United States Environmental Protection ImI Agency ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental protection agency 2024 SmartWay Online Logistics Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2023) EPA-420B-24-042 I October 2024 i SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway ------- ^CPA EnvlronmemaI Protection ^^\XSmartWay * mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^ 2024 SmartWay Online Logistics Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2023) Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-420-B-24-042 October 2024 ------- ^\NSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * Table of Contents OVERVIEW l 1.0 TOOL INPUTS AND CALCULATIONS 2 Emission Inventory and Performance Metric CaLcuLations 2 Ton-MiLe CaLcuLation 3 Carrier Emissions Performance Data 4 Truck Carrier Performance 4 Logistics Carrier Performance n Air and Barge Carrier Performance n RaiL Carrier Performance n ESLack Carbon Emissions Estimation 20 % SmartWay VaLue 21 PubLic Disclosure Reports 22 2.0 PAYLOADS AND DATA VALIDATION 24 PayLoad VaLidation 24 Ton-MiLe VaLidation 25 APPENDIX A - BACKGROUND ON INDUSTRY AVERAGE U.S. RAIL FACTORS A-l SmartWay TechnicaL Documentation | TabLe of Contents iii ------- ^\NSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * List of Tables Table 1. Emissions Calculation Basis by SmartWay Category 2 Table 2. Emission Factor Ranges for TL Dry Van CO2 g/mile (2023 Data) 8 Table 3. Non-SmartWay Truck Carrier Performance Metrics (Data Year 2023) 9 Table 4. Default "Miles Only" Payload Values (Data Year 2021) 10 Table 5. Non-SmartWay Logistics Carrier Performance Metrics (Data Year 2022) 11 Table 6. Performance Metrics for Non-SmartWay Air and Barge Carriers 11 Table 7. Rail Carrier Performance Metric Calculation Inputs & Results (2017 R-i Data) 12 Table 8. Rail Carrier Average Payload 12 Table 9. Railcar Volume Assumptions and Sources 13 Table 10. Rail Carrier Average Volume Determination 16 Table 11. BC/PM Ratios for Logistics Business Units 21 Table 12. Logistics Business Unit Payload Validation Ranges 24 Table A-i. U.S. Freight Rail Industry Average Factors (2017) 1 SmartWay Technical Documentation | List of Tables iii ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Overview The SmartWay Logistics Tool is intended to help Logistics companies estimate and assess their carbon, PM, and NOx emissions associated with goods movement in the U.S. freight trucking, rail, air and barge sectors.1 The SmartWay truck, barge, air, and Logistics carrier emissions performance data that EPA has included in the Tool, along with industry average Class I rail C02 data, allows logistics companies to generate more accurate emissions performance estimates and mass emissions inventories. The Tool allows logistics companies to track their freight-related emissions performance from year to year and help optimize their emissions performance by allowing them to better estimate the emissions impact of individual carriers. * Future versions of the tool may help partners evaluate the emissions performance associated with ocean going vessels. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Overview 1 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Tool Inputs and Calculations After Logistics companies enter their company and contact information, they provide basic information about each business unit they operate, including name, SCAC, MCN, NSC, and US DOT Number, as well as details regarding business unit type and business focus. Logistics companies then identify each carrier they use for each logistics business unit. Next, users proceed to input activity data for each carrier specified. EMISSION INVENTORY AND PERFORMANCE METRIC CALCULATIONS After inputting the required mileage and/or ton-mile information for each carrier used, the Tool will calculate the associated total mass emissions (i.e., an emissions inventory) based on the mileage-related activity data entered, as well as various emission performance metrics (e.g., composite grams/mile and grams/ton-mile - see below). Carrier-specific emissions are first calculated either on a ton-mile basis (as ton miles x grams per ton-mile), or on a miles basis (miles x grams per mile), depending on the SmartWay Category as shown in Table l2 Any modes/categories not listed have a limited data availability and their emissions are calculated using ton- miles. Table l. Emissions Calculation Basis by SmartWay Category SmartWay Category Activity Basis Dtm Dm Refrigerated Ton-miles 1 0 Mixed Ton-miles 1 0 TL/Dry Van Ton-miles 1 0 Flatbed Miles 0 1 Moving Miles 0 1 Dray Miles 0 1 Non-SW Truck General Ton-Miles 1 0 Specialized Miles 0 1 Expedited Miles 0 1 Auto Miles 0 1 Tanker Miles 0 1 Heavy/Bulk Miles 0 1 The partner's mass emissions are calculated by summing the individual carrier emissions. Then, fleet average emission factors are calculated by dividing mass emissions by total ton-miles and total miles to obtain grams per ton-mile and grams per mile, respectively. The fleet average payload is calculated by dividing total ton- miles by total miles. 2 Note that the Tool does not need partners to enter a payload or ton-mile estimate for SmartWay Categories whose emissions are based on Miles, as the payload estimate will not affect the overall emissions footprint. However, the calculated emission factors and average payload estimate are affected by the assigned payload. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 2 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * Overall, carrier emissions are calculated using the following equations, where Dtm and Dm are dummy variables with values of either o or 1, as shown in Table l above. Ec = Dtm * TonMlles * gtm + Dm * Miles * gm Total emissions: Etot ~ / Ec -I Emission factors and average payload (APL): _ tot ^ m YiCTonMilesc Etot gm = APL = Miles c £c TonMilesc 'ZcMilesc The emissions inventory for each carrier/mode combination displayed in the Business Unit, Emissions by Carrier, and Emissions by Mode Reports is calculated using the equations shown above. To calculate composite, business unit-wide emissions and associated performance metrics (i.e., overall g/mile and g/ton- mile performance), the Tool simply sums the emissions, miles and ton-miles for the associated business unit and divides the total emissions by total miles and ton-miles as appropriate. TON-MILE CALCULATION Correctly calculating Ton-Miles is critically important for the accurate determination of your carbon footprint. You can calculate your company's ton-miles as follows. Determine the ton-miles hauled per year attributable to each carrier. A ton-mile is one ton moving one mile. DO NOT ESTIMATE TON-MILES BY SIMPLY MULTIPLYING TOTAL MILES BY TOTAL TONS - this calculation effectively assumes your entire tonnage is transported on EACH AND EVERY shipment and will clearly overstate your ton-miles. Many companies track their ton-miles and can report them directly without further calculation. For example, logistics company systems are often set up to associate a payload with the mileage traveled on each trip by carrier and are then summed at the end of the year. If such information is not available, there are two ways to calculate ton-miles: SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 3 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » 1. Companies can determine their average payload per carrier, multiply the average payload by the total miles per carrier, and sum the results for all carriers for the reporting year; or 2. Set Ton-miles per carrier = (total miles per carrier x total tons per carrier) total # of trips per carrier NOTE: In both ton-mile calculations, empty miles are not factored in while the fuel used to drive those empty miles is factored in. To check your estimate, divide ton-miles by miles. The result is your fleet-average payload. If this number is not reasonable, (e.g., typically between 15 and 25 tons for Class 8b trucks), please check your calculations. CARRIER EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE DATA The current SmartWay program provides C02, NOx and PM gram per mile, and gram per ton-mile emission factors for truck, rail, logistics, air and barge freight transport providers. SmartWay may incorporate emission factors from ocean-going vessel transport providers in the future. TRUCK CARRIER PERFORMANCE Truck carrier performance data utilized by the current Logistics Tool is based on 2024 Truck Partner Tool submittals for activity in 2023. Performance data includes g/mile and g/ton-mile for each truck carrier. Note that g/mile and g/ton-mile values represent midpoints for the appropriate SmartWay Category, rather than exact performance levels for a given carrier. Truck SmartWay Categories include: TL Dry Van LTL Dry Van Refrigerated Flatbed Tanker Dray Package Auto Carrier Expedited Heavy/Bulk Moving Specialized Mixed Truck fleets are placed into a SmartWay Category and ranked with other SmartWay partner's fleet in that same category based on the following rules: 1. If 75% or more of the fleet's Operation is Drayage the fleet will be categorized as a Drayage fleet, regardless of what you specify for fleet's Body Type. Otherwise 1. If 75% or more of the fleet's Body Type is Moving, Heavy/Bulk, Refrigerated, Tanker, Auto Carrier, or Flatbed then the fleet will be categorized as that matching body type. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 4 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » 2. If the sum of the fleet's Utility Body Type and Special Hauler Body Type is 75% or more, then the fleet will be categorized as Specialized/Utility. 3. If 75% or more of the fleet's Body Type is Dry Van or Chassis then: a. If 75% or more of the fleet's Operation is Truckload then the fleet will be categorized as TL/Dry Van. b. If 75% or more of the fleet's Operation is Less than Truckload then the fleet will be categorized as LTL/Dry Van. c. If 75% or more of the fleet's Operation is Package then the fleet will be categorized as Package. d. If 75% or more of the fleet's Operation is Expedited then the fleet will be categorized as Expedited. 4. Otherwise, if none of the above conditions exist the fleet will be categorized as a Mixed fleet. The following provides an overview of the process used to estimate the carrier-specific performance ranges. Truck Performance Categories In the 2024 SmartWay Online Truck Tool, data is collected at the individual company fleet level. Fleets are characterized by a) business type: for-hire or private, b) operational type: truckload/expedited, less than truckload, dray, expedited, or package delivery, and c) equipment type: dry van, refrigerated van, flatbed, tanker, chassis (container), heavy/bulk, auto carrier, moving, or specialized (e.g., hopper, livestock, others.) The possible categories are shown below. For Hire Dry Van Reefer Flatbed Tanker Chassis Heavy/Bulk Auto Carrier Moving Specialized TL LTL Dray Expedited Package Private Dry Van Reefer Flatbed Tanker Chassis Heavy/Bulk Auto Carrier Moving Specialized TL LTL Dray Expedited Package SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 5 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Note that while Specialized fleets have disparate operations/equipment types and thus do not compare well, they are also unlikely to compete with one another, so it was deemed acceptable to aggregate these disparate fleets into one category. For-hire and private fleets are combined in the SmartWay Categories. There are relatively few private fleets compared to for-hire fleets. Because owners of private fleets generally hire their own fleets exclusively, it was determined that grouping for-hire and private fleets together would not be detrimental to for-hire fleets, and the simplicity of one for-hire and private category outweighed the benefits of listing fleets separately. Grouping for-hire and private separately would have doubled the number of SmartWay Categories. Therefore, fleets can thus be categorized as shown below. For Hire and Private Dry Van Reefer FLatbed Tanker Chassis Heavy/Bulk Auto Carrier Moving Specialized TL LTL Dray Expedited Package Individual fleets were then placed into SmartWay Categories. The following shows the relative number of fleets for the various category intersections, with darker shadings indicating more fleets. Dry Van Reefer Flatbed Tanker Chassis Heavy/Bulk Auto Carrier Moving Specialized Mixed LTL - - - - Dray - - - - - Expedited - - - - - - - Package - - - - - - - Mixed - - - - - SmartWay then considered combining categories with similar characteristics for simplification purposes. One prerequisite was that there needed to be a minimum number of fleets in each category. SmartWay determined that a category needed a minimum of 25 fleets to be created. It was also determined that dry van and chassis (i.e., intermodal container) groups functioned primarily as dry van transport, so these categories were combined. While most refrigerated carriers were truckload, a few less than truckload refrigerated fleets exist, so these categories were combined. Although no expedited or package refrigerated fleets were identified, these categories were also combined into one overall refrigerated category so that no operation and equipment type intersections would be left undefined. A similar situation was identified with flatbed, tanker, heavy/bulk, auto carrier, moving, and specialized fleets. All dray fleets were collapsed into SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 6 ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » one category. Any fleet that had mixed operation and/or mixed equipment was placed into a single mixed category. Finally logistics business units were also included and retained as unique categories. The final performance categories for 2023 are illustrated below. The solid colors indicate how operation and equipment type assignments vary by performance category. For example, if 75% or more of a fleet's mileage is associated with reefer trucks, the fleet is assigned to the Reefer category regardless of the operation percentage across truckload, expedited, LTL, and package categories. However, the Reefer category assignment is overridden if the operation category is greater than or equal to 75% dray or logistics. Similar assignment rules apply to flatbed, tanker, heavy/bulk, auto carrier, moving, and specialized equipment types, as described above. Only the Dry Van/Chassis equipment category is subdivided by the truckload, expedited, LTL, and package operation categories, meaning that the 75% threshold must be met for both equipment and operation type in these cases. All other equipment/operation type percentage distributions are assigned to the Mixed category. Figure l. SmartWay Carrier Categories and Data Specificity 2023 Data Year TRUCK Dry Van Heavy Auto Specialized & Chassis Reefer Flatbed Tanker & Bulk Carrier Moving & Utility Mixed Dray Dray 5 Performance Levels Truckload Truckload DryVan 5 Performance Levels Reefer Flatbed Tanker Heavy Auto Moving Specialized Mixed Expedited Expedited & Bulk Carrier & Utility 5 Performance Levels 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 LTL LTL Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance 5 Performance Levels Levels Levels Levels Levels Levels Levels Levels Levels Package Package Delivery 5 Performance Levels Less than 75% Mixed Mixed in any category Rail Single Modal Average for All Rail (No company differentiation allowed per Association of American Railroads) Barge Air Company Specific Data Logistics 10 Performance Levels it is possible that SmartWay will expand these categories in the future based on in-use experience or as a result of further data analysis, and/or requests from industry. Fleets within a SmartWay Category have been ranked from lowest emission factor (best) to highest emission factor (worst) for each of the following metrics: C02 g/mile, C02 g/ton-mile, NOx g/mile, NOx g/ton-mile, PM10 g/mile and PM10 g/ton-mile. When SmartWay Categories are established, fleets within a category are separated into 5 ranges such that a roughly equal number of fleets are in each range. (Logistics fleets are an SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 7 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » exception, being separated into 10 bins.) Each range thus represents a group of emission factors and the associated ranking "cutpoints" (transition points from one rank to the next). The new range cutpoints are displayed as numbers with significant digits appropriate to emission factors in that range. The midpoint of the range is used as the emission factor for all fleets in that range. It would be simpler and more straightforward to use fleet-specific emission factors, however the trucking industry expressed concern that revealing exact data could be used to back-calculate mile per gallon numbers. The methodology described above prevents a determination of an exact mpg figure, while at the same time attributing an emission factor much more precisely than a modal default number. Given the large number of trucking fleets, and thus opportunity for fleets to be very close to each other in performance, SmartWay believes it is acceptable and appropriate to break truck fleets into 5 performance ranges for each SmartWay Category. The table below illustrates the ranges for CO2 g/mile for the TL/Dry Van SmartWay Category, using 2023 Truck Partner data as an example. Table 2. Emission Factor Ranges for TL Dry Van CO2 g/mile (2023 Data) Bin # Fleets Per Bin Grams Per MiLe Min Grams Per MiLe Max Grams Per Mile Range Midpoint 1 239 0 1,388 1,346 2 249 1,388 1,472 1,430 3 294 1,472 1,562 1,517 4 265 1,562 1,669 1,615 5 242 1,669 3,050 1,711 Similar tables have been developed for all performance SmartWay Categories. The "midpoint" of each performance range is the data that the online logistics tool uses to represent the emission performance of a specific fleet that is in the associated range. Once the categories and ranges have been established, the fleets of any new companies joining SmartWay will fall into one of the predefined categories/ranges for that reporting year. SmartWay may update the category/range structure periodically. Performance estimates for non-SmartWay truck carriers were calculated based on the lowest performing truck partners. Since no data exist to define non-SmartWay fleets, SmartWay believes the prudent approach is to assign conservative emission factors to non-SmartWay companies. Also, this policy makes it likely that any companyjoining SmartWay will see better emission factors displayed than the non-SmartWay default emission factors. The non-SmartWay performance metrics were calculated by taking the performance range delta (max - min) for the highest bin within each SmartWay Category and using the delta to calculate a non-SmartWay carrier midpoint for that Category. For truck carriers the midpoint for non-SmartWay carriers is the midpoint for Range 5 plus the Bin 5 range delta. For example, if the Range 5 midpoint was 10.5 and the range delta was SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 8 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » l.o, then the non-SmartWay midpoint is calculated to be 11.5.3 Table 3 summarizes the 2023 data year performance metrics for non-SmartWay Truck Carriers. Table 3. Non-SmartWay Truck Carrier Performance Metrics (Data Year 2023) Category COzg/tmi COz g/mi NOx g/tmi NOx g/mi PM2.5 g/tmi PM2.5 g/mi Auto Carrier 131 2,290 0.320 6.000 0.00310 0.05180 Dray 112 1,983 0.636 12.000 0.01250 0.25400 Expedited 831 1,866 0.570 5100 0.00720 0.02450 Flatbed 96 2,031 0.355 7.800 0.00580 0.12400 Heavy/Bulk 106 2,479 0.345 9500 0.00620 0.14230 LTL/Dry Van 265 1,714 0.595 4.290 0.00280 0.01820 Mixed/General 125 1,966 0.340 5700 0.00330 0.05950 Moving 455 1.749 0.535 7.000 0.01150 0.25750 Package 1115 1,348 0.970 3.150 0.00800 0.00850 Refrigerated 109 2,057 0.275 5100 0.00200 0.03650 Specialized 152 2,158 0.475 6.200 0.00460 0.04320 Tanker 80 1,902 0.206 4.730 0.00220 0.04900 TL/DryVan 108 1.795 0.286 4.510 0.00140 0.01920 As discussed in the Online Logistics Tool User Guide, depending upon the type of data available for a given carrier, the user may input ton-miles or miles, and rely on carrier data to back-calculate the other value. For example, providing ton-miles and average payload allows the Tool to estimate total miles, by dividing the former by the latter. When the "Miles Only" data availability option is selected, the Online Logistics Tool uses a default payload value for the associated SmartWay Category. Default values were determined by first plotting the range of reported payloads for all carriers within a SmartWay Category that were hired by Logistics Partners in the 2018 data year. The default payload value for each Category was selected to minimize the sum of the differences between each carrier's reported payload and the default value.4 This approach effectively equalizes the areas above and below the 0% line in the plots - see Figure 2 for an example. 3 The performance metrics for the Non-SmartWay "General" Truck Category, which can be selected by partners when a carrier's SmartWay Category is unknown, is set equal to the performance metrics for the Non-SmartWay Mixed Truck Category within the tool. 4 The default payload value for the General Truck category is set equal to the average payload reported by logistics partners across all truck SmartWay Categories. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 9 ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Figure 2. Reported Logistics Partner Payloads (2018) vs Default (9.58 tons) Category = Expedited 200% 150% +J 100% £ CD O LO 50% > (0 +J CD O 0% -50% -100% 200 400 a f 800 1000 1200 14 Observation Number Table 4 presents the default payloads used for "Miles Only" selections for each SmartWay Truck Category. Table 4. Default "Miles Only" Payload Values (Data Year 2021) Category Tons Dray 16.18 Expedited 9.58 Specialized 17.20 LTL 6.34 Auto Carrier 15.12 Heavy Bulk 16.75 Tl7Dry Van 16.35 Moving 10.73 Flatbed 17.32 Mixed 16.15 General 16.12 Package 5.86 Tanker 18.33 Refrigerated 17.60 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 10 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * LOGISTICS CARRIER PERFORMANCE Logistic carriers have their own performance bins based on the carrier tool submittals for the most recent available calendar year. Non-SmartWay carrier performance for the SmartWay Categories is estimated in the same way as is done for non-SmartWay Truck carriers. Table 5 summarizes the 2022 data year performance metrics for non- SmartWay Logistics Carriers. Table 5. Non-SmartWay Logistics Carrier Performance Metrics (Data Year 2022) Category COzg/tmi COz g/mi NOx g/tmi NOx g/mi PM2.5 g/tmi PM2.5 g/mi Logistics 189 2,555 0.610 7.950 0.00950 0.12850 AIR AND BARGE CARRIER PERFORMANCE Air and barge carriers have agreed to have their actual emissions results made public, and barge performance values used in the Logistics Tool are carrier-specific. The gram per mile performance values for barge carriers correspond to individual barge (nautical) miles travelled, rather than miles travelled by a string of barges or the associated tug(s). Non-SmartWay barge carrier gram per mile and gram per ton-mile performance is set to be 25% higher than the worst performing SmartWay barge carrier. Performance levels for non-SmartWay air freight are based on partner submittals, increasing the highest values reported by partners to provide a reasonable margin of error. These values will be reassessed as more air partner data are obtained. The performance metrics are shown in Table 6. Table 6. Performance Metrics for Non-SmartWay Air and Barge Carriers C02/tmi C02/mi NOx/tmi NOx/mi PM/tmi PM/mi Short-haul Air 4.300 100,000 40 900 2 35 Long-haul Air 1,500 50,000 20 650 1 25 Barge 18.58 23.295 0.64 672 0.02 22.24 RAIL CARRIER PERFORMANCE For Class 1 railroads, rail carrier performance data are collected and displayed in the Logistics Tool at the industry average level derived from Class 1 rail company data. Carrier performance data for Class 2 and 3 railroads are actual values calculated from their submitted tools. Gram per ton-mile factors were determined by dividing total fuel use by total ton-miles and multiplied by a rail diesel C02 factor (10,180 g C02/gal diesel fuel), from publicly available data submitted in the 2017 railroad R-i reports to the Department of Transportation. 2017 R-i data was also used to obtain total railcar-miles per year for all Class 1 carriers, to SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 11 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » estimate gram per railcar-mile factors. Industry average values are currently assumed for all Class l rail carriers in the carrier file, regardless of SmartWay Partnership status. Specific rail companies may have the opportunity to provide company-specific data in the future. The R-i data and corresponding C02 performance data are presented in Table 7 below. Table 7. Rail Carrier Performance Metric Calculation Inputs & Results (2017 R-i Data) Rail Company Gal/Yr (000) Sch. 750 Line 4 Freight Ton Mi/Yr('ooo) Sch. 755 line 110 Railcar Mi/Yr ( OOO) Sch. 755 sum of lines 30, 46, 64 & 82 g COz/railcar mile g COz/short ton mile BNSF Railway 1.353.897 665,948,516 11,606,520 1,187 20.70 CSX T ransportation 426,721 208,127,221 4.713.411 922 20.87 Grand Trunk 116,986 62,708,628 1,486,205 801 18.99 Kansas City Southern 68,873 34.582,626 724,012 968 20.27 Norfolk Southern* 458,179 201,451.969 4,383.081 1,064 2315 Soo Line 65.299 35.244.079 745.550 892 18.86 Union Pacific 1,016,161 466,721,215 10,090,926 1,025 22.16 Total/Industry Average 3,506,116 1,674,784,254 33,749,705 980 20.72 * and combined subsidiaries NOx and PM emission factors for Class 1 rail carriers are also based on industry averages. Please see the "Background on Illustrative (Modal Average) U.S. Truck and Rail Factors" in Appendix A for further details. Average payloads per loaded railcar were calculated for all Class 1 carriers by dividing the value for annual ton-miles hauled by an estimate for loaded railcar-miles, based on 2008 R-i data. The calculation uses the Total Revenue and Non-Revenue Ton-Miles as listed in the R-i Report on line 114 of schedule 755 divided by the Total loaded Railcar-Miles (the sum of lines 30 and 64 of schedule 755) along with the factor for fuel gallons consumed for loaded freight that is created based on the percentage of loaded freight to total freight multiplied by the total diesel fuel value listed on schedule 750 Line 4. The following table summarizes the estimated average payload per railcar, by carrier. Table 8. Rail Carrier Average Payload Carrier Avg Payload/Loaded Railcar (tons) BNSF Railway 108 CSX T ransportation 85 Grand Trunk 80 Kansas City Southern 91 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 12 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Carrier Avg Payload/Loaded Railcar (tons) Norfolk Southern 76 Soo Line 77 Union Pacific 91 Industry Average 93 Average railcar volumes were calculated for all carriers by first estimating an average volume for each major railcar type listed in the R-i forms (schedule 755, lines 15-81). The assumptions used to estimate these volumes are provided in Table 9. The railcar-miles reported for each railcar type were multiplied by these average volumes to estimate annual cubic foot-miles travelled by car type for each company and for the industry average. The distribution of cubic foot-miles across car types was used as the weighting factor to estimate a single average railcar volume for each company. These values and the resulting volume estimates are presented in Table 10. Table g. Railcar Volume Assumptions and Sources Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Method Key: Norfolk Southern Railroad (NS)5, Union Pacific Railroad (UP)6, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF)7, CSX Transportation Railroad (CSX)8, World Trade Press Guide to Railcars (GTRC)9, Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL)10, Union Tank Car Company (UTCC)11, U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA)12 Boxcar 50 ft and longer including equipped boxcars 7,177 Based on the average of the following boxcar types: soft assumed to be 5694 [reflecting the average of 5355 (NS), 5431 (UP), 5238 (CSX), 6175 (BSNF), 6269 (GTRC)]. 60ft assumed to be 6,648 [reflecting the average of 6618 (NS), 6389 (UP), 6085 (CSX), 7500 (BNSF)]. /soft hiah cube assumed to be 6,304 [refLectina the averaae of 6339 (NS) and 6269 (CSX)]. 60 ft. hiah cube assumed to be 6qi7 [refLectina the averaae of 74QQ (NS), 6646 (CSX), and 6607 (GTRC)]. 86ft assumed to be 9999 (NS). Auto parts assumed to be 74QQ (NS). Boxcar 40ft 4,555 Based on estimate of 50ft boxcar voLume described above. Assumed 40ft Length wouLd resuLt in 20% reduction in voLume. 5 Norfolk Southern IntermodaL and Automotive Equipment. https://www.norfoLksouthern.com/en/ship-bv-rail/shippina-tools/eauipment/intermodal- automotive-eguipment. Accessed 5-8-2024. 6UP RaiL Equipment Descriptions, UP RaiL Equipment Descriptions. https://www.uprr.com/customers/eauip-resources/cartvpes/index.shtmL. Accessed 5- 8-2024. 7 BNSF Individual RaiLcar Equipment. http://www.bnsf.com/ship-with-bnsf/wavs-of-shipping/individuaL-railcar.htmL#subtabs-?. Accessed 5-8-2024. 8 CSX RaiLroad Equipment. https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/customers/resources/eauipment/raiLroad-eguipment/. Accessed 5-8-2024. 9 WorLd Trade Press, WorLd Trade Resources Guide to RaiLcars 2010. 10 Chicago Freight Car Leasing Company, RaiLcar Types, https://chicaoofreiohtcar.com/. Accessed 5-8-2024. " UTUX Tank Car Designs and Descriptions. https://www.utLx.com/tank-car-overview/. Accessed 5-8-2024. 12 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1992, Weights, Measures, and Conversion Factors for Agricultural Commodities and Their Products, AgricuLturaL Handbook Number 697, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.ers.usda.aov/webdocs/publications/4i88o/':n:n2 ah6Q7 002,pdf?v-42487. Accessed 5-8-2024. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 13 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Table g. Railcar Volume Assumptions and Sources Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Method Key: Norfolk Southern Railroad (NS)5, Union Pacific Railroad (UP)6, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF)7, CSX Transportation Railroad (CSX)8, World Trade Press Guide to Railcars (GTRC)9, Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL)10, Union Tank Car Company (UTCC)11, U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA)12 Flat car - all types except for multi-level 6,395 Based on the average of the following flat car types: 60ft assumed to be 6739 (BNSF). 8gft assumed to be g372(BNSF). Coil assumed to be 3387(NS). Covered coiL assumed to be ^2qa [refLectina the averaae of 8^28 (NS) and 2260 (BNSF)]. Center beam assumed to be 6m6 [refLectina the averaae of F\QF\7 (UP) and 72^6 (BNSF)]. BuLkhead assumed to be 7cno (BNSF). Multi-level flat car 13,625 Based on the average of the following muLti-LeveL fLat car types: UniLeveL (that carrv verv Larae carao, such as vehicLes/tractors) assumed to be 12183 (NS). Bi-LeveL assumed to be m^iCNS). Tri-LeveL assumed to be (based on averaae of i<:;287 (NS) and mig (BNSF). Flat Car - all types- including multi-level [not used in analysis, except for estimating volume of "All Other Cars"] 7,428 Based on the average voLumes of the fLatcar types described above incLuding muLti-LeveL as a singLe fLat car type. Gondola - all types Including equipped 5,190 Based on the average of the foLLowing gondoLa car types: ^2-^ft assumed to be 2626 [based on averaae of 266^ (NS), 274^ (CSX), 2400 (BNSF), and 26g7(CRLC)]. 6o-66ft assumed to be XK72 [based on averaae of ^281 (NS), ^242 (CSX), (BNSF), CRCL-3670, and 3366 (GTRC)]. MunicioaL Waste assumed to be 7qqq (NS). Woodchio assumed to be 778i[based on averaae of 7862 (NS) and 7700 (CRCL)]. CoaL assumed to be 4170 [based on averaae of ^78r (NS) and 4^6 (BNSF)]. Refrigerated - Mechanical /non- Mechanical 6,202 Based on the average of the foLLowing refrigerated car types: 48-72ft assumed to be 606^ [based on averaae of 604*3 (UP) and 788":! (BNSF)]. 50ft assumed to be 5i67(GTRC). 40-QO ft. assumed to be 6476 [based on averaae of 6qF\Z (UP) and 6000 (BNSF)]. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 14 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Table g. Railcar Volume Assumptions and Sources Railcar Type Cubic Feet Source/Method Key: Norfolk Southern Railroad (NS)5, Union Pacific Railroad (UP)6, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF)7, CSX Transportation Railroad (CSX)8, World Trade Press Guide to Railcars (GTRC)9, Chicago Rail Car Leasing (CRCL)10, Union Tank Car Company (UTCC)11, U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA)12 Open Top Hopper 4,220 Based on the average of the following open top hopper car types: 42ft assumed to be 3000 (UP). 54ft assumed to be 3700 (UP). 60ft assumed to be 5188 [based on average of 5125 (UP) and 5250 (GTRC)]. 45ft+ assumed to be 4105 [based on average of 4500 (UP) and 3710 (BNSF). Woodchio assumed to be 707^ [based on averaae of 7F2.F, (NS), rqqq (UP), and 7700 (CRCL)]. SmaLL Aaareaate assumed to be 2252 [based on averaae of 2150 (NS), 2106 (BNSF), and 2500 (CRCL)]. Covered Hopper 4,188 Based on the average of the following covered top hopper car types: 45ft assumed to be 5250 (GTRC). Aaareaate assumed to be ZF\7F\ [based on averaae of 21^0 (NS) and ^ooo (CRCL)]. SmaLL Cube GraveL assumed to be zq^q [based on averaae of 26(NS), ^100 (CSX), and 3063 (BNSF). Med-Larae Cube Ores and Sand assumed to be 416Q [based on averaae of 17ro (NS) and 4589 (BNSF)]. Jumbo assumed to be f,U7 [based on averaae of 487F\ (NS), 4462 (CSX), ri7F\ (BNSF), and 6075 (CRCL)]. Pressure DifferentiaL (fLour) assumed to be 5050 [based on averaae of 5124 (NS) and 4975 (CRCL)]. Tank Cars under 22,000 gallons 2,314 Assumes 1 gaLLon=o.i337 cubic foot (USDA). Based on smaLL tank car average voLume of 17304 gaLLons, which is the average of the foLLowing currentLy manufactured tank car voLume design capacities of 13470,13710,15100,15960,16410,17300,19900, 20000, 20590, and 20610 gaLLons (GTRC). Tank Cars over 22,000 gallons 3,857 Assumes 1 gaLLon=o.i337 (USDA). Based on Large tank car voLume of 28851 gaLLons, which is the average of the foLLowing currentLy manufactured tank car voLume design capacities of 23470, 25790, 27200, 28700, 30000, 33000, and 33800 gaLLons (GTRC). All Other Cars 5,014 Based on average voLume presented above for each of the nine raiLcar types (aLL fLatcars are represented by the Line item that incLudes muLti-LeveL fLatcars - 7428). SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 15 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Table 10. Rail Carrier Average Volume Determination Freight Car Types oi-Mor (Ri Schedule 755) Avg. Cu Ft. Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 4.555 l 4,555 Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 7.177 9,338 67,018,826 Box-Equipped 7.177 147,226 1,056,641,002 Gondola-Plain 5.190 379,762 1,970,964,780 Gondola-Equipped 5.190 75,894 393,889,860 Hopper-Covered 4,188 758,442 3,176,355,096 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 4.220 65,077 274,624,940 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 4.220 137,449 580,034,780 Refrigerator-Mechanical 6,202 19,272 119,524,944 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 6,202 32,910 204,107,820 Flat-TOFC/COFC 6,395 520,521 3,328,731,795 Flat-Multi-Level 13,625 38,624 526,252,000 Flat-General Service 6,395 357 2,283,015 Flat-All Other 6,395 71,826 459,327,270 All Other Car Types-Total 5,772 20,146 116,282,712 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 5,811 CSX Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot - - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 6,987 50,145,699 Box-Equipped 144,631 1,038,016,687 Gondola-Plain 137,256 712,358,640 Gondola-Equipped 64,532 334,921,080 Hopper-Covered 153,315 642,083,220 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 78,412 330,898,640 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 35,451 149,603,220 Refrigerator-Mechanical 17,117 106,159,634 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 11,923 73,946,446 Flat-TOFC/COFC 125,828 804,670,060 Flat-Multi-Level 29,956 408,150,500 Flat-General Service 162 1,035,990 Flat-All Other 31,913 204,083,635 All Other Car Types-Total 19,861 114,637,692 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 6,389 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 16 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Grand Trunk Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 0 - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 2,119 15,208,063 Box-Equipped 66,110 474.471.470 Gondola-Plain 6,467 33.563.730 Gondola-Equipped 19,201 99.653.190 Hopper-Covered 44.239 185,272,932 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 9,114 38,461,080 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 32,621 137,660,620 Refrigerator-Mechanical 312 1.935.024 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 205 1,271,410 Flat-TOFC/COFC 2,779 17,771.705 Flat-Multi-Level 4.831 65,822,375 Flat-General Service 20 127,900 Flat-All Other 31.744 203,002,880 All Other Car Types-Total 4.755 27,445.860 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 6,309 Kansas City Southern Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 0 - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 3.383 24.279.791 Box-Equipped 39.792 285,587.184 Gondola-Plain 16,628 86,299,320 Gondola-Equipped 11,150 57,868,500 Hopper-Covered 50,346 210,849,048 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 626 2,641,720 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 943 3.979.460 Refrigerator-Mechanical 21 130,242 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 52 322,504 Flat-TOFC/COFC 10,736 68,656,720 Flat-Multi-Level 629 8,570,125 Flat-General Service 12 76,740 Flat-All Other 2,321 14,842,795 All Other Car Types-Total 247 1,425,684 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 5.938 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 17 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Norfolk Southern Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 0 - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 7.622 54,703,094 Box-Equipped 136,745 981,418,865 Gondola-Plain 193.214 1,002,780,660 Gondola-Equipped 111,320 577,750,800 Hopper-Covered 116,848 489,359,424 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 84,557 356,830,540 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 30,078 126,929,160 Refrigerator-Mechanical 3,512 21,781,424 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 5,392 33,441,184 Flat-TOFC/COFC 114,928 734,964,560 Flat-Multi-Level 20,349 277,255,125 Flat-General Service 145 927,275 Flat-All Other 24,563 157,080,385 All Other Car Types-Total 212,408 1,226,018,976 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 6,065 Soo Line Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 0 - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 725 5,203,325 Box-Equipped 17,972 128,985,044 Gondola-Plain 1,203 6,243,570 Gondola-Equipped 8,856 45,962,640 Hopper-Covered 94,146 394,283,448 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 3,077 12,984,940 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 20 84,400 Refrigerator-Mechanical 159 986,118 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 742 4,601,884 Flat-TOFC/COFC 11,178 71,483,310 Flat-Multi-Level 2,973 40,507,125 Flat-General Service 12 76,740 Flat-All Other 10,068 64,384,860 All Other Car Types-Total 428 2,470,416 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 5,667 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 18 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Union Pacific Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 0 - Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 12,311 88,356,047 Box-Equipped 238,241 1.709,855.657 Gondola-Plain 206,370 1,071,060,300 Gondola-Equipped 91.775 476,312,250 Hopper-Covered 370,929 1.553.450,652 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 188,027 793.473.940 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 104,969 442,969,180 Refrigerator-Mechanical 82,874 513.984.548 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 27,009 167.509,818 Flat-TOFC/COFC 1,026,251 6,562,875.145 Flat-Multi-Level 46,889 638,862,625 Flat-General Service 350 2,238,250 Flat-All Other 72,371 462,812,545 All Other Car Types-Total 16,769 96,790,668 Average Railcar Cubic Feet 6,248 Total (for Industry Average) Freight Car Types (Ri Schedule 755) Railcar Miles (xiK) Cu Ft Miles (xiK) Box-Plain 40-Foot 1 4.555 Box-Plain 50-Foot & Longer 42,485 304,914.845 Box-Equipped 790,717 5.674.975.909 Gondola-Plain 940,900 4,883,271,000 Gondola-Equipped 382,728 1,986,358,320 Hopper-Covered 1,588,265 6,651,653,820 Hopper-Open Top-General Service 428,890 1,809,915,800 Hopper-Open Top-Special Service 341.531 1,441.260,820 Refrigerator-Mechanical 123,267 764,501,934 Refrigerator-Non-Mechanical 78,233 485,201,066 Flat-TOFC/COFC 1,812,221 11,589,153.295 Flat-Multi-Level 144.251 1.965.419.875 Flat-General Service 1,058 6,765,910 Flat-All Other 244.806 1.565.534.370 All Other Car Types-Total 274.614 1.585,072,008 Industry Average Railcar Cubic Feet 6,091 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 19 ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS ESTIMATION Air, rail, barge, and truck carrier black carbon (BC) emissions are estimated using either emission factors (e.g., grams of BC per mile for truck carriers) or by scaling from PM emission estimates (e.g., for air carriers). BC emissions are also estimated for logistics business units assuming BC emission rates scale directly with PM (e.g., tons BC = scaling factor x tons PM). Average scaling factors for logistics business units are estimated for each selected carrier's mode/SmartWay Category combination, based on the following: • The BC/PM25 ratios for air and rail carriers are constant for each mode and are the same as those used to estimate BC emissions in the SmartWay Air and Rail Tools, respectively. Estimates assume jet fuel use for air carriers, and ultra-low sulfur diesel for rail carriers. • Factors for barge carriers are based on the average BC/PM10 ratio across all propulsion engine age groups and sizes in EPA's 2020 Port Emission Inventory Guidance.13 Estimates assume ultra- low sulfur diesel fuel use. • Factors for each Truck/SmartWay Category combination are based on average BC/PM25 ratio for SmartWay truck carrier submissions for Data Year 2019. • Factors for logistics business units are determined by calculating a weighted average of the BC/PM ratios for all other modes/SmartWay Categories. First, the ton-miles attributed to the air, rail, barge, and truck carriers selected by SmartWay logistics business units for the 2019 data year were summed by mode.14 Then the fraction of ton-miles for each mode were applied to the BC factors for each mode to estimate a weighted average BC/PM ratio for all logistics carriers. The resulting weighting factors are as follows: - Air - 0.04% Barge - 0.06% - Rail - 4.07% - Truck (all Categories) - 88.99% Table 11 presents the average scaling factors used to estimate logistics business unit BC emissions. The table also presents the minimum and maximum BC/PM ratios observed in the various data sources to provide a measure of the potential variability associated with a logistic business unit's carrier selections. BC estimates are particularly uncertain for truck carriers selected by logistics business units, due to the large variation in BC/PM ratios across engine model years and truck classes. 13 SeeTabLe H-6. https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai9Dockev-PioiQ2Uo.pdf. Accessed 5-8-2024. 14 Logistics business units selected by other Logistics business units were excluded to simplify the analysis. This exclusion adds an unspecified degree of uncertainty to the final BC/PM ratio estimate. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 20 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Table 11. BC/PM Ratios for Logistics Business Units Mode/Category Basis Average Min Max Range Data Source/Basis Rail PM2.5 0.677 N/A N/A N/A SmartWay Rail Tool Air PM2.5 0.130 N/A N/A N/A SmartWay Air Tool Barge PMlO 0.746 0.733 0.754 0.021 2020 EPA Port Emissions Inventory Guidance T ruck/Auto PM2.5 0.366 0.088 0.760 0.671 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/Dray PM2.5 0.442 0.085 0.782 0.697 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Expedited PM2.5 0.295 0.071 0.720 0.649 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Flatbed PM2.5 0.366 0.083 0.815 0.732 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Heavy-Bulk PM2.5 0.335 0.088 0.764 O.676 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/LTL PM2.5 0.330 0.063 0.746 O.684 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/Mixed PM2.5 0.355 0.077 0.785 0.708 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/Moving PM2.5 0.361 0.077 0.673 0.596 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Package PM2.5 0.162 0.088 0.576 O.488 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Refrigerated PM2.5 0.330 0.090 0.799 0.710 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions T ruck/Specialized PM2.5 0.353 0.077 0.733 O.656 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/Tanker PM2.5 0.330 0.088 0.767 0.680 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/TL-Dry Van PM2.5 0.295 0.059 0.826 O.768 2019 Data Year Truck Partner submissions Truck/General PM2.5 0.329 0.059 0.826 O.768 Average across all SmartWay Truck Categories Logistics PM2.5 0.355 0.130 0.746 0.6l6 Weighted average of all category ratios %SMARTWAY VALUE The % SmartWay screen presents the portion of goods that Logistics business units move with SmartWay Partners (expressed as a percentage between o and 100). Partners select the basis for calculating the percentage shipped with SmartWay Partners including: SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 21 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * Total annual miles (the Tool will automatically populate the % SmartWay screen with any carrier activity data that partners entered in the freight Activity Data screen). Miles corresponds to truck- miles for trucks, aircraft-miles for air, barge-miles for barge, and railcar-miles for rail; ^ Total annual ton-miles (the Tool will automatically populate the % SmartWay screen with any carrier activity data that partners entered on the freight Activity Data screen); Note the Tool will automatically populate the % SmartWay screen with any carrier activity data entered in the Activity Data screen. In addition, the metric selected for your first business unit will be chosen as the basis for your other business units as well, so that a Partner-level % SmartWay Value can be calculated. The Partner-level % SmartWay Value is used to determine Excellence Award eligibility in the SmartWay program. To see your Partner-level % SmartWay Value, calculated across all companies, go to the % SmartWay Report in the Reports Menu via the Home page. Adjusted % SmartWay Value The SmartWay Carrier breakout for the Logistics category includes an additional column for "Adjusted %SmartWay" values. The adjusted value reflects the % SmartWay score for each logistics business unit hired accounting for the portion of activity that business unit allocates to other SmartWay carriers.16 If logistics business units are used, Adjusted % SmartWay values are also displayed in the "%SmartWay" summary table at the bottom of the screen. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE REPORTS The Logistics Tool provides a report summarizing Scope 3 emissions for public disclosure purposes. Mass emissions are presented in metric tons for C02 (biogenic and non-biogenic), NOx, and PM16 for all carriers listed on the Tool's Activity screen. The percent of C02 attributable to SmartWay Carriers is also provided. Biogenic C02 emissions estimates are assumed to equal approximately 2 percent of total C02 emissions, as per U.S. requirements for biomass-based diesel from the EPA Renewable Fuel Standard program final volume requirements.17 COze CO2 equivalent (C02e) emissions are also provided in the Public Disclosure report, and are calculated by multiplying carrier C02 values by scaling factors which vary by mode: • Truck and Logistics-Truck carrier emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.02271 15 At this time SmartWay Logistics partners are assigned full credit when calculating their % SmartWay Value, regardless of the amount of business logistics partners do with SmartWay carriers. SmartWay may adopt the Adjusted % SmartWay Value for scoring purposes in the future, but as of now the adjusted values are for information purposes only. 16 Emissions from CH4, N20, HFC's, PFC's, SF6 and NF3 have been deemed immaterial, comprising less than 5% of overall GHG emissions and are therefore EXCLUDED for reporting purposes. 17 As stated in the Final Rule (Table I.B.7-1 - see https://www.aovinfo.aov/content/pka/FR-2018-12-11/pdf/2018-26q66.pdf. Accessed 5-8-2024.), the volume requirements for biomass-based diesel are rounded to equal 2% for calculation purposes. The percentage is updated annually in the Tool. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 22 ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency • Rail and Logistics-Rail carrier emissions: C02e = C02 x 1.01420 Air and Logistics-Air carrier emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.00970 • Barge and Logistics-Barge carrier emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.10560 Logistics-Mixed carrier emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.04554 The above scaling factors are based on data for the year 2020 from Table 2-13 in the EPA Emissions and Sinks Report.18 The Truck and Logistics-Truck factor was derived by dividing the medium and heavy-duty truck emissions for each greenhouse gas excluding C02 (CH4, N20, and HFCs) by the total emissions including C02, and then summing the ratios to obtain the total adjustment factor. The factors for the other modes were calculated similarly for the appropriate mode types (Rail, Commercial Aircraft, and Ships/Boats), with the exception of the factor for Logistics-Mixed carriers which is a simple average of the other factors. IS U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2020, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas- emissions-and-sinks-1990-2020, accessed 5-8-2024. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 23 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Payloads and Data Validation The Logistics Tool contains data validation checks designed to identify missing and potentially erroneous data. At this time the only validation involves payload checks and total ton-mile checks. PAYLOAD VALIDATION Validation cut points are set in the Logistics Tool to identify payloads that are somewhat outside typical industry values (yellow flag warnings) and those that are far outside industry averages (red flag warnings). The payload check only applies to Data Availability selections where payloads are either entered by the user or calculated based on other inputs. Checks are applied at the carrier (row) level. Payload checks are specific to the truck carrier fleet's SmartWay Category/mode, which is available for each carrier category from the Carrier Data Table. Red payload ranges require explanations. For yellow ranges explanations are optional. Validation ranges are based on payload values reported by SmartWay Logistics partners for the 2018 calendar year. Minimum values are set to zero, requiring all payload entries to be greater than zero. Red and yellow ranges were determined based on visual identification of apparent inflection points in the payload distribution curves, corresponding to "natural" groupings where possible. Maximum, not-to-exceed values are based on those used in the SmartWay Truck Tool. Table 12. Logistics Business Unit Payload Validation Ranges SmartWay Truck Category Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red LTL Dry Van 0.0 -1.0 1.0 - 2.5 15.0 - 20.0 20.0 - 83.7 Package 0.0 - 0.1 0.1 - 2.5 15.0 - 20.0 20.0 - 83.7 TL Dry Van 0.0 - 5.0 5.0 -10.0 20.0 - 22.5 22.5 -150.0 Refrigerated 0.0 - 5.0 5 0 -15.0 21.0 - 22.5 22.5 - 82.5 Flatbed 0.0 - 5.0 5.0 -10.0 24.0 - 26.0 26.0 - 99.9 Tanker 0.0 - 5.0 5 0 -15.0 23.5 - 25.0 25.0 -103.8 Moving 0.0 - 2.5 2.5 - 4.0 17.5 -19 5 19.5 - 150.0 Specialized/Utility 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 -10.0 22.5 - 25.0 25.0 -111.0 Dray 0.0 - 5.0 5.0 -10.0 22.0 - 30.0 30.0 - 73 5 Auto Carrier 0.0 - 5.0 5 0 - 7.5 20.0 - 22.5 22.5 - 73 5 Heavy-Bulk 0.0 - 5.0 5.0 -10.0 22.5 - 25.0 25.0 - 120.0 Mixed 0.0 - 5.0 5 0 -11.5 22.0 - 32.0 32.0 - 99.3 Expedited 0.0 -1.0 1.0 - 2.5 20.0 - 22.5 22.5 - 83.7 General (all categories) 0.0 - 5.0 5.0 -10.0 23.0 - 25.0 25.0 -150.0 1 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 24 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » SmartWay Truck Category Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red Logistics 0.0 - 12.0 12.0 -16.7 21.0 - 27.2 27.2 -150.0 Rail 0.0-9.4 N/A N/A 125.0 - 200.0 Air N/A N/A 55 0 - 110.0 > 110.0 Validation cutoffs for rail payloads are based on the distribution of average values estimated for all Class l carriers, and only include red flags. The absolute upper bound for rail carriers has been set at 200 tons. Air carriers have their maximum average payload set to 110 tons, corresponding to the maximum payload capacity for the largest aircraft make/model specified by SmartWay partners in 2017. Payloads above this amount trigger a "red" out of range error that must be explained by the partner to proceed, although no value has been set for a maximum allowable payload at this time. Payloads between 55 and 110 tons receive a "yellow" warning which may be explained if the partner chooses. Barge carrier payloads are flagged for verification if their density is greater than 0.6 tons per cubic foot or less than 0.003 tons per cubic foot, consistent with the payload validation used in the SmartWay Barge Tool. TON-MILE VALIDATION 2011 Logistics Partner data was evaluated to establish absolute upper bounds for ton-mile inputs. The ton- mile validation applies at the carrier (row) and total fleet (summation of rows) level, with the same values applied to both. The maximum allowable ton-mile value was set to twice the observed maximum value in the 2011 data set: 209,207,446,000 ton-miles. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 25 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Appendix A - Background on Industry Average U.S. Rail Factors Industry average freight rail grams per mile and grams per ton-mile factors were developed using data released in August of 2019 for EPA's 2017 National Emission Inventory (NED.19 The factors were developed using emission estimates specifically for Class I (line-haul and yard switching) locomotives. These data were then divided by railcar-mile and ton-mile data for 2017 Class I rail carriers to obtain the corresponding performance metrics. Table A-i presents the industry average freight rail emissions factors used in the Tool. Table A-i. U.S. Freight Rail Industry Average Factors (2017) Performance Metric co2 X O z PM10 pm25 gram/short ton-mile 20.72 0.2897 O.OO85 0.0082 gram/railcar mile 980 14.38 O.418 0.405 Note that NOx and PM emission factors are not available at the carrier level for the rail mode. Accordingly, the industry average emission factors are assumed to apply equally for all rail carriers. 19 Emissions Modeling Platform Collaborative, Specification Sheet: Rail 2017 National Emissions Inventory, August 2019 - Table 1. See https://aaftp.epa.aov/air/nei/2017/doc/supportina data/point/20i7Rail main 21aua20iQ.pdf. Accessed 5-8-2024. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-i ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » &EPA SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency* U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20460 (734)214-4333 https://www.epa.gov/ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 2565 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200 https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution- and-climate-chanae EPA-420-B-24-042 | October 2024 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway ------- |