United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA530-R-08-001 February 2008 National Priority Chemicals Trends Report (2001-2005) Section 4 Chemical Specific Trends Analyses for Priority Chemicals (2001-2005): Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds (Cadmium) Hazardous Waste Minimization and Management Division Office of Solid Waste U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contact Information: Bill Kline, Senior Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (540) 341-3631 kline.bill@epa.gov Tammie Owen, Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-4044 owen.tammie@epa.gov Ben Lesser, Chief Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-0314 lesser.ben@epa.gov ------- Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds (Cadmium) Chemical Information: General Uses - Cadmium is used in metal plating and to make pigments, batteries and plastics. It is obtained as a byproduct from melting zinc, lead, or copper ores. How Much Cadmium Was Generated? Exhibit 4.29. National Generation of Cadmium (2001-2005) TRI Reporting Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Quantity of Cadmium (pounds) 932,493 743,457 824,337 863,883 611,331 Number of TRI Facilities Reporting Cadmium 69 71 71 64 63 For 2005, 63 facilities reported approximately 611,000 pounds of cadmium, representing a decrease of approximately 321,000 pounds, or 34 percent, compared to the total quantity of cadmium reported for 2001 (Exhibit 4.29). The number of facilities that reported cadmium since 2001 has been relatively constant, with 63 facilities reporting this PC for 2005. Exhibit 4.30. Distribution of Quantities for Facilities Reporting Cadmium (2005) Cadmium (611,331 pounds) Quantity Reported Number of Facilities Reporting This Quantity (2005) Percent of Total Quantity of Cadmium in 2005 up to 10 pounds 15 <0.1% between 11 -100 pounds 3 < 0.1% between 101 -1,000 pounds 17 1.0% between 1,001 - 10,000 pounds 20 12.9% between 10,001 - 100,000 pounds 7 39.0% between 100,001 - 1 million pounds 1 47.1% > 1 million pounds 0 0.0% One facility reported approximately 47 percent of the total quantity of cadmium, while eight facilities reported approximately 86 percent of the total quantity of cadmium (Exhibit 4.30). 4-22 ------- Where Was Cadmium Generated? Exhibit 4.31. Location of Facilities that Reported Cadmium (2005) WASHINGTON EPA RegionJ, ake Superior NORTH DAKOTA MINfJESOTA > EPA^ Brutal" | Region 5 \WISCONSI - v EPA ^Region 2 NEW*' - YORK NEWrlAMPSHI EPA lc Region 10 [Huron SOUTH DAKOTA WYOMING AEROBE IS :Ort0ECTICUT EPA Region 8 ^1 PENNSYLVANIA L EPA ~' »Region-3J NEVADA IOWA NEBRASKA 'W JERSEY EPA Region 9 ILLINOIS ¦LA WARE 'LAND COLORADO Region 7 *WEST J VIRGil MA CALIFORNIA KANSAS VIRGINIA MISSOURI KENTUCKY NORTH CAROLIf EPJ}£7 Region 4* ARKANSAS ARIZONA NEW MEXICO SOUTH vCAROLINAi I EPA s Region 6 ALABAI UNITED STATES MISSISSI LOUISIANA Alaska 'CXI CO 'FLORID; Puerto Rico 63 Facilities Reporting Cadmium ~ 10 largest facilities reporting cadmium Other facilities reporting cadmium Pacific Ocean f Guam Atlantic Ocean Facilities Reporting Cadmium (2005) Office of Solid Waste - Fall 2007 Analysis and Information Branch 7or 2005, 63 facilities in 26 states reported cadmium (Exhibit 4.31). 4-23 ------- Exhibit 4.32. Quantity of Cadmium, by EPA Region and State, for Facilities Reporting 99 Percent of the Total Quantity in 2005 (2001-2005) EPA Region State 2001 (pounds) 2002 (pounds) 2003 (pounds) 2004 (pounds) 2005 (pounds) Percent of Total Quantity of Cadmium (2005) 6 OK 227,190 268,060 372,766 386,537 287,766 47.1% 4 AL 73,543 78,137 77,169 60,223 80,525 13.2% 10 ID 296,122 197,402 106,556 146,000 68,005 11.1% 5 IN 14,444 9,428 22,825 18,602 36,516 6.0% 7 NE 17,905 17,851 11,024 37,000 22,401 3.7% 3 MD 42,923 41,171 67,064 69,307 19,561 3.2% 4 TN 11,910 12,159 13,562 14,267 15,346 2.5% 5 OH 36,711 13,550 10,089 13,337 11,433 1.9% 6 TX 11,660 6,807 11,703 11,080 10,226 1.7% 5 Wl 6,998 7,648 7,698 8,347 9,768 1.6% 4 SC 7,752 4,201 28,301 4,166 8,982 1.5% 6 AR 29,062 10,189 4,542 5,206 7,444 1.2% 4 NC 760 1,220 756 18,773 6,651 1.1% 2 NJ 8,645 13,751 8,371 9,031 6,369 1.0% 1 MA 1 5,612 1 3,621 6,355 1.0% 3 PA 46,921 18,289 6,940 7,379 5,763 0.9% 5 IL 1,281 2,423 7,785 1,879 4,128 0.7% Facilities in EPA Region 6 reported 50 percent of the total national quantity of cadmium for 2005; a facility in Oklahoma reported 94 percent of the cadmium in this region (Exhibit 4.32). In EPA Region 10, a facility in Idaho that reported approximately 96,000 pounds for 2001, but none since, accounted for the large decrease in 2002. Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of cadmium in states include: In Oklahoma, one facility reported almost all of the cadmium in this state since 2001 and also reported the largest quantity nationally. This facility reported significant year-to-year fluctuations, including: an increase of approximately 105,000 pounds from 2002-2003 and a decrease of approximately 99,000 pounds from 2004-2005. In Idaho, the quantity of cadmium reported for 2005 decreased by approximately 228,000 pounds compared to the quantity reported for 2001. A facility in Idaho reported approximately 96,000 pounds for 2001, but none since. A second facility in Idaho reported significant year-to-year fluctuations including; a decrease of 93,000 pounds from 2002-2003, an increase of 53,000 pounds from 2003-2004, and a decrease of approximately 78,000 pounds from 2004-2005. In Maryland, the shutdown of a facility accounted for the decrease of approximately 50,000 pounds in 2005. 4-24 ------- Exhibit 4.33. Quantity of Cadmium, by State and County, for Facilities Reporting 90 Percent of the Total Quantity (2005) State County Quantity (pounds) of Cadmium Percent of Total National Quantity of Cadmium (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 OK Washinqton 227,175 267,805 372,457 386,377 287,766 47.1% ID Caribou 200,000 197,402 106,556 146,000 68,005 11.1% AL Morqan 44,770 40,980 35,393 29,769 40,789 6.7% AL Pike 25,745 33,939 38,442 26,636 39,608 6.5% IN Wabash 0 0 14,008 14,937 33,211 5.4% NE Jefferson 17,900 17,850 11,000 37,000 22,400 3.7% MD Baltimore City 42,923 41,171 67,064 69,307 19,436 3.2% TN Madison 11,910 12,159 13,251 14,014 15,114 2.5% Wl Milwaukee 6,998 7,648 7,698 8,347 9,768 1.6% OH Cuyahoqa 26,865 12,588 9,245 9,627 7,931 1.3% AR Mississippi 28,949 10,183 4,532 5,201 7,444 1.2% In both Washington County (Oklahoma) and Caribou County (Idaho), one facility reported virtually 100 percent of the total quantity of cadmium since 2001 (Exhibit 4.33). Each of these facilities has reported significant year-to-year fluctuations for cadmium. The facility in Baltimore City (Maryland), that had reported most of the cadmium in this county, closed in 2005. 4-25 ------- Which Industries Generated Cadmium? Exhibit 4.34. Industry Sectors Quantities of Cadmium (2001-2005) Primary SIC Code SIC Description Number of Facilities Reporting Cadmium in This SIC Code (2005) Quantity (pounds) of Cadmium Percent of Total Quantity of Cadmium (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals 7 253,170 306,580 433,033 429,559 364,852 59.7% 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 2 314,677 199,423 98,067 183,020 90,405 14.8% 2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nec 6 3,362 5,176 3,630 2,815 45,570 7.5% 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 11 62,922 38,355 58,719 31,212 36,941 6.0% 2816 Inorganic pigments 3 47,677 32,072 69,032 71,520 21,457 3.5% 3471 Plating and polishing 6 36,449 22,269 14,873 13,214 12,379 2.0% 3429 Hardware, nec 1 6,998 7,648 7,698 8,347 9,768 1.6% Total 36 725,255 611,523 685,052 739,687 581,373 95.1% For 2005, 63 facilities in 25 SIC codes reported cadmium. Facilities in SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) and SIC 2819 (Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec) reported approximately 75 percent of the total quantity of cadmium in 2005 (Exhibit 4.34). Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of cadmium within industry sectors include: SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) A facility, located in Oklahoma, reported the largest quantities of cadmium since 2001, including approximately 97 percent of the total quantity for this sector in 2005. This facility extracts zinc and lead from electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts. After extracting these metals, the remaining waste contains cadmium, typically about 30% by weight. The year-to-year fluctuations in the quantity of cadmium are due to the variability and quantity of EAF dust processed. SIC 2819 (Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec) Two facilities in SIC 2819 reported approximately 15 percent of the total quantity of cadmium for 2005. One facility, located in Idaho, produces nodules, containing 99% pure phosphorous, for use in electric arc furnaces (EAFs). Cadmium is contained in phosphate ores used in this process; the quantity of cadmium (an impurity) is tied to the concentration of cadmium in the ore and the production rate. The other facility in this industry sector, located in Nebraska, produces zinc sulfate for use in animal feeds. Cadmium is contained in zinc hydroxide which is generated in this process. SIC 2816 (Inorganic pigments) The facility in this industry sector that had reported the largest quantities of cadmium since 2001 closed in 2005. 4-26 ------- How Did Facilities Manage Cadmium? Exhibit 4.35. Trends in Management Methods for Cadmium (2001-2005) Management Method for Cadmium 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Disposal Quantity (pounds) 919,994 741,907 824,337 863,883 611,331 Energy Recovery Quantity (pounds) 0 0 0 0 0 Treatment Quantity (pounds) 12,499 1,550 0 0 0 Recycled (pounds)13 469,405 417,697 720,162 634,308 600,126 Exhibit 4.35 shows the national trends for how facilities managed cadmium in 2001-2005. Disposal: Compared to 2001, facilities reported a decrease of approximately 309,000 pounds or 34 percent for 2005. The large decrease in 2002 was primarily due to a facility that disposed of approximately 96,000 pounds in 2001, but none since. Year-to-year fluctuations at two facilities, caused by variations in cadmium from production processes, accounted for the significant increase in 2003 and decrease in 2005. Recycling: Compared to 2001, recycling of cadmium increased by approximately 131,000 pounds or 28 percent in 2005. In 2005, the quantities of cadmium disposed of versus recycled were about the same. Overall, recycling of cadmium was hindered by such factors as the high cost of recovering low concentrations of this metal and its current relatively low market value. Exhibit 4.36. Management Methods for Cadmium in Industry Sectors, for Facilities Reporting 99 Percent of Total Disposal Quantity in 2005 Primary SIC Code Onsite Offsite Onsite Offsite SIC Code Description Disposal (pounds) Disposal (pounds) Recycling (pounds) Recycling (pounds) 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals 39,630 325,222 0 187,764 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 68,005 22,400 0 0 2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nec 1 45,569 0 4,228 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 14,290 22,651 0 129,163 2816 Inorganic pigments 0 21,457 0 0 3471 Plating and polishing 0 12,379 0 0 3429 Hardware, nec 0 9,768 0 0 3357 Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating 0 9,042 4,666 22,967 3643 Current-carrying wiring devices 0 6,355 3,200 8,640 3229 Pressed and blown glass, nec 0 6,105 1,305 0 3691 Storage batteries 0 3,937 24,940 169,110 Total 121,926 484,885 34,111 521,872 Facilities in SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) reported approximately 60 percent of the total quantity of cadmium disposed of and approximately 31 percent of the total quantity of cadmium recycled (Exhibit 4.36). 13 For additional information on recycled quantities see footnote 8. 4-27 ------- Facilities Only Recycling Cadmium Exhibit 4.37. Facilities in Int ustry Sectors That Only Recycled Cadmium in 2005 Primary SIC Code SIC Code Description State County Onsite Recycling (pounds) Offsite Recycling (pounds) Total Recycling (pounds) 2851 Paints and allied products IN Marion 5,063 0 5,063 TX Tarrant 751 0 751 KY Jefferson 252 0 252 3081 Unsupported plastics, film and sheet MD Wicomico 670 66 736 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills OK Tulsa 0 6,383 6,383 TX El Paso 0 4,653 4,653 SC Georgetown 0 2,204 2,204 3499 Fabricated metal products, nec TN Shelby 0 71,856 71,856 IL Coles 5,911 0 5,911 KS Sedgwick 0 53 53 3537 Industrial trucks and tractors TN Shelby 0 2,892 2,892 3713 Truck and bus bodies PA Berks 0 454 454 3799 Transportation equipment, nec TX Titus 0 5,787 5,787 Midland 0 1,927 1,927 Midland 0 642 642 For 2005, 15 facilities in seven industry sectors reported they only used recycling to manage approximately 110,000 pounds of cadmium (Exhibit 4.37). Three facilities in SIC 3499 (Fabricated metal products, nec) reported approximately 71 percent of the this quantity. 4-28 ------- |