Clean Air Status and Trends Network
First Quarter 2022 Quality Assurance Report
Summary of Quarterly Operations (January through March)
EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
Introduction
This quarterly report summarizes results from the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET)
quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program for data collected during first quarter 2022. The
various QA/QC criteria and policies are documented in the CASTNET Quality Assurance Project Plan
(QAPP; Wood, 2021), The QAPP is comprehensive and includes standards and policies for all
components of project operation from site selection through final data reporting. It is reviewed
annually and updated as warranted.
Quarterly Summary
The QA Manager reviewed the metrics for the annual site operator performance assessment. The
metrics are evaluated to determine where additional training is needed. For 2021, problems with site
operations were not related to training issues. Problems mainly stemmed from issues related to
shipping, weather, and COVID -19. Additionally, Wood's QA Manager completed the annual review of
site operator quality management system training and identified those site operators that had not
completed training questionnaires. The site operators were contacted and requested to complete the
required training documentation.
American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) requested updated documentation be
submitted by March 3, 2022, as part of the annual renewal in support of International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)/lnternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17025:2017 accreditation. The
CASTNET Laboratory Operations Manager and QA Manager compiled the requested documentation
and submitted it to A2LA. Wood's ISO/I EC 17025:2017 accreditation was reaffirmed by A2LA through
May 31, 2023.
Preparation began on the annual management review report in support of ISO/I EC 17025:2017
accreditation. The report will be distributed to the CASTNET management team during second quarter
2022.
Work continued on the CASTNET QAPP Revision 9.5. Wood's CASTNET QA Manager reviewed the
checklist of requests for future changes made by the EPA CAMD QA Manager during work on Revision
9.4. The CASTNET QA Manager also worked with EPA CAMD staff to ensure all previously requested
changes were addressed.
Wood completed compiling information and data on Nafion dryers in response to the failed NPAP
audit at the BFT142, NC site and submitted the information to EPA. Region 4 reviewed the data and
agreed the NPAP audit of the BFT142 site was faulty, and the audit should be removed from AQS.
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EPA requested Wood's CASTNET QA Manager provide an audit of polyfluorinated alkyl substances
(PFAS) data quality for samples collected during 2020 as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition
Program (NADP) PFAS Wet Deposition Pilot Study. The QA Manager used the EPA Office of Research
and Development PFAS QAPP and NADP Central Analytical Laboratory standard operating procedures
in addition to PFAS laboratory data reports, chains-of-custody, etc. during the audit. There were no
findings.
Wood received final results for analyses of samples for proficiency test (PT) study 118 for Rain and
Soft Waters. Wood's laboratory analyses were rated, "very good." Out of the 19 laboratories that
participated in PT study 118, only two laboratories (Wood plus one other) were rated, "very good." PT
study 118 was overseen by the Water Science and Technology (WS&T) Directorate, a branch of
Environmental Science and Technology Laboratories with ECCC. The WS&T Directorate provides
quality assurance and proficiency testing services.
The USGS resumed sending interlaboratory comparison samples for analysis to Wood on a monthly
basis. During 2021, USGS was sending samples every other month.
Table 1 lists the quarters of data that were validated to Level 3 during first quarter 2022 by site
calibration group. Table 2 lists the sites in each calibration group along with the calibration schedule.
Table 3 presents the measurement criteria for laboratory filter pack measurements. These criteria
apply to the QC samples listed in the following section of this report. Table 4 presents the critical
criteria for ozone monitoring. Table 5 presents the critical criteria for trace-level gas monitoring.
Quality Control Analysis Count
The QC sample statistics presented in this report are for reference standards (RF) and continuing
calibration verification spikes (CCV) used to assess accuracy and for replicate sample analyses (RP) used
to assess "in-run" precision. In addition, laboratory method blanks (MB) containing reagents without a
filter; laboratory blanks (LB) containing reagents and a new, unexposed filter; and field blanks (FB)
containing reagents and an unexposed filter that was loaded into a filter pack assembly and shipped to
and from the monitoring site while remaining in sealed packaging are also included. Table 6 presents
the number of analyses in each category that were performed during first quarter 2022.
Sample Receipt Statistics
Ninety-five percent of field samples from EPA-sponsored sites must be received by the CASTNET
laboratory in Gainesville, FL no later than 14 days after removal from the sampling tower. Table 7
presents the relevant sample receipt statistics for first quarter 2022. Return delivery service was often
delayed due to policy and procedure decisions made by the U.S. Postal Service, which resulted in an
87 percent average for first quarter. Near the end of first quarter, Wood's analytical laboratory began
the process of upgrading return shipping labels from standard shipping to priority mail to speed up
shipping. All sites will be using upgraded return shipping labels by early second quarter.
Data Quality Indicator (DQI) Results
Figures 1 through 3 present the results of RF, CCV, and RP QC sample analyses for first quarter 2022.
All results were within the criteria listed in Table 3. Figure 3 depicts two Teflon calcium RP results at 25
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and 26 percent, respectively. The original sample concentrations were between two and three times
the reporting limit. As noted in Table 3, the 20 percent criterion only applies to values greater than or
equal to five times the reporting limit; otherwise, the criterion is ± the reporting limit. The quarterly
averages met this criterion.
Table 8 presents summary statistics of critical criteria measurements at ozone sites collected during
first quarter 2022. The statistics presented contain data validated at Level 2 and Level 3. All data
associated with QC checks that fail to meet the criteria listed in Table 4 were or will be invalidated
unless the cause of failure has no effect on ambient data collection, and passing results still meet
frequency criteria. Results in shaded cells either exceed documented criteria or are otherwise notable.
Table 9 presents observations associated with the shaded cell results in Table 8.
Table 10 presents summary statistics of critical criteria measurements at trace-level gas monitoring
sites collected during first quarter 2022. The statistics presented contain data validated at Level 2 and
Level 3. All data associated with QC checks that fail to meet the criteria listed in Table 5 were or will be
invalidated unless the cause of failure has no effect on ambient data collection, and passing results
still meet frequency criteria. During first quarter, no values exceeded documented criteria or were
otherwise notable.
Laboratory Control Sample Analysis
The laboratory control sample (LCS) is a reagent blank spiked with the target analytes from the
established analytical methods and carried through the same extraction process that field samples
must undergo. LCS analyses are performed by the laboratory to monitor for potential sample handling
artifacts and provide a means to identify possible analyte loss from extraction to extraction. Figure 4
presents LCS analysis results for first quarter 2022. All recovery values were between 90 percent and
106 percent.
Blank Results
Figures 5 through 7 present the results of MB, LB, and FB QC sample analyses for first quarter 2022. All
first quarter results were within criteria (two times the reporting limit) listed in Table 3 with the
exception of one Teflon FB potassium result and one Teflon FB ammonium result both at three times
the reporting limit. All other associated QC were within criteria, and the data from the associated sites
(BUF603, WY and LRL117, PA) were reasonable.
Suspect/Invalid Filter Pack Samples
Filter pack samples that were flagged as suspect or invalid during first quarter 2022 are listed in
Table 11. This table also includes associated site identification and a brief description of the reason the
sample was flagged. During first quarter, six filter pack samples were invalidated.
Field Problem Count
Table 12 presents counts of field problems affecting continuous data collection for more than one day
for first quarter 2022. The problem counts are sorted by a 30-, 60-, or 90-day time period to
resolution. A category for unresolved problems is also included. Time to resolution indicates the
period taken to implement corrective action.
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References
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2008. ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using
Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications." ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, D0l:10.1520/E0029-08. www.astm.org.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 58,
"Appendix A to Part 58 - Quality Assurance Requirements for Monitors used in Evaluations of
National Ambient Air Quality Standards."
Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. (Wood) 2021. Clean Air Status and Trends Network
(CASTNET) Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Revision 9.4. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division, Washington,
DC. Contract No. EP-W-16-015. Gainesville, FL. https://java.epa.gov/castnet/documents.do.
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Table 1 Data Validated to Level 3 during First Quarter 2022
Calibration
Months
Number of
Complete
Number of
Group*
Available
Months
Quarters
Quarters
E-3/W-10f
May 2021 -
6
Quarter 3 2021
1
October 2021
SE-4/MW-6*
July 2021 -
6
Quarter 3 2021 -
2
December 2021
Quarter 4 2021
Notes: * The sites contained in each calibration group are listed in Table 2.
t Contains ROM206 of the ROM406/ROM206 co-located pair
* Contains MCK131/231 co-located pair
Table 2 Field Calibration Schedule for 2022
Calibration
Group
Months
Calibrated
Sites
Calibrated
Eastern Sites (22 Total)
E-1
(8 Sites)
February/August
BEL116, MD WSP144, NJ ARE128, PA PED108,VA
BWR139, MD CTH110, NY PSU106, PA VPI120,VA
E-2
(9 Sites)
April/October
ABT147, CT WST109, NH HWF187, NY1 WFM105, NY UND002, VT
ASH135, ME CAT 175, NY NIC001, NY EGB181,ON
E-3
(5 Sites)
May/November
KEF112, PA LRU 17, PA CDR119,WV
MKG113, PA PARI 07, WV
Southeastern Sites (11 Total)
SE-4
(7 Sites)
January/July
SND152, AL BFT142, NC COW137, NC SPD111,TN
GAS153, GA CND125, NC DUK008, NC1
SE-5
(4 Sites)
February/August
CAD150, AR SUM156, FL
IRL141, FL CVL151, MS
Midwestern Sites (19 Total)
MW-6
(6 Sites)
January/July
CDZ171, KY MCK131, KY PNF126, NC1
CKT136, KY MCK231, KY ESP127,TN
MW-7
(9 Sites)
March/September
ALH157, IL STK138, IL RED004, MN OXF122, OH PRK134, Wl
BVL130, IL2 VIN140, IN DCP114, OH QAK172, OH
MW-8
(4 Sites)
April/October
SAL133, IN ANA115, Ml
HOX148, Ml UVL124, Ml
Western Sites (12 Total)
W-9
(5 Sites)
March/September
KNZ184, KS CHE185, OK ALC188, TX
KIC003, KS SAN 189, NE
W-10
(7 Sites)
May/November
GTH161, CO NPT006, ID UMA009, WA PND165, WY3
ROM206, CO3 PAL190, TX CNT169,WY
Notes: 1 Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in January, April, July, and October.
2Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in March, June, September, and December.
3 Trace-level gas calibrations are performed quarterly in February, May, August, and November.
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Table 3 Data Quality Indicators for CASTNET Laboratory Measurements
Analyte
Method
Precision1
(MARPD)
Accuracy2
(%)
Nominal
Reporting Limits
mg/L
fig/Filter
Ammonium (NH4+)
AC
20
90-110
0.020*
0.5
Sodium (Na+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.005
0.125
Potassium (K+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.006
0.15
Magnesium (Mg2+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.003
0.075
Calcium (Ca2+)
ICP-OES
20
95-105
0.006
0.15
Chloride (CI")
IC
20
95-105
0.020
0.5
Nitrate (N03)
IC
20
95-105
0.008*
0.2
Sulfate (S024)
IC
20
95-105
0.040
1.0
Notes: 1 This column lists precision goals for both network precision calculated from co-located filter samples and laboratory precision
based on replicate samples for samples > five times the reporting limit. The criterion is ± the reporting limit if the sample is < five
times the reporting limit.
2 This column lists laboratory accuracy goals based on reference standards and continuing calibration verification spikes. The criterion
is 90-110 percent for ICP-OES reference standards.
3 The reporting limit for sulfate on cellulose filters is 0.080 mg/L (2.0 pg/filter).
AC
= automated colorimetry
IC
= ion chromatography
ICP-OES
= inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
MARPD
= mean absolute relative percent difference
mg/L
= milligrams per liter
pg/Filter
= micrograms per filter
*
= as nitrogen
Values are rounded according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using Significant
Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
For more information on analytical methods and associated precision and accuracy criteria, see the CASTNET QAPP, (Wood, 2021).
Table 4 Ozone Critical Criteria*
Type of Check
Analyzer Response
Zero
Less than + 3.1 parts per billion (ppb)
Span
Less than + 7.1 percent between supplied and observed concentrations
Single Point QC
Less than + 7.1 percent between supplied and observed concentrations
Notes: * Applies to CASTNET sites that are configured and operated in accordance with Part 58 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (EPA, 2020). The minimum frequency for these checks is once every two weeks.
Values are rounded according to ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance
with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
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Table 5 Trace-level Gas Monitoring Critical Criteria*
Parameter
Analyzer Response
Zero Check
Span Check/ Single Point QC Check
SO,
Less than + 1.51 ppb
Less than + 10.1 percent between supplied and observed
concentrations
NOy
Less than + 1.51 ppb
CO
Less than + 30.1 ppb
Notes: *Applies to CASTNET sites that are configured and operated in accordance with Part 58 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(EPA, 2020). The minimum frequency for these checks is once every two weeks.
Values are rounded according to ASTM E29-08, "Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine
Conformance with Specifications" (ASTM, 2008).
SOz = sulfur dioxide
NOy = total reactive oxides of nitrogen
CO = carbon monoxide
ppb = parts per billion
Table 6 QC Analysis Count for First Quarter 2022
Filter
Type
Parameter
RF
Sample
Count
CCV
Sample
Count
RP
Sample
Count
MB
Sample
Count
LB
Sample
Count
FB
Sample
Count
Teflon
S024
74
211
87
19
24
106
no3
74
211
87
19
24
106
NH+4
38
175
87
19
24
106
cr
74
211
87
19
24
106
~ 2+
Ca
38
190
86
19
24
106
• . 2 +
Mg
38
190
86
19
24
106
Na+
38
190
86
19
24
106
K+
38
190
86
19
24
106
Nylon
so24
45
184
79
14
24
130
no3
45
184
79
14
24
130
Cellulose
S024
51
184
85
17
26
136
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Table 7 Filter Pack Receipt Summary for First Quarter 2022
Count of samples received more than 14 days
after removal from tower:
92
Count of all samples received:
697
Fraction of samples received within 14 days:
0.868
Average interval in days:
9.175
First receipt date:
01/03/2022
Last receipt date:
03/23/2022
Note: Sample shipments for the Egbert, Ontario site (EGB181) are in groups of four.
Samples associated with EGB181 are excluded from this statistic.
Table 8 Ozone QC Summary for First Quarter 2022 (1 of 2)
% Single Single Zero
% Span Point QC Point QC % Zero Average
Site ID Pass1 Span |%D|2 Pass1 |%D|2 Pass1 (ppb)2
ABT147, CT
100.00
0.49
100.00
0.52
100.00
0.18
ALC188, TX
98.82
2.96
100.00
2.13
100.00
0.44
ALH157, IL
100.00
0.76
100.00
0.92
100.00
0.13
ANA115, Ml
100.00
2.15
100.00
1.96
100.00
1.05
ARE128, PA
100.00
1.00
100.00
1.14
100.00
0.32
ASH135, ME
100.00
1.57
100.00
1.92
100.00
0.26
BEL116, MD
100.00
1.34
100.00
0.92
100.00
0.44
BFT142, NC
95.56
5.28
95.56
4.65
95.56
0.84
BVL130, IL
100.00
2.48
100.00
2.48
100.00
0.41
BWR139, MD
100.00
1.52
100.00
1.90
100.00
0.35
CAD150, AR
95.45
5.47
95.56
5.86
100.00
0.32
CDR119, WV
100.00
0.78
100.00
0.88
100.00
0.23
CDZ171, KY
100.00
0.96
100.00
0.95
100.00
0.26
CKT136, KY
100.00
0.36
100.00
0.42
100.00
0.09
CND125, NC
100.00
1.65
100.00
1.20
100.00
0.68
CNT169, WY
86.60
13.85
86.60
13.98
100.00
0.26
COW137, NC
100.00
0.43
100.00
0.69
100.00
0.28
CTH110, NY
100.00
1.98
100.00
2.09
100.00
0.17
CVL151, MS
95.74
4.90
95.74
4.69
100.00
0.45
DCP114, OH
100.00
2.06
100.00
1.25
100.00
0.66
DUK008, NC
100.00
2.48
100.00
2.97
100.00
1.25
ESP127, TN
100.00
0.93
100.00
0.95
100.00
0.25
GAS 153, GA
84.03
16.36
83.90
12.76
83.90
3.08
GTH161, CO
100.00
0.63
100.00
0.70
100.00
0.18
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Table 8 Ozone QC Summary for First Quarter 2022 (2 of 2)
% Single Single Zero
% Span Point QC Point QC % Zero Average
Site ID Pass1 Span |%D|2 Pass1 |%D|2 Pass1 (ppb)2
HOX148, Ml
93.62
3.84
93.62
2.42
93.62
1.22
HWF187, NY
100.00
1.80
97.87
2.16
100.00
0.63
IRL141, FL
100.00
1.25
100.00
1.49
100.00
0.82
KEF112, PA
100.00
0.58
100.00
0.50
100.00
0.14
LRU 17, PA
93.68
4.62
93.68
5.05
100.00
0.28
MCK131, KY
100.00
0.82
100.00
0.77
100.00
0.18
MCK231, KY
100.00
0.71
100.00
0.74
100.00
0.19
MKG113, PA
100.00
1.12
100.00
1.62
100.00
0.25
NPT006, ID
97.65
5.25
97.65
3.48
100.00
0.17
OXF122, OH
100.00
1.30
100.00
1.57
100.00
0.44
PAL190, TX
100.00
2.58
100.00
1.98
100.00
0.27
PARI 07, WV
100.00
0.41
100.00
0.54
100.00
0.19
PED108, VA
100.00
1.09
100.00
1.12
100.00
0.18
PND165, WY
100.00
1.19
100.00
1.17
100.00
0.23
PNF126, NC
100.00
0.39
100.00
0.61
100.00
0.40
PRK134, Wl
100.00
2.04
100.00
1.94
100.00
0.20
PS U106, PA
100.00
0.58
100.00
0.76
100.00
0.24
QAK172, OH
100.00
1.81
100.00
1.87
100.00
0.32
ROM206, CO
100.00
0.58
100.00
0.73
100.00
0.22
SAL133, IN
100.00
0.66
100.00
0.50
100.00
0.16
SAN 189, NE
100.00
1.43
100.00
1.39
100.00
0.27
SND152, AL
100.00
2.68
100.00
3.07
100.00
0.29
SPD111, TN
100.00
2.35
100.00
2.64
100.00
0.33
STK138, IL
72.28
19.86
74.23
9.99
74.23
6.72
SUM156, FL
100.00
2.63
100.00
2.20
100.00
0.18
UMA009, WA
100.00
1.74
100.00
1.48
100.00
0.20
UVL124, Ml
100.00
0.91
100.00
0.85
100.00
0.22
VIN140, IN
100.00
0.84
100.00
1.41
100.00
0.23
VPI120, VA
100.00
1.14
100.00
1.21
100.00
0.24
WSP144, NJ
100.00
0.88
100.00
0.87
100.00
0.17
WST109, NH
100.00
0.37
100.00
0.47
100.00
0.30
Notes: 'Percentage of comparisons that pass the criteria listed in Table 4. Values falling below 90 percent are addressed in Table 9.
^Absolute value of the average percent differences between the on-site transfer standard and the site monitor. Values exceeding the
criteria listed in Table 4 are addressed in Table 9.
%D = percent difference
ppb = parts per billion
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Table 9 Ozone QC Observations for First Quarter 2022
Site ID
QC Criterion
Comments
CNT169, WY
% Span Pass
Span |%D|
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
The analyzer sample pump failed on 1/18/2022 and
was replaced on 1/25/2022.
GAS 153, GA
% Span Pass
Span |%D|
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
% Zero Pass
A system leak affected data from 1/30/2022 through
2/8/2022 when it was repaired.
STK138, IL
% Span Pass
Span |%D|
% Single Point QC Pass
Single Point QC |%D|
% Zero Pass
Zero Average
A system leak affected data from 1/15/2022 through
1/27/2022 when it was repaired.
Note: %D = percent difference
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Table 10 Trace-level Gas QC Summary for First Quarter 2022
% Single
Zero
% Span
Point QC
Single Point
% Zero
Average
Parameter
Pass1
Span |%D|2
Pass1
QC |%D|2
Pass1
(ppb)2
BVL130, IL
S02
100.00
0.99
100.00
4.13
94.12
0.80
NOy
100.00
1.62
100.00
1.78
100.00
0.28
CO
96.55
1.76
100.00
4.28
100.00
11.85
DUK008, NC
NOy
100.00
2.44
100.00
1.59
100.00
0.17
HWF187, NY
NOy
100.00
1.66
100.00
2.92
96.08
0.36
PND165, WY
NOy
100.00
2.06
100.00
2.69
94.44
0.62
PNF126, NC
NOy
100.00
1.88
100.00
1.96
100.00
0.28
ROM206, CO
NOy
100.00
1.63
100.00
3.16
100.00
0.15
Notes: 'Percentage of comparisons that pass the criteria listed in Table 5.
^Absolute value of the average percent differences between the supplied and observed concentrations.
%D = percent difference
ppb = parts per billion
Table 11 Filter Packs Flagged as Suspect or Invalid during First Quarter 2022
Site ID
Sample No.
Reason
CDR119, WV
2201001-12
2203001-12
A polling issue caused missing data. Data may be recovered during
the validation process. Additionally, the data logger malfunctioned
and was replaced on 1/25/2022.
NPT006, ID
2201004-04
Power failure
RED004, MN
2203004-05
Power failure
SHN418, VA
2201003-20
Power failure
STK138, IL
2204001-49
There was hole in the Teflon filter.
Table 12 Field Problems Affecting Data Collection
Days to Resolution Problem Count
30
242
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003 7 7 of 18
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 1 Reference Standard Results for First Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 2 Continuing Calibration Spike Results for First Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 3 Replicate Sample Analysis Results for First Quarter 2022 (percent difference)
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003
14 of 18
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 4 Laboratory Control Sample Results for First Quarter 2022 (percent recovery)
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003
75 of 18
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 5 Method Blank Analysis Results for First Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 6 Laboratory Blank Analysis Results for First Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc. - Project No. 6064216003
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EPA Contract No. 68HERH21D0006
CASTNET Quality Assurance Report - First Quarter 2022
Figure 7 Field Blank Analysis Results for First Quarter 2022 (total micrograms)
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