United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA530-R-08-001 February 2008 National Priority Chemicals Trends Report (2001-2005) Section 4 Chemical Specific Trends Analyses for Priority Chemicals (2001-2005): Lead and Lead Compounds (Lead) Hazardous Waste Minimization and Management Division Office of Solid Waste U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contact Information: Bill Kline, Senior Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (540) 341-3631 kline.bill@epa.gov Tammie Owen, Data Analyst Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-4044 owen.tammie@epa.gov Ben Lesser, Chief Analysis & Information Branch (703) 308-0314 lesser.ben@epa.gov ------- Lead and Lead Compounds (Lead) Chemical Information: General Uses - Lead is a heavy, silver-white metal in its pure (elemental) form. Lead is often obtained by primary production through mining of ores or by secondary production through recycling. Lead exists in either one of two forms: as the pure metal (i.e., lead metal) or as a compound, in which lead is combined with some other element or elements. Lead metal and lead compounds are widely used in a variety of products and applications including lead-acid batteries, ammunition, construction materials, solder, metal castings, glass and ceramic products, plastics, electrical cable coverings, lubricating oils and greases, and certain paints. These metal products include sheet lead, casting metals, solder, bearing metals, extruded products, and brass and bronze alloys (Source: EPA 2000/2001 TRI Public Data Release Report). How Much Lead Was Generated? Exhibit 4.86. National Generation of Lead (2001-2005) TRI Reporting Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Quantity of Lead (pounds) 36,214,205 34,087,265 35,009,254 32,298,128 36,114,646 Number of TRI Facilities Reporting Lead 4,855 4,780 4,723 4,657 4,604 For 2005, approximately 4,600 facilities reported 36.1 million pounds of lead (Exhibit 4.86). This quantity is virtually unchanged from the quantity reported for 2001. The number of facilities that reported lead since 2001 steadily decreased each year. Exhibit 4.87. Distribution of Quantities for Facilities Reporting Lead (2005) Lead (36,114,646 pounds) Quantity Reported Number of Facilities Reporting This Quantity (2005) Percent of Total Quantity of Lead (2005) up to 10 pounds 1,621 <0.1% between 11 -100 pounds 1,101 0.1% between 101 -1,000 pounds 1,025 1.0% between 1,001 - 10,000 pounds 597 5.8% between 10,001 - 100,000 pounds 200 19.2% between 100,001 - 1 million pounds 53 40.1% > 1 million pounds 7 33.8% Of the total 4,604 facilities, seven facilities reported approximately 34 percent of the total quantity of lead; 60 facilities reported approximately 74 percent of the total quantity of lead (Exhibit 4.87). 4-62 ------- WASHII- EPA y Region 1 MINNESOTA ake Superior NORTH DAKOTA EPA_ Region 8" oregon / i I | EPA" j% ^Region 10 Region 3 J-w V )RKSr ^ion^ IDAHO IAMPSHI [ Huron SOUTH DAKOTA WYOMING ^WDBEIS INECTICUT NEBRASKA NEVADA iW JERSEY LA WARE MISSOURI iRYLAND KANSAS COLORADO p OKLAH< ARIZONA IUTH CAROLINA MEW MEXICO , EPA^ Region 6 THE UNITED STATES TEXAS Ilouisi AJaskc CXI CO Puerto Rico 4,604 Facilities Reporting Lead ~ 10 largest facilities reporting lead | Other facilities reporting lead Pacific Ocean oil am Atlantic Ocean Where Was Lead Generated? Exhibit 4.88. Location of Facilities that Reported Lead (2005) Since 2001, facilities in every state and territory reported lead, including 4,604 facilities in 2005 (Exhibit 4.88). Facilities Reporting Lead (2005) Office of Solid Waste - Fall 2007 Analysis and Information Branch 4-63 ------- Exhibit 4.89. Quantity of Lead, by EPA Region and State, for Facilities Reporting EPA Region State 2001 (pounds) 2002 (pounds) 2003 (pounds) 2004 (pounds) 2005 (pounds) Percent of Total National Quantity (2005) 5 IN 2,544,316 3,682,352 3,731,087 4,726,113 5,382,616 14.9% 5 OH 2,773,613 3,136,138 2,619,405 2,256,136 4,660,608 12.9% 4 AL 2,217,379 3,496,123 3,273,950 3,548,938 3,721,282 10.3% 9 CA 2,295,209 1,847,073 1,641,388 1,778,535 2,541,016 7.0% 7 MO 3,634,772 3,910,494 4,868,685 1,601,719 2,038,143 5.6% 3 PA 3,419,865 2,042,807 2,432,836 2,532,061 2,027,479 5.6% 6 TX 2,102,616 1,609,818 1,318,933 1,382,351 1,306,706 3.6% 7 IA 787,697 920,091 944,604 972,490 994,195 2.8% 7 NE 1,240,347 1,283,695 1,403,429 1,349,845 984,119 2.7% 8 UT 881,372 926,109 1,042,517 1,088,558 981,417 2.7% 6 AR 1,846,370 724,058 604,444 707,113 962,462 2.7% 5 IL 1,196,747 1,013,253 1,097,690 1,030,158 868,856 2.4% 4 NC 845,766 880,730 955,340 1,018,350 864,657 2.4% 4 SC 1,128,920 1,049,828 1,116,406 545,998 781,406 2.2% 3 VA 738,852 570,286 574,045 688,374 748,196 2.1% 6 LA 246,678 316,511 411,219 520,348 737,847 2.0% 5 Ml 655,424 448,355 419,169 508,238 624,754 1.7% 4 KY 367,590 241,948 692,657 358,846 559,870 1.6% 10 ID 176,960 137,650 159,049 549,876 509,464 1.4% 4 TN 736,669 747,421 425,331 435,027 505,215 1.4% 10 OR 800,406 528,888 470,052 413,765 474,016 1.3% 5 Wl 418,114 450,492 587,509 536,126 436,909 1.2% For 2005, facilities in EPA Regions 4 and 5 reported approximately 54 percent of the total national quantity of lead (Exhibit 4.89). Compared to the quantities reported for 2001, facilities in both these regions reported large increases in 2005. Facilities in EPA Regions 2, 3, 6, and 7 reported decreases of at least 1 million pounds. Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of lead in states include: In Indiana, facilities reported more than double the quantity of lead for 2005, compared to the quantity reported for 2001. Four facilities primarily accounted for the increase: o One facility reported an increase of approximately 1 million pounds for 2002, accounting for most of the overall increase compared to the quantity reported for 2001. o For 2004, two other facilities reported increases of approximately 563,000 pounds and 370,000 pounds. o For 2005, yet another facility reported an increase of 480,000 pounds. In Ohio, an extensive cleanup at a facility that was shut down in August 2004 resulted in an increase of approximately 2.7 million pounds of lead disposed of in 2005. In Alabama, two facilities accounted for much of the increase of approximately 1.3 million pounds of lead reported for 2002, reporting increases of 560,000 pounds and 430,000 pounds. 4-64 ------- In California, two significant changes occurred: an increase of approximately 939,000 pounds of lead reported by one facility and a decrease of approximately 1.2 million pounds of lead reported by a second facility influenced the overall increased quantity of lead reported for 2002, compared to 2001. In 2005, the overall increase of approximately 760,000 pounds of lead resulted from large increases at several facilities, including increases of 341,000 pounds at each of two facilities and 225,000 pounds at another facility. In Missouri, since 2001 one facility has reported approximately 88 percent of the lead. This facility influenced most of the large increase of lead in 2003, as well as the subsequent large decrease in 2004, reporting an increase of 896,000 pounds for 2003 and a decrease of 3 million pounds for 2004. The facility attributes these fluctuations to changes in year-to-year production levels and to adjustments to the process that resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of lead in slag. In Pennsylvania, two facilities primarily accounted for the overall decrease of approximately 1.4 million pounds of lead in 2002; reporting decreases of approximately 780,000 pounds and 281,000 pounds. In Texas, one facility primarily accounted for the overall decrease of lead of approximately 493,000 pounds in 2002; reporting a decrease of approximately 474,000 pounds. Exhibit 4.90. Quantity of Lead, by State and County, for Counties in Which Facilities Reported at Least 1 Percent of the Total National Quantity (2005) i State County Quantity (pounds) of Lead Percent of Total National Quantity of Lead (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 OH Franklin 302,491 59,189 90,046 345,319 3,030,581 8.4% IN Marion 1,146,860 2,206,686 1,991,100 1,909,302 2,108,822 5.8% AL Pike 1,196,568 1,755,728 1,956,562 1,789,929 2,068,070 5.7% CA Los Anqeles 1,745,274 1,456,937 1,339,207 1,446,113 2,015,234 5.6% MO Iron 3,275,263 3,493,077 4,388,593 1,379,460 1,691,895 4.7% PA Berks 1,312,107 1,017,531 1,780,788 1,909,028 1,451,749 4.0% AL Mobile 172,356 726,877 618,307 934,227 1,020,752 2.8% IA Muscatine 642,347 769,126 795,821 835,428 865,639 2.4% UT Box Elder 497,554 474,099 644,011 692,710 731,310 2.0% IN Whitley 7,512 102,728 94,793 658,045 726,986 2.0% IN Wabash 14,462 9,593 275,982 293,201 680,975 1.9% NE Jefferson 845,600 857,314 745,682 698,051 668,244 1.9% IN Delaware 398,436 349,369 349,529 719,370 640,273 1.8% AR Lonoke 66,804 56,817 46,302 96,627 493,770 1.4% Ml Wayne 422,369 229,530 237,268 326,191 467,436 1.3% ID Butte 61,944 38,104 86,358 476,801 458,650 1.3% OR Yamhill 547,193 341,081 394,849 392,983 456,972 1.3% OH Stark 326,858 404,350 340,555 481,953 441,107 1.2% VA Roanoke City 136,707 202,594 226,735 346,940 349,300 1.0% NC Hertford 229,268 361,058 357,225 513,814 344,745 1.0% Facilities in numerous counties reported lead each year (Exhibit 4.90). An extensive cleanup at a facility in Franklin County, Ohio that was shut down in August 2004 resulted in an increase of approximately 2.7 million pounds of lead disposed of in 2005. 4-65 ------- Which Industries Generated Lead? Exhibit 4.91. Industry Sectors Quantities of Lead for Industry Sectors in Which Facilities Reported 90 Percent of the Total Quantity (2005) Primary SIC Code SIC Description Facilities Reporting Lead in This SIC Code (2005) Quantity (pounds) of Lead Percent of Total National Quantity of Lead (2005) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals 97 9,414,903 11,598,062 12,655,577 9,796,835 11,116,850 30.8% 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 85 7,766,719 7,115,973 7,736,063 9,361,868 8,871,996 24.6% 3229 Pressed and blown glass, nec 30 1,538,505 1,282,440 1,161,338 988,756 3,511,257 9.7% 9711 National security 107 2,197,581 2,354,799 2,642,477 2,396,821 2,973,633 8.2% 3321 Gray and ductile iron foundries 137 2,625,256 2,967,204 2,400,908 1,899,835 1,575,002 4.4% 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 77 1,810,764 1,411,839 1,217,083 1,058,537 1,174,188 3.3% 3691 Storage batteries 53 269,737 332,210 502,985 803,083 737,184 2.0% 8733 Noncommercial research organizations 8 202,362 154,970 427,279 500,269 564,392 1.6% 3482 Small arms ammunition 13 189,330 152,552 131,453 184,967 554,052 1.5% 3315 Steel wire and related products 30 795,912 421,572 502,771 496,974 389,276 1.1% 3641 Electric lamps 11 644,018 471,411 305,266 126,641 323,641 0.9% 3357 Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating 78 477,043 305,249 460,381 341,539 270,195 0.7% 2611 Pulp mills 52 147,759 135,024 176,770 160,819 209,988 0.6% 3679 Electronic components, nec 122 236,226 157,026 276,493 351,177 206,119 0.6% Total 900 28,316,115 28,860,330 30,596,844 28,468,122 32,477,775 89.9% For 2005, facilities in 308 SIC codes reported lead. Exhibit 4.91 shows the quantity of lead reported by 900 facilities in 14 industry sectors that accounted for 90 percent of this PC in 2005. Facilities in SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) and SIC 3312 (Blast furnaces and steel mills) reported approximately 55 percent of the total quantity of lead for 2005. Some highlights concerning trends for the reported quantity of lead within industry sectors include: 4-66 ------- SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) Since 2003, eight facilities reported approximately 90 percent of the total quantity of lead for this industry sector. Two of the facilities, in the same company, accounted for approximately 89 percent of the 2.2 million pound increase of lead reported for 2002 by facilities in this sector. For 2004, one facility reported most of approximately 2.9 million pound decrease of lead; this facility attributed the decrease to decreased production and to adjustments to the process that resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of lead in slag. For 2005, increased production at numerous facilities contributed to the increase of approximately 1.3 million pounds of lead. SIC 3312 (Blast Furnaces and steel mills) Since 2004, 25 facilities reported approximately 90 percent of the total quantity of lead for this industry sector. Many of these facilities also reported the larger quantities of lead since 2001. The facility that was the largest reporter of lead for this industry sector in 2005 only began operating in 2001 and has steadily increased production each year until approaching full operating capacity in 2005. SIC 3229 (Pressed and blown glass, nec) Since 2001, facilities in this industry sector reported an average of approximately 1.2 million pounds per year. In 2005, the quantity almost tripled to 3.5 million pounds; a facility in Ohio that was shut down in August 2004 reported approximately 3 million pounds due to extensive cleanup activities. SIC 9711 (National Security) Since 2001, Department of Defense (DOD) facilities, primarily military installations, reported most of the lead in this industry sector. This increased quantity was likely caused by the increase in training and other activities at federal facilities in support of military and security operations to counter terrorism worldwide. A Department of Energy (DOE) facility in South Carolina also reported a significant increase of lead and lead compounds for 2005, resulting from the disposal of lead shipping casks from reactors, lead sheeting, and debris. SIC 3321 (Gray and ductile iron foundries) Since 2004, 25 facilities reported approximately 90 percent of the total quantity of lead for this industry sector. Many of these facilities also reported the larger quantities of lead since 2001. Compared to quantities reported for 2001, facilities reported a decrease of approximately 1 million pounds of lead for 2005; several facilities significantly reduced lead. 4-67 ------- How Did Facilities Manage Lead? Exhibit 4.92. Trends in Management Methods for Lead (2001-2005) Management Method for Lead 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Disposal Quantity (pounds) 33,805,336 33,986,942 34,964,787 32,219,830 36,109,223 Energy Recovery Quantity (pounds)* 110,629 5,984 2,293 2,665 2,326 Treatment Quantity (pounds)* 2,298,240 94,339 42,174 75,632 3,097 Recycled (pounds)19 644,318,218 654,246,122 616,149,994 684,632,957 505,946,410 * Since lead is a metal, disposal and recycling are the only applicable management methods. The energy recovery and treatment quantities may have been misreported to TRI. Exhibit 4.92 shows the national trends for how facilities managed lead in 2001-2005. Some highlights concerning the disposal and recycling of lead include: Disposal Since 2001, facilities reported an average of approximately 34 million pounds of lead disposed of. Compared to 2001, facilities reported an increase of approximately 2.3 million pounds or 7 percent for 2005. A facility in Ohio that was shut down in August 2004 reported an increase of approximately 2.7 million pounds for 2005 due to extensive cleanup activities; this entire quantity was disposed of. Recycling Since 2001, facilities recycled an average of 621 million pounds of lead per year. Compared to 2001, recycling of lead decreased by approximately 138 million pounds or 21.5 percent in 2005 - to its lowest level during this timeframe. Exhibit 4.93. Management Methods for Lead in Industry Sectors, for Facilities Reporting 90 Percent o ' Total Quantity in 2005 Primary SIC Code SIC Code Description Onsite Disposal (pounds) Offsite Disposal (pounds) Onsite Recycling (pounds) Offsite Recycling (pounds) 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals 2,589,993 8,526,857 92,218,304 31,125,802 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 159,019 8,712,978 86,724 12,825,301 3229 Pressed and blown glass, nec 0 3,511,257 4,607,894 149,187 9711 National security 2,631,456 342,177 746,456 473,836 3321 Gray and ductile iron foundries 319,357 1,255,645 58,906 272,521 2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec 164,838 1,009,336 38,080 477,209 3691 Storage batteries 2,296 734,887 101,300,988 163,317,610 8733 Noncommercial research organizations 188,957 375,435 0 410,358 3482 Small arms ammunition 0 554,052 4,194,743 2,846,255 3315 Steel wire and related products 48,923 340,353 0 1,567,642 3641 Electric lamps 0 323,641 0 591,874 3357 Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating 13 270,182 27,076,670 898,885 2611 Pulp mills 114,102 95,885 0 211 3679 Electronic components, nec 1,798 203,295 20,000 416,522 Total 6,220,752 26,255,981 230,348,764 215,373,214 Exhibit 4.93 show how facilities, by SIC code, managed lead in 2005. Some highlights concerning the management of lead include: Of the disposed quantity of lead, eighty-one percent was disposed of offsite. Lead was recycled approximately to the same extent onsite and offsite. 19 For additional information on recycled quantities see footnote 8. 4-68 ------- Facilities in SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) and SIC 3312 (Blast furnaces and steel mills) reported approximately 62 percent of the total quantity of lead disposed of and approximately 31 percent of the total quantity of lead recycled. Facilities in SIC 3691 (Storage batteries) reported approximately 59 percent of the total quantity of lead recycled. Facilities in SIC 9711 (National security) primarily disposed of lead onsite. Facilities in SIC 3691 (Storage batteries), SIC 3357 (Nonferrous wire drawing and insulating), SIC 3482 (Small arms ammunition), and SIC 3341 (Secondary nonferrous metals) had the highest ratios of lead recycled to lead disposed of. Facilities in SIC 2611 (Pulp mills), SIC 3321 (Gray and ductile iron foundries), SIC 9711 (National security), SIC 2819 (Industrial inorganic chemicals, nec), and SIC 8733 (Noncommercial research organizations) had the lowest ratios of lead recycled to lead disposed of. Facilities Only Recycling Lead Exhibit 4.94. Facilities That Only Recycled Lead in 2005 Primary SIC Code SIC Code Description State County Onsite Recycling (pounds) Offsite Recycling (pounds) Total Recycling (pounds) 3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills NJ Middlesex 2,133,095 241,600 2,374,695 0 658,382 658,382 TN Knox 0 344,388 344,388 IL Kankakee 58,048 624,311 682,359 WA King 1,022 502,826 503,848 3315 Steel wire and related products MO Jasper 0 323,400 323,400 3341 Secondary nonferrous metals NJ Union 0 537,766 537,766 IL Winnebago 206,147 206,147 412,294 CA Santa Clara 14,000 340,000 354,000 3364 Nonferrous die-castings, except aluminum MN Ramsey 0 1,632,857 1,632,857 3399 Primary metal products, nec TX Dallas 243,838 112,006 355,844 3432 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim TX Harris 504,300 0 504,300 3492 Fluid power valves and hose fittings OK Craig 0 4,868,977 4,868,977 3494 Valves and pipe fittings, nec CA Los Angeles 412,705 84,406 497,111 3559 Special industry machinery, nec TN Rutherford 0 988,155 988,155 NV Washoe 0 400,935 400,935 3691 Storage batteries NJ Passaic 0 484,493 484,493 DE New Castle 0 4,793,043 4,793,043 KY Russell 858,807 1,069,397 1,928,204 CA Riverside 0 908,000 908,000 3965 Fasteners, buttons, needles, and pins KY Anderson 0 500,000 500,000 TN Flickman 0 500,000 500,000 For 2005, approximately 1,450 facilities in over 200 industry sectors reported they only used recycling to manage approximately 35 million pounds of lead. Exhibit 4.94 shows the industry sectors and location of the 22 facilities that reported approximately 70 percent of the "recycled only" lead quantities for 2005. 4-69 ------- |