May 2018 Emission Factors from AVERT Estimating the emission benefits of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) policies and programs What is AVERT? The AVoided Emissions and geneRation Tool (AVERT) is a free EPA tool with a simple user interface. Environmental agency staff, air quality planners, energy officials, public utility commission staff, and others can use AVERT to evaluate the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO;) emissions avoided at electric power plants by EE/RE policies and programs. AVERT calculates displaced emissions based on actual historical hourly patterns in generation by electric power plants within the contiguous 48 states and DC. AVERT Regions Emission Factors AVERT uses a peer-reviewed methodology to analyze electric power sector impacts on an hour-by-hour basis, but it can also produce average emission factors for each AVERT region and for the nation. The tables in this file provide marginal emission factors for specific EE/RE resources, which EPA pre-generated by running AVERT with data for each year from 2007 to 2017. When to Use AVERT Emission Factors The emission factors presented here are intended for quick estimates of avoided emissions from EE/RE programs, policies, or projects. For more detailed planning, download and use AVERT to generate a custom analysis that accounts for seasonal and time-of-day variations or to analyze different EE/RE combinations. The emission factors in this compendium were calculated by assuming a 0.5% displacement of the existing demand in each AVERT region. They are divided into four categories: wind, utility photovoltaic (PV), portfolio EE, and uniform EE. Use the portfolio EE factors if you are assessing a wide range of EE programs. Use the uniform EE factors if energy savings are consistent throughout the year. If you have a RE project, use the appropriate renewable energy technology type: utility PV or wind. Emission factors should not be used to examine the emission impacts of changes that extend more than 5 years into the future. All avoided emission rates in this document were produced on a net generation basis. California (CA) 1 «EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Using Capacity Factors for Wind and PV Power Generation Estimating avoided emissions of wind and solar projects involves multiplying the appropriate emission factor from this document (in pounds per megawatt-hour [MWh]) by the size of the RE resource and the RE technology's capacity factor. It is not appropriate to simply multiply the emission factor by the size of the RE installation because a wind turbine or PV panel rarely (if ever) achieves its maximum possible output under actual operating conditions. This is a consequence of natural hourly, daily, and seasonal fluctuations in wind speed, cloud cover, the sun's angle of incidence, and hours of sunlight per day. These factors all vary regionally; for example, the Southwest has more sunny days per year than the Northeast. To estimate avoided emissions from wind or PV, multiply the RE capacity by an additional capacity factor that reflects actual operating conditions. If actual capacity factors are unavailable, the table at right provides an average capacity factor for wind and PV resources for each AVERT region as well as the contiguous 48 states, for national-scale analysis. These factors reflect annual averages based on the hourly RE profiles embedded in AVERT. Appendix C of the AVERT User Manual describes how these hourly profiles were developed. Example For illustration, consider the avoided PM2.5 emissions from a project to add 100 MW of wind capacity in the Texas region: Annual generation = capacity factor for RE technology (0.3386) x installed capacity (100 MW) x hours in a year (8,760 h, except leap years) = 296,614 MWh Avoided PM2.5 emissions = avoided electricity generation (296,614 MWh) x emission factor (0.08 Ib/MW h) = 23,729 lb Unit Conversions Annual Average Capacity Factors Wind Utility PV Northeast 19.93% 17.93% Great Lakes / Mid-Atlantic 26.00% 17.69% Southeast 13.75% 19.35% Lower Midwest 40.14% 21.51% Upper Midwest 41.22% 19.26% Rocky Mountains 35.04% 22.48% Texas 33.86% 20.85% Southwest 24.45% 25.80% Northwest 25.24% 19.90% California 17.32% 22.18% Contiguous 48 states 27.70% 20.70% 1 MW = 1,000 kW = 0.001 GW, To convert units from power (kW, MW, GW) to energy (kWh, MWh, GWh), multiply by the total number of hours in the year. To convert in the other direction, divide by the total number of hours in the year. There are 8,760 hours in a non-leap year and 8,784 hours in a leap year. For More Information • Visit the AVERT website at www.epa.gov/avert. . Contact EPA's AVERT manager at avert(5)epa.gov. 2 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Emissions Accounting and Claims Although the avoided emission estimates provided by AVERT are intended to support RE initiatives, AVERT is a marginal emissions assessment tool and not a tool for emissions accounting. EPA cautions RE users and retailers from using AVERT's avoided emissions estimates to take or give credit for emission reductions, particularly in corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and reporting. While RE users that own renewable energy certificates (RECs) or similar market-based energy attribute certificates have unique ownership and claim to the emissions attributes of the associated electricity generation, they generally do not have a unique claim to the impacts on regional grid operations and emissions. Corporate GHG accounting typically includes an inventory of emissions associated with purchased electricity, but not an assessment of the impact of an organization's purchased electricity on regional grid emissions. Organizations interested in quantifying RE's impact on regional grid emissions should consider project accounting. This type of emissions accounting is designed to quantify the benefits of emission mitigation projects. 3 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2017 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,485 1,486 1,559 1,564 Avoided NOx Rate 0.88 0.93 0.96 0.94 Avoided S02 Rate 1.00 0.96 1.03 1.05 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2017 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,058 1,075 1,139 1,116 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,592 1,592 1,674 1,670 Southeast 1,404 1,465 1,521 1,501 Lower Midwest 1,749 1,669 1,773 1,818 Upper Midwest 1,884 1,800 1,926 1,967 Rocky Mountains 1,618 1,568 1,648 1,682 Texas 1,331 1,265 1,355 1,389 Southwest 1,260 1,269 1,312 1,317 Northwest 1,558 1,592 1,606 1,640 California 1,034 1,052 1,096 1,088 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.27 0,30 0.33 0.28 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.06 1.18 1.24 1.22 Southeast 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.77 Lower Midwest 1.80 1.62 1.74 1.84 Upper Midwest 1.94 1.69 1.87 1.99 Rocky Mountains 0.58 0.52 0.55 0.58 Texas 1.31 1.05 1.17 1.31 Southwest 0.27 0.21 0.20 0.24 Northwest 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.89 California 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.37 0.46 0.50 0.42 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0,93 0.93 0.98 0.96 Southeast 0.82 0.95 0.95 0.91 Lower Midwest 1,10 1.16 1.22 1.18 Upper Midwest 1.31 1.24 1.33 1.36 Rocky Mountains 1.34 1.27 1.34 1.38 Texas 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.65 Southwest 0,89 0.93 0.97 0.95 Northwest 1.18 1.22 1.22 1.25 California 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0,04 0.05 0.05 0.04 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 Southeast 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 Lower Midwest 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,09 0.09 0.09 0.10 Rocky Mountains 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 Texas 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 Southwest 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Northwest 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 California 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 4 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2016 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,564 1,572 1,639 1,642 Avoided NOx Rate 1.07 1.13 1.16 1.13 Avoided S02 Rate 1.51 1.46 1.53 1.56 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2016 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,079 1,139 1,190 1,150 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,719 1,715 1,797 1,799 Southeast 1,477 1,541 1,586 1,569 Lower Midwest 1,681 1,675 1,750 1,759 Upper Midwest 1,913 1,847 1,955 1,994 Rocky Mountains 1,828 1,766 1,873 1,898 Texas 1,480 1,436 1,522 1,547 Southwest 1,447 1,411 1,437 1,473 Northwest 1,643 1,619 1,690 1,713 California 1,000 1,008 1,067 1,055 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.33 0.42 0.44 0.36 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 2.10 2.04 2.14 2.19 Southeast 1.37 1.42 1.44 1.43 Lower Midwest 1.84 1.74 1.82 1.89 Upper Midwest 2.31 2.02 2.20 2.36 Rocky Mountains 0.73 0.73 0.78 0.78 Texas 1.68 1.48 1.60 1.70 Southwest 0.44 0.37 0.35 0.40 Northwest 0.93 0.88 0.94 0.95 California 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.43 0.60 0.62 0.51 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.35 1.33 1.39 1.38 Southeast 0.94 1.08 1.08 1.03 Lower Midwest 1.18 1.33 1.35 1.28 Upper Midwest 1.50 1.46 1.53 1.57 Rocky Mountains 1.29 1.22 1.29 1.32 Texas 0.67 0.78 0.79 0.74 Southwest 1.37 1.28 1.23 1.32 Northwest 1.31 1.29 1.35 1.37 California 0.34 0.36 0.41 0.38 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 Southeast 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Rocky Mountains 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 Texas 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Southwest 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 Northwest 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 California 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 5 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2015 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,569 1,563 1,643 1,645 Avoided NOx Rate 1.13 1.15 1.20 1.18 Avoided S02 Rate 2.10 1.96 2.06 2.12 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2015 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,146 1,166 1,222 1,203 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,780 1,757 1,846 1,856 Southeast 1,511 1,516 1,589 1,586 Lower Midwest 1,765 1,724 1,825 1,847 Upper Midwest 1,877 1,824 1,938 1,961 Rocky Mountains 1,835 1,779 1,883 1,914 Texas 1,403 1,439 1,500 1,486 Southwest 1,243 1,232 1,289 1,295 Northwest 1,526 1,569 1,648 1,624 California 1,045 1,051 1,110 1,101 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.71 0.72 0.76 0.71 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 3.89 3.61 3.81 3,91 Southeast 1.91 1.78 1.85 1.89 Lower Midwest 2.15 1.97 2.08 2.20 Upper Midwest 2.59 2.36 2.56 2.66 Rocky Mountains 0.87 0.79 0.86 0.89 Texas 1.43 1.35 1.44 1.47 Southwest 0.71 0.59 0.62 0.69 Northwest 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.70 California 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.63 0.69 0.73 0.68 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.54 1.48 1.56 1.56 Southeast 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.06 Lower Midwest 1.27 1.38 1.41 1.36 Upper Midwest 1.49 1.40 1.49 1.54 Rocky Mountains 1.83 1.72 1.84 1.89 Texas 0.65 0.83 0.82 0.73 Southwest 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.96 Northwest 1.12 1.25 1.30 1.24 California 0.52 0.47 0.48 0.52 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.23 Southeast 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,09 0.09 0.10 0.10 Rocky Mountains 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 Texas 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Southwest 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 Northwest 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 California 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 6 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2014 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,547 1,498 1,593 1,613 Avoided NOx Rate 1.23 1.21 1.28 1.28 Avoided S02 Rate 2.32 2.19 2.35 2.41 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2014 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,175 1,155 1,231 1,214 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,745 1,704 1,803 1,824 Southeast 1,489 1,419 1,524 1,543 Lower Midwest 1,726 1,654 1,766 1,801 Upper Midwest 1,891 1,814 1,939 1,977 Rocky Mountains 1,814 1,768 1,868 1,889 Texas 1,304 1,266 1,353 1,373 Southwest 1,162 1,138 1,194 1,205 Northwest 1,585 1,603 1,627 1,664 California 1,019 1,027 1,077 1,072 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.05 1.01 1.06 0.98 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 4.02 3.90 4.15 4.23 Southeast 2.24 2.13 2.30 2.33 Lower Midwest 2.18 2.00 2.14 2.24 Upper Midwest 2.94 2.70 2.94 3.05 Rocky Mountains 1.09 1.01 1.08 1.13 Texas 1.48 1.27 1.42 1.53 Southwest 0.30 0.24 0.25 0.29 Northwest 0.98 1.00 0.97 1.03 California 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.79 0.82 0.87 0.82 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.61 1.58 1.67 1.68 Southeast 1.10 1.11 1.16 1.15 Lower Midwest 1.52 1.53 1.59 1.59 Upper Midwest 1.63 1.55 1.67 1.70 Rocky Mountains 1.61 1.52 1.62 1.65 Texas 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.72 Southwest 0.73 0.68 0.72 0.74 Northwest 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.45 California 0.63 0.58 0.58 0.63 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.22 Southeast 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 Upper Midwest 0,10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Rocky Mountains 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 Texas 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Southwest 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 Northwest 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 California 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 7 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2013 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,508 1,493 1,575 1,582 Avoided NOx Rate 1.22 1.25 1.30 1.29 Avoided S02 Rate 2.26 2.20 2.34 2.38 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2013 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,174 1,219 1,258 1,234 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,678 1,664 1,753 1,760 Southeast 1,421 1,445 1,513 1,504 Lower Midwest 1,697 1,606 1,725 1,761 Upper Midwest 1,889 1,811 1,935 1,965 Rocky Mountains 1,804 1,708 1,832 1,867 Texas 1,354 1,306 1,393 1,416 Southwest 1,164 1,152 1,207 1,212 Northwest 1,447 1,444 1,498 1,519 California 1,006 1,025 1,079 1,066 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.05 1.17 1.11 1.06 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 3.94 3.85 4.13 4.18 Southeast 2.09 2.26 2.30 2.25 Lower Midwest 2.22 1.88 2.10 2.24 Upper Midwest 3.02 2.69 2.98 3.10 Rocky Mountains 1.33 1.15 1.30 1.36 Texas 1.58 1.25 1.42 1.58 Southwest 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.27 Northwest 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.91 California 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.74 0.88 0.88 0.79 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.46 1.50 1.55 1.54 Southeast 1.00 1.08 1.10 1.07 Lower Midwest 1.64 1.69 1.75 1.74 Upper Midwest 1.85 1.73 1.87 1.91 Rocky Mountains 1.83 1.69 1.83 1.86 Texas 0.70 0.76 0.78 0.76 Southwest 0,84 0.76 0.81 0.83 Northwest 1.67 1.74 1.79 1.76 California 0.68 0.64 0.68 0.70 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.20 Southeast 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,13 0.13 0.14 0.14 Rocky Mountains 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 Texas 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 Southwest 0.07 0,07 0.07 0.07 Northwest 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 California 0.06 0,06 0.06 0.06 a ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2012 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,565 1,559 1,640 1,645 Avoided NOx Rate 1.29 1.33 1.39 1.37 Avoided S02 Rate 2.43 2.43 2.57 2.58 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2012 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,099 1,179 1,232 1,188 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,746 1,744 1,830 1,834 Southeast 1,508 1,540 1,610 1,602 Lower Midwest 1,668 1,590 1,706 1,738 Upper Midwest 1,908 1,826 1,946 1,983 Rocky Mountains 1,878 1,797 1,900 1,939 Texas 1,380 1,384 1,450 1,451 Southwest 1,298 1,203 1,281 1,314 Northwest 1,664 1,646 1,714 1,742 California 1,030 1,074 1,122 1,095 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.63 0.92 0.92 0.77 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 4.32 4.35 4.57 4.58 Southeast 2.24 2.47 2.55 2.47 Lower Midwest 1.97 1.61 1.85 1.99 Upper Midwest 3.60 3,21 3.53 3.69 Rocky Mountains 1.46 1.28 1.40 1.48 Texas 1.32 1.20 1.26 1.33 Southwest 0.59 0.49 0.51 0.56 Northwest 1.41 1.26 1.40 1.43 California 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.50 0.74 0.75 0.62 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.67 1.70 1.76 1.75 Southeast 1.09 1.18 1.22 1.19 Lower Midwest 1.89 1.96 2.03 2.01 Upper Midwest 1.69 1.64 1.74 1.76 Rocky Mountains 2.09 1.94 2.07 2.13 Texas 0.60 0.75 0.74 0.67 Southwest 1.36 1.02 1.13 1.25 Northwest 1.58 1.55 1.64 1.66 California 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.58 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23 Southeast 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,14 0.14 0.14 0.15 Rocky Mountains 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Texas 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 Southwest 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.09 Northwest 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 California 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 9 ^EPA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2011 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,619 1,586 1,673 1,692 Avoided NOx Rate 1.46 1.46 1.51 1.52 Avoided S02 Rate 3.40 3.17 3.36 3.48 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2011 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,224 1,275 1,321 1,295 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,816 1,785 1,878 1,893 Southeast 1,592 1,597 1,670 1,676 Lower Midwest 1,646 1,543 1,667 1,711 Upper Midwest 1,985 1,863 2,015 2,057 Rocky Mountains 1,877 1,797 1,906 1,947 Texas 1,308 1,284 1,364 1,379 Southwest 1,299 1,211 1,292 1,323 Northwest 1,675 1,643 1,662 1,742 California 979 973 1,021 1,025 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.86 1.97 1.99 1.94 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 5.71 5.49 5.78 5.87 Southeast 3.52 3.41 3.54 3.64 Lower Midwest 2.21 1.68 2.00 2.22 Upper Midwest 4.64 4,09 4.54 4.73 Rocky Mountains 1.81 1.66 1.78 1.84 Texas 1.43 1.01 1.18 1.39 Southwest 0.52 0.37 0.43 0.48 Northwest 1.40 1.36 1.27 1.42 California 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.64 0.80 0.81 0.72 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.77 1.74 1.82 1.84 Southeast 1.43 1.46 1.48 1.49 Lower Midwest 1.94 1.94 2.07 2.06 Upper Midwest 1.88 1.73 1.88 1.93 Rocky Mountains 2.11 1.95 2.10 2.16 Texas 0.69 0.86 0.87 0.79 Southwest 1.22 0.98 1.08 1.16 Northwest 1.61 1.54 1.54 1.66 California 0,50 0.38 0.39 0.48 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.24 Southeast 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,14 0.13 0.15 0.15 Rocky Mountains 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 Texas 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 Southwest 0.09 0,07 0.08 0.08 Northwest 0.11 0,11 0.10 0.11 California 0.05 0,05 0.05 0.05 10 oERA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2010 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,592 1,539 1,633 1,658 Avoided NOx Rate 1.43 1.40 1.48 1.49 Avoided S02 Rate 3.43 3.02 3.31 3.47 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2010 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,252 1,280 1,343 1,326 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,805 1,753 1,850 1,880 Southeast 1,556 1,509 1,598 1,619 Lower Midwest 1,629 1,523 1,638 1,687 Upper Midwest 1,955 1,834 1,979 2,025 Rocky Mountains 1,717 1,650 1,765 1,792 Texas 1,358 1,306 1,397 1,424 Southwest 1,311 1,225 1,303 1,329 Northwest 1,453 1,471 1,514 1,545 California 941 970 1,011 990 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.27 1,37 1.45 1.38 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 5.82 5.21 5.63 5.87 Southeast 3.58 3.27 3.54 3.65 Lower Midwest 2.58 1.95 2.28 2.55 Upper Midwest 4.72 4,03 4.56 4.81 Rocky Mountains 1.36 1.28 1.37 1.41 Texas 1.68 1.10 1.37 1.65 Southwest 0.54 0.40 0.48 0.52 Northwest 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.98 California 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.60 0.79 0.82 0.70 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.84 1.77 1.86 1.89 Southeast 1.32 1.34 1.41 1.40 Lower Midwest 2.09 1.98 2.13 2.18 Upper Midwest 1.87 1.70 1.85 1.91 Rocky Mountains 1.96 1.78 1.95 1.99 Texas 0.67 0.74 0.76 0.73 Southwest 1.24 0.97 1.07 1.15 Northwest 1.47 1.57 1.56 1.59 California 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.22 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.07 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.41 0.38 0.41 0.42 Southeast 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,13 0.13 0.14 0.14 Rocky Mountains 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 Texas 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 Southwest 0.09 0,07 0.08 0.09 Northwest 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 California 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 11 oERA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2009 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,595 1,541 1,638 1,661 Avoided NOx Rate 1.43 1.42 1.49 1.49 Avoided S02 Rate 4.09 3.87 4.12 4.22 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2009 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,270 1,237 1,318 1,309 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,821 1,783 1,890 1,908 Southeast 1,550 1,492 1,586 1,607 Lower Midwest 1,680 1,560 1,688 1,734 Upper Midwest 1,995 1,910 2,044 2,076 Rocky Mountains 1,749 1,667 1,785 1,823 Texas 1,319 1,259 1,346 1,377 Southwest 1,311 1,222 1,313 1,337 Northwest 1,368 1,398 1,403 1,463 California 1,011 1,045 1,093 1,073 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.83 1.69 1.81 1.77 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 7.79 7.71 8.09 8.17 Southeast 4.06 3.91 4,14 4.20 Lower Midwest 2.45 1.90 2.20 2.42 Upper Midwest 5.36 4,99 5.36 5.50 Rocky Mountains 2.36 2.06 2.28 2.36 Texas 1.64 1.07 1.29 1.56 Southwest 0.58 0.41 0.46 0.52 Northwest 0.92 0.95 0.83 1.01 California 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.07 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.70 0.76 0.79 0.72 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1.68 1.72 1.77 1.76 Southeast 1.33 1.35 1.40 1.39 Lower Midwest 2.07 2.02 2.14 2.16 Upper Midwest 1.95 1.86 1.98 2.02 Rocky Mountains 2.07 1.88 2.04 2.12 Texas 0.80 0.93 0.95 0.89 Southwest 1.27 0.94 1.11 1.20 Northwest 1.32 1.36 1.36 1.45 California 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.50 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.45 0.44 0.46 0.47 Southeast 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 Upper Midwest 0,14 0.13 0.14 0.14 Rocky Mountains 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 Texas 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Southwest 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 Northwest 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 California 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 12 oERA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2008 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,590 1,530 1,636 1,659 Avoided NOx Rate 1.98 1.73 1.90 1.95 Avoided S02 Rate 4.72 3.99 4.52 4.77 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.20 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2008 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,216 1,242 1,302 1,285 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,815 1,743 1,866 1,893 Southeast 1,556 1,468 1,586 1,616 Lower Midwest 1,621 1,528 1,644 1,681 Upper Midwest 1,921 1,840 1,974 2,002 Rocky Mountains 1,788 1,714 1,835 1,865 Texas 1,387 1,354 1,439 1,456 Southwest 1,203 1,194 1,251 1,254 Northwest 1,485 1,463 1,527 1,558 California 997 1,057 1,091 1,064 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1.38 1,36 1.43 1.41 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 8.92 7.86 8.75 9.09 Southeast 5.31 4.13 4,85 5.26 Lower Midwest 2.67 2.14 2.47 2.67 Upper Midwest 4.74 4,27 4.75 4.90 Rocky Mountains 1.88 1.74 1.86 1.89 Texas 1.55 0.99 1.30 1.55 Southwest 0.34 0.25 0.31 0.32 Northwest 1.97 2.24 2.06 2.26 California 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.68 0.81 0.83 0.74 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 3.02 2.41 2.75 2.85 Southeast 1.92 1.61 1.78 1.87 Lower Midwest 2.22 2.14 2.30 2.33 Upper Midwest 2.41 2.18 2.42 2.46 Rocky Mountains 2.38 2.17 2.37 2.44 Texas 0.77 0.95 0.94 0.87 Southwest 1.10 1.08 1.12 1.12 Northwest 1.52 1.46 1.54 1.61 California 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.36 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.43 0.39 0.43 0.44 Southeast 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.19 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,13 0.12 0.13 0.13 Rocky Mountains 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.09 Texas 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Southwest 0.07 0,06 0.06 0.06 Northwest 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 California 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 13 oERA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- Data Year: 2007 National Emission Factors National Weighted Averages Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Avoided C02 Rate 1,571 1,510 1,613 1,634 Avoided NOx Rate 2.07 1.82 1.98 2.03 Avoided S02 Rate 4.96 4.03 4.59 4.89 Avoided PM2.5 Rate 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.20 • Wind = Wind power generation • Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation • Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program types • Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings throughout the year National factors presented here reflect a weighted average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10 regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2007 fossil generation in each region. Regional Emission Factors Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 1,291 1,313 1,372 1,354 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 1,775 1,696 1,816 1,842 Southeast 1,568 1,483 1,595 1,621 Lower Midwest 1,605 1,496 1,616 1,661 Upper Midwest 1,909 1,812 1,955 1,984 Rocky Mountains 1,668 1,589 1,717 1,737 Texas 1,259 1,226 1,314 1,325 Southwest 1,113 1,106 1,173 1,171 Northwest 1,525 1,570 1,578 1,611 California 1,059 1,098 1,135 1,118 Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 2.02 1.98 2.03 2.02 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 9.39 7.77 8.75 9.22 Southeast 5.60 4.30 5.03 5.46 Lower Midwest 2.83 2.08 2.50 2.77 Upper Midwest 5.19 4.58 5.13 5.31 Rocky Mountains 1.46 1.19 1.44 1.51 Texas 1.12 0.72 0.98 1.10 Southwest 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.23 Northwest 1.40 1.41 1.18 1.38 California 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.96 1.11 1.11 1.03 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 3.12 2.46 2.76 2.88 Southeast 2.05 1.78 1.94 2.02 Lower Midwest 2.47 2.33 2.50 2.56 Upper Midwest 2.54 2.32 2.54 2.59 Rocky Mountains 1.82 1.63 1.83 1.88 Texas 0.70 0.84 0.83 0.78 Southwest 0,94 0.96 1.04 1.01 Northwest 1.64 1.87 1.68 1.78 California 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh) Wind Utility PV Portfolio EE Uniform EE Northeast 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 Great Lakes/ Mid-Atlantic 0.39 0.34 0.38 0.39 Southeast 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.19 Lower Midwest 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 Upper Midwest 0,14 0.13 0.14 0.14 Rocky Mountains 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.13 Texas 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Southwest 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 Northwest 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 California 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 14 oERA State and Local Energy and Environment Program epa.gov/statelocalenergy ------- |