Clean Air Status and Trends Network
Fourth Quarter 2022 Quality Assurance Report
Summary of Quarterly Operations (October through December)
with 2022 Annual Summary
EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
Introduction
This quarterly report summarizes results from the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET)
quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program for data collected during fourth quarter 2022. It
also provides an annual summary that includes data from the three previous quarters. The various
QA/QC criteria and policies are documented in the CASTNET Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP;
Wood, 2021; 2022). The QAPP is comprehensive and includes standards and policies for all
components of project operation from site selection through final data reporting. It is reviewed
annually and updated as warranted.
Significant Events for 2022
During first quarter 2022, the QA Manager reviewed the metrics for the annual site operator
performance assessment for 2021 activities. These metrics are evaluated to determine where
additional training is needed. For 2021, problems with site operations were not related to training
issues. Problems mainly stemmed from issues related to shipping, weather, and COVID-19.
A Level 2 traveling transfer used for ozone performance evaluation audits and reverification of ozone
Level 3 standards during the March 2022 site calibration visits had a solenoid balance failure causing
the reverification of seven Level 3 transfer standards to be declared invalid. Wood restored the slope-
intercept values for these Level 3 transfers and calibration factors for site analyzers back to their pre-
audit values following confirmation of the solenoid balance test failure. Solenoid balance failures can
be difficult to diagnose. Wood's CASTNET QA Manager began investigating the situation. In
particular, the QA Manager evaluated the root cause of the continued use of the Level 2 ozone
transfer after consecutive sites required adjustment. Wood's field laboratory runs a solenoid balance
test prior to sending a transfer out for use in the field. While solenoid failures are hard to predict and
detect, Wood does have procedures in place that should have prevented use of the transfer at
multiple sites. Under Corrective Action (CA) 0115, the subcontractor field technician received follow-
up training. Additionally, under CA_0115, if one of the affected March sites was near a site scheduled
for a routine calibration trip, Wood traveled to the March site to verify that the ozone analyzer and
transfer were within criteria. For sites that did not receive a follow-up site visit, the site operator
replaced the ozone transfer with a verified instrument shipped from the Gainesville field laboratory.
Documentation needed for the annual review by the American Association for Laboratory
Accreditation (A2LA) in order to maintain International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)/lnternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17025:2017 accreditation for Wood's scope of
laboratory and field operations methods was prepared and submitted to A2LA during second quarter
2022. The documentation was subsequently accepted by A2LA, and Wood received notice that the
17025:2017 accreditation was reaffirmed until the routine A2LA onsite assessment in spring 2023.
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During mid-May 2022, Wood relocated its office, laboratories, and outdoor test site from the
Newberry, FL location to its new location in Gainesville, FL. All documentation required by the A2LA
to continue ISO/I EC accreditation after the move was completed and submitted to A2LA. Relocation
activities included moving the analytical and field equipment laboratories separately. Perkin Elmer
was hired to move select analytical instruments, and personnel from the field and laboratory groups
moved smaller instruments and fragile items. Laboratory personnel moved samples in temperature-
controlled coolers from the old cold room to the new cold room once the temperature in the new cold
room had stabilized. A professional moving company handled the office furniture. The shelters and
towers were moved by another company and were set up on the test site pad at the new office
location. Operation of each of the instruments was verified prior to first use at the new location.
The annual management review report and presentation in support of ISO/I EC 17025:2017
accreditation was completed during third quarter 2022. The report included details of the move to the
new location and procedures to verify operation of the analytical and equipment laboratories. The
report was distributed to reviewers, and the presentation took place on July 29, 2022. The
presentation was well received by the CASTNET management team, CASTNET QA Supervisor, and
Wood's regional corporate management and QA representatives.
Wood continued to evaluate the cause of the positively biased converter efficiency results for NOy
found by EEMS during the performance evaluation audit of the PND165, WY site in May 2022. During
the routine calibration visit to the PND165, WY site on August 22-25, 2022, Wood's field technician
performed troubleshooting for the high conversion efficiency (found to be -113 percent on average).
The ozone generator inside the NO/NOy analyzer was replaced. After replacement, the ozone
generator flow was verified, and converter efficiency was found to be reasonable at 98 percent. Wood
is investigating the effect on reported NOy data. If appropriate, a correction factor for the affected data
will be determined and proposed to EPA. Data for NO are not affected.
The CASTNET QAPP Revision 9.5 was approved by EPA on September 6, 2022.
The acquisition of Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. (Wood) by WSP was completed
on September 21, 2022. The new company name is WSP USA Environment and Infrastructure, Inc.
However, "Wood" will continue to be used until finalization of the name change has been completed
across all licensing and state regulatory entities.
Wood proposed a change in key personnel from Anne Glubis to Kimberly Holland-Chominsky as the
CASTNET QA Supervisor. EPA approved the change on September 23, 2022.
EPA noted an error in one of the data tables. The das_flow_dateoff field in the filter_pack table is
manually entered from the Site Status Report Form and is no longer verified by double entry since it is
not used to generate reported sample measurements. During third quarter, Wood incorporated
screening of manually entered fields to flag out-of-range values to prevent recurrence.
Wood submitted the draft of the CASTNET QAPP Revision 10.0 to EPA on November 1, 2022.
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EPA requested Wood's CASTNET QA Manager provide additional audits of polyfluorinated alkyl
substances (PFAS) data quality for archived cloud water samples and for precipitation sample PFAS
data collected as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) PFAS Wet Deposition
Pilot Study from September 2021 through January 2022. The QA Manager requested the data from
NADP and completed the data audits during fourth quarter 2022. He used the EPA Office of Research
and Development PFAS QAPP and NADP Central Analytical Laboratory standard operating
procedures in addition to PFAS laboratory data reports, chains-of-custody, and other reports during
the audits.
Wood's acceptance testing of batches of nylon filters from MTL began showing a co-eluting peak with
bromide in the chromatogram. Bromide is not an analyte of interest for CASTNET but is used by the
laboratory as a surrogate to indicate issues with sample extraction or the injection of samples during
instrument analyses. The co-eluting peak cannot be identified with available resources. Wood tested
additional batches of nylon filters and noticed the co-eluting peak can be correlated to certain MTL
filter washing dates. Wood has contacted MTL for additional information. MTL will replace the filters at
no cost if this is a problem resulting from their washing procedures. Wood has surplus filters so there
will be no disruption of sampling while Wood and MTL work to resolve this issue.
Quarterly/Annual Summary
Table 1 lists the quarters of data that were validated to Level 3 during 2022 by site calibration group.
Table 2 lists the sites in each calibration group along with the calibration schedule. Table 3 presents
the measurement criteria for continuous field measurements. These criteria apply to the instrument
challenges performed during site calibrations. Table 4 presents the measurement criteria for
laboratory filter pack measurements. These criteria apply to the QC samples listed in the following
section of this report. Table 5 presents the critical criteria for ozone monitoring. Table 6 presents the
critical criteria for trace-level gas monitoring.
Laboratory Intercomparison Results Summary
Wood's CASTNET laboratory regularly participates in the Environment and Climate Change Canada
(ECCC) Proficiency Testing (PT) Program for Inorganic Environmental Substances. The results
reported by the participating laboratories are evaluated for systematic bias and precision. Systematic
bias is assessed using the Youden (1969) non-parametric analysis, while precision is calculated using
algorithm A from the ISO standard 13528 (ISO, 2005). Laboratory results are considered
systematically biased when individual parameters are ranked by the Youden analysis to be
consistently and significantly higher or lower than the assigned value without regard to flagged results.
The CASTNET laboratory's proficiency testing plan requires action for individual test results that are
greater than three standard deviations from the assigned value, bias 5 percent or higher for a single
parameter, three or more biased results of any magnitude in a single study, or a consecutive study
result indicating bias of any magnitude for a given parameter.
During January 2022, Wood received results for sample analyses for PT study 118 for Rain and Soft
Waters submitted to the Environmental Science and Technology Laboratories Division, a branch of
the Water Science and Technology Directorate with ECCC that provides QA services. Analyses of all
parameters were rated as "very good" for PT study 118 (ECCC, 2022a).
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Wood generally participates in two ECCC PT studies each year. However, as a result of delays and
shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic during 2021, PT study 118 was delayed. PT study 119,
originally scheduled for the summer of 2021, was delayed until winter of 2021. ECCC decided to not
run the PT 119 summer study off schedule. The study number 119 was retired in order to preserve
the naming convention.
During September 2022, Wood received results from sample analyses for PT study 120 for Rain and
Soft Waters. The results showed no indication of systemic bias and no warnings or flags. The
laboratory's performance was rated as "Good." Wood's 5-year average was also rated as "good"
(ECCC, 2022b).
During 2022, the USGS resumed sending interlaboratory comparison samples for analysis to Wood
on a monthly basis. During 2021, USGS was sending samples only every other month.
Quality Control Analysis Count
The QC sample statistics presented in this report are for reference standards (RF) and continuing
calibration verification spikes (CCV) used to assess accuracy and for replicate sample analyses (RP)
used to assess "in-run" precision. In addition, laboratory method blanks (MB) containing reagents
without a filter; laboratory blanks (LB) containing reagents and a new, unexposed filter; and field
blanks (FB) containing reagents and an unexposed filter that was loaded into a filter pack assembly
and shipped to and from the monitoring site while remaining in sealed packaging are also included.
Tables 7 through 10 present the number of analyses in each category that were performed during
each quarter of 2022.
Sample Receipt Statistics
Ninety-five percent of field samples from EPA-sponsored sites must be received by the CASTNET
laboratory in Gainesville, FL no later than 14 days after removal from the sampling tower. Table 11
presents the relevant sample receipt statistics for each of the four quarters of 2022 together with an
annual summary for each category. Shipping labels for CASTNET filter packs being returned to Wood
through the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) were transitioned to priority mail during April 2022. Each label
provides Wood with a unique tracking number for each filter pack. Comparison of first quarter 2022
filter pack receipt statistics with second through fourth quarter 2022 shows that Wood's receipt of filter
packs was significantly improved by the change to custom shipping labels and use of priority mail for
return delivery.
Data Quality Indicator (DQI) Results
Figures 1 through 3 present the results of RF, CCV, and RP QC sample analyses for fourth quarter
2022. All results were within the criteria listed in Table 4. Table 12 presents the percent recoveries
and standard deviations for RF, CCV, and RP QC sample analyses for 2022. Quarterly averages are
all within criteria.
Table 13 presents quarterly co-located filter pack precision results for data validated to Level 3 during
the year. Results for ROM406/206, CO were within the criterion for all 11 parameters reported for all
four quarters. With the exception of potassium and chloride during first quarter 2021, results for
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MCK131/231, KY met the 20 percent MARPD criterion. The average concentration values for these
two analytes at MCK131/231 during first quarter 2021 were less than or equal to five times the
reporting limit and passed the ± reporting limit criterion.
Figure 4 presents completeness statistics for continuous measurements validated to Level 3 during
the year. All parameters met the 90 percent criterion.
Table 14 presents summary statistics of critical criteria measurements at ozone sites collected during
fourth quarter 2022. The statistics presented contain data validated at Level 2 and Level 3. All data
associated with QC checks that failed to meet the criteria listed in Table 5 were or will be invalidated
unless the cause of failure has no effect on ambient data collection, and passing results still meet
frequency criteria. Results in shaded cells either exceed documented criteria or are otherwise notable.
Table 15 presents observations associated with the shaded cell results in Table 14.
Table 16 presents summary statistics of critical criteria measurements at trace-level gas monitoring
sites collected during fourth quarter 2022. The statistics presented contain data validated at Level 2
and Level 3. All data associated with QC checks that failed to meet the criteria listed in Table 6 were
or will be invalidated unless the cause of failure has no effect on ambient data collection, and passing
results still meet frequency criteria. Results in shaded cells either exceed documented criteria or are
otherwise notable. Table 17 presents observations associated with the shaded cell results in
Table 16.
Laboratory Control Sample Analysis
The laboratory control sample (LCS) is a reagent blank spiked with the target analytes from the
established analytical methods and carried through the same extraction process that field samples
must undergo. LCS analyses are performed by the laboratory to monitor for potential sample handling
artifacts and provide a means to identify possible analyte loss from extraction to extraction. Figure 5
presents LCS analysis results for fourth quarter 2022. All recovery values were between 88.4 percent
and 105.2 percent.
Blank Results
Figures 6 through 8 present the results of MB, LB, and FB QC sample analyses for fourth quarter
2022. All fourth quarter results were within criteria (two times the reporting limit) listed in Table 4.
Table 18 summarizes the record of filter blanks for 2022. All 2022 results were within criteria listed in
Table 4 with the exception of one Teflon NH4 FB and one Teflon K+ FB that occurred during first
quarter and one nylon HN03 LB during third quarter. All other blank QC checks in their respective
batches were within criteria and associated sample concentrations were reasonable.
Suspect/Invalid Filter Pack Samples
Filter pack samples that were flagged as suspect or invalid during each of the four quarters of 2022
are listed in Table 19. This table also includes associated site identification and a brief description of
the reason the sample was flagged. During fourth quarter, seven filter pack samples were invalidated.
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Field Problem Count
Table 20 presents counts of field problems affecting continuous data collection for more than one day
for each quarter during 2022. The problem counts are sorted by a 30-, 60-, or 90-day time period to
resolution. A category for unresolved problems is also included.
Field Calibration Results
A summary of field calibration failures by parameter for each quarter of 2022 is listed in Table 21.
Calibrations were performed at 20 sites during fourth quarter 2022. During 2022, all sites and
parameters were within the criteria listed in Table 3 with the exception of the parameters at the eight
sites that are listed in Table 21.
Table 22 presents field accuracy results for 2022 based on instrument challenges performed using
independent reference standards during site calibration visits. Each parameter was within its criterion
with at least 90 percent frequency. Per CASTNET project protocols, data are flagged but still
considered valid if the calibration criterion is not exceeded by more than its magnitude (i.e., if within
two times the criterion). All calibration failures reported in 2022 for the indicated parameters were
within two times the criterion with the exception of temperature and delta temperature at OXF122, OH
in September 2022 and flow rate at SUM 156, FL in August 2022. Data associated with the failures at
OXF122 and SUM156 were invalidated.
References
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2008. ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for
Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications." ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, D0l:10.1520/E0029-08. www.astm.org.
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). 2022a. Rain and Soft Waters PT Study 0118
Report. Environmental Science and Technology Laboratories Division, Water Science and
Technology Directorate Proficiency Testing Program, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Prepared
for Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry FL, USA.
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). 2022b. Rain and Soft Waters PT Study 0120
Report. Environmental Science and Technology Laboratories Division, Water Science and
Technology Directorate Proficiency Testing Program, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Prepared
for Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Gainesville, FL, USA.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2005. Statistical Methods for the Use in
Proficiency Testing by interiaboratory Comparisons, Annex C, Robust Analysis, Section C. 1:
Algorithm A. Standard 13528. ISO 13528:2005(E).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 58,
"Appendix A to Part 58 - Quality Assurance Requirements for Monitors used in Evaluations of
National Ambient Air Quality Standards."
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. (Wood) 2022. Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET) Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Revision 9.5. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets
Division, Washington, DC. Contract No. EP-W-16-015. Gainesville, FL.
h ttps: //j ava. e pa. g ov/castn et/d ocuments.do.
Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. (Wood) 2021. Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET) Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Revision 9.4. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets
Division, Washington, DC. Contract No. EP-W-16-015. Gainesville, FL.
https://java.epa.gov/castnet/documents.do.
Youden, W.J. (Ku, H.H., ed). 1969. Precision Measurement and Calibration. NBS Special
Publication 300-Volume 1. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
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Table 1 Data Validated to Level 3 through Fourth Quarter 2022
Calibration Group*
Months
Number of
Complete Quarters
Number of
Available
Months
Quarters
SE-4/MW-6t
July 2021 -
June 2022
12
Quarter 3 2021 -
Quarter 2 2022
4
E-1/SE-5
August 2021 -
July 2022
12
Quarter 4 2021 -
Quarter 2 2022
3
MW-7/W-9
September 2021 -
August 2022
12
Quarter 4 2021 -
Quarter 2 2022
3
E-2/MW-8
October 2021 -
12
Quarter 4 2021 -
A
September 2022
Quarter 3 2022
4
E-3/W-10*
May 2021 -
April 2022
12
Quarter 3 2021 -
Quarter 1 2022
3
Notes: "The sites contained in each calibration group are listed in Table 2.
fContains MCK131/231 co-located pair
^Contains ROM206 of the ROM406/ROM206 co-located pair
Table 2 Field Calibration Schedule for 2022
Calibration
Group
Months
Calibrated
Sites
Calibrated
Eastern Sites (22 Total)
E-1
(8 Sites)
February/August
BEL116, MD WSP144, NJ ARE128, PA PED108, VA
BWR139, MD CTH110, NY PSU106, PA VPI120, VA
E-2
(9 Sites)
April/October
ABT147, CT WST109, NH HWF187, NY1 WFM105, NY UND002, VT
ASH135, ME CAT175, NY NIC001.NY EGB181,ON
E-3
(5 Sites)
May/November
KEF112, PA LRU 17, PA CDR119, WV
MKG113, PA PARI07, WV
Southeastern Sites (11 Total)
SE-4
(6 Sites)
January/July
SND152, AL BFT142, NC COW137, NC
GAS 153, GA CND125, NC SPD111.TN
SE-5
(5 Sites)
February/August
CAD150, AR SUM156, FL DUK008, NC3
IRL141, FL CVL151, MS
Midwestern Sites (19 Total)
MW-6
(6 Sites)
January/July
CDZ171, KY MCK131, KY PNF126, NC1
CKT136, KY MCK231, KY ESP127, TN
MW-7
(9 Sites)
March/September
ALH157, IL STK138, IL RED004, MN OXF122, OH PRK134, Wl
BVL130, IL2 VIN140, IN DCP114, OH QAK172, OH
MW-8
(4 Sites)
April/October
SAL133, IN ANA115, Ml
HOX148, Ml UVL124, Ml
Western Sites (12 Total)
W-9
(5 Sites)
March/September
KNZ184, KS CHE185, OK ALC188, TX
KIC003, KS SAN189, NE
W-10
(7 Sites)
May/November
GTH161, CO NPT006, ID UMA009, WA PND165, WY3
ROM206, CO3 PAL190, TX CNT169, WY
Notes: 1Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in January, April, July, and October.
2Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in March, June, September, and December.
3Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in February, May, August, and November.
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Table 3 Data Quality Indicators for CASTNET Continuous Measurements
Measurement
Criteria1
Parameter2
Method
Precision
Accuracy
Filter pack flow
Mass flow controller
± 10%
±5%
Ozone3
UV absorbance
All points within ± 2% of full scale of best fit
straight line
Linearity error < 5%
Wind speed
Anemometer
± 0.5 m/s
The greater of ± 0.5 m/s
for winds < 5 m/s or ± 5%
for winds > 5 m/s
Wind direction
Wnd vane
l+
cn
o
l+
cn
o
Sigma theta
Wnd vane
Undefined
Undefined
Ambient temperature
Platinum RTD
± 1.0°C
±0.5°C
Delta temperature
Platinum RTD
±0.5°C
±0.5°C
Relative humidity
Thin film capacitor
± 10% (of full scale)
± 10%
Precipitation
Tipping bucket rain
gauge
± 10% (of reading)
± 0.05 inch4
Solar radiation
Pyranometer
± 10% (of reading taken
at local noon)
± 10%
Surface wetness
Conductivity bridge
Undefined
Undefined
Notes: °C = degrees Celsius
m/s = meters per second
RTD = resistance-temperature device
UV = ultraviolet
1 Precision criteria apply to co-located instruments, and accuracy criteria apply to calibration of instruments. Co-located precision
criteria do not apply to CASTNET sites that are configured and operated in accordance with Part 58 of Title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (EPA, 2020)
2Meteorological parameters are only measured at five of the EPA-sponsored CASTNET sites: IRL141, FL: BVL130, IL; BEL116, MD;
CHE185, OK; and PND165, WY.
3Ozone is not measured at eight EPA-sponsored CASTNET sites: KIC003, KS; KNZ184, KS; RED004, MN; EGB181, ON; CAT175,
NY; NIC001, NY; WFM105, NY; and UND002, VT.
4For target value of 0.50 inch
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Table 4 Data Quality Indicators for CASTNET Laboratory Measurements
Analyte
Method
Precision1
(MARPD)
Accuracy2
(%)
Nominal
Reporting Limits
mg/L
lag/Filter
Ammonium (NH^)
AC
20
90-110
0.020*
0.5
Sodium (Na+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.005
0.125
Potassium (K+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.006
0.15
Magnesium (Mg2+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.003
0.075
Calcium (Ca2+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.006
0.15
Chloride (CI )
IC
20
95-105
0.020
0.5
Nitrate (NO"3)
IC
20
95-105
0.008*
0.2
Sulfate (SO4)
IC
20
95-105
0.040
1.0
Notes: 1This column lists precision goals for both network precision calculated from co-located filter samples and laboratory precision
based on replicate samples for samples > five times the reporting limit. The criterion is ± the reporting limit if the sample is < five
times the reporting limit.
2This column lists laboratory accuracy goals based on reference standards and continuing calibration verification spikes. The
criterion is 90-110 percent for ICP-OES reference standards.
3The reporting limit for sulfate on cellulose filters is 0.080 mg/L (2.0 |jg/filter).
AC = automated colorimetry
IC = ion chromatography
ICP-OES = inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
MARPD = mean absolute relative percent difference
mg/L = milligrams per liter
|jg/Filter = micrograms per filter
* = as nitrogen
Values are rounded according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using
Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
For more information on analytical methods and associated precision and accuracy criteria, see the CASTNET QAPP,
(Wood, 2021; 2022).
Table 5 Ozone Critical Criteria*
Type of Check
Analyzer Response
Zero
Less than + 3.1 parts per billion (ppb)
Span
Less than + 7.1 percent between supplied and observed concentrations
Single Point QC
Less than + 7.1 percent between supplied and observed concentrations
Notes: 'Applies to CASTNET sites that are configured and operated in accordance with Part 58 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (EPA, 2020). The minimum frequency for these checks is once every two weeks.
Values are rounded according to ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine
Conformance with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
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Table 6 Trace-level Gas Monitoring Critical Criteria*
Parameter
Analyzer Response
Zero Check
Span Check / Single Point QC Check
so2
Less than + 1.51 ppb
Less than + 10.1 percent between supplied and
observed concentrations
NOy
Less than + 1.51 ppb
CO
Less than + 30.1 ppb
Notes: 'Applies to CASTNET sites that are configured and operated in accordance with Part 58 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (EPA, 2020). The minimum frequency for these checks is once every two weeks.
Values are rounded according to ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine
Conformance with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
S02 = sulfur dioxide
NO, = total reactive oxides of nitrogen
CO = carbon monoxide
ppb = parts per billion
Table 7 QC Analysis Count for First Quarter 2022
Filter
Type
Parameter
RF
Sample
Count
CCV
Sample
Count
RP
Sample
Count
MB
Sample
Count
LB
Sample
Count
FB
Sample
Count
Teflon
so2"
74
211
87
19
24
106
no3
74
211
87
19
24
106
nh+4
38
175
87
19
24
106
cr
74
211
87
19
24
106
Ca2+
38
190
86
19
24
106
Mg2+
38
190
86
19
24
106
Na+
38
190
86
19
24
106
K+
38
190
86
19
24
106
Nylon
so2"
45
184
79
14
24
130
no3
45
184
79
14
24
130
Cellulose
SO4
51
184
85
17
26
136
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Table 8 QC Analysis Count for Second Quarter 2022
RF CCV RP MB LB FB
Filter Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
Type Parameter Count Count Count Count Count Count
Teflon
SO2"
59
163
66
14
22
48
N03
59
163
66
14
22
48
nh+4
28
144
66
14
22
48
CI"
59
163
66
14
22
48
Ca2+
30
147
66
14
22
48
Mg2+
30
147
66
14
22
48
Na+
30
147
66
14
22
48
K+
30
147
66
14
22
48
Nylon
SO2"
35
154
73
11
24
49
N03
35
154
73
11
24
49
Cellulose
SO4
41
151
69
14
24
49
Table 9 QC Analysis Count for Third Quarter 2022
RF CCV RP MB LB FB
Filter Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
Type Parameter Count Count Count Count Count Count
Teflon
SO4
64
177
77
16
22
71
N03
64
177
77
16
22
71
NH+4
32
161
77
16
22
71
CI"
64
177
77
16
22
71
Ca2+
38
171
83
18
24
78
Mg2+
38
171
83
18
24
78
Na+
38
171
83
18
24
78
K+
38
171
83
18
24
78
Nylon
SO4
29
140
68
10
22
39
N03
29
140
68
10
22
39
Cellulose
SO4
46
159
69
14
22
77
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Table 10 QC Analysis Count for Fourth Quarter 2022
Filter
Type
Parameter
RF
Sample
Count
CCV
Sample
Count
RP
Sample
Count
MB
Sample
Count
LB
Sample
Count
FB
Sample
Count
Teflon
so2"
56
157
66
14
22
44
no3
56
157
66
14
22
44
nh+4
28
143
66
14
22
44
CI"
56
157
66
14
22
44
Ca2+
28
146
66
14
22
44
Mg2+
28
146
66
14
22
44
Na+
28
146
66
14
22
44
K+
28
146
66
14
22
44
Nylon
so2"
35
146
72
11
26
47
no3
35
146
72
11
26
47
Cellulose
SO4
46
158
72
14
26
84
Table 11 Filter Pack Receipt Summary for 2022
Description
First
Quarter
Second
Quarter
Third
Quarter
Fourth
Quarter
Annual
Summary
Count of samples received
more than 14 days after
removal from tower:
92
22
14
16
144
Count of all samples
received:
697
762
671
655
2785
Fraction of samples received
within 14 days:
0.868
0.971
0.979
0.976
0.948
Average interval in days:
9.175
5.963
4.169
4.881
6.047*
First receipt date:
01/03/2022
04/01/2022
07/01/2022
10/01/2022
01/03/2022
Last receipt date:
03/23/2022
06/30/2022
09/15/2022
12/31/2022
12/31/2022
Note: Sample shipments for the Egbert, Ontario site (EGB181) are in groups of four. Samples associated with EGB181 are excluded from
this statistic.
'annual average
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Table 12 Filter Pack QC Summary for 2022
Reference
Sample1 Recovery (%R)
Continuing Calibration
Verification Samples (%R)
In-Run Replicate2
(RPD)
Filter Type
Parameter
Mean
Std. Dev.
CO
-I—»
C
3
O
O
Mean
Std. Dev.
CO
-I—»
C
3
O
O
Mean
Std. Dev.
CO
-I—»
C
3
O
O
Teflon
sot
102.18
0.99
265
101.12
1.59
740
1.06
0.88
310
no;
100.51
1.00
265
99.67
0.83
740
1.33
1.39
310
nh;
100.11
1.51
132
100.06
1.26
652
0.70
0.73
310
Ca2+
102.22
2.93
138
101.02
1.04
673
2.42
3.99
310
Mg2+
97.20
1.50
138
99.90
0.93
673
2.19
2.22
310
Na+
94.08
1.90
138
99.92
0.85
673
1.37
1.64
310
K+
94.89
1.38
138
99.90
0.75
673
2.54
2.85
310
CI"
99.94
1.10
265
102.12
1.33
740
1.79
2.09
310
Nylon
sot
102.21
1.40
151
100.99
1.47
648
5.95
4.74
303
no;
100.35
1.35
151
100.98
1.28
648
2.58
2.61
303
Cellulose
sof
101.75
1.08
184
100.87
1.49
652
1.45
1.59
295
Notes: % R = percent recovery
RPD = relative percent difference
1Results of reference sample analyses provide accuracy estimates
2Results of replicate analyses provide precision estimates
3Number of QC Samples
Table 13 Precision Results for Third Quarter 2021 through Second Quarter 2022
Quarter
so24
no;
nh;
Ca2+
hji 2+
Mg
Na +
K +
CI"
hno3
so2
Total
no3
MCK131/231, KY
2021 Q3
1.57
4.76
1.88
3.76
4.77
8.72
3.79
1.75
3.27
4.94
2.86
2021 Q4
5.03
11.08
4.85
10.90
12.19
10.09
9.77
15.21
7.03
11.41
6.94
2022 Q1
4.48
3.59
5.07
6.17
8.93
10.88
20.73
26.30
4.00
3.66
3.30
2022 Q2
1.34
5.05
1.95
4.78
5.44
2.99
6.40
2.00
2.89
6.57
3.19
Average
3.10
6.12
3.44
6.40
7.83
8.17
10.17
11.32
4.30
6.64
4.07
ROM406/206, CO
2021 Q3
2.30
8.03
3.35
4.05
5.83
5.71
7.98
7.63
6.81
6.43
5.81
2021 Q4
4.11
12.02
5.56
8.32
11.06
9.46
16.82
9.51
7.36
13.08
7.03
2022 Q1
9.23
14.42
17.42
18.71
18.07
10.28
18.75
6.33
11.12
12.46
10.69
2022 Q2
3.99
9.79
8.01
6.75
13.04
3.34
18.54
3.34
11.62
10.24
5.74
Average
4.91
11.06
8.59
9.46
12.00
7.20
15.52
6.70
9.23
10.55
7.32
Note: During first quarter 2022, the MARPD values met the 20 percent criterion except for K+ and CI" for MCK131/231. The average
concentration values were < 5 times the reporting limit and passed the ± reporting limit criterion.
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Table 14 Ozone QC Summary for Fourth Quarter 2022 (1 of 2)
% Single Single Zero
% Span Point QC Point QC % Zero Average
Site ID Pass1 Span |%D|2 Pass1 |%D|2 Pass1 (ppb)2
ABT147, CT
100.00
2.33
100.00
2.25
100.00
0.19
ALC188, TX
62.93
49.75
62.93
110.10
87.83
97.36
ALH157, IL
100.00
0.77
100.00
0.77
100.00
0.18
ANA115, Ml
100.00
1.70
100.00
1.22
100.00
0.15
ARE128, PA
100.00
0.41
100.00
0.60
100.00
0.29
ASH135, ME
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
BEL116, MD
100.00
0.64
100.00
0.68
100.00
0.49
BFT142, NC
100.00
3.26
100.00
3.71
100.00
0.20
BVL130, IL
100.00
1.90
97.89
2.11
100.00
0.71
BWR139, MD
100.00
1.40
100.00
1.64
100.00
0.47
CAD150, AR
100.00
1.84
100.00
2.48
100.00
0.35
CDR119, WV
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
CDZ171, KY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
CKT136, KY
100.00
0.47
100.00
0.66
100.00
0.10
CND125, NC
100.00
2.06
100.00
3.02
100.00
0.88
CNT169, WY
100.00
0.67
100.00
1.10
100.00
0.30
COW137, NC
100.00
0.60
100.00
1.21
100.00
0.45
CTH110, NY
100.00
0.84
100.00
1.07
100.00
0.17
CVL151, MS
100.00
0.62
100.00
1.02
100.00
0.21
DCP114, OH
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ESP127, TN
98.95
2.49
98.95
1.84
100.00
0.34
GAS153, GA
100.00
0.76
100.00
1.49
100.00
0.45
GTH161, CO
100.00
0.54
100.00
0.58
100.00
0.16
HOX148, Ml
100.00
0.84
100.00
0.87
100.00
0.18
HWF187, NY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
IRL141, FL
98.91
1.66
98.91
1.67
100.00
0.27
KEF112, PA
100.00
0.92
100.00
0.62
100.00
0.53
LRU 17, PA
100.00
0.99
100.00
0.74
100.00
0.34
MCK131, KY
98.94
0.72
100.00
0.71
100.00
0.17
MCK231, KY
100.00
0.72
100.00
0.66
100.00
0.20
MKG113, PA
100.00
0.60
100.00
0.75
100.00
0.28
NPT006, ID
88.78
6.60
88.78
5.23
88.78
0.87
OXF122, OH
100.00
0.94
100.00
0.83
100.00
0.22
PAL190, TX
100.00
1.15
100.00
1.04
100.00
0.18
PARI07, WV
100.00
0.71
100.00
0.87
100.00
0.22
PED108, VA
97.70
2.73
97.70
2.04
97.70
0.87
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Table 14 Ozone QC Summary for Fourth Quarter 2022 (2 of 2)
% Single Single Zero
% Span Point QC Point QC % Zero Average
Site ID Pass1 Span |%D|2 Pass1 |%D|2 Pass1 (ppb)2
PND165, WY
100.00
0.72
100.00
1.15
100.00
0.30
PNF126, NC
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PRK134, Wl
100.00
1.08
100.00
0.91
100.00
0.12
PSU106, PA
100.00
0.45
100.00
0.99
100.00
0.21
QAK172, OH
100.00
1.73
100.00
2.02
98.98
0.45
ROM206, CO
85.85
1352.10
86.54
11.57
96.15
1.47
SAL133, IN
100.00
0.68
100.00
0.53
100.00
0.23
SAN 189, NE
100.00
1.34
98.92
1.96
100.00
0.89
SND152, AL
100.00
2.61
100.00
2.96
100.00
0.27
SPD111.TN
100.00
1.06
100.00
1.60
100.00
0.22
STK138, IL
100.00
0.71
100.00
0.91
100.00
0.32
SUM156, FL
98.92
1.73
100.00
0.54
100.00
0.18
UMA009, WA
100.00
0.60
98.95
0.64
100.00
0.43
UVL124, Ml
100.00
1.88
100.00
1.04
100.00
0.50
VIN140, IN
100.00
0.38
100.00
0.58
100.00
0.11
VPI120, VA
100.00
0.58
98.96
0.83
97.92
0.28
WSP144, NJ
100.00
0.90
100.00
1.05
100.00
0.20
WST109, NH
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Notes: Percentage of comparisons that pass the criteria listed in Table 5. Values falling below 90 percent are addressed in Table 15.
2Absolute value of the average percent differences between the on-site transfer standard and the site monitor. Values exceeding the
criteria listed in Table 5 are addressed in Table 15.
%D = percent difference
ppb = parts per billion
Table 15 Ozone QC Observations for Fourth Quarter 2022
Site ID QC Criterion Comments
ALC188, TX
% Span Pass
Span |%D|
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
% Zero Pass
Zero Average
Several sampling system issues had to be addressed
following maintenance and replacement of the
analyzer in late October. Associated data were
invalidated.
NPT006, ID
% Span Pass
% Single Point QC Pass
% Zero Pass
Failures resulted from sampling system issues in late
October. Associated data were invalidated.
ROM206, CO
% Span Pass
Span |%D|
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
Failures resulted from malfunctioning analyzer
solenoid. Associated data were invalidated.
Note: %D = percent difference
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Table 16 Trace-level Gas QC Summary for Fourth Quarter 2022
Parameter
% Span
Pass1
Span |%D|2
% Single
Point QC
Pass1
Single Point
QC |%D|2
% Zero
Pass1
Zero
Average
(ppb)2
BVL130, IL
so2
100.00
1.75
100.00
1.73
100.00
0.34
NOy
88.24
6.23
64.71
13.20
64.15
1.73
CO
100.00
2.07
54.76
10.03
86.05
19.13
DUK008, NC
NOy
92.16
5.57
92.16
6.06
100.00
0.18
HWF187, NY
NOy
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PND165, WY
NOy
100.00
3.79
96.00
5.73
100.00
0.37
PNF126, NC
NOy
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ROM206, CO
NOy
100.00
1.93
100.00
0.65
100.00
0.17
Notes: Percentage of comparisons that pass the criteria listed in Table 6. Values falling below 90 percent are addressed in Table 17.
2Absolute value of the average percent differences between the supplied and observed concentrations. Values exceeding the criteria
listed in Table 6 are addressed in Table 17.
%D = percent difference
ppb = parts per billion
Table 17 Trace-level Gas QC Observations for Fourth Quarter 2022
Site ID
Parameter
QC Criterion
Comments
BVL130
NOy
% Span Pass
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
% Zero Pass
The converter and ozone generator
malfunctioned beginning in late October. Both
were replaced by early December. Associated
data were invalidated.
CO
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
% Zero Pass
The CO system was subject to intermittent
analyzer stability issues throughout the quarter.
Note: %D = percent difference
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Table 18 Summary of Filter Blanks for 2022 (1 of 2)
Parameter Name
Detection
Limit
Total |ag
Total
Number
Number >
Detection
Limit
Average
Total |ag
Average
Absolute
Deviation
Maximum
Total |ag
FIELD BLANKS
Teflon-NH+4-N
0.500
322
1
0.503
0.006
1.525
Teflon- N03-N
0.200
322
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Teflon- SO2"
1.000
322
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
CI"
0.500
322
1
0.501
0.001
0.700
Ca2+
0.150
322
3
0.151
0.001
0.258
Mg2+
0.075
322
0
0.075
0.000
0.075
Na +
0.125
322
0
0.125
0.000
0.125
K+
0.150
322
4
0.152
0.003
0.415
Nylon- NO3-N
0.200
346
2
0.200
0.001
0.295
Nylon - SO2"
1.000
346
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
Cellulose - SO2"
2.000
352
1
2.001
0.002
2.385
LABORATORY BLANKS
Teflon-NH+4-N
0.500
102
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Teflon- NO3-N
0.200
102
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Teflon- SO2"
1.000
102
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
CI"
0.500
102
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Ca2+
0.150
102
1
0.150
0.000
0.155
Mg2+
0.075
102
0
0.075
0.000
0.075
Na +
0.125
102
0
0.125
0.000
0.125
K+
0.150
102
0
0.150
0.000
0.150
Nylon- NO3-N
0.200
102
2
0.204
0.008
0.475
Nylon -SO2"
1.000
102
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
Cellulose -SO2"
2.000
104
0
2.000
0.000
2.000
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Table 18 Summary of Filter Blanks for 2022 (2 of 2)
Parameter Name
Detection
Limit
Total |ag
Total
Number
Number >
Detection
Limit
Average
Total |ag
Average
Absolute
Deviation
Maximum
Total |ag
METHOD BLANKS
Teflon-NH+4-N
0.500
66
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Teflon- N03-N
0.200
66
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Teflon- SO2"
1.000
66
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
CI"
0.500
66
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Ca2+
0.150
67
0
0.150
0.000
0.150
Mg2+
0.075
67
0
0.075
0.000
0.075
Na +
0.125
67
0
0.125
0.000
0.125
K+
0.150
67
0
0.150
0.000
0.150
Nylon- NO3-N
0.200
48
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Nylon -SO2"
1.000
48
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
Cellulose -SO2"
2.000
59
0
2.000
0.000
2.000
ACCEPTANCE TEST VALUES1
Teflon-NH+4-N
0.500
216
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Teflon- NO3-N
0.200
216
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Teflon- SO2"
1.000
216
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
CI"
0.500
216
0
0.500
0.000
0.500
Ca2+
0.150
216
0
0.150
0.000
0.150
Mg2+
0.075
216
0
0.075
0.000
0.075
Na +
0.125
216
0
0.125
0.000
0.125
K+
0.150
216
0
0.150
0.000
0.150
Nylon- NO3-N
0.200
220
0
0.200
0.000
0.200
Nylon -SO2"
1.000
220
0
1.000
0.000
1.000
Cellulose -SO2"
2.000
252
0
2.000
0.000
2.000
Note: 1Only filter batches passing QC requirements are used for sampling and analysis.
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Table 19 Filter Packs Flagged as Suspect or Invalid
Site ID
Sample
Reason
First Quarter 2022
CDR119, WV
2201001-12
2203001-12
A polling issue caused missing data. Additionally, the data logger
malfunctioned and was replaced on 1/25/2022.
NPT006, ID
2201004-04
Power failure
RED004, MN
2203004-05
Power failure
SHN418, VA
2201003-20
Power failure
STK138, IL
2204001-49
There was hole in the Teflon filter.
Second Quarter 2022
ASH135, ME
2216001-05
Power failure
BUF603, WY
2218005-02
The flow channel was offline for three days.
CDR119, WV
2215001-12
A power failure caused the mass flow controller to not communicate
with the data logger.
DEN417, AK
2216003-05
There was a leak in the flow system.
FOR605, WY
2217005-03
The flow pump malfunctioned.
JOT403, CA
2217003-12
Flow data were missing after the first four days of the sampling week.
MCK131, KY
2214001-32
A wet Teflon filter upon receipt indicated the filter pack was
compromised.
MCK231, KY
2214001-33
A wet Teflon filter upon receipt indicated the filter pack was
compromised.
NIC001, NY
2219001-35
Communications issue
ROM206, CO
2219001-45
Communications issue
Third Quarter 2022
BEL116, MD
2228001-06
Power failure
LAV410, CA
2228003-13
Power failure
PED108, VA
2229001-39
Power failure followed by a mass flow controller malfunction
QAK172, OH
2229001-44
Valid hourly flow < 75%
STK138, IL
2227001-49
Valid hourly flow < 75%
Fourth Quarter 2022
MKG113, PA
2241001-34
The mass flow controller malfunctioned in mid-October and was
2243001-34
replaced on 11/1/2022
SUM156, FL
2240001-50
The mass flow controller malfunctioned in early October and was
replaced on 10/18/2022
UVL124, Ml
2240001-52
The mass flow controller malfunctioned in early October and was
2241001-52
replaced on 11/1/2022
2242001-52
2243001-52
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CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Table 20 Field Problems Affecting Data Collection
Days to Resolution
Problem Count
First Quarter 2022
30
242
60
6
90
0
Unresolved by End of Quarter
3
Second Quarter 2022
30
245
60
18
90
2
Unresolved by End of Quarter
7
Third Quarter 2022
30
314
60
9
90
1
Unresolved by End of Quarter
10
Fourth Quarter 2022
30
205
60
15
90
3
Unresolved by Date of Publication
8
Note: Field problems affecting data quality during quarters 1 through 3 listed above are resolved
as of this publication.
Table 21 Field Calibration Failures by Parameter for 2022
Site ID
Parameter(s)
Quarter
BEL116, MD
Flow
Q3
CND125, NC
Flow
Q1
GAS153, GA
Flow
Q1
MKG113, PA
Flow
Q4
OXF122, OH
Temperature (zero, ambient)
Q3
RED004, MN
Flow
Q1, Q3
UVL124, Ml
Flow
Q4
VPI120, VA
Flow
Q1
Note: °C = degrees Celsius
Per CASTNET project protocols, data for all parameters except flow are flagged as "suspect" (S) but still
considered valid if the calibration criterion is not exceeded by more than its magnitude (i.e., if within two
times the criterion). If flow calibrations fall within two times the criterion, these data are adjusted per
approved protocol described in the CASTNET QAPP, (Wood, 2021; 2022). Please refer to Table 15 for
documentation of the QC failures affecting the validity of ozone data.
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Table 22 Accuracy Results for 2022 Field Measurements
Parameter
Percent Wthin Criterion
Flow Rate
92.3
Wind Speed < 5 m/s
100.0
Wind Speed > 5 m/s
100.0
Wnd Direction North
100.0
Wnd Direction South
100.0
Temperature (0°C)
100.0
Temperature (ambient)
97.5
Delta Temperature (0°C)
98.3
Delta Temperature (ambient)
100.0
Relative Humidity
100.0
Precipitation
100.0
Solar Radiation
100.0
Wetness (w/in 0.5 volts)
100.0
Notes: °C = degrees Celsius
m/s = meters per second
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CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 1 Reference Standard Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 2 Continuing Calibration Spike Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 3 Replicate Sample Analysis Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (percent difference)
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 4 Percent Completeness of Measurements for Second Quarter 2019 through Third Quarter 2022*
Average for Continuous Measurements
Wetness
Scalar Wind Speed
Flow Rate
Sigma Theta
Wind Direction
Vector Wnd Speed
Precipitation
Ozone
Solar Radiation
Relative Humidity
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 5 Laboratory Control Sample Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 6 Method Blank Analysis Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 7 Laboratory Blank Analysis Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - Fourth Quarter 2022 with 2022 Annual Summary
Figure 8 Field Blank Analysis Results for Fourth Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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