May 2018

Emission Factors from AVERT

Estimating the emission benefits of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy
(RE) policies and programs

What is AVERT?

The AVoided Emissions and geneRation Tool (AVERT) is a free EPA tool with a simple user interface.
Environmental agency staff, air quality planners, energy officials, public utility commission staff, and others
can use AVERT to evaluate the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
and sulfur dioxide (SO;) emissions avoided at electric power plants by EE/RE policies and programs. AVERT
calculates displaced emissions based on actual historical hourly patterns in generation by electric power
plants within the contiguous 48 states and DC.

AVERT Regions

Emission Factors

AVERT uses a peer-reviewed methodology to analyze
electric power sector impacts on an hour-by-hour basis,
but it can also produce average emission factors for each
AVERT region and for the nation. The tables in this file
provide marginal emission factors for specific EE/RE
resources, which EPA pre-generated by running AVERT
with data for each year from 2007 to 2017.

When to Use AVERT Emission Factors

The emission factors presented here are intended for quick estimates of avoided emissions from EE/RE
programs, policies, or projects. For more detailed planning, download and use AVERT to generate a custom
analysis that accounts for seasonal and time-of-day variations or to analyze different EE/RE combinations.

The emission factors in this compendium were calculated by assuming a 0.5% displacement of the existing
demand in each AVERT region. They are divided into four categories: wind, utility photovoltaic (PV), portfolio
EE, and uniform EE. Use the portfolio EE factors if you are assessing a wide range of EE programs. Use the
uniform EE factors if energy savings are consistent throughout the year. If you have a RE project, use the
appropriate renewable energy technology type: utility PV or wind. Emission factors should not be used to
examine the emission impacts of changes that extend more than 5 years into the future. All avoided
emission rates in this document were produced on a net generation basis.

California
(CA)

1	«EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


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Using Capacity Factors for Wind and PV Power Generation

Estimating avoided emissions of wind and solar projects involves multiplying the appropriate emission factor
from this document (in pounds per megawatt-hour [MWh]) by the size of the RE resource and the RE
technology's capacity factor. It is not appropriate to simply multiply the emission factor by the size of the RE
installation because a wind turbine or PV panel rarely (if ever) achieves its maximum possible output under
actual operating conditions. This is a consequence of natural
hourly, daily, and seasonal fluctuations in wind speed, cloud
cover, the sun's angle of incidence, and hours of sunlight per
day. These factors all vary regionally; for example, the
Southwest has more sunny days per year than the Northeast.

To estimate avoided emissions from wind or PV, multiply the
RE capacity by an additional capacity factor that reflects actual
operating conditions. If actual capacity factors are unavailable,
the table at right provides an average capacity factor for wind
and PV resources for each AVERT region as well as the
contiguous 48 states, for national-scale analysis. These factors
reflect annual averages based on the hourly RE profiles
embedded in AVERT. Appendix C of the AVERT User Manual
describes how these hourly profiles were developed.

Example

For illustration, consider the avoided PM2.5 emissions from a project to add 100 MW of wind capacity in the
Texas region:

Annual generation = capacity factor for RE technology (0.3386) x installed capacity (100 MW) x hours in
a year (8,760 h, except leap years) = 296,614 MWh

Avoided PM2.5 emissions = avoided electricity generation (296,614 MWh) x emission factor (0.08 Ib/MW
h) = 23,729 lb

Unit Conversions

Annual Average Capacity Factors



Wind

Utility PV

Northeast

19.93%

17.93%

Great Lakes / Mid-Atlantic

26.00%

17.69%

Southeast

13.75%

19.35%

Lower Midwest

40.14%

21.51%

Upper Midwest

41.22%

19.26%

Rocky Mountains

35.04%

22.48%

Texas

33.86%

20.85%

Southwest

24.45%

25.80%

Northwest

25.24%

19.90%

California

17.32%

22.18%

Contiguous 48 states

27.70%

20.70%

1 MW = 1,000 kW = 0.001 GW,

To convert units from power (kW, MW, GW) to energy (kWh, MWh,
GWh), multiply by the total number of hours in the year.

To convert in the other direction, divide by the total number of hours
in the year. There are 8,760 hours in a non-leap year and 8,784 hours
in a leap year.

For More Information

• Visit the AVERT website at

www.epa.gov/avert.
. Contact EPA's AVERT
manager at avert(5)epa.gov.

2	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Emissions Accounting and Claims

Although the avoided emission estimates provided by AVERT are intended to support RE initiatives, AVERT is
a marginal emissions assessment tool and not a tool for emissions accounting. EPA cautions RE users and
retailers from using AVERT's avoided emissions estimates to take or give credit for emission reductions,
particularly in corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and reporting. While RE users that own
renewable energy certificates (RECs) or similar market-based energy attribute certificates have unique
ownership and claim to the emissions attributes of the associated electricity generation, they generally do
not have a unique claim to the impacts on regional grid operations and emissions.

Corporate GHG accounting typically includes an inventory of emissions associated with purchased electricity,
but not an assessment of the impact of an organization's purchased electricity on regional grid emissions.
Organizations interested in quantifying RE's impact on regional grid emissions should consider project
accounting. This type of emissions accounting is designed to quantify the benefits of emission mitigation
projects.

3	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2017

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,485

1,486

1,559

1,564

Avoided NOx Rate

0.88

0.93

0.96

0.94

Avoided S02 Rate

1.00

0.96

1.03

1.05

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2017
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,058

1,075

1,139

1,116

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,592

1,592

1,674

1,670

Southeast

1,404

1,465

1,521

1,501

Lower Midwest

1,749

1,669

1,773

1,818

Upper Midwest

1,884

1,800

1,926

1,967

Rocky Mountains

1,618

1,568

1,648

1,682

Texas

1,331

1,265

1,355

1,389

Southwest

1,260

1,269

1,312

1,317

Northwest

1,558

1,592

1,606

1,640

California

1,034

1,052

1,096

1,088

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.27

0,30

0.33

0.28

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.06

1.18

1.24

1.22

Southeast

0.73

0.75

0.78

0.77

Lower Midwest

1.80

1.62

1.74

1.84

Upper Midwest

1.94

1.69

1.87

1.99

Rocky Mountains

0.58

0.52

0.55

0.58

Texas

1.31

1.05

1.17

1.31

Southwest

0.27

0.21

0.20

0.24

Northwest

0.83

0.86

0.89

0.89

California

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.08

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.37

0.46

0.50

0.42

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0,93

0.93

0.98

0.96

Southeast

0.82

0.95

0.95

0.91

Lower Midwest

1,10

1.16

1.22

1.18

Upper Midwest

1.31

1.24

1.33

1.36

Rocky Mountains

1.34

1.27

1.34

1.38

Texas

0.60

0.65

0.69

0.65

Southwest

0,89

0.93

0.97

0.95

Northwest

1.18

1.22

1.22

1.25

California

0.32

0.32

0.32

0.33

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0,04

0.05

0.05

0.04

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.20

0.20

0.21

0.21

Southeast

0.09

0.10

0.10

0.10

Lower Midwest

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,09

0.09

0.09

0.10

Rocky Mountains

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.03

Texas

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.08

Southwest

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

Northwest

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

California

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.05

4	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2016

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,564

1,572

1,639

1,642

Avoided NOx Rate

1.07

1.13

1.16

1.13

Avoided S02 Rate

1.51

1.46

1.53

1.56

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.11

0.11

0.12

0.12

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2016
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,079

1,139

1,190

1,150

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,719

1,715

1,797

1,799

Southeast

1,477

1,541

1,586

1,569

Lower Midwest

1,681

1,675

1,750

1,759

Upper Midwest

1,913

1,847

1,955

1,994

Rocky Mountains

1,828

1,766

1,873

1,898

Texas

1,480

1,436

1,522

1,547

Southwest

1,447

1,411

1,437

1,473

Northwest

1,643

1,619

1,690

1,713

California

1,000

1,008

1,067

1,055

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.33

0.42

0.44

0.36

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

2.10

2.04

2.14

2.19

Southeast

1.37

1.42

1.44

1.43

Lower Midwest

1.84

1.74

1.82

1.89

Upper Midwest

2.31

2.02

2.20

2.36

Rocky Mountains

0.73

0.73

0.78

0.78

Texas

1.68

1.48

1.60

1.70

Southwest

0.44

0.37

0.35

0.40

Northwest

0.93

0.88

0.94

0.95

California

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.07

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.43

0.60

0.62

0.51

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.35

1.33

1.39

1.38

Southeast

0.94

1.08

1.08

1.03

Lower Midwest

1.18

1.33

1.35

1.28

Upper Midwest

1.50

1.46

1.53

1.57

Rocky Mountains

1.29

1.22

1.29

1.32

Texas

0.67

0.78

0.79

0.74

Southwest

1.37

1.28

1.23

1.32

Northwest

1.31

1.29

1.35

1.37

California

0.34

0.36

0.41

0.38

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.20

0.20

0.21

0.21

Southeast

0.10

0.11

0.11

0.11

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Rocky Mountains

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.03

Texas

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

Southwest

0.08

0.08

0.07

0.08

Northwest

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.09

California

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

5	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2015

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,569

1,563

1,643

1,645

Avoided NOx Rate

1.13

1.15

1.20

1.18

Avoided S02 Rate

2.10

1.96

2.06

2.12

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2015
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,146

1,166

1,222

1,203

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,780

1,757

1,846

1,856

Southeast

1,511

1,516

1,589

1,586

Lower Midwest

1,765

1,724

1,825

1,847

Upper Midwest

1,877

1,824

1,938

1,961

Rocky Mountains

1,835

1,779

1,883

1,914

Texas

1,403

1,439

1,500

1,486

Southwest

1,243

1,232

1,289

1,295

Northwest

1,526

1,569

1,648

1,624

California

1,045

1,051

1,110

1,101

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.71

0.72

0.76

0.71

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

3.89

3.61

3.81

3,91

Southeast

1.91

1.78

1.85

1.89

Lower Midwest

2.15

1.97

2.08

2.20

Upper Midwest

2.59

2.36

2.56

2.66

Rocky Mountains

0.87

0.79

0.86

0.89

Texas

1.43

1.35

1.44

1.47

Southwest

0.71

0.59

0.62

0.69

Northwest

0.62

0.72

0.76

0.70

California

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.07

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.63

0.69

0.73

0.68

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.54

1.48

1.56

1.56

Southeast

1.01

1.04

1.07

1.06

Lower Midwest

1.27

1.38

1.41

1.36

Upper Midwest

1.49

1.40

1.49

1.54

Rocky Mountains

1.83

1.72

1.84

1.89

Texas

0.65

0.83

0.82

0.73

Southwest

0.93

0.95

0.96

0.96

Northwest

1.12

1.25

1.30

1.24

California

0.52

0.47

0.48

0.52

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.23

0.21

0.23

0.23

Southeast

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,09

0.09

0.10

0.10

Rocky Mountains

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

Texas

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.08

Southwest

0.05

0.06

0.06

0.06

Northwest

0.08

0.08

0.09

0.09

California

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

6	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2014

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,547

1,498

1,593

1,613

Avoided NOx Rate

1.23

1.21

1.28

1.28

Avoided S02 Rate

2.32

2.19

2.35

2.41

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.12

0.11

0.12

0.12

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2014
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,175

1,155

1,231

1,214

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,745

1,704

1,803

1,824

Southeast

1,489

1,419

1,524

1,543

Lower Midwest

1,726

1,654

1,766

1,801

Upper Midwest

1,891

1,814

1,939

1,977

Rocky Mountains

1,814

1,768

1,868

1,889

Texas

1,304

1,266

1,353

1,373

Southwest

1,162

1,138

1,194

1,205

Northwest

1,585

1,603

1,627

1,664

California

1,019

1,027

1,077

1,072

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.05

1.01

1.06

0.98

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

4.02

3.90

4.15

4.23

Southeast

2.24

2.13

2.30

2.33

Lower Midwest

2.18

2.00

2.14

2.24

Upper Midwest

2.94

2.70

2.94

3.05

Rocky Mountains

1.09

1.01

1.08

1.13

Texas

1.48

1.27

1.42

1.53

Southwest

0.30

0.24

0.25

0.29

Northwest

0.98

1.00

0.97

1.03

California

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.06

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.79

0.82

0.87

0.82

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.61

1.58

1.67

1.68

Southeast

1.10

1.11

1.16

1.15

Lower Midwest

1.52

1.53

1.59

1.59

Upper Midwest

1.63

1.55

1.67

1.70

Rocky Mountains

1.61

1.52

1.62

1.65

Texas

0.67

0.70

0.73

0.72

Southwest

0.73

0.68

0.72

0.74

Northwest

1.38

1.39

1.40

1.45

California

0.63

0.58

0.58

0.63

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.22

0.20

0.22

0.22

Southeast

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.11

Upper Midwest

0,10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Rocky Mountains

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

Texas

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

Southwest

0.06

0.05

0.06

0.06

Northwest

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

California

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

7	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2013

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,508

1,493

1,575

1,582

Avoided NOx Rate

1.22

1.25

1.30

1.29

Avoided S02 Rate

2.26

2.20

2.34

2.38

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.13

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2013
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,174

1,219

1,258

1,234

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,678

1,664

1,753

1,760

Southeast

1,421

1,445

1,513

1,504

Lower Midwest

1,697

1,606

1,725

1,761

Upper Midwest

1,889

1,811

1,935

1,965

Rocky Mountains

1,804

1,708

1,832

1,867

Texas

1,354

1,306

1,393

1,416

Southwest

1,164

1,152

1,207

1,212

Northwest

1,447

1,444

1,498

1,519

California

1,006

1,025

1,079

1,066

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.05

1.17

1.11

1.06

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

3.94

3.85

4.13

4.18

Southeast

2.09

2.26

2.30

2.25

Lower Midwest

2.22

1.88

2.10

2.24

Upper Midwest

3.02

2.69

2.98

3.10

Rocky Mountains

1.33

1.15

1.30

1.36

Texas

1.58

1.25

1.42

1.58

Southwest

0.26

0.28

0.26

0.27

Northwest

0.86

0.86

0.85

0.91

California

0.08

0.07

0.07

0.08

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.74

0.88

0.88

0.79

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.46

1.50

1.55

1.54

Southeast

1.00

1.08

1.10

1.07

Lower Midwest

1.64

1.69

1.75

1.74

Upper Midwest

1.85

1.73

1.87

1.91

Rocky Mountains

1.83

1.69

1.83

1.86

Texas

0.70

0.76

0.78

0.76

Southwest

0,84

0.76

0.81

0.83

Northwest

1.67

1.74

1.79

1.76

California

0.68

0.64

0.68

0.70

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.19

0.18

0.20

0.20

Southeast

0.12

0.12

0.13

0.13

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,13

0.13

0.14

0.14

Rocky Mountains

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.07

Texas

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.08

Southwest

0.07

0,07

0.07

0.07

Northwest

0.08

0.08

0.08

0.09

California

0.06

0,06

0.06

0.06

a	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2012

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,565

1,559

1,640

1,645

Avoided NOx Rate

1.29

1.33

1.39

1.37

Avoided S02 Rate

2.43

2.43

2.57

2.58

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.13

0.13

0.14

0.14

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2012
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,099

1,179

1,232

1,188

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,746

1,744

1,830

1,834

Southeast

1,508

1,540

1,610

1,602

Lower Midwest

1,668

1,590

1,706

1,738

Upper Midwest

1,908

1,826

1,946

1,983

Rocky Mountains

1,878

1,797

1,900

1,939

Texas

1,380

1,384

1,450

1,451

Southwest

1,298

1,203

1,281

1,314

Northwest

1,664

1,646

1,714

1,742

California

1,030

1,074

1,122

1,095

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.63

0.92

0.92

0.77

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

4.32

4.35

4.57

4.58

Southeast

2.24

2.47

2.55

2.47

Lower Midwest

1.97

1.61

1.85

1.99

Upper Midwest

3.60

3,21

3.53

3.69

Rocky Mountains

1.46

1.28

1.40

1.48

Texas

1.32

1.20

1.26

1.33

Southwest

0.59

0.49

0.51

0.56

Northwest

1.41

1.26

1.40

1.43

California

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.50

0.74

0.75

0.62

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.67

1.70

1.76

1.75

Southeast

1.09

1.18

1.22

1.19

Lower Midwest

1.89

1.96

2.03

2.01

Upper Midwest

1.69

1.64

1.74

1.76

Rocky Mountains

2.09

1.94

2.07

2.13

Texas

0.60

0.75

0.74

0.67

Southwest

1.36

1.02

1.13

1.25

Northwest

1.58

1.55

1.64

1.66

California

0.55

0.55

0.58

0.58

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.04

0.05

0.05

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.21

0.21

0.23

0.23

Southeast

0.13

0.14

0.14

0.14

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,14

0.14

0.14

0.15

Rocky Mountains

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

Texas

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.07

Southwest

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.09

Northwest

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

California

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.07

9	^EPA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2011

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,619

1,586

1,673

1,692

Avoided NOx Rate

1.46

1.46

1.51

1.52

Avoided S02 Rate

3.40

3.17

3.36

3.48

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.15

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2011
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,224

1,275

1,321

1,295

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,816

1,785

1,878

1,893

Southeast

1,592

1,597

1,670

1,676

Lower Midwest

1,646

1,543

1,667

1,711

Upper Midwest

1,985

1,863

2,015

2,057

Rocky Mountains

1,877

1,797

1,906

1,947

Texas

1,308

1,284

1,364

1,379

Southwest

1,299

1,211

1,292

1,323

Northwest

1,675

1,643

1,662

1,742

California

979

973

1,021

1,025

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.86

1.97

1.99

1.94

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

5.71

5.49

5.78

5.87

Southeast

3.52

3.41

3.54

3.64

Lower Midwest

2.21

1.68

2.00

2.22

Upper Midwest

4.64

4,09

4.54

4.73

Rocky Mountains

1.81

1.66

1.78

1.84

Texas

1.43

1.01

1.18

1.39

Southwest

0.52

0.37

0.43

0.48

Northwest

1.40

1.36

1.27

1.42

California

0.09

0.06

0.06

0.08

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.64

0.80

0.81

0.72

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.77

1.74

1.82

1.84

Southeast

1.43

1.46

1.48

1.49

Lower Midwest

1.94

1.94

2.07

2.06

Upper Midwest

1.88

1.73

1.88

1.93

Rocky Mountains

2.11

1.95

2.10

2.16

Texas

0.69

0.86

0.87

0.79

Southwest

1.22

0.98

1.08

1.16

Northwest

1.61

1.54

1.54

1.66

California

0,50

0.38

0.39

0.48

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.05

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.24

0.22

0.24

0.24

Southeast

0.16

0.17

0.17

0.17

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,14

0.13

0.15

0.15

Rocky Mountains

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.07

Texas

0.06

0.06

0.07

0.07

Southwest

0.09

0,07

0.08

0.08

Northwest

0.11

0,11

0.10

0.11

California

0.05

0,05

0.05

0.05

10	oERA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2010

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,592

1,539

1,633

1,658

Avoided NOx Rate

1.43

1.40

1.48

1.49

Avoided S02 Rate

3.43

3.02

3.31

3.47

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.19

0.19

0.20

0.20

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2010
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,252

1,280

1,343

1,326

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,805

1,753

1,850

1,880

Southeast

1,556

1,509

1,598

1,619

Lower Midwest

1,629

1,523

1,638

1,687

Upper Midwest

1,955

1,834

1,979

2,025

Rocky Mountains

1,717

1,650

1,765

1,792

Texas

1,358

1,306

1,397

1,424

Southwest

1,311

1,225

1,303

1,329

Northwest

1,453

1,471

1,514

1,545

California

941

970

1,011

990

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.27

1,37

1.45

1.38

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

5.82

5.21

5.63

5.87

Southeast

3.58

3.27

3.54

3.65

Lower Midwest

2.58

1.95

2.28

2.55

Upper Midwest

4.72

4,03

4.56

4.81

Rocky Mountains

1.36

1.28

1.37

1.41

Texas

1.68

1.10

1.37

1.65

Southwest

0.54

0.40

0.48

0.52

Northwest

0.91

0.94

0.91

0.98

California

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.02

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.60

0.79

0.82

0.70

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.84

1.77

1.86

1.89

Southeast

1.32

1.34

1.41

1.40

Lower Midwest

2.09

1.98

2.13

2.18

Upper Midwest

1.87

1.70

1.85

1.91

Rocky Mountains

1.96

1.78

1.95

1.99

Texas

0.67

0.74

0.76

0.73

Southwest

1.24

0.97

1.07

1.15

Northwest

1.47

1.57

1.56

1.59

California

0.23

0.24

0.23

0.22

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.06

0.08

0.08

0.07

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.41

0.38

0.41

0.42

Southeast

0.18

0.18

0.19

0.19

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,13

0.13

0.14

0.14

Rocky Mountains

0.09

0.11

0.11

0.10

Texas

0.07

0.08

0.08

0.08

Southwest

0.09

0,07

0.08

0.09

Northwest

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.09

California

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

11	oERA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2009

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,595

1,541

1,638

1,661

Avoided NOx Rate

1.43

1.42

1.49

1.49

Avoided S02 Rate

4.09

3.87

4.12

4.22

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.20

0.20

0.21

0.21

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2009
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,270

1,237

1,318

1,309

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,821

1,783

1,890

1,908

Southeast

1,550

1,492

1,586

1,607

Lower Midwest

1,680

1,560

1,688

1,734

Upper Midwest

1,995

1,910

2,044

2,076

Rocky Mountains

1,749

1,667

1,785

1,823

Texas

1,319

1,259

1,346

1,377

Southwest

1,311

1,222

1,313

1,337

Northwest

1,368

1,398

1,403

1,463

California

1,011

1,045

1,093

1,073

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.83

1.69

1.81

1.77

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

7.79

7.71

8.09

8.17

Southeast

4.06

3.91

4,14

4.20

Lower Midwest

2.45

1.90

2.20

2.42

Upper Midwest

5.36

4,99

5.36

5.50

Rocky Mountains

2.36

2.06

2.28

2.36

Texas

1.64

1.07

1.29

1.56

Southwest

0.58

0.41

0.46

0.52

Northwest

0.92

0.95

0.83

1.01

California

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.07

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.70

0.76

0.79

0.72

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1.68

1.72

1.77

1.76

Southeast

1.33

1.35

1.40

1.39

Lower Midwest

2.07

2.02

2.14

2.16

Upper Midwest

1.95

1.86

1.98

2.02

Rocky Mountains

2.07

1.88

2.04

2.12

Texas

0.80

0.93

0.95

0.89

Southwest

1.27

0.94

1.11

1.20

Northwest

1.32

1.36

1.36

1.45

California

0.47

0.48

0.50

0.50

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.07

0.07

0.08

0.07

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.45

0.44

0.46

0.47

Southeast

0.18

0.18

0.18

0.19

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.11

0.11

Upper Midwest

0,14

0.13

0.14

0.14

Rocky Mountains

0.09

0.10

0.10

0.10

Texas

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

Southwest

0.09

0.07

0.08

0.08

Northwest

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.09

California

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.03

12	oERA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2008

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,590

1,530

1,636

1,659

Avoided NOx Rate

1.98

1.73

1.90

1.95

Avoided S02 Rate

4.72

3.99

4.52

4.77

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.20

0.18

0.20

0.20

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2008
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,216

1,242

1,302

1,285

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,815

1,743

1,866

1,893

Southeast

1,556

1,468

1,586

1,616

Lower Midwest

1,621

1,528

1,644

1,681

Upper Midwest

1,921

1,840

1,974

2,002

Rocky Mountains

1,788

1,714

1,835

1,865

Texas

1,387

1,354

1,439

1,456

Southwest

1,203

1,194

1,251

1,254

Northwest

1,485

1,463

1,527

1,558

California

997

1,057

1,091

1,064

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1.38

1,36

1.43

1.41

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

8.92

7.86

8.75

9.09

Southeast

5.31

4.13

4,85

5.26

Lower Midwest

2.67

2.14

2.47

2.67

Upper Midwest

4.74

4,27

4.75

4.90

Rocky Mountains

1.88

1.74

1.86

1.89

Texas

1.55

0.99

1.30

1.55

Southwest

0.34

0.25

0.31

0.32

Northwest

1.97

2.24

2.06

2.26

California

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.68

0.81

0.83

0.74

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

3.02

2.41

2.75

2.85

Southeast

1.92

1.61

1.78

1.87

Lower Midwest

2.22

2.14

2.30

2.33

Upper Midwest

2.41

2.18

2.42

2.46

Rocky Mountains

2.38

2.17

2.37

2.44

Texas

0.77

0.95

0.94

0.87

Southwest

1.10

1.08

1.12

1.12

Northwest

1.52

1.46

1.54

1.61

California

0.33

0.36

0.37

0.36

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.07

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.43

0.39

0.43

0.44

Southeast

0.19

0.17

0.19

0.19

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,13

0.12

0.13

0.13

Rocky Mountains

0.08

0.10

0.09

0.09

Texas

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

Southwest

0.07

0,06

0.06

0.06

Northwest

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.10

California

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

13	oERA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


-------
Data Year: 2007

National Emission Factors

National Weighted Averages

Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Avoided C02 Rate

1,571

1,510

1,613

1,634

Avoided NOx Rate

2.07

1.82

1.98

2.03

Avoided S02 Rate

4.96

4.03

4.59

4.89

Avoided PM2.5 Rate

0.19

0.17

0.19

0.20

•	Wind = Wind power generation

•	Utility PV = Utility-scale photovoltaic power generation

•	Portfolio EE = Represents a wide range of EE program
types

•	Uniform EE = Represents consistent energy savings
throughout the year

National factors presented here reflect a weighted
average of the avoided emission rates of AVERT's 10
regions. Averages are weighted by the fraction of 2007
fossil generation in each region.

Regional Emission Factors

Avoided C02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

1,291

1,313

1,372

1,354

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

1,775

1,696

1,816

1,842

Southeast

1,568

1,483

1,595

1,621

Lower Midwest

1,605

1,496

1,616

1,661

Upper Midwest

1,909

1,812

1,955

1,984

Rocky Mountains

1,668

1,589

1,717

1,737

Texas

1,259

1,226

1,314

1,325

Southwest

1,113

1,106

1,173

1,171

Northwest

1,525

1,570

1,578

1,611

California

1,059

1,098

1,135

1,118

Avoided S02 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

2.02

1.98

2.03

2.02

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

9.39

7.77

8.75

9.22

Southeast

5.60

4.30

5.03

5.46

Lower Midwest

2.83

2.08

2.50

2.77

Upper Midwest

5.19

4.58

5.13

5.31

Rocky Mountains

1.46

1.19

1.44

1.51

Texas

1.12

0.72

0.98

1.10

Southwest

0.19

0.20

0.23

0.23

Northwest

1.40

1.41

1.18

1.38

California

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.03

Avoided NO, Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.96

1.11

1.11

1.03

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

3.12

2.46

2.76

2.88

Southeast

2.05

1.78

1.94

2.02

Lower Midwest

2.47

2.33

2.50

2.56

Upper Midwest

2.54

2.32

2.54

2.59

Rocky Mountains

1.82

1.63

1.83

1.88

Texas

0.70

0.84

0.83

0.78

Southwest

0,94

0.96

1.04

1.01

Northwest

1.64

1.87

1.68

1.78

California

0.41

0.42

0.42

0.42

Avoided PM2.5 Rate (Ib/MWh)



Wind

Utility PV

Portfolio EE

Uniform EE

Northeast

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.08

Great Lakes/
Mid-Atlantic

0.39

0.34

0.38

0.39

Southeast

0.19

0.17

0.19

0.19

Lower Midwest

0.10

0.09

0.10

0.10

Upper Midwest

0,14

0.13

0.14

0.14

Rocky Mountains

0.12

0.15

0.14

0.13

Texas

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

Southwest

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.06

Northwest

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

California

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

14	oERA

State and Local Energy

and Environment Program	epa.gov/statelocalenergy


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