United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA530-R-08-001 February 2008 National Priority Chemicals Trends Report (2001-2005) Section 4 Chemical Specific Trends Analyses for Priority Chemicals (2001-2005): Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) Hazardous Waste Minimization and Management Division Office of Solid Waste U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contact Information: Bill Kline, Senior Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (540) 341-3631 kline.bill@epa.gov Tammie Owen, Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-4044 owen.tammie@epa.gov Ben Lesser, Chief Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-0314 lesser.ben@epa.gov ------- Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) Chemical Information: General Uses - PACs, also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are a group of more than 100 different chemicals that are characterized by hydrogen and carbon arranged in two or more fused benzene rings. As pure chemicals, PACs generally exist as colorless, white, or pale yellow-green solids. Most, if not all, PACs are byproducts of combustion or impurities and not created for use themselves. PACs may be formed as byproducts of both human and natural activities. They are produced or emitted during thermal processes, such as the incomplete combustion of organic compounds, pyrolysis, or the processing of fossil fuels, bitumens, or nonfossil fuels. There are presently no known commercial uses for PACs. In the past, some PACs were produced in small quantities for research purposes or used in medicines or in the production of dyes, plastics, or pesticides. Other industrial contributors are the aerospace industry, coke ovens (various activities), petroleum refining, and primary aluminum production. How Much Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Were Generated? Exhibit 4.165. National Generation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (2001-2005) TRI Reporting Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Quantity of PACs (pounds) 11,388,419 9,597,096 9,299,558 9,238,514 9,593,150 Number of TRI Facilities Reporting PACs 670 653 678 688 702 For 2005, 702 facilities reported approximately 9.6 million pounds of PACs, representing a decrease of approximately 1.8 million pounds, or 16 percent, compared to the total quantity of PACs reported for 2001 (Exhibit 4.165). Since the significant decrease in 2002, approximately an average of 9.4 million pounds was reported for 2002 to 2005. Exhibit 4.166. Distribution of Quantities for Facilities Reporting Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (2005) Polycyclic aromatic compounds (9,593,150 pounds) Quantity Reported Number of Facilities Reporting This Quantity (2005) Percent of Total Quantity of PACs Reported (2005) up to 10 pounds 248 < 0.1% between 11 -100 pounds 185 0.1% between 101 -1,000 pounds 145 0.5% between 1,001 - 10,000 pounds 77 3.0% between 10,001 - 100,000 pounds 33 11.5% between 100,001 - 1 million pounds 11 44.1% > 1 million pounds 3 40.8% Three of the 702 facilities that reported PACs for 2005 reported approximately 41 percent of the total quantity; 14 facilities reported approximately 85 percent of the total quantity (Exhibit 4.166). 4-120 ------- Where Were Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Generated? Exhibit 4.167. Location of Facilities that Reported Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (2005) 702 Facilities Reporting Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) ~ 10 largest facilities reporting PAC s - f Atlantic Ocean THE UNITED STATES Facilities Reporting PAC (2005) Office of Solid Waste - Fall 2007 Analysis and Information Branch Since 2001, facilities in 55 states and territories reported PACs, including 702 facilities in 2005 (Exhibit 4.167). Exhibit 4.168. Quantity of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, by EPA Region and State, for Facilities Reporting 95 Percent of t le Total Quantity in 2005 EPA Region State 2001 (pounds) 2002 (pounds) 2003 (pounds) 2004 pounds) 2005 (pounds) Percent of Total National Quantity of PACs (2005) 4 TN 3,223,956 555,317 1,274,029 1,813,901 1,790,754 18.7% 4 KY 709,075 866,507 1,536,928 1,704,434 1,509,917 15.7% 6 AR 630,063 749,317 824,508 1,048,647 1,013,072 10.6% 4 NC 231,377 159,737 239,277 518,008 1,012,972 10.6% 6 TX 593,425 1,453,099 1,349,946 305,688 1,001,895 10.4% 1 ME 474,454 541,375 525,086 519,024 524,649 5.5% 5 IN 365,493 441,039 452,043 450,492 486,046 5.1% 5 OH 439,765 327,983 35,007 35,937 413,468 4.3% 3 WV 290,437 132,348 141,384 312,824 330,151 3.4% 5 Ml 3,638 2,561 81,667 70,898 309,490 3.2% 6 LA 1,043,348 1,155,319 1,225,648 1,285,502 236,624 2.5% 4-121 ------- Exhibit 4.168. Quantity of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, by EPA Region and State, for Facilities Reporting EPA Region State 2001 (pounds) 2002 (pounds) 2003 (pounds) 2004 pounds) 2005 (pounds) Percent of Total National Quantity of PACs (2005) 4 SC 236,108 140,024 203,089 197,719 172,408 1.8% 3 PA 365,149 306,730 567,362 173,880 139,560 1.5% 2 NY 121,258 109,488 116,590 112,878 104,480 1.1% 4 FL 32,566 15,975 97,734 92,043 88,989 0.9% Total 8,760,110 6,956,819 8,670,297 8,641,876 9,134,474 95.2% For 2005, facilities in EPA Region 4 reported approximately 49 percent of the total national quantity of PACs (Exhibit 4.168). Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of PACs in states include: • In Tennessee, a facility reported approximately 528,000 pounds for 2001, but none since. Another facility (same company) in Tennessee reported a decrease of approximately 2.1 million pounds for 2002 and then an increase of approximately 669,000 pounds for 2003. • A facility in North Carolina reported an increase of approximately 512,000 pounds for 2005. • A facility in Kentucky reported approximately 1.3 million pounds for 2003 - more than double the quantity it reported for 2002. • A facility in Texas reported approximately 1.2 million pounds for both 2002 and 2003, but none for either 2004 or 2005. Another facility in Texas reported an increase of approximately 745,000 pounds for 2005. • A facility in West Virginia reported a decrease of approximately 139,000 pounds for 2002 and an increase of approximately 286,000 pounds for 2004. • For 2005, a facility in Ohio reported PACs for the first time, reporting approximately 358,000 pounds. Another facility in Ohio reported approximately 249,000 pounds of PACs for 2001, but none since, while another facility in Ohio, undergoing shutdown, reported approximately 296,000 pounds for 2002, but none since. • A facility in Washington reported approximately 354,000 pounds of PACs for 2001, but none since. Another facility in Washington reported a decrease of approximately 572,000 pounds for 2003. • A facility in Michigan reported an increase of approximately 240,000 pounds for 2005. • A facility in Oklahoma reported an increase of approximately 1.2 million pounds for 2002, followed by a decrease of approximately 1.1 million pounds for 2003. 4-122 ------- Exhibit 4.169. Quantity of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, by State and County, for Facilities Reporting 90 Percent of the Total Quantity (2005) State County Quantity (pounds) of PACs Percent of Total National Quantity of PACs (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TN Maury 2,623,047 517,956 1,187,144 1,775,195 1,728,070 18.0% KY Hancock 522,415 625,035 1,278,130 1,389,221 1,171,896 12.2% NC Burke 206,287 124,741 199,879 498,756 1,010,636 10.5% TX Harris 14,180 8,160 4,783 13,308 757,202 7.9% AR Pope 388,420 456,714 492,086 674,556 628,392 6.6% ME Aroostook 471,782 528,832 523,972 518,380 521,138 5.4% IN Lake 319,626 421,457 444,717 428,671 462,774 4.8% AR Franklin 221,218 276,468 315,609 364,642 371,159 3.9% OH Scioto 32 0 0 0 357,962 3.7% KY Fulton 183,270 236,406 248,460 299,761 327,672 3.4% Ml Wayne 3,581 2,493 81,618 70,505 309,338 3.2% WV Brooke 263,679 125,060 132,717 299,080 305,310 3.2% TX Nueces 190,999 161,693 120,137 168,061 177,787 1.9% SC Berkeley 88,203 86,027 94,615 132,318 135,408 1.4% LA Calcasieu 180,560 138,256 42,571 93,146 112,638 1.2% PA Alleqheny 15,429 15,619 275,931 137,460 82,628 0.9% NY St. Lawrence 91,125 84,971 78,021 75,221 80,615 0.8% FL Escambia 21,591 6,876 82,073 77,369 73,928 0.8% Exhibit 4.169 shows the quantity of PACs for 2001-2005, by state and county, reported by facilities that accounted for 90 percent of the total quantity of PACs for 2005. 4-123 ------- Which Industries Generated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds? Exhibit 4.170. Industry Sectors Quantities of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (2001-2005) Primary SIC Code SIC Description Number of Facilities Reporting PACs in This SIC Code (2005) Quantity (pounds) of PACs Percent of Total National Quantity of PACs (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3624 Carbon and graphite products 19 4,292,839 1,696,360 2,581,881 3,709,255 4,226,513 44.1% 2865 Cyclic crudes and intermediates 9 414,759 518,982 239,008 485,559 1,791,619 18.7% 3334 Primary aluminum 12 1,798,358 1,394,522 1,436,079 1,559,987 1,341,676 14.0% 2992 Lubricating oils and greases 3 318,494 421,399 444,658 457,270 493,779 5.1% 2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 1 345,565 386,531 381,671 377,822 424,685 4.4% 2911 Petroleum refining 88 878,223 2,663,935 1,649,707 457,122 342,068 3.6% 2824 Organic fibers, noncellulosic 3 26,975 87,238 183,822 206,106 197,076 2.1% 2491 Wood preserving 49 579,571 410,844 343,288 112,208 133,428 1.4% 2048 Prepared feeds, nec 1 126,217 142,301 142,901 185,130 96,453 1.0% 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 8 21,963 14,585 279,226 141,352 86,509 0.9% 2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nec 17 273,615 112,439 125,490 95,660 85,246 0.9% 2621 Paper mills 29 28,321 57,695 24,320 73,443 65,408 0.7% 2999 Petroleum and coal products, nec 3 182,838 137,742 42,060 84,546 62,158 0.6% 2022 Cheese, natural and processed 3 50,920 21,898 56,743 30,456 30,043 0.3% 2895 Carbon black 19 687,687 906,637 1,024,715 1,059,367 27,573 0.3% 3052 Rubber and plastics hose and belting 5 271 201 22,217 26,197 27,310 0.3% 2952 Asphalt felts and coatings 63 13,277 9,369 8,828 10,469 22,089 0.2% 2015 Poultry slaughtering and processing 1 27,399 17,042 55,737 6,154 18,219 0.2% 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 2 9,002 8,000 14,122 20,190 14,248 0.1% For 2005, facilities in 85 industry sectors (SIC codes) reported PACs. Exhibit 4.170 shows the quantity of PACs for the 19 industry sectors in which facilities reported approximately 99 percent of this PC for 2005. Facilities in three of the industry sectors: SIC 3624 (Carbon and graphite products), SIC 2865 (Cyclic crudes and intermediates), and SIC 3334 (Primary Aluminum) reported approximately 77 percent of the total quantity of PACs for 2005. Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of PACs within industry sectors include: 4-124 ------- SIC 3624 (Carbon and graphite products) • A facility in Tennessee reported approximately 528,000 pounds of PACs for 2001, but none since. Another facility (same company) in Tennessee reported a decrease of approximately 2.1 million pounds for 2002 and then an increase of approximately 669,000 pounds for 2003. These facilities use coal tar pitch for producing carbon electrodes. PACs are contained in the coal tar pitch. • A facility in North Carolina reported an increase of approximately 512,000 pounds for 2005. SIC 2865 (Cyclic crudes and intermediates) • A facility in West Virginia reported a decrease of approximately 139,000 pounds for 2002 and an increase of approximately 286,000 pounds for 2004. • For 2005, a facility in Ohio reported PACs for the first time, reporting approximately 358,000 pounds. • A facility in Ohio, undergoing shutdown, reported approximately 296,000 pounds for 2002, but none since. Another facility in Michigan and in the same company reported an increase of approximately 240,000 pounds for 2005. PACs quantities were primarily generated from residual processing, tank cleanouts, etc. resulting from shutting down these facilities. • A facility in Texas reported an increase of approximately 745,000 pounds for 2005 as a result of demolition and tank/releases cleanup efforts. SIC 3334 (Primary Aluminum) • A facility in Kentucky reported approximately 1.3 million pounds for 2003 - more than double the quantity it reported for 2002. This facility uses coal tar pitch and coke to produce carbon rods (anodes) for aluminum smelting. PACs are contained in the coal tar pitch. Quantities of PACs correlate with the production of carbon rods. • A facility in Ohio reported approximately 249,000 pounds of PACs for 2001, but none since. • A facility in Washington reported approximately 354,000 pounds of PACs for 2001, but none since, while another facility in Washington reported a decrease of approximately 572,000 pounds for 2003. SIC 2911 (Petroleum refining) • A facility in Oklahoma reported an increase of approximately 1.2 million pounds for 2002 followed by a decrease of approximately 1.1 million pounds for 2003. • A facility in Texas reported approximately 1.2 million pounds in both 2002 and 2003, but none in either 2004 or 2005. The facility attributed the quantities to compliance with air pollution standards and a change in how material sent to flaring was calculated. 4-125 ------- How Did Facilities Manage Poly cyclic Aromatic Compounds? Exhibit 4.171. Trends in Management Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (2001-2005) Management Method for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Disposal Quantity (pounds) 1,624,822 570,600 701,700 815,211 975,406 Energy Recovery Quantity (pounds) 5,507,041 3,886,621 2,962,545 3,542,875 4,025,725 Treatment Quantity (pounds) 4,256,557 5,139,875 5,635,313 4,880,427 4,592,020 Recycled (pounds)29 2,763,026 2,293,459 1,634,434 1,370,285 2,777,773 Exhibit 4.171 shows the national trends for how facilities managed PACs in 2001-2005. Disposal: Compared to the quantity disposed of in 2001, the quantity decreased by approximately 649,000 pounds in 2005. However, this was an increase compared to the quantity disposed of in 2002 - 2004. Energy Recovery: Since 2001, facilities used PACs for energy recovery for approximately an average of 4 million pounds. Compared to the quantity sent to energy recovery in 2001, the quantity decreased by approximately 1.5 million pounds in 2005. However, this was an increase compared to the quantity sent to energy recovery in 2003 - 2004. Treatment: Since 2001, facilities treated approximately an average of 4.9 million pounds of PACs. The quantity treated in 2005 was the smallest since 2001. Recycling: In 2005, facilities recycled approximately 2.8 million pounds of PACs - the largest quantity during 2001-2005 and an increase of approximately 1.4 million pounds compared to the quantity recycled in 2004. 29 For additional information on recycled quantities see footnote 8. 4-126 ------- Exhibit 4.172. Management Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Industry Sectors, for Facilities Reporting 95 Percent of the Total Quantity in 2005 Primary SIC Code SIC Code Description Onsite Disposal (pounds) Offsite Disposal (pounds) Onsite Energy Recovery (pounds) Offsite Energy Recovery (pounds) Onsite Treatment (pounds) Offsite Treatment (pounds) Onsite Recycling (pounds) Offsite Recycling (pounds) 3624 Carbon and graphite products 7,930 16,312 2,050,984 0 2,147,727 3,559 153,974 1,490 2865 Cyclic crudes and intermediates 0 651,714 358,027 780,538 560 780 139,193 74,114 3334 Primary aluminum 1,566 46,929 0 0 1,291,146 2,035 284,488 0 2992 Lubricating oils and greases 0 31,092 0 0 462,687 0 0 0 2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 0 0 424,685 0 0 0 0 0 2911 Petroleum refining 3,738 26,944 3,249 33,975 266,236 7,926 178,696 1,439 2824 Organic fibers, noncellulosic 0 1 73,867 0 123,208 0 0 0 2491 Wood preserving 0 1,569 0 84,606 11,076 36,177 1,517,118 0 2048 Prepared feeds, nec 0 0 96,453 0 0 0 0 0 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 0 32,368 683 0 53,228 230 106,954 50,000 2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nec 3,147 1,589 0 1,377 67,556 11,577 5,500 67 2621 Paper mills 474 393 45,856 0 17,343 1,343 0 0 2999 Petroleum and coal products, nec 12 62,146 0 0 0 0 0 159,354 2022 Cheese, natural and processed 0 0 30,043 0 0 0 0 0 2895 Carbon black 306 23,404 955 0 2,460 448 0 235 3052 Rubber and plastics hose and belting 0 1,309 0 0 26,000 0 375 178 2952 Asphalt felts and coatings 117 12,165 0 369 0 9,438 3 2,173 2015 Poultry slaughtering and processing 0 0 0 0 18,219 0 0 0 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 14,110 0 138 0 0 0 0 0 2631 Paperboard mills 644 45 13,176 0 85 0 0 0 Exhibit 4.172 shows, by industry sector (SIC code), how facilities that reported approximately 99 percent of this PC for 2005, managed PACs. Facilities in SIC 3624 (Carbon and graphite products) used both onsite energy recovery and treatment equally to manage approximately 4.1 million pounds of PACs. Facilities in SIC 2865 (Cyclic crudes and intermediates) reported approximately 72 percent of the quantity disposed of offsite, as well as approximately 87 percent of the quantity used for energy recovery offsite; much of these were reported by two facilities being shutdown. Facilities in SIC 3334 (Primary aluminum) primarily used onsite treatment for their PACs. 4-127 ------- Facilities Only Recycling Poly cyclic Aromatic Compounds Exhibit 4.173. Facilities That Only Recycled Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in 2005 Primary SIC Code SIC Code Description State County Onsite Recycling (pounds) Offsite Recycling (pounds) Total Recycling (pounds) 2869 Industrial organic chemicals, nec TX Jefferson 0 47,899 47,899 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills NY Erie 14,083 0 14,083 AL Jefferson 13,000 0 13,000 PA Erie 1,229 0 1,229 2952 Asphalt felts and coatings MN Scott 0 2,463 2,463 IN La Porte 0 401 401 2951 Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks MA Middlesex 1,117 0 1,117 TN Shelby 560 0 560 MS Hinds 341 0 341 MS Lauderdale 264 0 264 2491 Wood preserving LA Rapides 740 0 740 2851 Paints and allied products OH Erie 274 0 274 For 2005, 56 facilities in 13 industry sectors reported they only used recycling to manage 83,216 pounds of PACs. Exhibit 4.173 shows the facilities that reported 99 percent of the recycled only quantity. A facility in SIC 2869 (Industrial organic chemicals, nec) reported approximately 58 percent of this quantity, while facilities in SIC 3312 (Blast furnaces and steel mills) reported approximately 34 percent of this quantity. 4-128 ------- |