large
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
462.6563
240046.7066
43453.3144
GW
Small
Low
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
120000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
141
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
160000
haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
160000
haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
160000
haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
180000
haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
180000
haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
180000
haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
180000
haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
180000
haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
180000
haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
180000
haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
180000
haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
180000
haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39896.7686
218582.633
5681.1796
GW
Medium
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
208979.7041
27148.6036
GW
Large
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
383.3372
202841.2893
45753.4555
GW
Small
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38933.8646
218274.8432
5683.612
GW
Medium
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
209537.5087
28476.8022
GW
Large
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
384.7431
202879.2466
45586.4222
GW
Small
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-40522.3364
220188.9822
5744.9019
GW
Medium
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
209725.5435
28040.1752
GW
Large
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
386.9311
203031.9133
44571.1588
GW
Small
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39166.0171
191862.1159
5475.3864
GW
Medium
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
182444.1765
27036.4567
GW
Large
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
329.262
176411.6174
46620.0948
GW
Small
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38228.0344
191562.5998
5477.6885
GW
Medium
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183001.5174
28364.7147
GW
Large
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
330.6177
176449.4169
46452.4731
GW
Small
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39810.4962
193474.0953
5539.2778
GW
Medium
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183188.2598
27929.9142
GW
Large
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
332.8416
176592.7649
45370.0295
GW
Small
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38609.9431
171819.5852
5321.0546
GW
Medium
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-796.2984
166059.8652
24597.289
GW
Large
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288.7054
156589.3905
47269.6799
GW
Small
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37695.1785
171527.6546
5323.2621
GW
Medium
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-806.4886
166661.8556
25895.464
GW
Large
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
290.0236
156627.0422
47102.2133
GW
Small
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39268.8513
173436.0934
5384.8829
GW
Medium
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
209.888
-2362.5219
170039.7217
23969.6138
GW
Large
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
292.2746
156763.4065
45968.9184
GW
Small
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
78068.9263
-78282.0736
161326.5979
5087.8603
GW
Medium
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147063.4792
26886.8773
GW
Large
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
257.1614
141172.0956
47774.9908
GW
Small
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37272.9131
155941.3656
5203.2539
GW
Medium
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147620.3149
28215.2097
GW
Large
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
258.4507
141209.6341
47607.4356
142
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38861.8381
157854.8108
5264.8788
GW
Medium
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
147805.0507
27783.2698
GW
Large
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
260.7223
141340.5837
46434.6796
GW
Small
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
GW
Medium
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
GW
Large
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
GW
Small
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
GW
Medium
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
GW
Large
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
GW
Small
High
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
GW
Medium
High
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
GW
Large
High
260000
haz
Total Cap
ta
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
GW
Small
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37831.5372
143758.8355
5105.2822
GW
Medium
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-816.2719
138285.6377
24420.5624
GW
Large
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
231.9265
128838.2344
48179.5795
GW
Small
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-36939.9907
143474.4904
5107.3952
GW
Medium
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-826.5915
138887.9876
25718.2024
GW
Large
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233.1925
128875.6834
48011.898
143
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38518.7319
145385.5363
5168.6993
GW
Medium
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-880.7598
139311.2399
25127.3351
GW
Large
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
235.4805
129002.3241
46807.4062
GW
Small
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37540.5642
133552.1076
5026.6995
GW
Medium
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
124548.3337
26791.8558
GW
Large
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
211.2795
118746.9247
48510.2016
GW
Small
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-36660.6268
133271.5551
5028.7653
GW
Medium
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
125105.0141
28119.9349
GW
Large
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
212.5263
118784.2966
48342.5463
GW
Small
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38245.2789
135183.9941
5090.3023
GW
Medium
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
125288.4993
27690.1004
GW
Large
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
214.8279
118907.3981
47112.1926
GW
Small
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
72528.9363
-74565.592
129783.4891
4856.3968
GW
Medium
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-829.4844
119769.0458
24303.2381
GW
Large
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
194.0736
110337.4978
48785.7821
GW
Small
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
61702.8777
-68129.2204
128797.7545
4874.1543
GW
Medium
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116661.7765
28084.2212
GW
Large
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195.3045
110374.8269
48617.6724
GW
Small
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-38012.8869
126681.6138
5024.8796
GW
Medium
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-894.0657
120794.0535
25010.5832
GW
Large
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197.6175
110494.9585
47365.7587
GW
Small
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37096.1693
117851.5198
4906.1034
GW
Medium
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-834.6212
112647.6343
24257.6439
GW
Large
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
179.5149
103221.8169
49019.1355
GW
Small
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-36221.1848
117572.5195
4908.1634
GW
Medium
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-845.2031
113250.7518
25554.3797
GW
Large
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
180.7325
103259.0856
48851.0268
GW
Small
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37809.7182
119484.8867
4969.6955
GW
Medium
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-899.1682
113671.8617
24966.0901
GW
Large
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183.0554
103376.6913
47581.3258
SW
Small
Low
20000
haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
20000
haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
20000
haz
Total Capital
36.495
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-150.8093
522541.2956
2067509.667
SW
Small
Mid
20000
haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
20000
haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
20000
haz
Total Capital
36.026
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-172.5454
543990.233
2331807.921
SW
Small
High
20000
haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
SW
Medium
High
20000
haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
SW
Large
High
20000
haz
Total Capital
36.195
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-256.1575
703098.5076
3662722.799
SW
Small
Low
40000
haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
SW
Medium
Low
40000
haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
SW
Large
Low
40000
haz
Total Capital
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-152.0363
522736.3265
2053596.758
SW
Small
Mid
40000
haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
SW
Medium
Mid
40000
haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
SW
Large
Mid
40000
haz
Total Capital
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-176.9949
544836.3714
2291858.692
144
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
40000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-207.7629
694310.5292
3821848.318
sw
Small
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-153.5159
522888.5227
2051140.741
sw
Small
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-154.1836
540604.4527
2370857.899
sw
Small
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
60000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-209.2425
694462.7254
3819392.301
sw
Small
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
80000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
100000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1127565.43
15190.8237
sw
Medium
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1140259.936
29511.3306
sw
Large
Low
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.495
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2333.0175
1136975.889
-11493.1372
sw
Small
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1127567.203
15173.3724
sw
Medium
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1140898.477
30801.3688
sw
Large
Mid
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.026
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2336.4828
1137005.279
-11422.7473
sw
Small
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1128945.407
15248.5963
sw
Medium
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1141160.969
30277.7233
sw
Large
High
20000
haz
Annual O&M
36.195
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2344.6023
1136936.744
-7684.5959
sw
Small
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-40372.6016
587279.479
9332.6657
sw
Medium
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
583103.929
27109.2544
sw
Large
Low
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1160.0166
578626.5735
22700.2023
sw
Small
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-39013.455
586828.1732
9338.745
sw
Medium
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
583735.3861
28397.2601
sw
Large
Mid
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.053
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1163.4006
578598.4996
23151.8542
145
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-40309.8755
588640.9229
9396.0306
sw
Medium
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
583967.0983
27917.0455
sw
Large
High
40000
haz
Annual O&M
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1158.1616
579538.7787
16218.4027
sw
Small
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37152.7767
401607.3829
7611.0782
sw
Medium
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
397385.341
26308.5463
sw
Large
Low
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.511
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
767.7803
392611.2986
32435.4587
sw
Small
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35984.5909
401220.3866
7616.1089
sw
Medium
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
398014.4663
27595.6301
sw
Large
Mid
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
764.2051
393129.1073
28511.9361
sw
Small
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-37262.9915
403025.1764
7673.7138
sw
Medium
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
398235.9186
27129.9121
sw
Large
High
60000
haz
Annual O&M
36.205
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
768.6568
393203.101
28120.3998
sw
Small
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35529.903
308766.4718
6750.4741
sw
Medium
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-550.8987
306746.7604
24500.7429
sw
Large
Low
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
568.3848
299893.0895
34981.0376
sw
Small
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34454.6782
308410.8133
6754.9876
sw
Medium
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-553.8979
307386.7869
25779.6526
sw
Large
Mid
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
569.9745
299948.3367
34755.1763
sw
Small
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35743.6805
310220.6897
6812.4206
sw
Medium
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
305370.2349
26736.6176
sw
Large
High
80000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
572.2209
300151.5081
33937.4031
sw
Small
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34556.6593
253061.8726
6234.2492
sw
Medium
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
248810.5844
25667.8628
sw
Large
Low
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
451.9539
243985.4043
38725.1007
sw
Small
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33532.9539
252723.5169
6238.49
sw
Medium
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
249437.6047
26954.651
sw
Large
Mid
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
453.4356
244039.9172
38500.5095
sw
Small
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34817.9626
254531.5492
6296.0361
sw
Medium
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
249650.8648
26500.6689
sw
Large
High
100000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
455.731
244225.8463
37536.9871
sw
Small
Low
120000
haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
120000
haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
120000
haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
120000
haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
120000
haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
120000
haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
120000
haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
120000
haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
120000
haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
140000
haz
Total Capital
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
140000
haz
Total Capital
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
140000
haz
Total Capital
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
140000
haz
Total Capital
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
140000
haz
Total Capital
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
140000
haz
Total Capital
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
146
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
140000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
160000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
180000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33900.4382
215924.0368
5890.0342
sw
Medium
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
211666.7607
25507.7665
sw
Large
Low
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
374.3328
206713.6466
41220.6732
sw
Small
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32918.1745
215599.7161
5894.0304
sw
Medium
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
212293.369
26794.4102
sw
Large
Mid
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
375.7431
206767.6276
40997.6054
sw
Small
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34205.6675
217407.2924
5951.6382
sw
Medium
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
212504.7011
26343.0173
sw
Large
High
120000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
378.0706
206942.1029
39936.2611
sw
Small
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33439.3211
189399.3522
5644.1269
sw
Medium
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-660.5507
187798.374
23705.5598
sw
Large
Low
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
318.8896
180090.9314
43003.9659
sw
Small
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32480.2976
189082.8661
5647.9938
sw
Medium
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-664.1618
188439.1035
24982.8715
sw
Large
Mid
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
320.2488
180144.5379
42781.5828
sw
Small
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33769.9418
190891.5498
5705.6276
sw
Medium
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-730.1226
188914.9671
24365.1968
sw
Large
High
140000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
322.5993
180310.8197
41650.5338
sw
Small
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
63488.5129
-66457.9691
173889.5337
5354.3148
sw
Medium
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165237.1063
25307.4841
sw
Large
Low
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
277.307
160123.92
44340.8107
sw
Small
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32146.4113
169192.4714
5463.6098
sw
Medium
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165863.1827
26593.8867
sw
Large
Mid
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
278.6275
160177.2595
44119.0894
147
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33437.2181
171001.8918
5521.288
sw
Medium
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
166071.8611
26146.4553
sw
Large
High
160000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
280.9959
160337.3635
42936.0562
sw
Small
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32817.3744
154030.5068
5316.3073
sw
Medium
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149760.5538
25240.7839
sw
Large
Low
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
244.965
144594.0105
45380.8076
sw
Small
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31893.2113
153725.7723
5319.9801
sw
Medium
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150386.333
26527.2055
sw
Large
Mid
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
246.2556
144647.1468
45159.37
sw
Small
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33193.2691
155537.8739
5377.427
sw
Medium
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150594.2405
26080.9857
sw
Large
High
180000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
248.6372
144802.4835
43935.5475
sw
Small
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
200000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
220000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
sw
Small
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
240000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
-123193.7377
-79962.4309
875448.755
145384.5687
sw
Medium
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-6421.767
658890.1107
1055907.247
sw
Large
Low
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-142.3532
520600.7049
2094177.562
sw
Small
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
279001.2156
-684702.7894
1114657.33
181484.5646
sw
Medium
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10424.7434
738369.9087
1145973.904
sw
Large
Mid
260000
haz
Total Cap
tal
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-156.1913
540836.1859
2366805.87
148
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for IX
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Bed
Volumes
Spent
Media
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
sw
Small
High
260000
haz
Total Capital
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
942863.789
-1917858.317
2035549.745
296537.0341
sw
Medium
High
260000
haz
Total Capital
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11186.2438
943432.6253
1827403.638
sw
Large
High
260000
haz
Total Capital
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-205.4211
693814.6627
3820071.758
sw
Small
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32612.8967
141654.1386
5201.6989
sw
Medium
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
137379.3115
25187.6006
sw
Large
Low
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
219.0913
132170.0842
46212.6382
sw
Small
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31700.3538
141353.3214
5205.3071
sw
Medium
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
138005.0096
26473.7442
sw
Large
Mid
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
220.3583
132223.0395
45991.888
sw
Small
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
47582.6992
-58001.1186
146451.4913
5183.5116
sw
Medium
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
138212.1074
26028.447
sw
Large
High
200000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
222.7507
132374.5332
44735.9563
sw
Small
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32443.0172
131529.127
5107.445
sw
Medium
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
127249.091
25143.9686
sw
Large
Low
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197.922
122005.0527
46893.7223
sw
Small
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31547.1331
131233.8608
5110.9746
sw
Medium
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
127874.7079
26430.1872
sw
Large
Mid
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
199.1691
122057.8891
46672.7612
sw
Small
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32824.4526
133038.9559
5168.6688
sw
Medium
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-782.9687
131237.5948
23985.0851
sw
Large
High
220000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
201.5707
122206.2415
45390.2146
sw
Small
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32286.9815
123086.1834
5029.46
sw
Medium
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118807.5267
25107.196
sw
Large
Low
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
180.2811
113534.1838
47460.8947
sw
Small
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31396.1364
122792.551
5032.9755
sw
Medium
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
119432.8595
26393.5887
sw
Large
Mid
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
181.5122
113586.8837
47240.2875
sw
Small
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32686.3565
124602.8057
5090.3449
sw
Medium
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
119639.0762
25949.6259
sw
Large
High
240000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
183.9209
113732.6369
45935.8979
sw
Small
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
18.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32150.6672
115941.1012
4963.2928
sw
Medium
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
34.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
111664.4849
25076.5171
sw
Large
Low
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.516
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
165.3538
106366.5505
47940.7627
sw
Small
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
19.55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-31266.4033
115649.7522
4966.7577
sw
Medium
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
34.335
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
112289.8773
26362.694
sw
Large
Mid
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
166.5714
106419.1291
47720.7135
sw
Small
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
21.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
42655.2744
-54989.4188
120410.252
4953.2804
sw
Medium
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
35.459
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-797.2389
115709.1932
23882.7022
sw
Large
High
260000
haz
Annual O&M
36.211
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
168.9858
106562.7197
46396.821
149
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
A3 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for RO/NF
Cost Equation Parameters for RO/NF
GW/SW
Size Category
Comp Level
Cost Type
Useful Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
Low
Total Capital
23.115
0
0
0
0
0
0
437053.0639
-1156916.569
1967488.564
1463918.156
GW
Medium
Low
Total Capital
28.99411765
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2261.2437
7544.8133
1088868.815
2219118.011
GW
Large
Low
Total Capital
29.67368421
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-162.9871
693831.825
4788367.47
GW
Small
Mid
Total Capital
22.415
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1133971.613
2808082.31
1573876.809
GW
Medium
Mid
Total Capital
27.92941176
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2783.24
10761.4023
1266677.024
2868082.839
GW
Large
Mid
Total Capital
28.66315789
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.7538
-3409.4027
916678.3253
5223375.504
GW
Small
High
Total Capital
25.465
0
0
0
0
0
0
712817.9297
-2529832.211
3763165.486
1868182.212
GW
Medium
High
Total Capital
30.34705882
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2435.4521
2389.2312
1333865.778
3447474.127
GW
Large
High
Total Capital
30.17894737
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.8507
-1269.4529
844084.419
6296610.515
GW
Small
Low
Annual O&M
23.115
0
0
0
0
0
0
2063047.154
-897216.0192
484242.8872
44574.8113
GW
Medium
Low
Annual O&M
28.99411765
0
0
0
0
0
0
13193.5845
-122763.9786
653229.2641
-34056.4398
GW
Large
Low
Annual O&M
29.67368421
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7065
-968.2361
282811.6573
375801.5896
GW
Small
Mid
Annual O&M
22.415
0
0
0
0
0
0
2057176.273
-893150.114
483387.94
44626.9484
GW
Medium
Mid
Annual O&M
27.92941176
0
0
0
0
0
0
13193.5845
-122763.9786
653229.2641
-34056.4398
GW
Large
Mid
Annual O&M
28.66315789
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7065
-968.2361
282811.6573
375801.5896
GW
Small
High
Annual O&M
25.465
0
0
0
0
0
0
2067561.843
-900342.6879
484900.339
44534.718
GW
Medium
High
Annual O&M
30.34705882
0
0
0
0
0
0
13193.5845
-122763.9786
653229.2641
-34056.4398
GW
Large
High
Annual O&M
30.17894737
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.7065
-968.2361
282811.6573
375801.5896
SW
Small
Low
Total Capital
23.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
792516.8148
-2008873.791
2491357.216
1428953.402
SW
Medium
Low
Total Capital
29.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3012.7737
-81899.4104
1466243.733
1847192.192
SW
Large
Low
Total Capital
30.78947368
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-290.3761
644985.4841
4675860.549
SW
Small
Mid
Total Capital
22.445
0
0
0
0
0
0
4158066.618
-7581773.041
5272114.206
1424299.434
SW
Medium
Mid
Total Capital
28.21764706
0
0
0
0
0
0
10041.0742
-208062.7703
2260952.426
1637438.777
SW
Large
Mid
Total Capital
29.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.3787
-2744.4363
851006.8369
4837119.648
SW
Small
High
Total Capital
25.54
0
0
0
0
0
0
2628171.02
-5820941.321
5245655.252
1790788.574
SW
Medium
High
Total Capital
30.46470588
0
0
0
0
0
0
7631.6394
-169559.7783
2107573.492
2557744.787
SW
Large
High
Total Capital
31.04210526
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-484.018
737323.2359
6841317.778
SW
Small
Low
Annual O&M
23.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-153633.167
551973.2284
45651.642
SW
Medium
Low
Annual O&M
29.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
17482.5751
-161274.0615
821907.5954
-56588.3578
SW
Large
Low
Annual O&M
30.78947368
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.4871
-1669.1707
338108.3881
486893.4377
SW
Small
Mid
Annual O&M
22.445
0
0
0
0
0
0
2480041.671
-1391655.414
686771.0419
42971.874
SW
Medium
Mid
Annual O&M
28.21764706
0
0
0
0
0
0
18853.7351
-171558.7816
844811.586
-70541.8011
SW
Large
Mid
Annual O&M
29.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.4871
-1669.1707
338108.3881
486893.4377
SW
Small
High
Annual O&M
25.54
0
0
0
0
0
0
1479601.694
-893288.7439
632978.4064
44029.8274
SW
Medium
High
Annual O&M
30.46470588
0
0
0
0
0
0
17842.5314
-163974.0014
827920.3403
-60251.4092
SW
Large
High
Annual O&M
31.04210526
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.4871
-1669.1707
338108.3881
486893.4377
150
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
A.4 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for POU RO
Cost Equation Parameters for POU RO
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
n/a
Total Capital
10
700944.37
1.0355
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
GW
Small
n/a
Annual O&M
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-135400.9866
701268.6995
2454.8593
SW
Small
n/a
Total Capital
10
705013.194
1.0465
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SW
Small
n/a
Annual O&M
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
652386.1744
690.4192
151
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
A.5 Capital and Annual O&M Cost Equation Parameters for Nontreatment Options
Cost Equation Parameters for Nontreatment Options
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design Type
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
GW
Small
Low
Interconnection
Total Capital
17.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
-560032.442
771721.5229
51365.9263
600231.0091
GW
Medium
Low
Interconnection
Total Capital
22.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
-55058.6273
363044.7555
-566594.58
1173013.79
GW
Small
Mid
Interconnection
Total Capital
17.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
-605774.9391
831092.7558
43597.1038
611295.3516
GW
Medium
Mid
Interconnection
Total Capital
22.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
-59703.7808
402536.2258
-647866.3051
1241967.732
GW
Small
High
Interconnection
Total Capital
33.93
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-631069.7282
1385198.056
1313780.871
GW
Medium
High
Interconnection
Total Capital
38.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-116324.7782
965237.1476
1292920.326
GW
Small
Low
Interconnection
Annual O&M
17.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
1172393.696
-323637.2531
1328660.543
1012.2372
GW
Medium
Low
Interconnection
Annual O&M
22.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
140676.5805
-307834.65
1526384.539
-37333.9888
GW
Small
Mid
Interconnection
Annual O&M
17.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
1172393.696
-323637.2531
1328660.543
1012.2372
GW
Medium
Mid
Interconnection
Annual O&M
22.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
140676.5805
-307834.65
1526384.539
-37333.9888
GW
Small
High
Interconnection
Annual O&M
33.93
0
0
0
0
0
0
964898.8074
-258272.7146
1319201.805
1130.9069
GW
Medium
High
Interconnection
Annual O&M
38.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
122049.6952
-267262.8612
1494257.446
-32645.9798
GW
Small
Low
New Well Construction
Total Capital
24.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
628206.1808
-605771.3415
437758.3298
220003.705
GW
Medium
Low
New Well Construction
Total Capital
28.36
0
0
0
0
0
0
-128668.7397
872536.2865
-1339364.867
1258633.582
GW
Small
Mid
New Well Construction
Total Capital
25.75
0
0
0
0
0
0
1559164.557
-1723018.32
1107234.322
398078.7007
GW
Medium
Mid
New Well Construction
Total Capital
29.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
-254010.7513
1721705.053
-2694012.854
2491392.114
GW
Small
High
New Well Construction
Total Capital
26.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
1765114.84
-2018136.542
1397596.137
422042.282
GW
Medium
High
New Well Construction
Total Capital
29.84
0
0
0
0
0
0
-296012.9238
2006412.029
-3148814.65
2912158.263
GW
Small
Low
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
24.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
-73956.3039
92162.0229
49872.6092
3762.882
GW
Medium
Low
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
28.36
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33388.3209
88799.4329
5402.2413
17891.507
GW
Small
Mid
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
25.75
0
0
0
0
0
0
-73956.3039
92162.0229
49872.6092
3762.882
GW
Medium
Mid
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
29.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33388.3209
88799.4329
5402.2413
17891.507
GW
Small
High
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
26.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
-73956.3039
92162.0229
49872.6092
3762.882
GW
Medium
High
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
29.84
0
0
0
0
0
0
-33388.3209
88799.4329
5402.2413
17891.507
SW
Small
Low
Interconnection
Total Capital
17.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
-560032.442
771721.5229
51365.9263
600231.0091
SW
Medium
Low
Interconnection
Total Capital
22.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
-55058.6273
363044.7555
-566594.58
1173013.79
SW
Small
Mid
Interconnection
Total Capital
17.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
-605774.9391
831092.7558
43597.1038
611295.3516
SW
Medium
Mid
Interconnection
Total Capital
22.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
-59703.7808
402536.2258
-647866.3051
1241967.732
SW
Small
High
Interconnection
Total Capital
33.93
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-631069.7282
1385198.056
1313780.871
SW
Medium
High
Interconnection
Total Capital
38.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-116324.7782
965237.1476
1292920.326
SW
Small
Low
Interconnection
Annual O&M
17.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
271230.0319
1251910.323
2876.94
SW
Medium
Low
Interconnection
Annual O&M
22.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
164523.1139
-347590.2383
1546276.037
-40406.7767
SW
Small
Mid
Interconnection
Annual O&M
17.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
271230.0319
1251910.323
2876.94
SW
Medium
Mid
Interconnection
Annual O&M
22.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
164523.1139
-347590.2383
1546276.037
-40406.7767
SW
Small
High
Interconnection
Annual O&M
33.93
0
0
0
0
0
0
1174540.783
-386902.7001
1337372.888
723.1604
SW
Medium
High
Interconnection
Annual O&M
38.17
0
0
0
0
0
0
142753.0832
-301809.514
1511610.796
-35345.6582
SW
Small
Low
New Well Construction
Total Capital
24.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
628206.1808
-605771.3415
437758.3298
220003.705
SW
Medium
Low
New Well Construction
Total Capital
28.36
0
0
0
0
0
0
-128668.7397
872536.2865
-1339364.867
1258633.582
SW
Small
Mid
New Well Construction
Total Capital
25.75
0
0
0
0
0
0
1559164.557
-1723018.32
1107234.322
398078.7007
SW
Medium
Mid
New Well Construction
Total Capital
29.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
-254010.7513
1721705.053
-2694012.854
2491392.114
SW
Small
High
New Well Construction
Total Capital
26.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
1765114.84
-2018136.542
1397596.137
422042.282
SW
Medium
High
New Well Construction
Total Capital
29.84
0
0
0
0
0
0
-296012.9238
2006412.029
-3148814.65
2912158.263
152
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water March 2024
Cost Equation Parameters for Nontreatment Options
GW/SW
Size
Category
Comp
Level
Design Type
Cost Type
Useful
Life
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
SW
Small
Low
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
24.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35362.6715
73214.0449
51411.2015
3756.6482
sw
Medium
Low
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
28.36
0
0
0
0
0
0
-41326.1706
106550.8195
-5783.4687
20024.7684
SW
Small
Mid
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
25.75
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35362.6715
73214.0449
51411.2015
3756.6482
sw
Medium
Mid
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
29.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
-41326.1706
106550.8195
-5783.4687
20024.7684
sw
Small
High
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
26.23
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35362.6715
73214.0449
51411.2015
3756.6482
sw
Medium
High
New Well Construction
Annual O&M
29.84
0
0
0
0
0
0
-41326.1706
106550.8195
-5783.4687
20024.7684
153
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March 2024
Appendix B. Example WBS Model Outputs
Notes:
• To show the variations among both system size and cost level, the examples chosen for each
scenario modeled typically include a low-cost small system, a mid-cost medium system, and
a high-cost large system.
• Each of the examples is among the individual flow rate-specific estimates used to generate
the cost equations presented in Appendix A (see Section 7.1 for details on the method used to
develop the equations).
154
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March 2024
B.l Example Outputs for GAC
Granular Activated Carbon(GAC), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd
Groundwater
Low-Cost Components
Design Type: Pressure
Bed Volumes: 50000
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1.1
Pressure Vessels - Carbon Steel - Plastic Internals
160,077
30
2.2.1
Residuals Holding Tanks/Basins - Fiberglass Tanks
87,354
20
3.1.1
Process Piping - PVC
969
17
3.2.1
Backwash Piping - PVC
1,646
17
3.3.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - PVC
969
17
3.4.1
Residuals Piping - PVC
168
17
3.4.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,006
17
3.4.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
46
17
3.4.5
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
607
17
3.4.6
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
122
17
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Process - Polypropylene/PVC
12,880
20
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Backwash - Polypropylene/PVC
12,788
20
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Residuals - Polypropylene/PVC
2,163
20
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
4.2.2
Manual Valves - Process - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
4.3.1
Check Valves - Backwash - Polypropylene/PVC
2,167
20
4.3.2
Check Valves - Residuals - Polypropylene/PVC
240
20
4.3.5
Check Valves - Influent - Polypropylene/PVC
1,306
20
5.3
Pumps - Residuals
9,616
17
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water - Propeller
4,796
14
6.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Backwash - Propeller
5,645
14
6.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Residuals - Propeller
2,238
14
6.7
High/Low Alarm (for holding tanks)
644
14
6.12.1
Sampling Ports - Carbon Steel
250
22
7.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
1,020
8
7.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
8
7.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
430
8
7.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
8
7.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
1,879
8
7.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
8
7.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
8
7.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
2,790
14
7.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
10,492
8
9.1
Media - Initial GAC Charge
55,512
N/A
12.1
Solids drying pad
493
37
14.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Low Quality
55,667
37
155
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
14.5
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
3,449
37
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
333,296
37
Process Cost
448,246
System Cost
781,542
O&M Cost
29,459
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
0
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Site Work
9,590
Yard Piping
3,988
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
0
Electrical (including yard wiring)
38,913
Contingency
71,372
Process Engineering
89,649
Construction Management and GC Overhead
9,248
Permits
4,141
Pilot Study
51,042
Land Cost
1,564
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
44,825
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
8,965
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (0.0%)
0
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (14 hrs/yr @ $52.3563/hr)
716
Clerical (14 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
465
Operator (137 hrs/yr @ $35.3133/hr)
4,831
Materials for residuals pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
96
Materials for GAC contactors (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,601
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (550 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
3,684
Makeup GAC (1403 Ibs/yr @ $2.4322/lb)
3,413
Off-site GAC regeneration (3275 Ibs/yr @ $1,9491/lb)
6,383
Energy for backwash pumps (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kWh)
15
Energy for residuals pumps (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
26
Energy for lighting (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
3
Energy for ventilation (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
46
POTW discharge fees (887471 gal/yr @ $0.0062/gal)
5,490
Holding tanks solids disposal (0 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
11
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
2,678
156
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Granular Activated Carbon(GAC), design 5.809 mgd, average 2.455 mgd
Groundwater
Mid-Cost Components
Design Type: Pressure
Bed Volumes: 50000
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1.1
Pressure Vessels - Carbon Steel - Plastic Internals
1,528,099
35
2.1.1
Backwash Tanks/Basins - Fiberglass Tanks
83,665
25
2.2.1
Residuals Holding Tanks/Basins - Fiberglass Tanks
131,466
25
3.1.1
Process Piping - CPVC
15,770
22
3.2.1
Backwash Piping - CPVC
40,951
22
3.3.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - CPVC
42,529
22
3.4.1
Residuals Piping - CPVC
3,153
22
3.4.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,089
22
3.4.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
51
22
3.4.5
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
658
22
3.4.6
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
252
22
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Process - Cast Iron
299,736
25
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Backwash - Cast Iron
401,768
25
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
7,700
25
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
5,870
25
4.2.2
Manual Valves - Process - Cast Iron
20,540
25
4.3.1
Check Valves - Backwash - Cast Iron
21,096
25
4.3.2
Check Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
1,508
25
4.3.5
Check Valves - Influent - Cast Iron
14,924
25
5.2
Pumps - Backwash
66,971
20
5.3
Pumps - Residuals
11,072
20
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water - Venturi
4,557
15
6.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Backwash - Venturi
4,025
15
6.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Residuals - Venturi
2,396
15
6.6
High/Low Alarms (for backwash tanks)
644
15
6.7
High/Low Alarm (for holding tanks)
644
15
6.8
pH Meters
6,094
15
6.9
Temperature meters
1,590
15
6.1
Turbidity meters
18,551
15
6.11
Head loss sensors
33,445
15
6.12.1
Sampling Ports - Stainless Steel
850
35
7.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
3,060
10
7.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
7.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
860
10
7.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
10
7.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
8,767
10
7.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
157
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
7.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
321
10
7.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
618
10
7.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
7.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
8,371
15
7.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
7.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
4,326
10
7.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
391
10
7.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
7.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
622
10
7.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
671
10
7.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
20,681
10
8.1.1
Solids Transfer - Eductors for GAC Transfer
11,195
45
9.1
Media - Initial GAC Charge
683,428
N/A
12.1
Solids drying pad
986
40
14.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Medium Quality
849,810
40
14.1.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating and Cooling System -
Heat pump
8,152
25
14.5
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
81,304
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
3,147,862
40
Process Cost
4,464,088
System Cost
7,611,950
O&M Cost
353,108
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
218,818
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
65,749
Site Work
157,888
Yard Piping
43,634
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
5,940
Electrical (including yard wiring)
352,482
Contingency
521,172
Process Engineering
535,691
Construction Management and GC Overhead
281,613
Permits
10,308
Pilot Study
166,936
Land Cost
28,735
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
446,409
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
89,282
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
223,204
158
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (79 hrs/yr @ $66.7054/hr)
5,240
Clerical (79 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
3,450
Operator (786 hrs/yr @ $39.756/hr)
31,233
Materials for backwash pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
670
Materials for residuals pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
111
Materials for GAC contactors (calculated as a percentage of capital)
15,281
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (9160 sf @ $6.9362/sf/yr)
63,535
Makeup GAC (21268 Ibs/yr @ $2.0848/lb)
44,340
Off-site GAC regeneration (49625 Ibs/yr @ $1,2355/lb)
61,311
Energy for backwash pumps (2 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kWh)
197
Energy for residuals pumps (3 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
344
Energy for lighting (4 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
529
Energy for ventilation (9 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1,134
Heat pump (cooling mode) (51 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
6,294
Heat pump (146 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
17,900
POTW discharge fees (11628900 gal/yr @ $0.006/gal)
69,269
Holding tanks solids disposal (1 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
168
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
32,101
159
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Granular Activated Carbon(GAC), design 56.271 mgd, average 24.863 mgd
Surface Water
High-Cost Components
Design Type: Gravity
Bed Volumes: 50000
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.2.1
GAC Contact Basins - Concrete
979,731
40
1.2.2
GAC Contact Basins - Internals (Underdrain/Backwash System)
4,336,193
40
1.2.3
GAC Contact Basins - Aluminum Railing
40,920
40
1.2.4
GAC Contact Basins - Aluminum Stairs
6,900
40
1.2.5
GAC Contact Basins - Excavation
418,200
40
1.2.6
GAC Contact Basins - Backfill and Compaction
83,827
40
2.2.1
Residuals Holding Tanks/Basins - Steel Tanks
165,120
35
3.1.1
Process Piping - CPVC
76,552
22
3.2.1
Backwash Piping - PVC
26,200
22
3.3.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - PVC
32,276
22
3.4.1
Residuals Piping - CPVC
17,347
22
3.4.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,326
22
3.4.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
64
22
3.4.5
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
801
22
3.4.6
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
1,316
22
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Process - Cast Iron
609,373
25
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Backwash - Cast Iron
931,909
25
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
21,410
25
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
37,235
25
4.3.1
Check Valves - Backwash - Cast Iron
118,377
25
4.3.2
Check Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
7,979
25
4.3.5
Check Valves - Influent - Stainless Steel
49,272
25
5.1
Pumps - Booster
783,275
20
5.2
Pumps - Backwash
315,622
20
5.3
Pumps - Residuals
20,205
20
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water - Magnetic
25,132
15
6.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Backwash - Magnetic
16,128
15
6.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Residuals - Magnetic
6,629
15
6.5
Level Switches/Alarms (for vessels)
9,011
15
6.7
High/Low Alarm (for holding tanks)
644
15
6.8
pH Meters
42,660
15
6.9
Temperature meters
1,590
15
6.1
Turbidity meters
98,939
15
6.11
Head loss sensors
33,445
15
6.12.1
Sampling Ports - Stainless Steel
850
35
7.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
3,060
10
7.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
160
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
7.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
1,720
10
7.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
10
7.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
10,019
10
7.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
7.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
321
10
7.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
618
10
7.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
7.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
23,717
15
7.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
7.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
4,326
10
7.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
391
10
7.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
7.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
622
10
7.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
671
10
7.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
20,681
10
8.1.1
Solids Transfer - Eductors for GAC Transfer
96,667
45
9.1
Media - Initial GAC Charge
6,610,302
N/A
12.1
Solids drying pad
5,420
40
14.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Medium Quality
2,120,933
40
14.1.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating System - Natural gas
condensing furnace
93,485
25
14.1.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Cooling System - Air
conditioner
42,794
25
14.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - Medium Quality
532,409
40
14.2.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - Heating System - Natural gas
condensing furnace
53,140
25
14.2.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - Cooling System - Air
conditioner
94,831
25
14.5
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
272,984
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
11,145,151
40
Process Cost
19,314,431
System Cost
30,459,582
O&M Cost
2,522,462
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
161
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
475,842
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
199,056
Site Work
534,800
Yard Piping
116,303
Geotechnical
185,650
Standby Power
99,082
Electrical (including yard wiring)
1,610,386
Contingency
1,764,733
Process Engineering
1,545,155
Construction Management and GC Overhead
819,367
Permits
24,819
Pilot Study
166,936
Land Cost
319,568
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
1,931,443
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
386,289
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
965,722
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (310 hrs/yr @ $83.1618/hr)
25,755
Clerical (310 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
13,601
Operator (3097 hrs/yr @ $48.511/hr)
150,240
Materials for booster pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
7,833
Materials for backwash pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
3,156
Materials for residuals pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
202
Materials for GAC contactors (calculated as a percentage of capital)
53,637
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (30660 sf @ $6.9362/sf/yr)
212,663
Makeup GAC (215391 Ibs/yr @ $1.8028/lb)
388,315
Off-site GAC regeneration (502578 Ibs/yr @ $1,2355/lb)
620,930
Energy for booster pumps (1672 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
204,732
Energy for backwash pumps (11 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kWh)
1,334
Energy for residuals pumps (19 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
2,331
Energy for lighting (57 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
6,977
Energy for ventilation (56 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
6,850
Air conditioning (467 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
57,141
Natural gas condensing furnace (71192 therms/yr @ $0.9468/therm)
67,402
POTW discharge fees (78840000 gal/yr @ $0.0059/gal)
468,345
Holding tanks solids disposal (14 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
1,701
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
229,315
162
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
B.2 Example Outputs for IX
Anion Exchange for PFAS(AX_PFAS), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd
Groundwater
Low-Cost Components
Bed Volumes: 120000
Spent Media: incineration (non-hazardous)
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Pressure Vessels - Carbon Steel - Plastic Internals
105,615
30
2.1
Ion Exchange Resin - PFAS-Selective
92,584
N/A
4.1
Cartridge Filters - Cartridge Filters
21,811
30
5.1.1
Backwash Piping - PVC
525
17
5.3.1
Process Piping - PVC
646
17
5.5.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - PVC
646
17
5.7.1
Residuals Piping - PVC
301
17
5.7.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,057
17
5.7.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
49
17
5.7.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
638
17
5.7.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
118
17
6.1.1
Valves and Fittings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Process -
Polypropylene/PVC
12,880
20
6.1.2
Valves and Fittings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Backwash -
Polypropylene/PVC
8,385
20
6.2.1
Valves and Fittings - Manual - Influent and treated water -
Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
6.2.2
Valves and Fittings - Manual - Process - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
6.3.2
Valves and Fittings - Check Valves - Influent and Treated Water -
Polypropylene/PVC
2,611
20
6.3.5
Valves and Fittings - Check Valves - Residuals - Polypropylene/PVC
246
20
11.1.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water -
Propeller
4,796
14
11.3.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Backwash - Propeller
3,860
14
11.4.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Residuals - Propeller
2,812
14
11.12
Instrumentation and Controls - Head loss sensors
4,778
14
11.13.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Sampling Ports - Stainless Steel
250
30
12.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
1,020
8
12.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
8
12.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
430
8
12.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
1,879
8
12.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
8
12.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
8
12.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
10,492
8
13.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Small Low Cost Shed
17,160
20
13.3
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
1,971
37
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
247,902
20
Process Cost
305,996
163
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
System Cost
553,898
O&M Cost
36,008
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Construction Management
6,630
Process Engineering
61,199
Site Work
5,137
Yard Piping
3,723
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
0
Electrical (including yard wiring)
28,686
Mobilization and Demobilization
0
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Permits
2,949
Pilot Study
51,042
Land Cost
1,232
Contingency
50,583
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
30,600
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
6,120
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (7 hrs/yr @ $52.3563/hr)
385
Clerical (7 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
250
Operator (73 hrs/yr @ $35.3133/hr)
2,593
Cartridge filter replacement (7 filters/yr @ $207.9779/sf/yr)
1,497
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (300 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
2,009
PFAS-selective (66 cf/yr @ $328.9104/cf)
21,667
Energy for backwash/rinse pumps (0 Mwh/yr @$0.1225/kwh)
0
Energy for lighting (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1
Energy for ventilation (0 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
10
POTW discharge fees (848 gal/yr @ $0.5134/gal)
435
Spent resin disposal (1 ton/yr @ $2737.1421/ton)
3,877
Spent cartridge filter disposal (0 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
10
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
3,273
164
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Anion Exchange for PFAS(AX_PFAS), design 5.809 mgd, average 2.455 mgd
Groundwater
Mid-Cost Components
Bed Volumes: 160000
Spent Media: incineration (non-hazardous)
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Pressure Vessels - Carbon Steel - Plastic Internals
617,823
35
2.1
Ion Exchange Resin - PFAS-Selective
1,243,192
N/A
3.1.1
Backwash/Rinse Tanks - Fiberglass
36,246
25
4.1
Cartridge Filters - Cartridge Filters
128,792
35
5.1.1
Backwash Piping - CPVC
13,799
22
5.3.1
Process Piping - CPVC
16,663
22
5.5.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - CPVC
29,770
22
5.7.1
Residuals Piping - CPVC
3,216
22
5.7.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,115
22
5.7.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
53
22
5.7.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
674
22
5.7.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
248
22
6.1.1
Valves and F
ttings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Process - Cast Iron
43,481
25
6.1.2
Valves and F
ttings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Backwash - Cast Iron
128,458
25
6.2.1
Valves and F
ttings - Manual - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
5,870
25
6.2.2
Valves and F
ttings - Manual - Process - Cast Iron
13,695
25
6.3.1
Valves and F
ttings - Check Valves - Backwash - Cast Iron
7,979
25
6.3.2
Valves and F
ttings - Check Valves - Influent and Treated Water - Cast Iron
29,848
25
6.3.5
Valves and F
ttings - Check Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
1,066
25
7.2
Pumps - Backwash/Rinse
22,639
20
11.1.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water -
Venturi
4,557
15
11.3.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Backwash - Venturi
3,077
15
11.4.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Residuals - Venturi
2,483
15
11.6
Instrumentation and Controls - High/Low Alarm (for backwash tanks)
644
15
11.11
Instrumentation and Controls - Temperature meters
795
15
11.12
Instrumentation and Controls - Head loss sensors
23,889
15
11.13.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Sampling Ports - Carbon Steel
500
25
11.17
Instrumentation and Controls - Turbidity meters
6,184
15
12.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
2,040
10
12.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
12.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
430
10
12.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
10
12.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
4,383
10
12.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
12.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
160
10
12.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
309
10
12.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
12.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
2,790
15
165
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
12.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
12.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
4,326
10
12.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
391
10
12.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
12.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
622
10
12.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
671
10
12.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
20,681
10
13.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Medium Quality
439,853
40
13.1.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating and Cooling System -
Heat pump
4,970
25
13.3
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
37,942
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
2,165,457
40
Process Cost
2,915,191
System Cost
5,080,648
O&M Cost
518,460
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Construction Management
187,285
Process Engineering
349,823
Site Work
75,691
Yard Piping
36,395
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
2,640
Electrical (including yard wiring)
243,243
Mobilization and Demobilization
142,587
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
38,621
Permits
2,942
Pilot Study
166,936
Land Cost
17,072
Contingency
406,639
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
291,519
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
58,304
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
145,760
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
166
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (39 hrs/yr @ $66.7054/hr)
2,572
Clerical (39 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
1,693
Operator (386 hrs/yr @ $39.756/hr)
15,330
Cartridge filter replacement (96 filters/yr @ $225.0723/sf/yr)
21,607
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (4420 sf @ $6.9362/sf/yr)
30,658
PFAS-selective (998 cf/yr @ $328.9104/cf)
328,352
Energy for backwash/rinse pumps (0 Mwh/yr @$0.1225/kwh)
0
Energy for lighting (1 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
125
Energy for ventilation (3 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
399
Heat pump (cooling mode) (15 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1,874
Heat pump (52 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
6,379
POTW discharge fees (8164 gal/yr @ $0.4228/gal)
3,452
Spent resin disposal (21 ton/yr @ $2737.1421/ton)
58,749
Spent cartridge filter disposal (1 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
138
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
47,133
167
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Anion Exchange for PFAS(AX_PFAS), design 56.271 mgd, average 24.863 mgd
Surface Water
High-Cost Components
Bed Volumes: 120000
Spent Media: incineration (non-hazardous)
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Pressure Vessels - Stainless Steel
7,661,480
35
2.1
Ion Exchange Resin - PFAS-Selective
11,733,230
N/A
4.1
Cartridge Filters - Cartridge Filters
884,649
35
5.1.1
Backwash Piping - Stainless Steel
138,044
45
5.3.1
Process Piping - Stainless Steel
166,329
45
5.5.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - Stainless Steel
419,669
45
5.7.1
Residuals Piping - Stainless Steel
34,728
45
5.7.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
1,180
45
5.7.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
57
45
5.7.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
713
45
5.7.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
504
45
6.1.1
Valves and Fittings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Process - Stainless Steel
1,272,989
25
6.1.2
Valves and Fittings - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Backwash - Stainless
Steel
599,105
25
6.2.1
Valves and Fittings - Manual - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
37,235
25
6.2.2
Valves and Fittings - Manual - Process - Stainless Steel
79,944
25
6.3.1
Valves and Fittings - Check Valves - Backwash - Stainless Steel
9,520
25
6.3.2
Valves and Fittings - Check Valves - Influent and Treated Water - Stainless
Steel
98,545
25
6.3.5
Valves and Fittings - Check Valves - Residuals - Stainless Steel
1,672
25
7.2
Pumps - Backwash/Rinse
46,124
20
11.1.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water -
Magnetic
25,132
15
11.3.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Backwash - Magnetic
7,811
15
11.4.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Flow Meters - Residuals - Magnetic
5,493
15
11.11
Instrumentation and Controls - Temperature meters
795
15
11.12
Instrumentation and Controls - Head loss sensors
102,724
15
11.13.1
Instrumentation and Controls - Sampling Ports - Carbon Steel
1,500
25
11.17
Instrumentation and Controls - Turbidity meters
6,184
15
12.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
4,080
10
12.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
12.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
1,290
10
12.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
10
12.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
13,777
10
12.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
12.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
481
10
12.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
927
10
12.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
12.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
2,790
15
168
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
12.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
12.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
4,326
10
12.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
391
10
12.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
12.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
622
10
12.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
671
10
12.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
20,681
10
13.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - High Quality
2,217,211
40
13.1.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating System - Natural gas
condensing furnace
67,071
25
13.1.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Cooling System - Air conditioner
26,109
25
13.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - High Quality
307,005
40
13.2.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - Heating and Cooling System -
Heat pump
4,103
25
13.3
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
195,622
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
14,498,491
40
Process Cost
26,211,376
System Cost
40,709,867
O&M Cost
4,888,971
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Construction Management
1,104,901
Process Engineering
2,096,910
Site Work
379,994
Yard Piping
488,667
Geotechnical
31,500
Standby Power
15,906
Electrical (including yard wiring)
2,339,426
Mobilization and Demobilization
641,760
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
174,661
Permits
2,973
Pilot Study
166,936
Land Cost
240,321
Contingency
2,358,603
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
2,621,138
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
524,228
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
1,310,569
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
169
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (195 hrs/yr @ $83.1618/hr)
16,257
Clerical (195 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
8,585
Operator (1955 hrs/yr @ $48.511/hr)
94,831
Cartridge filter replacement (672 filters/yr @ $234.0797/sf/yr)
157,302
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (22190 sf @ $6.9362/sf/yr)
153,914
PFAS-selective (10110 cf/yr @ $328.9104/cf)
3,325,379
Energy for backwash/rinse pumps (0 Mwh/yr @$0.1225/kwh)
4
Energy for lighting (52 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
6,374
Energy for ventilation (26 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
3,198
Air conditioning (73 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
8,934
Heat pump (cooling mode) (73 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
8,934
Heat pump (20 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
2,425
Natural gas condensing furnace (31092 therms/yr @ $0.9468/therm)
29,437
POTW discharge fees (93663 gal/yr @ $0.3524/gal)
33,003
Spent resin disposal (217 ton/yr @ $2737.1421/ton)
594,976
Spent cartridge filter disposal (8 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
966
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
444,452
170
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
B.3 Example Outputs for RO/NF
Reverse Osmosis / Nanofiltration(RONF), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd
Groundwater
Low-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Membrane Process - Membrane Elements
50,119
N/A
1.2
Membrane Process - RO Pressure Vessels
17,677
17
1.3.1
Membrane Process - Feed Line Connectors - Victaulic, Painted
3,037
20
1.5.1
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Feed - Stainless Steel
13,214
40
1.5.2
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Permeate - PVC
504
17
1.5.3
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Concentrate - Stainless Steel
8,773
40
1.6
Membrane Process - Vessel Support Rack - Steel Beams
15,861
20
1.7
Membrane Process - Markup for Rack Assembly
36,574
23.03638685
2.1.1
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Plastic (HXLPE)
977
7
2.1.2
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
1,479
37
2.1.3
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2.2.1
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Plastic/XLPE
806
7
2.2.2
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete Curbing
740
37
2.2.3
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical Resistant
Coating
389
10
2.3.1
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Plastic (XLPE)
814
7
2.3.2
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete Curbing
740
37
2.3.3
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2,7,1
Cleaning Solution Makeup Tanks - Plastic (XLPE)
2,167
7
2.8.1
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Plastic (XLPE)
794
7
2.8.2
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
740
37
2.8.3
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
389
10
2.8.4
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Plastic (XLPE)
794
7
2.8.5
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
740
37
2.8.6
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
389
10
3.1.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - PVC
1,293
17
3.2.1
Cleaning System Piping - PVC
420
17
3.3.1
Residuals Piping - PVC
111,214
17
3.3.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
308,438
17
3.3.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
14,937
17
3.3.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
186,281
17
3.3.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
59,263
17
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Pretreatment acid - Polypropylene/PVC
1,891
20
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Antiscalant - Polypropylene/PVC
1,891
20
171
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Feed line - Polypropylene/PVC
8,587
20
4.1.4
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Concentrate control - Cast Iron
5,134
20
4.1.10
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Cleaning - Polypropylene/PVC
40,248
20
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
4.3.1
Check Valves - Residuals - Polypropylene/PVC
665
20
4.3.2
Check Valves - Influent - Polypropylene/PVC
1,306
20
4.3.4
Check Valves - Feed pumps - Polypropylene/PVC
2,611
20
4.3.5
Check Valves - Cleaning - Polypropylene/PVC
1,996
20
5.1.1
Acid Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - PVC - Electric
2,510
15
5.2.1
Antiscalant Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - PVC - Electric
2,419
15
5.4
Pumps - Feed Water
57,482
17
5.7
Pumps - Cleaning Pumps (separate for acid and caustic)
1,138
17
6.1
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Feed
27,306
30
6.2.1
Screens and Filters - Security Screens for Cleaning - Simplex Basket
Screens
7,431
30
6.3
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Cleaning
16,126
30
8.1
Teflon Immersion Heaters for Cleaning Tanks
4,307
14
9.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water Line - Propeller
9,592
14
9.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Feed Line - Propeller
9,592
14
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Permeate Line - Propeller
7,719
14
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Concentrate Line -
Propeller
6,171
14
9.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Cleaning - Propeller
14,388
14
9.5.1
Instrumentation - Propeller
3,860
14
9.6
Instrumentation - Level Switches/Alarms (for cleaning tanks)
1,287
14
9.7
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for pretreatment chemical tanks)
1,287
14
9.8
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for cleaning chemical storage tanks)
1,287
14
9.1
Instrumentation - pH meters
12,188
14
9.11
Instrumentation - Temperature meters
2,384
14
9.12
Instrumentation - Conductivity meters
18,244
14
9.13
Instrumentation - Head loss sensors
9,556
14
9.14.1
Instrumentation - Sampling ports - Carbon Steel
900
22
10.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
2,040
8
10.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
8
10.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
860
8
10.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
8
10.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
5,636
8
10.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
8
10.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
160
8
10.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
309
8
10.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
8
10.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
12,556
14
10.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
10,492
8
172
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
11.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Low Quality
142,973
37
11.4
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
13,797
37
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
955,062
37
Process Cost
1,317,693
System Cost
2,272,755
O&M Cost
117,342
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
79,800
Construction Management and GC Overhead
87,042
Contingency
181,904
Process Engineering
263,539
Site Work
26,714
Yard Piping
3,725
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
0
Electrical (including yard wiring)
116,092
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Pilot Study
1,243
Land Cost
2,559
Permits
34,321
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
131,769
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
26,354
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (0.0%)
0
173
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (124 hrs/yr @ $52.3563/hr)
6,496
Administrative (124 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
4,220
Operator (1241 hrs/yr @ $35.3133/hr)
43,815
Materials for pretreatment (calculated as a percentage of capital)
322
Cartridge filter replacement (19 filters/yr @ $ 188.4333/fiIter)
3,553
Materials for membrane process (calculated as a percentage of capital)
501
Membrane replacement (10 element/yr @ $668.2566/element)
6,873
Materials for cleaning (calculated as a percentage of capital)
247
Materials for feed water and booster pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
575
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (1560 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
10,448
Sulfuric Acid - Small Qty (23565 Ibs/yr @ $0.223/lb)
5,256
Antiscalant - Basic (2468 Ibs/yr @ $3.3516/lb)
8,271
Membrane Cleaner - Low pH Sulfate Control (13 gal/yr @ $39.192/gal)
497
Membrane Cleaner - High pH Detergent (13 gal/yr @ $44.8439/gal)
569
Energy for feed water and booster pumps (119 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
14,533
Energy for lighting (1 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
71
Energy for ventilation (3 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
367
Spent cartridge filter disposal (0 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
37
Spent membrane element disposal (0 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
23
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
10,667
174
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Reverse Osmosis / Nanofiltration(RONF), design 5.809 mgd, average 2.455 mgd
Groundwater
Mid-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Membrane Process - Membrane Elements
803,996
N/A
1.2
Membrane Process - RO Pressure Vessels
264,211
22
1.3.1
Membrane Process - Feed Line Connectors - Victaulic, Galvanized
52,755
25
1.5.1
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Feed - Stainless Steel
242,957
45
1.5.2
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Permeate - PVC
10,663
22
1.5.3
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Concentrate - Stainless Steel
181,692
45
1.6
Membrane Process - Vessel Support Rack - Steel Beams
66,014
25
1.7
Membrane Process - Markup for Rack Assembly
371,978
30.76375793
2.1.1
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Fiberglass
15,193
10
2.1.2
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
2,958
40
2.1.3
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
1,167
10
2.2.1
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Fiberglass
3,778
10
2.2.2
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete Curbing
740
40
2.2.3
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2.3.1
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Fiberglass
5,386
10
2.3.2
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
1,479
40
2.3.3
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2.4.1
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Fiberglass
1,369
10
2.4.2
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
740
40
2.4.3
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2,7,1
Cleaning Solution Makeup Tanks - Fiberglass
39,164
10
2.8.1
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Fiberglass
2,595
10
2.8.2
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
740
40
2.8.3
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
389
10
2.8.4
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Fiberglass
2,595
10
2.8.5
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
2,219
40
2.8.6
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
389
10
3.1.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - CPVC
42,422
22
3.2.1
Cleaning System Piping - CPVC
3,531
22
3.3.1
Residuals Piping - CPVC
1,266,369
22
3.3.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
375,051
22
3.3.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
19,102
22
3.3.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
226,512
22
175
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
3.3.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
208,364
22
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Pretreatment acid - Stainless Steel
990
25
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Antiscalant - Stainless Steel
990
25
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Feed line - Cast Iron
69,907
25
4.1.4
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Concentrate control - Stainless Steel
21,371
25
4.1.10
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Cleaning - Stainless Steel
222,326
25
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
10,552
25
4.3.1
Check Valves - Residuals - Cast Iron
6,898
25
4.3.2
Check Valves - Influent - Cast Iron
20,013
25
4.3.4
Check Valves - Feed pumps - Cast Iron
27,592
25
4.3.5
Check Valves - Cleaning - Cast Iron
5,532
25
5.1.1
Acid Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - PVC - Electric
3,467
20
5.2.1
Antiscalant Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - Stainless Steel - Electric
4,927
20
5.4
Pumps - Feed Water
532,976
20
5.7
Pumps - Cleaning Pumps (separate for acid and caustic)
6,253
20
6.1
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Feed
153,356
35
6.2.1
Screens and Filters - Security Screens for Cleaning - Simplex Basket
Screens
38,236
35
6.3
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Cleaning
93,117
35
8.1
Teflon Immersion Heaters for Cleaning Tanks
30,166
15
9.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water Line - Venturi
10,244
15
9.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Feed Line - Venturi
10,590
15
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Permeate Line - Venturi
9,230
15
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Concentrate Line -
Venturi
9,230
15
9.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Cleaning - Venturi
76,828
15
9.5.1
Instrumentation - Venturi
3,530
15
9.6
Instrumentation - Level Switches/Alarms (for cleaning tanks)
1,287
15
9.7
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for pretreatment chemical tanks)
1,287
15
9.8
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for cleaning chemical storage tanks)
1,287
15
9.1
Instrumentation - pH meters
12,188
15
9.11
Instrumentation - Temperature meters
2,384
15
9.12
Instrumentation - Conductivity meters
25,085
15
9.13
Instrumentation - Head loss sensors
14,334
15
9.14.1
Instrumentation - Sampling ports - Stainless Steel
8,650
35
10.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
4,080
10
10.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
10.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
3,440
10
10.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
382
10
10.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
10,019
10
10.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
10.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
481
10
10.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
927
10
176
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
10.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
10.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
32,088
15
10.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
10.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
4,326
10
10.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
391
10
10.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
10.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
622
10
10.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
671
10
10.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
20,681
10
11.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Medium Quality
524,472
40
11.1.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating System - Natural gas
condensing furnace
64,500
25
11.4
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
58,637
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
3,634,458
40
Process Cost
6,386,707
System Cost
10,021,165
O&M Cost
1,005,211
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
248,717
Construction Management and GC Overhead
265,845
Contingency
577,576
Process Engineering
603,798
Site Work
91,959
Yard Piping
15,910
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
128,125
Electrical (including yard wiring)
447,100
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
39,246
Pilot Study
72,728
Land Cost
19,439
Permits
38,274
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
638,671
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
127,734
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
319,335
177
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (604 hrs/yr @ $66.7054/hr)
40,263
Administrative (604 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
26,508
Operator (6036 hrs/yr @ $39.756/hr)
239,968
Materials for pretreatment (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,594
Cartridge filter replacement (96 filters/yr @ $231,2489/filter)
22,200
Materials for membrane process (calculated as a percentage of capital)
8,040
Membrane replacement (165 element/yr @ $626.4905/element)
103,371
Materials for cleaning (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,376
Materials for feed water and booster pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
5,330
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (5370 sf @ $6.8511/sf/yr)
36,790
Sulfuric Acid - Small Qty (253899 Ibs/yr @ $0.223/lb)
56,630
Antiscalant - Basic (28052 Ibs/yr @ $3.3516/lb)
94,022
Membrane Cleaner - Low pH Sulfate Control (203 gal/yr @ $39.192/gal)
7,959
Membrane Cleaner - High pH Detergent (203 gal/yr @ $44.8439/gal)
9,107
Energy for feed water and booster pumps (1872 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
229,218
Energy for lighting (10 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1,191
Energy for ventilation (15 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1,858
Natural gas condensing furnace (29515 therms/yr @ $0.9468/therm)
27,944
Spent cartridge filter disposal (2 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
197
Spent membrane element disposal (2 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
263
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
91,383
178
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Reverse Osmosis / Nanofiltration(RONF), design 56.271 mgd, average 24.863 mgd
Surface Water
High-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Membrane Process - Membrane Elements
6,459,814
N/A
1.2
Membrane Process - RO Pressure Vessels
2,006,152
22
1.3.1
Membrane Process - Feed Line Connectors - Victaulic, Galvanized
370,881
25
1.5.1
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Feed - Stainless Steel
1,708,064
45
1.5.2
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Permeate - PVC
74,966
22
1.5.3
Membrane Process - Piping On Rack - Concentrate - Stainless Steel
1,277,350
45
1.6
Membrane Process - Vessel Support Rack - Steel Beams
486,047
25
1.7
Membrane Process - Markup for Rack Assembly
2,785,737
30.42915982
2.1.1
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Fiberglass
68,975
10
2.1.2
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
21,449
40
2.1.3
Pretreatment Acid Storage Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
5,059
10
2.2.1
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Fiberglass
16,724
10
2.2.2
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete Curbing
3,698
40
2.2.3
Pretreatment Acid Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
1,557
10
2.3.1
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Stainless Steel
14,625
35
2.3.2
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
2,958
40
2.3.3
Pretreatment Antiscalant Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
1,167
10
2.4.1
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Stainless Steel
2,210
35
2.4.2
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Concrete
Curbing
740
40
2.4.3
Pretreatment Antiscalant Day Tanks - Secondary Containment - Chemical
Resistant Coating
389
10
2,7,1
Cleaning Solution Makeup Tanks - Stainless Steel
45,951
35
2.8.1
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Fiberglass
4,712
10
2.8.2
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
1,479
40
2.8.3
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - Acid - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
389
10
2.8.4
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Stainless Steel
2,897
35
2.8.5
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Concrete Curbing
4,438
40
2.8.6
Cleaning Chemical Storage Tanks - High pH - Secondary Containment -
Chemical Resistant Coating
778
10
3.1.1
Influent and Treated Water Piping - Stainless Steel
447,647
45
3.2.1
Cleaning System Piping - Stainless Steel
29,245
45
3.3.1
Residuals Piping - Steel
2,945,204
35
3.3.2
Residuals Piping - Excavation
533,347
22
3.3.3
Residuals Piping - Bedding
28,372
22
3.3.4
Residuals Piping - Backfill and Compaction
322,116
22
179
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
3.3.5
Residuals Piping - Thrust Blocks
721,352
22
4.1.1
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Pretreatment acid - Stainless Steel
990
25
4.1.2
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Antiscalant - Stainless Steel
990
25
4.1.3
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Feed line - Stainless Steel
493,999
25
4.1.4
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Concentrate control - Stainless Steel
142,470
25
4.1.5
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Stage 2 boost - Stainless Steel
21,371
25
4.1.10
Motor/Air Operated (on/off) Valves - Cleaning - Stainless Steel
658,743
25
4.2.1
Manual Valves - Influent and treated water - Cast Iron
37,235
25
4.3.1
Check Valves - Residuals - Stainless Steel
15,557
25
4.3.2
Check Valves - Influent - Stainless Steel
49,272
25
4.3.4
Check Valves - Feed pumps - Stainless Steel
138,044
25
4.3.5
Check Valves - Cleaning - Stainless Steel
5,015
25
5.1.1
Acid Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - PVC - Motor Driven
14,074
20
5.2.1
Antiscalant Metering Pumps for Pretreatment - PVC - Motor Driven
7,570
20
5.4
Pumps - Feed Water
1,535,722
20
5.5
Pumps - Booster pumps, stage 2
77,650
20
5.7
Pumps - Cleaning Pumps (separate for acid and caustic)
7,007
20
6.1
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Feed
1,022,414
35
6.2.1
Screens and Filters - Security Screens for Cleaning - Simplex Basket
Screens
42,748
35
6.3
Screens and Filters - Cartridge Filters for Cleaning
100,666
35
8.1
Teflon Immersion Heaters for Cleaning Tanks
33,585
15
9.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Influent and Treated Water Line - Magnetic
50,265
15
9.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Feed Line - Magnetic
156,229
15
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Permeate Line -
Magnetic
132,579
15
9.3.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Membrane Trains - Concentrate Line -
Magnetic
132,579
15
9.4.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Cleaning - Magnetic
427,252
15
9.5.1
Instrumentation - Magnetic
13,094
15
9.6
Instrumentation - Level Switches/Alarms (for cleaning tanks)
1,287
15
9.7
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for pretreatment chemical tanks)
1,287
15
9.8
Instrumentation - High/Low Alarms (for cleaning chemical storage tanks)
1,287
15
9.1
Instrumentation - pH meters
12,188
15
9.11
Instrumentation - Temperature meters
2,384
15
9.12
Instrumentation - Conductivity meters
141,389
15
9.13
Instrumentation - Head loss sensors
90,780
15
9.14.1
Instrumentation - Sampling ports - Stainless Steel
60,000
35
10.1.1
System Controls - PLC Units - PLC racks/power supplies
15,300
10
10.1.2
System Controls - PLC Units - CPUs
851
10
10.1.3
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete input modules
18,919
10
10.1.4
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O discrete output modules
765
10
10.1.5
System Controls - PLC Units - I/O combination analog modules
41,330
10
180
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
10.1.6
System Controls - PLC Units - Ethernet modules
3,016
10
10.1.7
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion modules
2,244
10
10.1.8
System Controls - PLC Units - Base expansion controller modules
4,327
10
10.1.9
System Controls - PLC Units - UPSs
986
10
10.2.1
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Drive controllers
73,943
15
10.2.2
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Operator interface units
3,537
10
10.2.3
System Controls - Operator Equipment - PC Workstations
21,632
10
10.2.4
System Controls - Operator Equipment - Printers - laser jet
782
10
10.3.1
System Controls - Controls Software - Operator interface software
91
10
10.3.2
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC programming software
3,110
10
10.3.3
System Controls - Controls Software - PLC data collection software
3,355
10
10.3.4
System Controls - Controls Software - Plant intelligence software
103,404
10
10.3.5
System Controls - Controls Software - Early warning software
116,745
10
11.1.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - High Quality
740,869
40
11.1.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating System - Natural gas
condensing furnace
148,374
25
11.1.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 1 - Heating and Cooling System -
Air conditioner
580,415
25
11.2.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - High Quality
382,285
40
11.2.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 2 - Heating and Cooling System -
Heat pump
3,719
25
11.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 3 - High Quality
1,883,430
40
11.3.3.1
Building Structures and HVAC - Building 3 - Heating and Cooling System -
Heat pump
5,535
25
11.4
Building Structures and HVAC - Concrete Pad
310,925
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
15,495,113
40
Process Cost
30,494,099
System Cost
45,989,212
O&M Cost
7,976,137
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
181
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Mobilization and Demobilization
620,762
Construction Management and GC Overhead
1,049,501
Contingency
2,283,454
Process Engineering
1,989,857
Site Work
427,600
Yard Piping
102,278
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
956,084
Electrical (including yard wiring)
2,191,608
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
183,343
Pilot Study
152,123
Land Cost
295,730
Permits
58,777
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
3,049,410
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
609,882
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
1,524,705
182
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (3074 hrs/yr @ $83.1618/hr)
255,674
Administrative (3074 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
135,017
Operator (30744 hrs/yr @ $48.511/hr)
1,491,431
Materials for pretreatment (calculated as a percentage of capital)
10,400
Cartridge filter replacement (1440 filters/yr @ $235.0601/filter)
338,487
Materials for membrane process (calculated as a percentage of capital)
64,598
Membrane replacement (1856 element/yr @ $626.4905/element)
1,162,766
Materials for cleaning (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,504
Materials for feed water and booster pumps (calculated as a percentage of capital)
16,134
Building and HVAC maintenance (materials and labor) (24970 sf @ $6.9362/sf/yr)
173,196
Sulfuric Acid - Large Qty (4008879 Ibs/yr @ $0.1567/lb)
628,329
Antiscalant - Basic (201471 Ibs/yr @ $3.3516/lb)
675,261
Membrane Cleaner - Low pH Sulfate Control (2194 gal/yr @ $39.192/gal)
85,970
Membrane Cleaner - High pH Detergent (2194 gal/yr @ $44.8439/gal)
98,368
Energy for feed water and booster pumps (15114 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
1,850,830
Energy for lighting (66 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
8,036
Energy for ventilation (97 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
11,826
Air conditioning (1258 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
154,057
Heat pump (31 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
3,803
Heat pump (96 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
11,720
Natural gas condensing furnace (71125 therms/yr @ $0.9468/therm)
67,339
Spent cartridge filter disposal (17 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
2,070
Spent membrane element disposal (35 ton/yr @ $119.7706/ton)
4,216
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
725,103
183
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
B.4 Example Outputs for POU RO
Point of Use/Point of Entry(POU), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd (481 households)
Groundwater
Contaminant: PFAS
Treatment Technology: POU Reverse Osmosis
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1
Installed Treatment Equipment - POU/POE Unit Purchase
112,927
10
1.2
Installed Treatment Equipment - POU/POE Installation
44,933
10
1.3
Installed Treatment Equipment - Scheduling Time
8,400
N/A
2.1.1
Public Education - Technical Labor - Develop materials
353
N/A
2.1.3
Public Education - Technical Labor - Meetings
71
N/A
2.1.4
Public Education - Technical Labor - Post-meeting
71
N/A
2.2.1
Public Education - Clerical Labor - Develop materials
204
N/A
2.2.3
Public Education - Clerical Labor - Meetings
68
N/A
2.2.4
Public Education - Clerical Labor - Post-meeting
68
N/A
2.3.1
Public Education - Printed Material - Meeting flyers
19
N/A
2.3.2
Public Education - Printed Material - Meeting ads
74
N/A
2.3.4
Public Education - Printed Material - Meeting handouts
277
N/A
2.3.5
Public Education - Printed Material - Billing mailers
185
N/A
3.1
Initial Year Monitoring 1 - Sampling time
2,905
N/A
3.3
Initial Year Monitoring 1 - Analysis
102,708
N/A
3.4
Initial Year Monitoring 1 - Analysis (total coliform)
11,128
N/A
3.5
Initial Year Monitoring 1 - Shipping
1,033
N/A
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
56,529
10
Process Cost
285,425
System Cost
341,954
O&M Cost
112,626
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Permitting
4,988
Pilot Testing
4,988
Legal
4,988
Engineering
24,939
Contingency
16,626
184
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
POU/POE Maintenance
11,339
Information updates
424
Maintenance Scheduling
10,921
Information updates
408
Sediment Pre-Filter
6,683
Pre-GAC Filter Cartridge
11,425
Post-GAC Filter Cartridge
6,480
RO Membrane
5,602
Billing mailers
277
Sampling time
1,457
Analysis
51,510
Shipping
519
185
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
B.5 Example Outputs for Nontreatment Options
Non-Treatment(NON), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd
Groundwater
Low-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
2.1.1
Vaults - Booster Pump - Concrete
4,911
37
2.1.2
Vaults - Booster Pump - Excavation
5,789
37
2.1.3
Vaults - Booster Pump - Backfill and Compaction
2,317
37
3.1.1
Piping - Interconnect - PVC
161,565
17
3.1.2
Piping - Interconnect - Excavation
90,543
17
3.1.3
Piping - Interconnect - Backfill and Compaction
54,684
17
3.1.4
Piping - Interconnect - Asphalt Patch
93,519
17
4.1.1
Valves - Isolation and Street - Ductile Iron
22,950
20
4.2.1
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Booster Pump - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
5.1
Pumps - Interconnect Booster Pump
22,852
17
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Interconnect - Propeller
4,796
14
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
1,215
8
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
1,395
14
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
310,723
17
Process Cost
468,328
System Cost
779,051
O&M Cost
211,778
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
186
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
48,821
Process Engineering
93,387
Construction Management and GC Overhead
37,608
Site Work
0
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
0
Electrical (including yard wiring)
46,693
Mobilization and Demobilization
28,016
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Permits
0
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
0
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
46,833
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
9,367
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (0.0%)
0
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (3 hrs/yr @ $52.3563/hr)
164
Administrative (3 hrs/yr @ $35.3133/hr)
111
Operator (31 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
1,066
Purchased Water (59130 K gal @ $3.1748K gal)
187,729
Booster pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
229
Energy for booster pumps (26 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
3,228
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
19,253
187
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Non-Treatment(NON), design 0.500 mgd, average 0.162 mgd
Groundwater
Low-Cost Components
Design Type: New Well Construction
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1.1
Well Items - Well Casing - PVC
13,474
27
1.2.1
Well Items - Well screen - PVC Schedule 40
14,356
27
1.3.1
Well Items - Plugs - PVC
312
27
1.4
Well Items - Well Drilling
72,085
27
1.5
Well Items - Gravel Pack
10,244
27
1.6
Well Items - Well Development
770
27
1.7
Well Items - Grout Seal
3,072
27
3.2.1
Piping - Well - PVC
8,078
17
3.2.2
Piping - Well - Excavation
4,527
17
3.2.3
Piping - Well - Backfill and Compaction
2,734
17
4.2.2
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Well Pump - Polypropylene/PVC
1,791
20
5.2
Pumps - Well Pump
16,821
17
6.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Well - Propeller
4,796
14
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
1,215
8
7.2
System Controls - Well Pump - Soft Start Control
418
8
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
1,395
14
8.1.1
Building Structures - Building 1 - Small Low Cost Shed
11,440
20
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
167,015
27
Process Cost
167,528
System Cost
334,542
O&M Cost
13,630
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
188
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
20,879
Process Engineering
33,143
Construction Management and GC Overhead
18,963
Site Work
3,425
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
22,180
Standby Power
0
Electrical (including yard wiring)
15,427
Mobilization and Demobilization
11,166
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Permits
0
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
21,727
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
16,753
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
3,351
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (0.0%)
0
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (4 hrs/yr @ $52.3563/hr)
223
Administrative (4 hrs/yr @ $35.3133/hr)
150
Operator (43 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
1,448
Building maintenance (materials and labor) (200 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
1,339
Well pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
168
Energy for well pumps (74 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
9,062
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
1,239
189
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Non-Treatment(NON), design 1.000 mgd, average 0.350 mgd
Groundwater
Mid-Cost Components
Design Ty
pe: Interconnection
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
2.1.1
Vaults - Booster Pump - Concrete
8,546
40
2.1.2
Vaults - Booster Pump - Excavation
9,050
40
2.1.3
Vaults - Booster Pump - Backfill and Compaction
3,015
40
3.1.1
Piping - Interconnect - PVC
161,565
22
3.1.2
Piping - Interconnect - Excavation
90,543
22
3.1.3
Piping - Interconnect - Backfill and Compaction
54,684
22
3.1.4
Piping - Interconnect - Asphalt Patch
93,519
22
4.1.1
Valves - Isolation and Street - Ductile Iron
22,950
25
4.2.1
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Booster Pump - Cast Iron
14,273
25
5.1
Pumps - Interconnect Booster Pump
75,685
20
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Interconnect - Venturi
3,077
15
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
1,215
10
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
1,395
15
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
361,760
22
Process Cost
539,516
System Cost
901,275
O&M Cost
476,182
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
49,319
Process Engineering
64,574
Construction Management and GC Overhead
42,998
Site Work
0
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
32,220
Electrical (including yard wiring)
53,812
Mobilization and Demobilization
27,119
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Permits
0
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
0
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
53,952
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
10,790
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
26,976
190
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (3 hrs/yr @ $59.8839/hr)
188
Administrative (3 hrs/yr @ $37.6596/hr)
118
Operator (31 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
1,066
Purchased Water (127750 K gal @ $3.1748K gal)
405,587
Booster pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
757
Energy for booster pumps (206 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
25,178
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
43,289
191
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Non-Treatment(NON), design 1.000 mgd, average 0.350 mgd
Groundwater
Mid-Cost Components
Design Ty
pe: New Well Construction
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1.1
Well Items - Well Casing - Stainless Steel
377,507
30
1.2.1
Well Items - Well screen - PVC Schedule 80
33,038
30
1.3.1
Well Items - Plugs - PVC
623
30
1.4
Well Items - Well Drilling
144,169
30
1.5
Well Items - Gravel Pack
20,489
30
1.6
Well Items - Well Development
1,540
30
1.7
Well Items - Grout Seal
6,143
30
3.2.1
Piping - Well - PVC
16,156
22
3.2.2
Piping - Well - Excavation
9,054
22
3.2.3
Piping - Well - Backfill and Compaction
5,468
22
4.2.2
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Well Pump - Cast Iron
28,546
25
5.2
Pumps - Well Pump
33,641
20
6.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Well - Venturi
3,077
15
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
2,430
10
7.2
System Controls - Well Pump - Soft Start Control
835
10
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
2,790
15
8.1.1
Building Structures - Building 1 - Small Low Cost Shed
22,880
25
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
552,043
30
Process Cost
708,388
System Cost
1,260,431
O&M Cost
28,953
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
192
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
68,865
Process Engineering
84,572
Construction Management and GC Overhead
55,230
Site Work
6,850
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
44,360
Standby Power
27,563
Electrical (including yard wiring)
68,188
Mobilization and Demobilization
36,888
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
2,059
Permits
0
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
37,043
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
70,839
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
14,168
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
35,419
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (9 hrs/yr @ $59.8839/hr)
510
Administrative (9 hrs/yr @ $37.6596/hr)
321
Operator (85 hrs/yr @ $34.0099/hr)
2,897
Building maintenance (materials and labor) (400 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
2,679
Well pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
336
Energy for well pumps (160 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
19,578
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
2,632
193
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Non-Treatment(NON), design 3.536 mgd, average 1.345 mgd
Surface Water
High-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
2.1.1
Vaults - Booster Pump - Concrete
10,277
40
2.1.2
Vaults - Booster Pump - Excavation
10,579
40
2.1.3
Vaults - Booster Pump - Backfill and Compaction
3,296
40
3.1.1
Piping - Interconnect - Ductile Iron
1,442,458
40
3.1.2
Piping - Interconnect - Excavation
102,616
40
3.1.3
Piping - Interconnect - Backfill and Compaction
61,975
40
3.1.4
Piping - Interconnect - Asphalt Patch
105,988
40
4.1.1
Valves - Isolation and Street - Ductile Iron
61,530
25
4.2.1
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Booster Pump - Stainless Steel
56,849
25
5.1
Pumps - Interconnect Booster Pump
106,073
20
6.1.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Interconnect - Magnetic
9,045
15
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
1,215
10
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
2,790
15
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
1,235,017
40
Process Cost
1,974,692
System Cost
3,209,708
O&M Cost
1,799,495
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
175,779
Process Engineering
236,628
Construction Management and GC Overhead
128,519
Site Work
0
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
0
Standby Power
63,993
Electrical (including yard wiring)
197,190
Mobilization and Demobilization
97,211
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
0
Permits
0
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
0
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
197,469
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
39,494
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
98,735
194
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Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (6 hrs/yr @ $66.7054/hr)
412
Administrative (6 hrs/yr @ $39.756/hr)
245
Operator (62 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
2,712
Purchased Water (490925 K gal @ $3.1748K gal)
1,558,612
Booster pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,061
Energy for booster pumps (595 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
72,863
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
163,590
195
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Non-Treatment(NON), design 3.536 mgd, average 1.417 mgd
Groundwater
High-Cost Components
WBS#
Item
Total Cost ($)
Useful Life (yrs)
1.1.1
Well Items - Well Casing - Stainless Steel
943,768
30
1.2.1
Well Items - Well screen - Stainless Steel
216,209
30
1.3.1
Well Items - Plugs - PVC
1,558
30
1.4
Well Items - Well Drilling
360,423
30
1.5
Well Items - Gravel Pack
51,222
30
1.6
Well Items - Well Development
3,850
30
1.7
Well Items - Grout Seal
15,358
30
3.2.1
Piping - Well - Ductile Iron
223,135
40
3.2.2
Piping - Well - Excavation
22,636
40
3.2.3
Piping - Well - Backfill and Compaction
13,671
40
4.2.2
Valves - Motor/Air Operated (on/off) - Well Pump - Stainless Steel
71,235
25
5.2
Pumps - Well Pump
112,124
20
6.2.1
Instrumentation - Flow Meters - Well - Magnetic
6,629
15
7.1
System Controls - Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs)
6,075
10
7.2
System Controls - Well Pump - Soft Start Control
2,088
10
7.3
System Controls - Drive Controllers
6,976
15
8.1.1
Building Structures - Building 1 - Low Quality
95,613
40
Indirect
Indirect and Add-On Costs (contingency from model)
1,576,160
30
Process Cost
2,152,569
System Cost
3,728,729
O&M Cost
108,570
Totals are computed before component costs are rounded
196
-------
Technologies and Cost for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water
March 2024
Breakdown of indirect and add-on costs
Contingency
203,829
Process Engineering
257,221
Construction Management and GC Overhead
139,398
Site Work
17,125
Yard Piping
0
Geotechnical
110,900
Standby Power
65,959
Electrical (including yard wiring)
204,789
Mobilization and Demobilization
110,265
Architectural Fees for Treatment Building
8,605
Permits
1,449
Pilot Study
0
Land Cost
90,684
Installation, Transportation, and O&P (0.0%)
0
Instrumentation and Control (0.0%)
0
Miscellaneous Allowance (10.0%)
215,257
Legal, Fiscal, and Administrative (2.0%)
43,051
Sales Tax (0.0%)
0
Financing during Construction (5.0%)
107,628
Breakdown of O&M costs
Manager (21 hrs/yr @ $66.7054/hr)
1,420
Administrative (21 hrs/yr @ $39.756/hr)
846
Operator (213 hrs/yr @ $43.9163/hr)
9,351
Building maintenance (materials and labor) (1000 sf @ $6.6975/sf/yr)
6,697
Well pump (calculated as a percentage of capital)
1,121
Energy for well pumps (647 Mwh/yr @ $0.1225/kwh)
79,264
Miscellaneous Allowance (0 @ $)
9,870
197
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