Errata Sheet (September 2005) Perchlorate Treatment Technology Update Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper EPA 542-R-05-015; May 2005

Errata Sheet (September 2005)
Perchlorate Treatment Technology
Update — Federal Facilities Forum Issue Paper
EPA 542-R-05-015; May 2005

This errata sheet identifies corrections to information provided in U.S. EPA 542-R-05-015 (May 2005),
Perchlorate Treatment Technolog}': Update. This errata sheet highlights the updates that are being made
to the issue paper based on new information provided after the original paper was developed. Revised
portions of the affected text and tables are highlighted in the following pages.

The entry for the number of Ion Exchange projects and the total number of projects in Table 3-1, Number
of Perchlorate Treatment Projects Discussed in Issue Paper, on page 16 of the issue paper has been
changed. The revised Table 3-1 is as follows.

Table 3-1. Number of Perchlorate Treatment Projects Discussed in Issue Paper

No. of Projects

Technology

Full-Scale

Pilot-Scale

Ion Exchange

Bioreactor

Granular

Activated Carbon

Composting

In Situ

Bioremediation

Permeable

Reactive Barrier

Phytotechnology

Electrodialysis

Reverse Osmosis

TOTAL

The entry forthe Kerr-McGee, Henderson, Nevada site in Table 3.1-1, Ion Exchange Performance
Summaries for Perchlorate Treatment Projects, on page 20 of the issue paper has been changed.
Furthermore, a new project forthe Kerr-McGee site has been added to Table 3.1-1. The revised and new
entries forthe Kerr-McGee site in Table 3.1-1 are as follows.

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Table 3.1-1: Ion Exchange Performance Summaries for Perchlorate Treatment Projects

Location, Technology, Type of
Media, Scale and Status

Technology Design and Operation

Technology Performance
Summary

Source

Kerr McGee, Henderson, NV; Ion
Exchange; Groundwater; Full-scale; Shut
down.

(ISEP-Perchlorate Destruction Modules
[PDMs] System)

A regenerable anion exchange system initiated
operation in March 2002 to treat groundwater
contaminated with perchlorate. The full-scale
treatment system included 30 anion exchange
units mounted on a turntable attached to a
rotating multi-port valve. During one turntable
rotation, each resin column was subjected to a
cycle of adsorption, rinsing and regeneration
(with salt brine). The perchlorate removed from
the ion exchange columns was then destroyed by
reaction with ammonia in two high temperature
catalytic Perchlorate Destruction Modules
(PDM). The flow rate of the system was 825
gpm

Period of Performance: March 2002 -
October 2002

Initial perchlorate concentrations ranged
up to 350,000 |xg/L Effluent perchlorate
concentrations ranged from 500 to 2,000
|xg/L. The removal efficiency was
approximately 99%.

Elevated concentrations of dissolved
solids and sulfate caused maintenance
problems. The system was shut down in
October 2002 due to corrosion in the heat
exchangers in the perchlorate destruction
modules.

The ISEP-PDM system was replaced by a
system of 12 anion exchange columns
known as the "Plant Ion Exchange
System."

1.	1 PA Region 9. 2004.
"Perchlorate in Henderson, NV -
Significant controls are
operating." July,

2.	CalEPA. 2004. "Perchlorate
Contamination Treatment
Alternatives: Draft." January.

3.	EPA Region 9. 2005i. E-mail
message regarding perchlorate
treatment. From Tarry Bowerman
(EPA Region 9) to John Quander.
June 24.

Kerr McGee, Henderson, NV; Ion
Exchange; Groundwater; Full-scale; Shut
down.

(Plant Ion Exchange System
and Wash Ion Exchange System)

The Plant Ion Exchange System began operation
in October 2002 to treat groundwater
contaminated with perchlorate. The full-scale
treatment system included 12 single-use anion
exchange columns configured in 4 parallel trains
of 3 columns each. When the resin was saturated
with perchlorate, it was removed and sent off-site
for incineration. The flow rate of the system was
750 gpm.

The Wash Ion Exchange System began operation
in November 1999. Initially it included two
single-use ion exchange columns configured in
series (a third column was added in October
2002). This-system treated about 350 gpm
containing about 100,000 (.ig/L perchlorate,
removing 97-99%.

Period of Performance (for Plant Ion
Exchange System): October 2002 -
March 2004

Initial perchlorate concentrations ranged
from 80,000 to 350,000 |xg/L. Effluent
concentrations ranged from 500 to 2,000
(.ig/L. The removal efficiency was 98 to
99.8%

The Plant Ion Exchange System was shut
down in March 2004 when a new
biologically based treatment plant (the
FBR Plant) began operation. The Wash
Ion Exchange System operated from
November 1999 until it was shut down in
June 2004.

1.	EPA Region 9. 2004.
"Perchlorate in Henderson, NV -
Significant controls are
operating." July.

2.	CalEPA. 2004. "Perchlorate
Contamination Treatment
Alternatives: Draft." January.

3.	EPA Region 9. 2005i. E-mail
message regarding perchlorate
treatment. From Tarry Bowerman
(EPA Region 9) to John Quander.
June 24.

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The text in Section 3.1 on page 18 has been revised to reflect the new data. The revised text below
replaces the subsection, "Type, Number, and Scale of Identified Projects Treating Wastes Containing
Perchlorate" and the first five sentences of the "Summary of Performance Data" subsection.

3.1 Ion Exchange

Type, Number, and Scale of Identified Projects Treating Wastes Containing Perchlorate

Ion exchange of perchlorate in environmental media and drinking water is commercially available.
Information is available on 15 full-scale applications, including 11 applications for environmental
media, and 4 applications for drinking water. Three pilot-scale applications for groundwater also
have been identified.

Summary of Performance Data

Table 3.1-1 summarizes available performance data for this technology. For the 14 groundwater
projects (11 full scale and 3 pilot scale), influent perchlorate concentrations ranged from 10 j^ig/L to
350,000 (ig/L. Effluent concentrations of perchlorate ranged from non-detect at a detection limit of
0.35 (ig/L (Project 16, Table 3.1-1) to 2,000 (ig/L. Of the four drinking water projects, performance
data were available for only one project. The initial concentration of perchlorate in this project
ranged from 20 to 50 (ig/L, while the final concentration was below the detection limit of 4 (ig/L.

The text on page 26 of Section 3.2 has been revised to reflect the new data. The revised text below
replaces the first three sentences of the second paragraph in the subsection titled Summary of
Performance Data.

3.2 Bioreactor

Summary of Performance Data

Information is available on four full-scale applications, including three applications for environmental
media and one for drinking water. Five pilot-scale applications, including four applications for
environmental media and one for drinking water, have also been identified. For the seven
groundwater projects, influent concentrations of perchlorate ranged from 55 to 200,000 (ig/L, while
the effluent concentration ranged from 2 to 18 j^ig/L.

The entry for the Kerr-McGee, Henderson, Nevada site in Table 3.2-1 Bioreactor Performance
Summaries for Perchlorate Treatment Projects, on page 27 has been changed. The revised entry for the
Kerr-McGee site in Table 3.2-1 is as follows.

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Location, Technology, Type of
Media, Scale, and Status

Technology Design and Operation

Technology Performance
Summary

Source

Kerr McGee, Henderson, NV; Bioreactor,
Groundwater; Full-scale; Ongoing

A fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) with a
maximum capacity of 1,000 gpm
successfully completed a 30-day
Performance Test m November 2004. It
is currently treating approximately 1,000
gpm of perchlorate contaminated water.
The treatment system consists of four
primary and four secondary FBRs, using
sand and granulated activated carbon,
respectively, as media.

Period of Performance: January 2004 -
Ongoing

Influent perchlorate concentration in
groundwater entering the FBR system is
approximately 200,000 |xg/L. Perchlorate
concentrations in the FBR effluent are
less than 18 |xg/L.

1. EPA Region 9. 2004. "Perchlorate in
Henderson, NV - Significant controls are
operating." July.

2. EPA Region 9. 2005i. E-mail
message regarding perchlorate treatment.
From Larry Bowerman (EPA Region 9)
to John Quander. June 24.

The entry for the AMPAC Facility, Nevada in Table 3.5-1, In Situ Bioremediation Performance Summaries for Perchlorate Treatment Projects, on
page 48 has been changed. The revised entry for the AMPAC Facility in Table 3.5-1 is as follows.

Location, Technology, Type of
Media, Scale, and Status

Technology Design and Operation

Technology Performance
Summary

Source

AMPAC Facility, NV (Pepcon Facility);
In Situ Bioremediation; Groundwater;
Pilot-scale; Completed

December 2002 - May 2003
(injection)

Test area approximately 200 by 150 feet

Groundwater recirculation and citric
acid addition. Recirculation design
consisted of a single groundwater
extraction well and a single reinjection
well. Citric acid

(quantity/concentration not provided)
was injected daily over 41 days for 1
hour each day to the extracted water
prior to reinjection. Ethanol was used
as the original carbon source, but citric
acid was substituted to reduce
biofouling. Chlorine dioxide was also
used to control biofouling. The system
operated at 5 to 7 gallons per minute
(gpm).

Period of Performance: December 2002 -
May 2003

Prior to injection of citric acid, perchlorate
concentrations were as high as 530,000
(ig/L. Soon after addition of citric acid,
perchlorate concentrations were less than
100 jug/L, and rapidly decreased to less than
10 ng/L. Perchlorate concentrations
appeared to reach an asympototic level of
approximately 4 jug/L after 1 month of
treatment and remained at that level
following cessation of citric acid addition
(based on 1 month of post-treatment data).
Over this 6-month monitoring period,
concentrations of nitrate were reduced from
45 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L, chlorate from
60 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L, dissolved
oxygen from 8 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L,
and sulfate was reduced from 350 mg/L to
less than 100 mg/L.

1. Rosen, Jamey (GeoSyntec). 2003.
"Successful In Situ Bioremediation of
Perchlorate in Groundwater." Poster
presented at the SERDP Technical
Symposium and Workshop, Washington,
DC. November 30 - December 2.

2. EPA Region 9. 2005i. E-mail
message regarding perchlorate treatment.
From Larry Bowerman (EPA Region 9)
to John Quander. June 24.

Section 3.9 on page 67 has been changed. The subsection, "Private Sector" has been deleted from Section 3.9.

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