Publications that Cite EPA's CO-Benefits Risk Assessment (COBRA) Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article February 2019 Nevada, United States Used COBRA to evaluate the health impacts of transitioning from diesel to CNG buses in Clark County, NV. Estimated $0.98-2.48 billion per year in health benefits, 114-258 premature deaths, and >5000 avoided respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses. https://www. mdoi.com/16 60-4601/16/5/720 Olawepo, John 0., and L-W. Antony Chen. "Health Benefits from Upgrading Public Buses for Cleaner Air: A Case Study of Clark County, Nevada and the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 720. Article December 2018 United States Used COBRA to estimate health impacts of rolling back environmental regulations on coal-fired power plants. Estimated 17,000- 39,000 increased mortalities per year. Compared impacts by voting patterns in 2016 election. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S03 0142151830627X Thomson, Vivian, Kelsey Huelsman, and Dominique Ong. "Coal-fired power plant regulatory rollback in the United States: Implications for local and regional public health." Energy Policy: 123: 558-568 (2018). Article September 2018 United States Used COBRA to evaluate the health impacts of electricity capacity expansion models to incorporate the health impacts into optimization of electricity planning. Estimated $1013 billion in societal costs. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/abs/pii /S0360544218317584 Rodgers, Mark D., David W. Coit, Frank A. Felder, and Annmarie Carlton. "Generation expansion planning considering health and societal damages-A simulation-based optimization approach." Energy 164 (2018): 951-963. Report July 2018 United States Used COBRA to evaluate the health impacts of electricity capacity expansion models to incorporate the health impacts into optimization of electricity planning. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/SOO 38012117302823 Rodgers, Mark, David Coit, Frank Felder, and Annmarie Carlton. "Assessing the effects of power grid expansion on human health externalities." (2018). Report July 2018 United States Added functionality similar to COBRA to Engineering, Economic, and Environmental Electricity Simulation Tool (E4ST). The authors met with Abt Associates to understand the functionality of COBRA, including the S-R Matrix and atmospheric chemistry. Estimated 352-815 premature deaths from additional emissions compared to 24-53 premature deaths when other nuclear power policies are implemented. h tt p: //www. rff. o rg/f i 1 e s/d o cument/file/RFF%20WP%20 18-18.pdf Shawhan, Daniel, and Paul Picciano. "Retirements and Funerals: The Emission, Mortality, and Coal-Mine Employment Effects of a Two-Year Delay in Coal and Nuclear Power Plant Retirements." (2018) www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 1 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article March 2018 United States Used COBRA to estimate the projected health effects for the average reduction in S02 and NOx in 2025 from a $25 carbon tax. Results are on the order of 3,500-8,000 avoided cases of premature mortality and 90,000 avoided cases of exacerbated asthma. This corresponds roughly to a monetized value of $31-71 billion in health benefits (3% discount rate), with the bulk of the benefits accruing in the upper Midwest and East Coast. https://www.worldscientific .com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S201 0007818400031 Barron, Alexander R., Allen A. Fawcett, Marc AC Hafstead, James R. McFarland, and Adele C. Morris. "Policy insights from the EMF 32 study on US carbon tax scenarios." Climate Change Economics 9, no. 01 (2018): 1840003. Report March 2018 United States Listed and described in "Methodologies for Calculating the Damage per Unit of Emissions for Pollutants that Depend on Time and Location" section. Estimated the dollar value per MWh of S02 ($52-171), NOx ($3-12), and PM2 5($7-22) and the value of avoided emissions from two natural gas power plants ($30-40/MWh). http://policvintegritv.org/fil es/publications/Valuing Pol lution Reductions.pdf Shrader, Jeffrey, Burcin Unel, and Avi Zevin. "Valuing Pollution Reductions." (2018). Report February 2018 United States Analyzed the health impacts of a hypothetical 15% reduction in energy consumption nationwide. Used AVERT to estimate emission reductions and COBRA to find avoided health harms per capita in states and cities with the highest being $184/per capita in West Virginia and $210/per capita in Pittsburgh. Also found the avoided costs of adult mortality, nonfatal heart attacks, minor restricted-activity days, infant mortality, lost work days, and respiratory-related symptoms totaling $630,431,926. http://efficiencyforall.Org/w ordpress/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/h 1801.pdf Hayes, S. and Kubes, C., Saving Energy, Saving Lives. (2018). www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 2 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article February 2018 United States Analyzed the general equilibrium costs of climate policies that levy taxes on carbon dioxide (C02) emissions in the United States and return the revenue in the form of lump-sum rebates and tax relief over the years 2020 to 2040 using the US regional version of the Applied Dynamic Analysis of the Global Economy (ADAGE-US) forward-looking dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Used COBRA to approximate the value of co- benefits to these policies that arise from concomitant reductions in non-greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Found co-benefits per housing including PM2.5 co- benefits ($547-1234), avoided mortality ($539-1217), and avoided morbidity ($3-12). https://www.worldscientific ,com/doi/abs/10.1142/S201 0007818400067 Woollacott, Jared. "The economic costs and co-benefits of carbon taxation: A general equilibrium assessment." Climate Change Economics 9, no. 01 (2018): 1840006. Environ- mental Impact Statement February 2018 New York, United States Used COBRA to estimate how the emission reductions from implementation of 2,400 MW of off- shore wind energy in New York State would affect ambient air quality and adverse health impacts throughout the coastal region. Found that the implementation of 2,400 MW of offshore wind energy would result in 8 to 18 fewer premature deaths annually and would avoid multiple adverse health outcomes in 2030 across the northeast United States. https://tethvs. pnnl.gov/pub lications/draft-generic- environmental-impact- statement-procurement- offshore-wind New York State Department of Public Service and Ecology and Environment, Inc. "Draft Generic Environmental Impact Statement for Procurement of Offshore Wind" (2018). Report January 2018 New York, United States Used COBRA to estimate how the emission reductions from implementation of 2,400 MW of off- shore wind energy in New York State would affect ambient air quality and adverse health impacts throughout the coastal region. Found that the implementation of 2,400 MW of offshore wind energy would result in 8 to 18 fewer premature deaths annually and would avoid multiple adverse health outcomes in 2030 across the northeast United States. https://www.nvserda.nv.eo v/AII- Programs/Programs/Offsho re-Wind/Offshore-Wind-in- New-York-State- Overview/NYS-Offshore- Wind-Master-Plan New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. "New York State Offshore Wind Master Plan: Charting a Course to 2,400 Megawatts of Offshore Wind Energy" (January 2018). www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 3 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Public Comments January 2018 United States Used results from COBRA in developing public comments on the proposed Glider Vehicles Rule to estimate the potential public health impacts that could occur should glider vehicles go unregulated. Found that controlling emissions of these vehicles would reduce 70-160 premature deaths and generate $0.3-1.1 billion worth of health benefits. https://www. edf.org/sites/ default/files/content/Appe ndix%20B%20- %20Emission%20and%20He alth%20Effects%20of%20Gli der%20Vehicles.pdf Environmental Defense Fund Comment on EPA Proposed Glider Vehicles Rule, Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0827. "Appendix B: Potential Emission and Health Impacts of Glider Kits" (Submitted January 5, 2018). Report December 2017 Virginia, United States Used to analyze the effects of whether Virginia linked to RGGI and established its C02 Budget Trading Program. The EPA used two sets of assumptions: the RGGI Scenario and the Virginia (VA) Scenario. Found that the RGGI Scenario would reduce mortality 5.3-12 by 2029 and the VA Scenario would reduce mortality 4.4-10 by 2029. http://townhall.virginia.gov /L/GetFile.cfm?File=C:%5CT ownHall%5Cdocroot%5Cl% 5C4818°/o5C8130%5CEIA D EQ 8130 v2.pdf Virginia Department of Planning and Budget, Economic Impact Analysis (2017). Article November 2017 Ohio, United States Used to estimate the economic value of health effects under various scenarios of opting out of energy efficiency programs. Found the increase health costs of opting out are $564-$1.3 billion in Ohio and $4.1-9.3 billion in the greater region. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/SlO 40619017302440 Baatz, Brendon, Grace Relf, and Meegan Kelly. "Consequences of large customer opt-out: An Ohio example" The Electricity Journal Report October 2017 United States Used to calculate avoidable health care costs for acute myocardial infarctions, other cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and respiratory conditions to measure the benefits of urban tree planting. Found that the avoidable annual health care costs could be $13.2 million and work loss costs could be $11.9 million (12.5 percent of the estimated annual costs for tree planning and maintenance). https://global.nature.org/co ntent/funding-trees-for- health The Nature Conservancy. McDonald, R., Aljabar, L, Aubuchon, C., Birnbaum, H., Chadler, C., Toomey, B., Daley, J., Jimenez, W., Trieschman, E., Paque, J., Zeiper, M. "Funding Trees for Health: An Analysis of Finance and Policy Actions to Enable Tree Planting for Public Health." October 2017. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 4 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article August 2017 United States Used COBRA to estimate the value of reductions to the pollutants S02, NOx, and PM2.5, as part of use a suite of models also including EASIUR, the impact factor model developed in Penn et al. and Levy et al., Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy analysis model (AP2, formerly APEEP: Muller et al.), and EPA RIA benefits per-tonne estimates. Found cumulative benefits of $29.7-112.8 billion from 3000- 12,700 avoided premature mortalities. https://www. nature.com/ar ticles/nenergv2017134 Millstein, Dev, Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, and Galen Barbose. "The climate and air- quality benefits of wind and solar power in the United States," Nature Energy 6. August 2017. Disserta- tion August 2017 United States Used COBRA to estimate the estimate of air-pollution costs by modes of transportation. Found human health externality unit costs to be $0.57/vehicle mile traveled and $0.91/passenger mile traveled. http://tigerprints.clemson.e du/all dissertations/2018/ Sun, Jianan. "External Economic Costs of Intelligent Urban Transportation Systems: A Method to Evaluate the Externalities of Comparative Technology Adoption Pathways in the Urban Mobility Service sector." Clemson University, PhD Thesis. August 2017. Report June 2017 Ohio, United States Used COBRA to estimate the economic value of health effects under various scenarios of opting out of energy efficiency programs. Found the increase health costs of opting out are $564-$1.3 billion in Ohio and $4.1-9.3 billion in the greater region. https://aceee.org/sites/def Baatz, Brendon, Grace Relf, and Meegan Kelly. "Large Customer Opt-Out: An Ohio Example." American Council for an Energy- Efficient Economy, Report U1706. June 2017. ault/files/publications/rese archreports/u 1706.pdf Disserta- tion June 2017 Michigan, United States Used COBRA to estimate the health impacts from reductions in S02 and NOx due to energy savings from light programs in Michigan. Found benefits from avoided pollutants to be $36-81 million. http://scholarworks.wmich. edu/dissertations/3145/ Amough, Teryila Ephraim. "A Meta- Analysis of Energy Savings from Lighting Programs in Michigan." Western Michigan University, PhD Thesis. June 2017. Article April 2017 N/A Compared InMAP outputs to outputs from WRF- Chem and COBRA. Found that COBRA performs similarly to InMAP but not as much spatial detail as WRF-Chem. http://iournals.plos.org/plo sone/article?id=10.1371/io urnal.pone.0176131 Tessum, C. W., Hill, J. D., and Marshall, J. D. "InMAP: A model for air pollution interventions." PloS one. April 2017. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 5 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report January 2017 United States Does not use COBRA, but explains that this inventory of emissions from agriculture and livestock could be coupled with an air quality screening tool such as COBRA to evaluate potential changes in human health from changes in emissions concentrations. https://enerev.eov/sites/pr od/files/2017/02/f34/2016 billion ton report volume 2 chapter 9.pdf U.S. Department of Energy. January 2017. 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy, Volume 2: Environmental Sustainability Effects of Select Scenarios from Volume 1. R.A. Efroymson, M.H. Langholtz, K.E. Johnson, and B.J. Stokes (Leads), ORNL/TM-2016/727. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Report January 2017 United States Used COBRA to estimate how changes in NOx and S02 affect ambient PM2.5. Found the health impacts of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative to be 300- 830 lives saved, 8,200 asthma attacks avoided, 39,000 lost work days avoided, and $5.7 billion in health savings and other benefits. https://www.abtassociates. com/insiehts/publications/r eport/analvsis-of-the- public-health-impacts-of- the-reeional-ereenhouse- gas Abt Associates (2017). Analysis of the Public Health Impacts of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. Working Paper November 2016 United States Analyzed COBRA as a tool to measure the impacts of energy efficiency in buildings. Found that COBRA had an interactive approach, with a policy scope, was used at the design stage of policy, and had a targeting city focus. http://www.sustainablesids .ore/wp- content/uploads/2016/12/ UNEP-Tools-Enerev- Efficient-Buildines-2016.pdf Petrichenko, K., Aden, N., & Tsakiris, A. (2016). Tools for Energy Efficiency in Buildings. A Guide for policy-makers and experts. Working paper, C2E2, Copenhagen and WRI, Washington DC For further information or to provide feedback, please contact Ksenia Petrichenko. Article September 2016 United States Used COBRA to calculate reduced morbidity and mortality outcomes and total monetary value from net emissions changes due to state RPS programs. Found reduced air pollution provide $5.2 billion in health and environmental benefits. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S030 1421516303408 Barbose, Galen, et al. "A retrospective analysis of benefits and impacts of US renewable portfolio standards." Energy Policy 96 (2016): 645-660. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 6 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Working Paper September 2016 N/A Referenced COBRA as "an example of a framework for air quality improvements that can be used to quantify changes in air quality and the resulting calculated health outcomes in both epidemiological and monetary terms. COBRA as well as other work from the US EPA suggests that measures for producing both local air quality and associated GHG co-benefits offer compelling value for health and wellbeing that can be pursued irrespective of a climate change agenda. As understanding grows and data become more readily available, frameworks and analyses can consider additional co-benefits such as ecosystem benefits or avoided material damages, as well as potential economic opportunities to develop and deploy innovative clean technologies (US EPA 2004)." http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/688 76/1/Cobenefits Of Urban Climate Action.pdf Floater, Graham, et al. "Co-benefits of urban climate action: a framework for cities." (2016). Article September 2016 N/A Analyzed COBRA as part of a survey of tools to measure ambient air pollution health risks. This paper discusses the differences between tools for factors such as information source, format, and technical complexity. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.g ov/pubmed/26742852 Anenberg, Susan C., Anna Belova, J0rgen Brandt, Neal Fann, Sue Greco, Sarath Guttikunda, Marie-Eve Heroux et al. "Survey of ambient air pollution health risk assessment tools." Risk Analysis (2015). Article July 2016 United States Used COBRA to analyze the social costs of PM2.5 pollution in 3,000 U.S. counties. Found the marginal social costs for S02 ($104/t), NOx ($103-104/t) and NH3 ($103 5-1045/t). http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S135 2231016303090 Heo, J., Adams, P. J., & Gao, H. 0. (2016). Reduced-form modeling of public health impacts of inorganic PM 2.5 and precursor emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 137, 80-89. Report July 2016 Ohio, United States COBRA was used to model health impacts from each power plant in Ohio using estimated primary PM2.5 and historic NOx and S02 emissions. Found that PM2.s emissions from power plants account for 940- 2130 premature deaths/year and Clean Power Plan implementation would reduce health burdens $8.1- 18.2 billion. https://www.psehealthven ergy.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/04/C PP.OH l.pdf PSE Healthy Energy. The Clean Power Plan in Ohio: Analyzing power generation for health and equity. July 2016. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 7 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report July 2016 Pennsylvania , United States COBRA was used to model health impacts from each power plant in Pennsylvania using estimated primary PM2.5 and historic NOx and S02 emissions. Found that power plant emissions contribute to 1,000-2,300 premature deaths and the Clean Power Plan would reduce health burdens $8.9-20 billion. https://www.psehealthven ergv.org/our- work/publications/archive/ our-air-health-and-eauitv- impacts-of-pennsvlvanias- power-plants/ PSE Healthy Energy. The Clean Power Plan in Pennsylvania: Analyzing power generation for health and equity. July 2016. Report June 2016 California, United States COBRA was used to estimate the health effects from reduced S02 or NOx emissions resultant from the California Energy Commission's 2016 proposed efficiency standards for computers, computer monitors, and signage displays. Estimated health benefits to be $4.7-10.6 million from 2018-2030. http://www.dof.ca.gov/For ecasting/Economics/Maior Regulations/Maior Regulati ons Table/documents/SRIA APPEFF 2016 All.pdf Roland-Host, David; Evans, Samuel; Han Springer, Cecilia; Emmer, Tessa; Prepared for California Energy Commission. "Standardized Regulatory Impact Assessment: Computers, Computer Monitors, and Signage Displays." June 2016. Article May 2016 United States Used COBRA as part of a reduced-form model to estimate the mortality costs per tonne of PM2.5 inorganic air pollution. Estimated the aggregate social costs to be $1.0 trillion. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs /10.1021/acs.est.5b06125 Heo, J., Adams, P. J., & Gao, H. 0. (2016). Public Health Costs of Primary PM2. 5 and Inorganic PM2. 5 Precursor Emissions in the United States. Environmental science & technology, 50(11), 6061-6070. Public Comments May 2016 District of Columbia, United States COBRA was used to estimate the effect of reduced air pollution on premature deaths and economic growth due to improved health outcomes. Found clean energy measures will prevent 27-60 premature deaths and increase regional economic growth by $253-572 million from better health outcomes. http://chesapeakeclimate.o rg/wp/wp- content/uploads/2016/05/C CAN B21- 0650 testimony DC- RPS.pdf Chesapeake Climate Action Network. Comments on B21-0650- Renewable Portfolio Standard Expansion Amendment Act of 2016. Article May 2016 United States COBRA was used to quantify the health and economic impacts of extra NOx emissions attributable to non- compliant Volkswagen vehicles in the U.S. Found extra NOx emissions for one year equal 5-50 premature deaths, 247-1061 episodes of respiratory symptoms, 3-14 cardiovascular hospital emissions, 3- 13 emergency asthma visits, 687-17,526 work days with restricted activity, and economic costs of $43,479-432,268,502. http://www.mdpi.com/166 0-4601/13/9/891/html Hou, Lifang; Zhang, Kai; Luthin, Moira A.; Baccarelli, Andrea A. (2016). Public Health Impact and Economic Costs of Volkswagen's Lack of Compliance with the United States' Emission Standards. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 13(9): 891. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 8 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report May 2016 United States COBRA was used to estimate air quality benefits of the 20 GW of solar power installed by the end of 2014 by region or state. Found emissions reductions would result in $420-1,590 million per year in benefits, higher in regions with high population densities and greater power-sector emissions (e.g., Great-Lakes-Mid-Atlantic). https://www. nrel.gov/docs/ fvl6osti/65628.pdf Wiser, Ryan, Trieu Mai, Dev Millstein, Jordan Macknick, Alberta Carpenter, Stuart Cohen, Wesley Cole, Bethany Frew, and Garvin Heath. On the Path to Sunshot: The Environmental and Public Health Benefits of Achieving High Penetrations of Solar Energy in the United States. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Powered by SunShot U.S. Department of Energy. May 2016. Report January 2016 United States Used COBRA to calculate reduced morbidity and mortality outcomes and total monetary value from net emission changes. Found health and environmental benefits (primarily from S02, NOx, and PM2.5 reductions) to be between $4-10 billion. Additional benefits include avoiding 160-290 emergency room visits for asthma, 195-310 hospital emissions for respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms, 40-560 non-fatal heart attacks and 38,000-64,000 lost work days. https://emp. Ibl.gov/sites/all /files/lbnl-1003961.pdf U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) January 2016 "A Retrospective Analysis of the Benefits and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards, released January 2016" https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl- 1003961.pdf Report January 2016 United States COBRA was used to calculate reduced morbidity and mortality outcomes and total monetary value from net emissions changes due to state RPS programs. Found health and environmental benefits (primarily from S02, NOx, and PM2.5 reductions) to be between $4-10 billion. Additional benefits include avoiding 160-290 emergency room visits for asthma, 195-310 hospital emissions for respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms, 40-560 non-fatal heart attacks and 38,000-64,000 lost work days. http://www.nrel.g0v/d0cs/f vl6osti/65005.pdf Wiser, R., G. Barbose, J. Heeter, T. Mai, L. Bird, M. Bolinger, A. Carpenter, G. Heath, D. Keyser, J. Macknick, A. Mills, and D. Millstein. 2016. A Retrospective Analysis of the Benefits and Impacts of U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP- 6A20-65005. Conference proceeding November 2015 United States COBRA was used to estimate the health co-benefits from different scenarios of renewable energy deployment in the United States by converting changes in air pollutant emissions to changes population health outcomes. https://apha.confex.com/ap ha/143am/webprogram/Pa per336283.html Bast, E. (2015, November). Analyzing the health co-benefits of renewable energy deployment in the United States. In 2015 APHA Annual Meeting & Expo (Oct. 31- Nov. 4, 2015). APHA. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 9 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article September 2015 Utah, United States Used COBRA to estimate the benefits associated with a seasonal gas tax to reduce vehicle trips in Cache Valley, Utah. Estimated the total health benefit to be $782,750. http://link. springer, com/art icle/10.1007/sl0640-015- 9968-z Moscardini, Leo and Arthur J. Caplan (2015) "Controlling Episodic Air Pollution with a Seasonal Gas Tax: The Case of Cache Valley, Utah." Environmental and Resource Economics White Paper July 2015 New York, United States COBRA was used to estimate the marginal cost in health effects of S02 or NOx emissions. The authors ran a scenario for each pollutant by specifying a reduction of a fixed amount of emissions from the COBRA control case for electricity generating units in NY. Found the dollar/MWh value for S02, NOx, and C02 for 2017-2035. 2035 estimates are $42-78/MWh. http://www3.dps.nv.eov/vv /PSCWeb.nsf/96f0fec0b45a 3c6485257688006a701a/26 be8a93967e604785257cc40 066b91a/$FILE/Staff BCA Whitepaper Final.pdf New York Department of Public Service. Staff White Paper on Benefit-Cost Analysis in the Reforming Energy Vision Proceeding (14-M-0101). July 2015. Article March 2015 N/A References COBRA as a computational tool to evaluate energy policy and planning alternatives in order to determine which scenarios are most likely to meet climate and energy goals. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S221 4629614001364 Bridges, A.; Felder, F.A.; McKelvey, K.; Niyogi, 1. (2015). Uncertainty in energy planning: Estimating the health impacts of air pollution from fossil fuel electricity generation. Energy Research & Social Science 6, 74-77. Report February 2015 California, United States Used COBRA model for the Energy Commission's first "Standardized Regulator Impact Assessment" for appliance efficiency standards division. Estimated proposed standards would avoid $1.0-2.3 million in health impacts in the first year. By 2025, the range increases to $5.8 -14.8 million. https://efiling.enerev.ca.go v/Lists/DocketLog.aspx?doc ketnumber=15-AAER-01 REVISED STANDARDIZED REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF 2014 PROPOSED APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS: Regulations for Toilets, Urinals, Faucets, Dimming Ballasts, Air Filters, and Heat- Pump Water-Chilling Packages Book January 2015 N/A COBRA was used to value the avoided health impacts from the reduction in air quality pollutants from electric drive vehicles. http://www.routledge.com/ books/details/97811388111 02/ Link, A.N., O'Connor, A.C., & Scott, T.J. (2015). Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles: Public Science and Private Innovation. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Article January 2015 N/A Results from InMAP, a comprehensive air quality model for estimating the air pollution health impacts of emission reductions and other potential interventions, were compared against COBRA because it is an existing reduced-form model. http://www.geosci-model- dev- discuss.net/8/9281/2015/g mdd-8-9281-2015.pdf C. W. Tessum, J. D. Hill, and J. D. Marshall. (2015). InMAP: a new model for air pollution interventions. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 8, 9281-9321. Doi: 10.5194/gmdd-8-9281-2015. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 10 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Working Paper November 2014 N/A Explained COBRA's use in calculating morbidity endpoints including mortality, chronic bronchitis, non-fatal heart attaches, respiratory hospital admissions, and acute bronchitis, among others. http://www. theicct.org/site s/default/files/publications/ ICCT morbidities 20141112 .pdf Chambliss, S. et al. (2014). Morbidities Calculation: Guidelines and Walkthrough. The International Council on Clean Transportation. Working Paper 2014-10. Working Paper November 2014 United States Used COBRA to measure the health impacts from current electricity generation infrastructure. S02 and NOx pollutant were expected to add $125 billion to health care costs in 2013, leading to 18,000 premature deaths, 27,000 cases of acute bronchitis, 240,000 episodes of respiratory distress, and 2.3 million lost work days. https://www.edf.org/sites/ default/files/edf laitner- mcdonnell-energv- efficiencv-as-a-pollution- control-technologv.pdf Laitner, J.A.; McDonnell, M.T. (2014). Energy Efficiency as a Pollution Control Technology and a Net Job Creator under Section 111(d) Carbon Pollution Standards for Existing Power Plants. Working paper prepared for the Environmental Defense Fund. Report August 2014 United States Used COBRA to evaluate the health impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy research and development programs. Found avoided incidences and monetary benefits of adult and infant mortality, heart attacks, hospital admissions, respiratory symptoms, and work loss days, resulting in $17.7- 45.2 million in benefits. https://energv.gov/sites/pr od/files/2015/05/f22/evalu ating realized rd mpacts 9-22-14.pdf O'Connor, Alan C., and Ross J. Loomis. "Evaluating Realized Impacts of DOE/EERE R&D Programs." (2014). Report April 2014 United States Used COBRA to measure the health impacts of four state policies to improve energy efficiency. Found ACEEE scenario would avoid over 147,000 asthma attacks, 5000 premature deaths, and $100 million due to lost work days. http://climateandenergv.or g/resources/ACEEEllldrole ofefficiencv.pdf American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. (2014). Change Is in the Air: How States Can Harness Energy Efficiency to Strengthen the Economy and Reduce Pollution. Master's Thesis January 2014 Utah, United States COBRA was used to estimate Cache County's potential public health savings from a seasonal gas tax. Found benefits to be $479,403-1,086,075. http://digitalcommons.usu. edu/etd/3870 Moscardini, Leo A., "Estimating the Effectiveness of a Seasonal Gas Tax for Controlling Episodic PM2.5 Concentrations in Cache County, Utah" (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3870. Report December 2013 United States Used COBRA to quantify and monetize the value of changes in the incidence of avoided adverse health events associated with emissions reductions. Found avoided incidences and economic value for mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular measures, and work loss days, total $1.76-45.2 million. https://wwwl.eere. energv. gov/analvsis/pdfs/2013 bca vto edvs.pdf Link, Albert N., et al. "Benefit-Cost Evaluation of US DOE Investment in Energy Storage Technologies for Hybrid and Electric Cars and Trucks." (2013). www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 11 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article February 2013 California and Idaho, United States Used COBRA to calculate the benefits of wind energy derived from two locations: a 580 MW wind farm at Altamont Pass, CA, and a 22 MW wind farm in Sawtooth, ID. The turbines in CA will likely avoid $560 million-$4.38 billion in health costs and the ID turbines will likely avoid $18-104 million. https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S03 0142151200969X McCubbin, D. and Sovacool, B.K. (2013). Quantifying the health and environmental benefits of wind power to natural gas. Energy Policy 53, 429-441. Book January 2013 N/A Analyzed COBRA as a tool for program evaluation to discuss the many factors that affect the utility of each technique and how that impacts the technological, economic and societal forecasts of the programs in question. https://www.e- elgar.com/shop/handbook- on-the-theorv-and-practice- of-program-evaluation O'Connor, A. et al. "Estimating avoided environmental emissions and environmental health benefits" Chapter 9, Handbook on the Theory and Practice of Program Evaluation (2013): 247. Article November 2012 United States "In this example, the original air quality modeling entailed a significant investment of time and resources, but the resulting benefit per ton estimates enable analysts to quickly estimate benefits. In other approaches, a simplified air quality model is developed based on the responsiveness of ambient pollutant levels to changing emissions. These source- receptor relationships are then used to calculate health impacts and benefits. Though the development of the air quality model is resource intensive, its subsequent application to various policy scenarios is not." Found the value of reducing directly emitted PM25 and PM2 5 ranges between approximately $1300 for reducing a ton of NOx from Ocean-Going Vessels to about $450,000 for reducing a ton of directly emitted PM25 from Iron and Steel facilities. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S016 0412012001985 Fann, N., Baker, K. R., & Fulcher, C. M. (2012). Characterizing the PM 2.5-related health benefits of emission reductions for 17 industrial, area and mobile emission sectors across the US. Environment international, 49,141-151. Working Paper July 2012 North Carolina, United States Used COBRA to determine the portion of Clean Smokestacks emissions reduction benefits realized in North Carolina under the Clean Smokestacks Act. Found mortality benefits from reduced S02 emissions to equal $6.365-$16.032 million. http://nicholasinstitute.duk e.edu/climate/policvdesign/ benefits-of-earlv-state- action-in-environmental- regulation-of-electric- utilities/ Hoppock, David, et al. "Benefits of early state action in environmental regulation of electric utilities: North Carolina's clean smokestacks act." Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University: Durham, NC (2012). www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 12 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article January 2012 California, United States Used COBRA to estimate the health impacts of plug- in electric vehicles in California. Estimated the value of benefits at $750 to $1,500 per vehicle in an expected PEV penetration scenario and $1,000 to $2,500 per vehicle in an aggressive penetration scenario. https://iournals.sagepub.co m/doi/10.3141/2287-19 Witt, M. et al. (2012). Plug-in Vehicles in California: Review of Current Policies, PEV- Related Emissions Reductions for 2020, and Policy Outlook. Book January 2012 N/A Used COBRA to measure the health impacts from decreases PM2.5, S02, and NOx from public investments in energy technologies. Found adverse health incidences to be $90,500 (on-grid centralized systems), $11.8 million (grid-connected distributed systems), and $28.7 million (off-grid systems). https://www.e- elgar.com/shop/public- investments-in-energv- technologv Gallaher, Michael P., Albert N. Link, and Alan O'Connor. Public Investments in Energy Technology. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012. Article November 2011 United States Used COBRA to estimate the health benefits of wind power. The turbines in CA will likely avoid $560 million-$4.38 billion in health costs and the ID turbines will likely avoid $18-104 million. http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S104 0619011002351 McCubbin, Donald, and Benjamin K. Sovacool. "The hidden factors that make wind energy cheaper than natural gas in the United States." The Electricity Journal 24.9 (2011): 84-95. Book January 2011 United States Used COBRA to estimate the health costs of air pollution by mode of transportation including road, rail, air, and water. Estimated air-pollution costs by road (LDVG: 0.91(£/pmt; HDVD: <£l.55/tm), rail ((£0.35/tm), air ((£0.39/pmt; (£l.88/tm) and water (<£l.74/tm). https://escholarship.org/uc /item/13n8v8ga Delucchi, Mark, and Don McCubbin. "External costs of transport in the United States." Chapter 15 in A Handbook of Transport Economics (2011): 341. Report August 2010 United States Used COBRA to calculate the health benefits of reductions in air pollutants resulting from using PV systems rather than the next best technology alternative for electricity production. Estimated environmental health benefits to be to be $237 million. https://energv.gov/sites/pr od/files/2015/05/f22/solar pv.pdf O'Connor, Alan C., Ross J. Loomis, and Fern M. Braun. "Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of DOE Investment in Photovoltaic Energy Systems." RTI International (2010). www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 13 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report August 2010 United States RTI International (2010): RTI, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), estimated health benefits associated with two types of geothermal technologies in which DOE has invested using COBRA. The study calculated a net reduction in PM, NOx, and S02 associated with geothermal energy produced by geothermal plants that otherwise would have been produced by fossil fuel plants. Total environmental health benefits are estimated to be $155.7 million. https://www.enerev.eov/sit es/prod/files/2014/02/f7/et p benefit- cost eval aue2010.pdf Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. DOE Geothermal Technologies R&D Program Investments: Impacts of a Cluster of Energy Technologies Report June 2010 United States Used COBRA to quantify and monetize the value of changes in the incidence of avoided adverse health events associated with emissions reductions from electric vehicle investments. Found $1,107,053 in avoided mortality and health care incidents. https://wwwl.eere. enerev. eov/analvsis/pdfs/wind be reportl0-14-10.pdf Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. DOE Wind Energy Program: Impact of Selected Energy Technology Investments Report May 2010 United States "Health benefits associated with reduced diesel fuel consumption and reduced NOx, PM, and Sox emissions are quantified in monetary terms using the COBRA." Found $53.7 million in health benefits from reduce environmental emissions. https://wwwl.eere. enerev. eov/analvsis/pdfs/advanced combustion report.pdf May 2010 - USDOE EERE Prepared by Albert Link, UNC at Greensboro Dept of Economics, Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of US DOE Vehicle Combustion Engine R&D Investments: Impacts of a Cluster of Energy Technologies Report May 2010 Utah, United States Mentions COBRA as an option for estimating the co- benefits of emissions reductions from energy efficiency and renewable energy. Found mortality benefits to be $7.39-7.79/MWh and mobility benefits to be $0.48/MWh. http://www.svnapse- enerev.com/sites/default/fil es/SvnapseReport.2010- 05. UT-EO. Utah-Co- Benefits.08-064.pdf Fisher, Jeremy, et al. "Co-Benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Utah." Synapse Energy Economics (2010). Report January 2010 Iowa, United States Physicians for Social Responsibility, a non-profit organization, used COBRA to estimate the health benefits of a scenario in which the percentage of Iowa's electricity generation derived from coal was reduced from its current level of 72% to the national average of 47%. Health benefits totaled $71.8 million, of which 92.1% were derived from reduced mortality https://iowaenvironmentalf ocus.org/tae/iowa-coal- health-a-preliminary- mappine-studv/ Iowa Coal & Health: A Preliminary Mapping Study www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 14 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article January 2010 United States "To estimate health effects from changes in air pollution emissions attributed to the program cluster evaluated, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) COBRA model (Co-Benefits Risk Assessment Model, described in US EPA [6]) is used. To apply COBRA, it is necessary to enter the estimated changes in air emissions of particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the model. Because not all air pollutants are taken into account by the model, the results obtained from using COBRA for the analysis is taken as a lower bound estimate of impact of health effects and their economic value. Table 2 shows the health effects included in COBRA, by type of effect. The model provides estimates of the incidence of each type of effect and related healthcare costs. https://www. witoress.com/ Secure/elibrarv/oapers/EEl A10/EE IA10009FUl.pdf Ruegg, R. T., and G. B. Jordan. "New benefit-cost methodology for evaluating renewable and energy efficiency programs of the US Department of Energy." WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 131 (2010): 95-106. Article July 2009 United States "For each power plant, we estimated the relationship between emissions and incremental contribution to ambient concentrations using a S-R matrix. S-R matrix is a reduced-form model based on the Climatological Regional Dispersion Model, a sector-averaged Gaussian dispersion model that includes wet and dry deposition and first-order chemical conversion of S02 and NOx to sulfate and nitrate particles. More detail about the model is available elsewhere" Found the economic valuation premature mortality to be $5.5 million. http://onlinelibrarv.wilev.co m/doi/10.1111/i.l539- 6924.2009.01227.x/full Levy, J. 1., Baxter, L. K., & Schwartz, J. (2009). Uncertainty and variability in health-related damages from coal-fired power plants in the United States. Risk Analysis, 29(1), 1000-1014. Report July 2009 California, United States COBRA was analyzed as part of an effort to identify methodological alternatives for quantifying the benefits of renewable energy, including the pros and cons of the tool. http://www.nrel.g0v/d0cs/f v09osti/45639.pdf Mosey, Gail, and Laura Vimmerstedt. Renewable electricity benefits quantification methodology: a request for technical assistance from the California Public Utilities Commission. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 15 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report January 2009 Virginia, United States Abt Associates performed an analysis of the health effects impacts of a proposed coal-fired power plant in Wise County, Virginia. The study estimated that the plant would contribute to two to five premature mortality events annually in Virginia, and five to fourteen premature mortality events nationwide. Total annual economic impacts of health effects in Virginia ranged from $16 to $52 million, and $44 to $135 million nationwide. https://www.abtassociates. com/insights/publications/r eport/assessing-the- economic-impact-of- dominion-virginia-powers- Assessing the Economic Impact of Dominion Virginia Power's Coal-Fired Power Plant in Wise County, Virginia (2009), Abt Associates, Prepared for: Wise Energy for Virginia Coalition c/o Appalachian Voices coal-fired Working Paper November 2007 United States "For a tool for calculating co-benefits, see Mulholland (2007). For estimates of damages from releases of particulates, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the U.S., see Muller and Mendelsohn (2007)." http://scholarworks.umass. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?art icle=1121&context=peri wo Boyce, James K., and Matthew Riddle. "Cap and dividend: how to curb global warming while protecting the incomes of American families." (2007). rkingpapers Article May 2007 United States Used COBRA to model the public health benefits and the change in the spatial inequality of health risk for a number of hypothetical control scenarios for power plants in the United States to determine optimal control strategies. Benefits ranged from 17,000- 21,000 fewer premature deaths per year. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go v/pmc/articles/PMC186797 3L Levy, Jonathan 1., Andrew M. Wilson, and Leonard M. Zwack. "Quantifying the efficiency and equity implications of power plant air pollution control strategies in the United States." Environmental health perspectives (2007): 743-750. Memoran- dum April 2007 Wisconsin, United States Used COBRA to determine the public health benefits of implementing the NOx RACT rule. The benefits amount was compared to compliance costs. Found the NOx RACT rule would provide $80,000,000/year in public health benefits. http://dnr.wi.gov/about/nr DATE: April 9, 2007; TO: Members of the Wl Natural Resources Board ; FROM: Scott Hassett, Secretary; SUBJECT: Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) program for major sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the moderate ozone nonattainment; http://dnr.wi.gov/air/pdf/AM1705.pdf b/2007/April/04-07-3Al.pdf www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 16 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Article February 2007 United States "The S-R matrix is a regression-based derivation of output from the Climatological Regional Dispersion Model (CRDM) which uses assumptions similar to the Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST3). It was developed by Pechan and Associates for Abt Associates and used in past regulatory impact analyses (US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999d). S-R matrix provides a database of transfer factors that summarize the impact that mobile source PM2.5 and precursor emissions from any one county have on ambient PM2.5 concentrations in that county as well as all other counties (Abt Associates, 2003)" http://www.sciencedirect.c om/science/article/pii/S135 2231006009654 Greco, S. L, Wilson, A. M., Spengler, J. D., & Levy, J. 1. (2007). Spatial patterns of mobile source particulate matter emissions-to-exposure relationships across the United States. Atmospheric Environment, 41(5), 1011-1025. Article April 2006 N/A Other options include the CoBenefits Risk Assessment (COBRA) model,34 which features built- in source-receptor atmospheric sensitivity matrices in place of atmospheric modeling by the user to allow quick estimates of the health impacts from various emission sources; the Ozone Risk Assessment Model,35 which operates in a similar fashion to BenMAP; and the Air Strategy Assessment Program, currently under development by EPA to link BenMAP with AirControlNET costing software36 for full- stream assessment of both costs and benefits of attainment options (B. Hubbell, EPA, personal communication, March 8, 2005). These and other tools, along with an improved understanding of the potential role of benefit analysis in integrated air quality management, could provide the necessary impetus for its greater incorporation in upcoming SIP development. Estimated net benefits of alternative control strategies to be between $1.5-1.6 million. http://www.tandfonline.co m/doi/abs/10.1080/104732 89.2006.10464524 Chestnut, Lauraine G., David M. Mills, and Daniel S. Cohan. "Cost-benefit analysis in the selection of efficient multipollutant strategies." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56.4 (2006): 530- 536. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 17 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- Publication type Date Published Location Summary URL Citation Report November 2004 Connecticut, United States REMI, for EPA and the State of Connecticut, analyzed the impacts of oil and natural gas conservation policies in Connecticut. The study integrated estimates of reduced mortality and the value of health improvements from COBRA into a simulation of the impacts of these policies on the state's economy. Economic Impact of Oil and Natural Gas Conservation Policies, Regional Economic Models, Inc. (2004). Prepared for U.S. EPA and the State of Connecticut. www.epa.gov/cobra Note that links to some publications require a subscription. Page 18 of 18 Updated April 29, 2019 ------- |