Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene (Ethene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro) Systematic Review Supplemental File: Data Quality Evaluation of Environmental Releases and Occupational Exposure CASRN: 127-18-4 April 2020


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xvEPA

United States

Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention

Risk Evaluation for Perchloroethylene
(Ethene, l,l»2,2-Tetrachloro)

Systematic Review Supplemental File:

Data Quality Evaluation of
Environmental Releases and Occupational Exposure

CASRN: 127-18-4

ci ci

CI CI

April 2020

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This document is a compilation of tables for the data extraction and evaluation
for Perchloroethylene (Ethene, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro). Each table shows the data
point or set or information element that was extracted and evaluated from a
data source in accordance with Appendix D of the Application of Systematic
Review in TSCA Risk Evaluations. If the source contains more than one data
set or information element, the review provides an overall confidence score for
each data set or information element that is found in the source. Therefore, it is
possible that a source may have more than one overall quality/ confidence
score.

Page

Releases to the Environment	3

Occupational Exposure	176

Facility	588

Explanatory Notes

These explanatory notes provide context to understand the short comments in the data evaluation tables.

Domain

Metric

Description of Comments Field

Reliability

Methodology

Indicates the sampling/analytical methodology, estimation method, or
type of publication

Repre sentativene ss

Geographic Scope

Indicates the country of the study, publication, or underlying data

Applicability

Indicates whether the data are for a condition of use within scope of the
Risk Evaluation

Temporal Representativeness

Provides the year of study, publication, or underlying data

Sample Size

Describes the distribution of the sample or underlying data

Accessibility / Clarity

Metadata Completeness

Describes the completeness of the metadata

Variability and Uncertainty

Metadata Completeness

Indicates if study or publication addresses variability and uncertainty of
the data or information

2

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Releases to the Environment

3

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Source Citation:	Hellweg, S.,Demou, E.,Scheringer, M.,McKone, T. E.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2005. Confronting workplace exposure to chemicals

with LCA: examples of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in metal degreasing and dry cleaning. Environmental Science
and Technology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	88147

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Use

Vapor degreasing and dry cleaning

Total from open baths, leaks, residual PCE on materials, and from load-
ing/unloading machine
Air

Degreasing: 0.051-48 g/m2 metal surface treated (range for type 1
through type 5 machines)Dry Cleaning: 0.35-95 g/kg garmnet treated
(range for 1st through 5th gen machines) Supporting information (not
included in main reference) provide individual data points
Measured

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X

1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from US and Switzerland (OECD Country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data for only for air releases which are not in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data over 10 years old (2005), includes emission rates for var-













ious machine types

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Range and averages provided for each machine type, individual













data points available in supporting information

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Contains all information expect release frequency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Variability between machine types discussed

Continued on next page

4

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Hellweg, S.,Demou, E.,Scheringer, M.,McKone, T. E.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2005. Confronting workplace exposure to chemicals

with LCA: examples of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in metal degreasing and dry cleaning. Environmental Science
and Technology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	88147

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^



Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.4.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

5

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Source Citation:	Raisanen, J.,Niemela, R.,Rosenberg, C.. 2001. Tetrachloroethylene emissions and exposure in dry cleaning. Journal of the

Air and Waste Management Association.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	671474

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Evapoartion from machines
Air

0.3-3/6 g/kg clothes

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Described, emission rate based on measured concentration and













air flow rate

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Finland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data for only for air releases which are not in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data over 10 years old (2001), but for current machine types

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Range given, bsed on shop type (industrial or commercial)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Describes overall emission from machine but not from partic-











ular sources/activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Variabi;ity between shop types described

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

6

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Manufacturing
Manufacturing

evaporation from manufacture
air

650.9 (MT/yr)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

8
6

Data for only for air releases which are not in scope
Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:	Garetano, G.,Gochfeld, M.. 2000. Factors influencing tetrachloroethylene concentrations in residences above dry-cleaning

establishments. Archives of Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	630549

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:
Release or Emission Factor:
Waste Treatment Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Air emissions occur during the process i.e., direct process emissions,
evaporative losses when clothes are transferred from washer to dryer,
fugitive emissions, and accidental spills,
air

Total release: 46,000 tons/yr

EPA designed inspection and maintenance practices to reduce process
and fugitive emissions e.g., not opening of machine doors during loading
and unloading, improper functioning of the refrigerated condensers, pe-
riodic cleaning of lint and button traps, the use of tetrachloroethylene
for spot cleaning.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

NIOSH Method 1003

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

New Jersey (Hudson Regional Health Commission)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Air releases not in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from less than 20 years ago (2000).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

distribution of samples adaquately characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Detailed analysis of residences characteristics and monitoring

results

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium	x 1	2 limited discussion of the variability

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Garetano, G.,Gochfeld, M.. 2000. Factors influencing tetrachloroethylene concentrations in residences above dry-cleaning
establishments. Archives of Environmental Health.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

630549

9

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Source Citation: Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Manufacture
Manufacture

Disposal practices for solid and liquid production wastes vary. One plant
reports deep well injection of tetrachloroethylene-bearing sludges.
The annual releases are difficult to assess, and widely divergent values
have been reported, ranging from a low of 291 - 4,550 MT. Releases
during production are airborne emissions, primarily from process vents,
distillation vents, and fugitive emissions (pg 32 of 152).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

8
6

Air releases not in scope

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

11

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Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
air+++++water

extimated 121,000 MT of PCE released to the atmosphere; the indus-
try emits roughly one-half of the PCE it uses, mostly in the form of
evaporative losses. Levels at the vents are between 6,800 and 680,000
ug/m3++++++++10 MT to sewer systems (table 2; pg 27 of 152).
Carbon adsorption systems are being used increasingly to treat waste
materials. In the process, solvents are routed through "chillers" to re-
duce relative temperatures.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

13

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Use

metal degreasing

waterTetrachloroethylene is decomposed by contact with hot metals, cer-
tain inorganic acids, hot carbon, and certain alkaline metals or com-
pounds of them. Unstabilized tetrachloroethylene can be corrosive to
metals; this has obvious implications for the "terminal" disposal of waste
solutions and sludges (containing the chemical) in unlined metal drums.
TABLE 5. DEGRADATION OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE UN-
DER VARIOUS CONDITIONS

40 MT to waterl5-62.5 percent of the solvent consumed results in
waste.Data for Tetrachloroethvlene (PCE) concentrations in wastewa-
ters before and after teratment are shown in Table 8. Combined sewage
may contain up to 2412 ug/1, although influent levels were typically be-
low 100 ug/1. Effluents were much lower, usually below 5 ug/1, indicating
removal efficiencies usually above 90 percent .

Largest release from cold metal cleaning is waste solvent evaporation.
Evaporation from a vapor degreaser is less than from a cold cleaner of
similar capacity because vapor degreasing wastes have a higher boiling
point, volatilizing less rapidly, and vapor degreasing solvents contain
expensive halogens, which are recycled. Distillation is used to recycle
wastes in half of open-top vapor degreasers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

High
High

x 1
x 2

degreasing data

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-
ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

732615

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5; Sample Size

Low
Medium

x 2
x 1

6
2

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Release Days per Year:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning - Industrial Plant
air

Release(see Table 16 for additional details)

model

13,004,483

6.0

270.0

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

16

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Release Days per Year:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning - Commercial plant
air

Release(see Table 16 for additional details); see page 96 of 152 for infor-
mation on discharges to POTWs.
model
48,262,189
5.0

18750.0

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

17

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Use

metal degreasing
water

Release(see Table 16 for additional details); see page 96 of 152 for infor-
mation on discharges to POTWs.

EXAMS model
8.76

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

degreasing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

18

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Centner, D. R.,Miller, A. M.,Goldstein, A. H.. 2010. Seasonal variability
mental Science and Technology.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

1641888

in anthropogenic halocarbon emissions. Environ-

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

All

780,000

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 University of California, Berkeley

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope High x 1 1

Applicability Unacceptable x 2 8

Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2 4

Sample Size Low x 1 3

Air releases not in scope
data less than 20 years

no statistics available for sources of emissions. Focus is ambient
monitroing data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Low x 1 3 emission totals; no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

study does not address variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Risk assessment for the halogenated solvent cleaning source category.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3044969

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Use

halogenated solvent cleaning -
2.10E+06

general

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

8
4

Air releases not in scope

Data from less than 20 years ago (2005).

Aggregated NEI data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

NEI collects metadata, but it's not included here

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

NEI has information on variability, but its not presented here.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Risk assessment for the halogenated solvent cleaning source category.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

3044969

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): halogenated solvent cleaning - air force base

Release or Emission Factor: Hypothetical compliance data (e.g. appendix A pg 59 of 200: solvent

use=8,128.8 kg/yr and PCE baseline release rate=0.24 g/sec and post-
MACT estimates for many facilities... technique for estimating post-
MACT included on page 105). Also includes NEI release data (e.g.,
appendix C table C-2 pg 158)

P2 Control & percent Efficiency: various e.g., increased dwell time + freeboard refrigeration device for

existing in-line machines=50 percent (pg 108 and 112 of 200).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Air releases not in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from less than 20 years ago (2005).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

dozens of individual facility (all hypothetical)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

dozens of individual facility (all hypothetical) PERC emission

rates

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.0.

Continued on next page

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Risk assessment for the halogenated solvent cleaning source category.

Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3044969



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

22

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Harley, R. A.,Cass, G. R.. 1994. Modeling the concentrations of gas-phase toxic organic air pollutants: Direct emissions and

atmospheric formation. Environmental Science and Technology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Published Models;

Hero ID 665376

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Use

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Model based on scientifically sound methods

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

N/A

Data from US

Data looks at ambient air concentrations - air releases not in
scope

1994

N/A - model

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

variability and uncertainty discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Atsdr,. 2014. Toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene (Draft for public comment).

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

2990770

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Disposal

Waste Treatment Method:	One method of disposal involves absorption invermiculite, dry sand,

earth, or a similar material and then burial in a secured sanitary land-
fill. A second method involves incineration after mixing with another
combustible fuel, followed by an acid scrubber. Also, potential methods
include fluidized bed incineration at 450980"C, rotary kilnincineration
at 8201,600"C, and liquid injection incineration at 6501,600"C

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US Dept. of Health and Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
2
1

Data from US

Data includes in-scope uses

2014

Not necessarily an appropriate metric for type of data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Atsdr,. 2014. Toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene (Draft for public comment).

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	2990770

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr)
Waste Treatment Method:

Production, Processing, Use
Processing, Industrial Use

245 domestic manufacturing and processing facilities including Surface
water discharges, waste water treatment-(metals only), and publicly
owned treatment works
water

323 pounds in 2011

aeration processes, aerobic degradation with white rot fungus

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US Dept. of Health and Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope	High	x	1	1

Applicability	High	x	2	2

Temporal Representativeness	High	x	2	2

Sample Size	High	x	1	1

Data from US

Data includes in-scope uses

2014

Not necessarily an appropriate metric for type of data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2 Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

25

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1980. Waste solvent reclamation.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3840001

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Release Source:

Disposal /Treatment Method:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:

Recycling for industrial reuse
Industrial pre-treatment
Spillage
Reclamation

water (air also included in document)

0.20 lb/ton reclaimed solvent

Data from state air pollution control agencies and sampling

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 References include EPA and industry sources

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

Data from US

Metric 3: Applicability

Medium

X

2

4

Data includes reclamation from in-scope uses

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

References from the 1960s and 1970s

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

emission factors given as range with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

26

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

1978. Control of volatile organic emissions from perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3860353

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning Solvent

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA document

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Air releases not in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data over 20 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.7.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

27

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: 2017. Pollution prevention search results, envirofacts database.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;
Hero ID 3860453

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Use

Processing, Industrial Use
Various

Improved procedures for loading, unloading, transfer. Improved main-
tenance, recordkeeping, procedures.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA Envirofacts Database

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

Data from US

appears to cover uses that would be in scope
Releases include years as recent as 2015
uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

Does not indicate release media or other metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4 Metric Mean Score: 1.8.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1995. Guidance document for the halogenated solvent cleaner NESHAP.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3827323

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:
Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Batch vapor degreaser (e.g., open-top, closed-loop); In-line vapor de-
greaser (e.g., conveyorized, web cleaner)

Vapor machine heats solvent enough to create vapor. Cold machine does
not heat the solvent enough to create vapor (e.g., carburetor cleaning
machine),
air

NESHAP emission limits: idling=0.045 lbs/hr/ft2 of solvent-air inter-
face area (EPA Test Method 307);carbon adsorber and lip exhaust=100
ppm (pg 34 of 190)batch vapor=30.7 lbs/ft2 x month, 3-month average-
new in-line=31.4 lbs/ft2 x month, 3-month averageexisting in-line=30.7
lbs/ft2 x month, 3-month average (pg 50 of 190)EMISSION LIMITS
FOR CLEANING MACHINES WITHOUT A SOLVENT-AIR INTER-
FACE (pg 103 of 190)Lip exhaust control (can increases overall solvent
emissions to the air)

1) cover or reduce room draft, 2) automated parts handling e.g., control
dwell time, 4) purchase equipment with 1.0 freeboard ratio i.e., height di-
vided by smallest interior width, 5) refrigerate freeboard, 6) superheated
vapor, 7) work practices

Solvent Alternatives GuidE (SAGE) is an interactive database developed
by the EPA that can provide you a list of candidate replacements for
your current solvent.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope





Continued on next

page





29

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1995. Guidance document for the halogenated solvent cleaner NESHAP.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3827323

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5: Sample Size

Low
Low

x 2
x 1

6
3

Data over 20 years old (1995)
emission limits not actual release data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Distribution if emission is not characterized with statistics. It
is assumed that facilities will comply with emission limits.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.8.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3827375

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Environmental Media: air

Release or Emission Factor: A typical new fourth generation machine can clean 800 pounds of gar-

ments per gallon of PCE.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from less than 20 years ago (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Waste Treatment Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
air

1) carbon absorbers as the main PERC vapor recovery system 2) re-
frigerated condensers 3) To reduce the amount of PERC emissions to
the air, all PERC dry cleaners must conduct a leak detection and repair
program on a regular basis

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 New Mexico Environment Departemnt

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated (e.g., NE-

SHAP, RCRA)

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.0.

Continued on next page

32

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

33

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
waste

Any waste that is contaminated with PERC, such as the button trap, lint
screen, still bottom residue, spent filter cartridges, filter muck, process
water, carbon filters, and/or cooked powder residue is considered a haz-
ardous waste as well as any unused PERC that is to be disposed.facility
is classified as either a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator
(CESQG), a Small Quantity Generator (SQG), or a Large Quantity Gen-
erator (LCG) based on the amount of hazardous waste they generate on
a monthly basis... SQGs and LQGs are required to send their hazardous
waste to an RCRA-permitted facility. Unless subject to stricter state
requirements, CESQGs may send their hazardous waste to a state ap-
proved solid waste facility (municipal landfill) or to a RCRA permitted
facility.

all hazardous waste must be kept in a leak-proof, tightly covered con-
tainer.

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High X 1	1 New Mexico Environment Departemnt

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

dry cleaning in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

34

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning
business.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986890

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score Comments



Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated (e.g., NE-
SHAP, RCRA)

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
water

Any water, regardless of how it became contaminated, that contains
more than 0.7 ppm (parts per million) of PERC is considered hazardous
waste and must be dealt with according to RCRA regulations. Plac-
ing PERC-contaminated wastewater directly onto or into the ground
(e.g. septic systems, underground injection well, etc.) is prohib-
ited.++++++++++++Separator water, which typically contains 150
ppm of PERC, is by definition a hazardous material. There are two
options available to deal with this waste water:

Treatment can be accomplished by passing the separator water through
two granular activated carbon units in series prior to evaporation. The
activated carbon units must be operated and maintained so that the
separator water never exceeds 0.7 ppm PERC concentration.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

New Mexico Environment Departemnt

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
2

N/A

US

dry cleaning in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated (e.g., NE-
SHAP, RCRA)



Continued on next page

36

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning
business.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986890

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Wu, C. Y.,Biewen, T. J.,Nelson, C.. 1996. Analysis of emission sources for air toxic pollutants.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3982593

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Release or Emission Factor: There are different levels of source activity data available for different

categories of area sources" For example, county total perchloroethy-
lene consumption values were calculated for all dry-to-dry machines
with control, all dry-to-dry machines without control, all transfer ma-
chines with control, and all transfer machines without control, using
perchloroethylene consumption data from each individual dry cleaner
within the county.

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr): Emissions from the state of Minnesota in 1996:point sources: 160,841

lbs/yr (72,957 kg/yr)area sources: 691,412 (313,620 kg/yr)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

Source describes mutliple methods for obtaining data but does
not state the which method(s) were used to obtain the pre-
sented data.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

Medium

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

8
6

Air emissions are out of scope.

Data over 20 years old (1996)
statistical representativeness is unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

release mediagiven but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability or uncertainty in submitter pro-
vided data.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Wu, C. Y.,Biewen, T. J.,Nelson, C.. 1996. Analysis of emission sources for air toxic pollutants.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982593

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.9.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

39

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

use

dry cleaning
air

Wolf and Myers (1987) estimated that 0.88 pounds of perchloroethy-
lene were emitted for each pound used in dry cleaning by subtracting
the amount of waste generated in 1984 from the total amount of per-
chloroethylene used that year.+++++++++++++In addition, two in-
dustrial trends should result in declining emissions: the trend toward use
of dry-to-dry rather than transfer equipment and the increasing use of
soap and water solutions instead of perchloroethylene by large industrial
cleaners (Devries, 1986; Lauman, 1986; Wolf, 1986)

In order to control perchloroethylene as an ozone-precursor, about 25
percent of California's air pollution control districts have adopted con-
trol measures specifying the installation of emission reduction devices
(e.g., carbon adsorbers or refrigerated condensers) at larger dry cleaning
facilities.

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Continued on next page

40

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.5.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

41

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986480

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

manufacturer

Manufacture

air

Based on independent estimates by the EPA and a private contractor,
total annual emissions from this producer ranged from approximately
15 to 65 tons per year (TPY) (CMR, 1986; U. S. EPA, 1985). Accord-
ing to a company spokesman, this facility has ceased perchloroethylene
production (Andersen, 1991).

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.5.

Continued on next page

42

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

43

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Cis,. 1997. Clearing the air on clean air: Strategies for perc dry cleaners compliance, risk reduction, pollution prevention.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982315

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Release Source:

Release or Emission Factor:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent
Dry-to-dry machine

8.8 lbs perc/100 lbs clothes (vented)5.7 lbs perc/100 lbs clothes (un-
vented)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6
1

US data

Data for dry cleaning
1997

Disrete emission factors provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Includes necessary metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

44

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ecb,. 2005. European Union risk assessment report: Tetrachloroethylene. Part 1 - Environment.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3839195

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Days per Year:

Number of Sites:

Manufacture/Intermediate

Domestic manufacture (Europe)/Intermediate

Waste water

water

Fraction released to water during manufacture: 0.003Fraction released

to water during use as intermediate: 0.007

300.0

5.0

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

European Chemicals Bureau

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2005

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Sample size small, but outlined clearly

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Includes most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

45

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ecb,. 2005. European Union risk assessment report: Tetrachloroethylene. Part 1 - Environment.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3839195

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

Waste water from closed system

water

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

European Chemicals Bureau

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2005

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Sample size small, but outlined clearly

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Includes most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

46

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986480

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:
Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment); Batch vapor degreaser (e.g., open-top, closed-
loop); In-line vapor degreaser (e.g., conveyorized, web cleaner)
air

Most perchloroethylene emissions attributed to degreasing result from
solvent vapor escaping the tank by diffusion and convection and from
solvent being carried out on cleaned parts. Other emissions result from
handling, equipment and storage leaks, and disposal. The amount of
perchloroethylene emissions from different degreasing operations varies
with equipment and manner of operation. Open-top vapor degreasers
are expected to emit more perchloroethylene than other types of degreas-
ing units. Equipment may be added to reduce emissions, for example,
freeboard chillers reduce diffusion and convection of solvent vapors and
carbon adsorbers recover solvent vapors.++++++++++++The EPA
used a materials balance approach to estimate that 0.92 pounds of per-
chloroethylene were emitted for every pound used in degreasing.
Operating practices that reduce emissions include: keeping tanks cov-
ered. increasing freeboard area (the distance between the top of the de-
greaser and the solvent level), removing parts slowly, thoroughly draining
parts on racks, and checking for leaks (ARB. 1989b).

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Continued on next page

47

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986480

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.5.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

48

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Disposal

Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
air

Chang, et al. (1987) used plant influent and effluent concentrations
and flows to estimate POTW emissions. Assuming that no losses other
than volatilization from plants occur, Chang, et al. estimate that ap-
proximately 50 TPY of perchloroethylene are emitted from California
POTWs.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.5.

Continued on next page

49

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

50

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986480

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Disposal

Municipal landfill
air

The data showed perchloroethylene concentrations ranging from the de-
tection limit (see Appendix C) of 10 ppbv to 45,000 ppbv in the internal
gas of 241 out of the 340 landfills at which internal gas testing was
conducted.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4 Metric Mean Score: 2.5.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

51

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: Part II materials.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986511

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture
air

Manufacture = 0.09 kg/metric ton quantity handledRaw mate-
rial^.0003 kg/metric ton quantity handledStorage=0.086 kg/metric
ton quantity handledSolvent=643 kg/metric ton quantity handledClean-
ing=790 kg/metric ton quantity handled

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Government of Japan - Ministry of the Environment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable
Low

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

8
6

N/A

Japan is an OECD country
air out of scope

Data over 20 years old (1991)" comissioned by Environment
Agency in 1996"

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.8.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

52

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: Part II materials.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986511

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
solid waste

Residue (mass) per annual cleaning load (kg of distillation sludge
per kg of tetrachloroethylene raw material used):Spin disc fil-
ter=0.008Diatomaceous earth filter=0.008Cartridgetype filter=0.004

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Government of Japan - Ministry of the Environment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6

3

Japan is an OECD country

in scope uses

Data over 20 years old

statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

53

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: Part II materials.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986511

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use
Spot cleaner
air

Activated carbon adsorption quantity of specified substance in detergent
(g/kg-activated carbon): (a) If ambient concentration 392 ppm, then
adsorption equilibrium concentration is 10 ppm, (b) If ambient concen-
tration 547 ppm, then adsorption equilibrium concentration is 100 ppm,
(c) If ambient concentration 694 ppm, then adsorption equilibrium con-
centration is 1000 ppm.

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Government of Japan - Ministry of the Environment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High	X 1	1 Japan is an OECD country

Unacceptable x 2	8 air out of scope

Medium	X 2	4 Data less than 20 years old (2001)" Japan Industrial Conference

on Cleaning (January 2001)"

N/A	N/A NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.5.



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Source Citation:	Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: Part II materials.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986511

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

55

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: Part II materials.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986511

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use
Foundry applications
liquid waste

Content of chlorinated organic solvent in waste oil (ratio of degreasing/
washing agent): (a) With a solvent recovery device=0.40, (b) Without
a solvent recovery device=0.75

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Government of Japan - Ministry of the Environment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4

3

Japan is an OECD country
in scope uses

Data less than 20 years old (2001)
statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.9





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

56

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. Toutes les substances: "missions pour 1' ann"e 2012 and pr"visions pour

l'ann"e 2015.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986546

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Paint and coating products
air

2012 actual=0 metric tons2015 forecasts=0 metric tonsCanada Colors
and Chemicals Limited manufactures and distributes commodity and
specialty chemicals to businesses in industrial and solvent sector, food
and fine chemicals, coatings and polymer additives, oil and gas, soap
and detergent, mining, pulp and paper, environmental, and water treat-
ment markets in North America. It sells a range of commodity and
specialty chemical products and solutions, including acids, alkalis, bo-
rates, carbonates, citrates, nitrates, oxides, phosphates, silicates, sili-
cones, sulphates, and a multitude of other chemistries used in various
industrial and process applications; and coatings for architectural, auto-
motive, construction, industrial, maintenance...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Continued on next page

57

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. Toutes les substances:
l'ann"e 2015.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986546

"missions pour 1' ann"e 2012 and pr"visions pour

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

58

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. Toutes les substances: "missions pour 1' ann"e 2012 and pr"visions pour

l'ann"e 2015.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3986546

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Other chemical products and preparations
air

2012 actual=0.21 metric tons2015 forecasts=0.20 metric tonsE.I. du
Pont Canada Company develops, manufactures, and distributes her-
bicides, refrigerants, additives, and other related solutions. It offers
chemicals in the areas of additives and modifiers, animal nutrition and
disease prevention solutions, apparel and textile solutions, construction
materials, consulting services and process technologies, crop protection
solutions, dietary supplement ingredients, display and lighting materials,
electronic and electrical materials, fabrics, fibers and nonwovens, food
ingredients, and food protection solutions, as well as composites, inter-
layers, and laminates. The company also provides products in the areas
of home care, garden and car care, industrial ...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Continued on next page

59

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. Toutes les substances:
l'ann"e 2015.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3986546

"missions pour 1' ann"e 2012 and pr"visions pour

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

60

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): dry cleaning

Environmental Media: Air

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Methods are free of error but choice of parameters is not clear

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
Unacceptable
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
8
4

N/A

Japan is an OECD country
Air releases not in scope
Data older than 10 years
N/A - model

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

no documentation of parameters

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.9.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Japanese Ministry of, Environment. 2004. Manual for PRTR release estimation models: 1. Examples of calculation in typical
processes.

Releases to the Environment; published models;

3986517

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions for 2012 and projections for 2015.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982361

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Paint and coating products
air

2012 actual=0 metric tons2015 forecasts=0 metric tonsCanada Colors
and Chemicals Limited manufactures and distributes commodity and
specialty chemicals to businesses in industrial and solvent sector, food
and fine chemicals, coatings and polymer additives, oil and gas, soap
and detergent, mining, pulp and paper, environmental, and water treat-
ment markets in North America. It sells a range of commodity and
specialty chemical products and solutions, including acids, alkalis, bo-
rates, carbonates, citrates, nitrates, oxides, phosphates, silicates, sili-
cones, sulphates, and a multitude of other chemistries used in various
industrial and process applications; and coatings for architectural, auto-
motive, construction, industrial, maintenance...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982361

for 2012 and projections for 2015.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

63

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions for 2012 and projections for 2015.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982361

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Other chemical products and preparations
air

2012 actual=0.21 metric tons2015 forecasts=0.20 metric tonsE.I. du
Pont Canada Company develops, manufactures, and distributes her-
bicides, refrigerants, additives, and other related solutions. It offers
chemicals in the areas of additives and modifiers, animal nutrition and
disease prevention solutions, apparel and textile solutions, construction
materials, consulting services and process technologies, crop protection
solutions, dietary supplement ingredients, display and lighting materials,
electronic and electrical materials, fabrics, fibers and nonwovens, food
ingredients, and food protection solutions, as well as composites, inter-
layers, and laminates. The company also provides products in the areas
of home care, garden and car care, industrial ...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

64

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982361

for 2012 and projections for 2015.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

65

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Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions for 2011 and projections for 2014.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982362

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Paint and coating products
air

2011 actual=0 metric tons2014 forecasts=0 metric tonsCanada Colors
and Chemicals Limited manufactures and distributes commodity and
specialty chemicals to businesses in industrial and solvent sector, food
and fine chemicals, coatings and polymer additives, oil and gas, soap
and detergent, mining, pulp and paper, environmental, and water treat-
ment markets in North America. It sells a range of commodity and
specialty chemical products and solutions, including acids, alkalis, bo-
rates, carbonates, citrates, nitrates, oxides, phosphates, silicates, sili-
cones, sulphates, and a multitude of other chemistries used in various
industrial and process applications; and coatings for architectural, auto-
motive, construction, industrial, maintenance...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2011)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

66

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982362

for 2011 and projections for 2014.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

67

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Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions for 2011 and projections for 2014.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982362

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Processing

Other chemical products and preparations
air

2011 actual=0.22 metric tons2014 forecasts=0.01 metric tonsE.I. du
Pont Canada Company develops, manufactures, and distributes her-
bicides, refrigerants, additives, and other related solutions. It offers
chemicals in the areas of additives and modifiers, animal nutrition and
disease prevention solutions, apparel and textile solutions, construction
materials, consulting services and process technologies, crop protection
solutions, dietary supplement ingredients, display and lighting materials,
electronic and electrical materials, fabrics, fibers and nonwovens, food
ingredients, and food protection solutions, as well as composites, inter-
layers, and laminates. The company also provides products in the areas
of home care, garden and car care, industrial ...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Chemistry Industry Association of Canada; declarations by











company, plant and substance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Canada

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2011)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no











statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

68

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chemistry Industry Association of, Canada. 2017. All substances emissions

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982362

for 2011 and projections for 2014.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

69

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Source Citation:

Arb,. 1991. Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3982312

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	A) Manufacture!?) Commercial/consumer useC) ProcessingD) Distribu-

tion in commerce

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	A) Domestic manufacture!?) Dry cleaning solvent; Cleaners and de-

greasers (other) C) Paint and coating products; Adhesive and sealant
products; RecyclingD) Distribution

Environmental Media:	Air

Release or Emission Factor:	Table 1 shows that approximately 80 percent of perchloroethy-

lene emissions result from the use of the solvent in dry clean-
ing and decreasing operations" Production=15-65 tons/yearDry
Cleaning=l 1,000 tons/yearDegreasing=3,000 tons/yearPaints, Coat-
ings^,300 tons/year Adhesives=340 tons/yearMiscellaneous=l,600
tons/yearDistribution=5 tons/yearSolvent Reclamation=5-20 tons/
yearPOTWs=50 tons/year

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

Unacceptable

Low

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
8
6

N/A

US, but some totals are regional.

Air releases not in scope
Data over 20 years old (1991)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.





Continued on next

page





70

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Source Citation:	Arb,. 1991. Proposed identification of perchioroethyiene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982312

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

71

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Source Citation: Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982144

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use

In-line vapor degreaser (e.g., conveyorized, web cleaner)

Typically these degreasers perform the cleaning operation in a sealed
chamber into which solvent is introduced after the chamber is closed.
Solvent vapor then performs the fi nal drying stage, and all vapors
are exhausted after each cycle and passed into a solvent recovery sys-
tem. With the sealed chamber, control of solvent loss exceeds 90 per-
cent.+++++++++++++++Results of Life Cycle Assessment (e.g.,
solid waste) for multiple scenarios including: open-top degreaser with-
out NESHAP-compliant controls (VD1).

...some companies have found it cost effective to install one of the ad-
vanced types of degreasers that have no air/vapor interface. These sealed
units were first introduced in Europe, but have become available in the
United States in recent years.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982144

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982144

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Batch vapor degreaser (e.g., open-top, closed-loop)

Release or Emission Factor: In an open-top degreaser, although the vapor generally stays below the

primary condensing coils, there can still be considerable solvent loss.
Drafts in the work area cause solvent vapor to be pulled out. Parts
loading disturbs the solvent/air interface and causes losses. In addition,
cleaned parts may carry solvent with them when removed from the de-
greaser. These factors can cause an uncontrolled open-top degreaser to
lose up to 70 percent of the solvent over a year. Consequently, pro-
cedures are necessary to minimize this loss to ensure compliance with
environmental and occupational requirements.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (2008)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

Continued on next page

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982144



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982144

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Cleaners and degreasers (other)

Recent amendments to the NESHAP also imposed facility-wide emission
limits on companies that vapor degrease with the chlorinated solvents.
The annual limits, including emissions from all the degreasing units at
a facility 4,800 kg (10,500 lbs) for PERC.

Companies operating batch or in-line degreasers are given three options
for compliance: 1) Installing one of several combinations of emission con-
trol equipment and implementing automated parts handling and speci-
fied work practices; 2) Meeting an idling-mode emission limit, in conjunc-
tion with parts handling and work practice requirements; or 3) Meeting a
limit on total emissions. ++++++++++++When a company chooses
the equipment option to comply with the NESHAP, it may choose from
a series of combinations of two or three procedures, which include...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

76

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982144

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.4.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

77

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982310

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

A) Commercial/consumer useB) Processing

A) Dry cleaning solvent; Cleaners and degreasers (other)B) Intermediate

in basic organic chemical manufacturing; Recycling

water

The U.S. EPA TRI reported less than 12 pounds of PCE released to
water for each of the years from 1987 to 1994 (U.S. EPA, 1994b).

Trace amounts of PCE may also be formed during the disinfection of
water through chlorination (NAS, 1977).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Jordan, G. R.. 1985. Solvent recovery in the dry cleaning industry.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982087

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

In the United States, 50 percent of drycleaners use perchloroethy-
lene (perc) as the cleaning solvent, while the remaining establish-
ments utilize Stoddard solvents (petroleum distillates) or fluorocar-
bons.+++++++++++++++One of the most common sources of sol-
vent loss is in the filter sludge, also known as filter muck. Even af-
ter 24 hours of drainage, filter sludge contains as much as 75 percent
perc, or about three pounds of solvent per pound of filter powder.
Cooking solvents out of regenerable filter materials in a muck cooker
can reduce the amount of solvent lost in filter material by 89 percent
.+++++++++++++++Residues in the botton of distillation units
are also rich in solvents. Proper distillation can reduce solvent con-
tent in the still bottoms to less than 60 percent by weight. Perc con-
tent in still bottoms can be reduced to 1 percent through use of oil
cookers.+++++++++++++++The Northeast Fabricare Association
(NEFA), an industy association, offers over 2,500 drycleaners a creative,
coordinated waste hauling service to help them comply with environ-
mental law at an affordable rate.

Most perc plants use a reclaiming dryer which permits recovery of sol-
vent during drying. However, during deodorizing, solvent-laden air is
exhausted, directly to the ambient air. Carbon absorption (CA) and
refrigeration/condensation (R/C) will control these losses and facilitate
recovery... CA can remove more than 96 percent of the solvent in the
exhaust system otherwise ventilated to the outside... Refrigeration/
Condensation Technique: stripped air is returned to the dry cleaning
machine, eliminating the need for external venting ducts.

Continued on next page

79

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Jordan, G. R.. 1985. Solvent recovery in the dry cleaning industry.



Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;



Hero ID

3982087



EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:	Good housekeeping practices to iimit fugitive emissions are an integral

part of minimizing pollution as well as enhancing company profits. These
practices include: 1) ensurance of gasket integrity on dryer doors * min-
imizing solvent retention in garment during unloading, 2) periodic re-
placement of seals on dryer deoderizing and aeration valves, 3) repairing
holes in air and exhaust ducts, 4) closing solvent containers when not in
use

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X

1

3

The data, data sources, and/or techniques used in the assess-
ment or report are not specified.The identified author is "Gre-
gory R. Jordan, Department of Environmental Management,
Bureau of Solid Waste Disposal"

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X
X
X

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (1985)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0





Continued on next

page





80

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Jordan, G. R.. 1985. Solvent recovery in the dry cleaning industry.
Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982087



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982088

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Industrial use
of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

solid waste

Approximately 85 percent of cleaners use perc as their primary solvent.
Used solvent is distilled so it can be purified. Distillation separates the
solvent from waste residues such as detergents, dye, dirt, oil, so the sol-
vent can be reused. In addition to distillation, most machines also use
filters to clean used solvent" After the purification process, filters that
contain the solvent in very small amounts, and certain solvent residues,
such as perc, must be managed and disposed of as hazardous waste.
Drycleaners can send them to special facilities for recycling or incinera-
tion.

P2 Control & percent Efficiency: There are a number of new processes at different stages of development,

such as: 1) Cleaning processes based on liquid carbon dioxide are being
tested and show promise as environmentally sound cleaning systems.
2) A process based on glycol ethers. 3) A water-based process using
ultrasonic energy.

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (f998)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982088

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

83

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982088

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
waste water

At the end of the cleaning process, the cleaning fluid is separated from
waste water by distillation. In the past, the waste water was often poured
down floor drains. In newer equipment, the waste water is collected and
evaporated or removed by hazardous waste handlers and disposed of
through EPA-approved methods.+++++++++Perc can seep through
the ground and contaminate surface water, groundwater, and potentially
drinking water. A small amount of perc can contaminate a large amount
of water and people can be exposed by drinking or using the water. EPA
has a limit on the amount of perc that is allowed to be in drinking water.
Driven by concerns about perc and other drycleaning solvents, recent
advances in both technology and garment care have resulted in a sophis-
ticated machine-based process called " wetcleaning" which uses water as
the solvent. Wetcleaning is done in specially-designed machines that
have to be operated by garment care professionals...Wetcleaning is ap-
pealing from an environmental point of view because the cleaning process
is done in a solution of water with a few percent of additives.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (1998)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982088

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High X 1 1 Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982090

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

air

Fig 1. Emission Factors for Dry Cleaning Machines (Pounds of Perc
Per 100 Pounds of Clothes) e.g., transfer machine losses a total of 12.2
pounds of PERC per 100 pounds of clothes+++++++++++Emissions
are a function of PERC consumption Table 1 (i.e., Determining Your
Source Category) outlines the NESHAP source categories (i.e., small,
large, major source).+++++++++++Purchase a halogenated hydro-
carbon detector to monitor vapor losses. Up to 25 percent of solvent
emissions can be attributed to equipment leaks.

...only 62 percent of commercial dry cleaning machines currently have
emission control equipment.+++++++Dry cleaners can control pro-
cess vent emissions with refrigerated condensers or carbon adsorbers.
Room enclosures control most fugitive emissions, including those during
clothing transfer. Leak detection and repair, good housekeeping, and
preventive maintenance also control fugitive emissions.

Initial policy deployment by management provides information on bet-
ter maintenance practices (BMPs) and monitoring. " Replace the seals
regularly on the dryer deodorizer and aeration valves".

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation &
University of Tennessee Center for Industrial Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

8
6

N/A

US

air out of scope

Data over 20 years old (1997)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)





Continued on next

page





86

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982090

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

87

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Source Citation: Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982090

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Industrial use
of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Fig. 2 [Diagram of] Typical Atmospheric and Waste Losses
solid waste

There are many ways to lose perc in dry cleaning operations" pro-
cess vent and fugitive emissions to the atmosphere and losses in wastes
like muck and still bottoms.+++++++++++++Cartridge filters with
carbon-cores are the most common type of filter used in dry clean-
ing...Drain cartridges for a minimum of 24 hours in a closed container.
Undrained cartridges may contain as much as one gallon (13 pounds) of
solvent.

Waste Treatment Method: Good operational control for waste reduction is defined as a procedure

or policy in an organization that reduces the generation of multi-media
wastes... Proper procedures to reduce waste are part of the overall op-
erating plan for a business. " Avoid underloading or overloading of
machines. " Place saturated lint from lint baskets in sealed waste con-
tainers. " Inspect waste storage containers for leaks.

P2 Control & percent Efficiency: Pollution prevention (P2) or source reduction involves reducing the

amount of waste exiting a process such as dry cleaning. Source reduction
includes: " Process or procedure modifications; " Equipment or technol-
ogy modifications; " Substitution of raw materials or improvements in
feedstock purity; " Reformulation or redesign of products; " Improve-
ments in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control; and
" Recycling within a process such as the close-looped distillation of perc.

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation &

University of Tennessee Center for Industrial Services

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982090

EVALUATION











Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1997)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions











are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

89

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Source Citation: Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3982090

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

water

Perc is not very soluble in water. Nevertheless, process wastewater will
contain about 150 ppm (0.015 percent) solvent. Dry cleaning establish-
ments that launder industrial rags (shop towels), garments, and other
textiles have significant levels of perc in the wastewater. In addition, the
recovery of perc from vapors routed to water separators from condensers,
carbon adsorbers, cartridge strippers, stills, and muck cookers can yield
water-contaminated solvent.Routing solvents to a water separator will
allow recovery of the heavier solvent. The solvent is ultimately returned
to the tank. Drained water from the top of the separator may be passed
through one or more carbon filters to reduce perc levels before discharge
to the sewer.

Consider buying separator water evaporators that are exempt from
RCRA permitting. These units have filters designed to yield perc-free
water that eventually evaporates from the unit.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium x 1

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation &
University of Tennessee Center for Industrial Services

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1997)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982090

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

91

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Source Citation:	Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982092

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
hazardous waste

Perchloroethylene plants potentially produce three types of hazardous
wastes: 1) still residues from solvent distillation 2) spent filter car-
tridges, 3) cooked powder residue (drained powder residues from di-
atomaceous or other powder filter systems after heating to remove ex-
cess solvent) Generally there are three methods for proper disposal of
hazardous wastes that are currently considered acceptable by both EPA
and most State hazardous waste management agencies: 1) disposal in an
authorized hazardous waste landfill 2) disposal at an authorized high-
temperature incineration facility 3) disposal through an authorized re-
cycler of hazardous wastes

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium X 1	2 Prepared by "EMPE, Inc. Consulting Engineers" for the Ten-

nessee Department of Economic and Community Development

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1986)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next page

92

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Source Citation:	Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982092

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

93

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Source Citation:	Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982092

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

waste water++++++++++++hazardous waste
CASE HISTORY: White Way Cleaners, Nashville, TNWhite Way's op-
eration currently consists of dry cleaning (950 - 1200 lbs/day) and linen
service (900 lbs/day). These operations represent 75 percent and 25 per-
cent of their total business respectively. " The laundry wastewater (efflu-
ent) generated at White Way is nonhazardous. This wastewater is gen-
erated at a rate of 12,000 gallons per day.+++++++++++++Waste
perchloroethylene (still residues, spent filter cartridges)=7968 kg/yr
(DESTINATION: Incineration)

The carbon adsorption technology is the most popular solvent recov-
ery technology used in the dry cleaning industry. Adsorption processes
help purify liquids and gases by attracting and holding organic impu-
rities on the vast surface area of the adsorbent...Some of the potential
disadvantages of the carbon adsorption system are listed below:
In White Way's operation the major source of waste is the perc solvent
used in the dry-dry and wet-transfer units. These could be replaced by
Valclene units, thus decreasing the amount of solvent that needs to be
replenished.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Prepared by "EMPE, Inc. Consulting Engineers" for the Ten-











nessee Department of Economic and Community Development

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data over 20 years old (1986)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

statistical representativeness unclear

Continued on next page

94

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982092

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High

X 1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low

X 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium



2.0





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982095

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

air

278 gal./yr. of PERC usage (1997 North Carolina average) is about
3,767 lbs./yr., BUT less than 30 percent of PERC usages get into the
air, or less than 1,200 lbs./yr.If a single machine uses less than 140
gal/yr, it is exempt from the MACT, but must still keep certain spec-
ified records.++++++++++++++It is estimated that 80-90 percent
of PERC used annually in the US is released into the environment, par-
ticularly to the atmosphere (EPA, 1982).

The current reduced solvent usages could be further reduced substan-
tially by the following pollution prevention measures: a. Upgrading
PERC processes from Generation 3 machines to Generation 4. b. In-
stallation of solvent recovery dryers and vacuum stills in allpetroleum
transfer processes, c. Additional operator training on the most efficient
operating procedures of the equipment, d. Increasing the use of wet
cleaning significantly, from the current 10 percent level to as high as 70
percent, which would obviously further reduce the usages of the solvents.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Re-
sources - Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Assistance

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Medium

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

8
4

N/A

US

air out of scope

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Continued on next page

96

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982095



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

97

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Source Citation:	Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	3982095

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
hazardous waste

Two primary sources of liquid wastes containing PERC need to be han-
dled very carefully, namely the separator/contact water and the still
residues" Florida has a management practice for handling separator/
contact water that permits discard to the sewer if the PERC concentra-
tion is below a certain level.+++++++++++++Federal regulations
prohibit land disposal of various chlorinated solvent materials that may
contain PERC. Any waste material containing PERC must be listed as
a hazardous waste unless the waste is shown not to endanger the health
of humans or the environment (EPA, 1988). Destruction and removal
efficiency of PERC-containing waste must be 99.99 percent .

Much of the PERC lost in the processing of clothes is lost in the spent
cartridge/carbon filters and the still residues. Using the new spin disk
filters where feasible will reduce these loses.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Re-
sources - Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Assistance

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

98

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982095

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

99

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982095

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
ground water

Potential groundwater contamination is also a major concern. Histori-
cally, potential groundwater contamination came from three sources: 1)
the accidental release of PERC stored on the premises, such as a spill
which gets into the ground; 2) the accidental release of PERC during
the distillation of dirty PERC, i.e. a boil-over, which could also get
into the ground; and 3) condensation of water during the dry cleaning
process coming into contact with the PERC during normal cleaning op-
erations, and subsequently discharged to a sewer, a septic system, or
to a creek or lake. The majority of the contamination of groundwater
probably occurred prior to the development of the environmental regula-
tions. ++++++++++The current North Carolina groundwater quality
standard for PERC is 0.0007 mg/L, which is also expressed in micro-
grams as 0.7 mg/L (15A NCAC 2L .0202). This threshold corresponds
to a one in one million cancer risk.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Re-











sources - Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental











Assistance

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

100

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

3982095

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

101

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 2002. Occurrence summary and use support document for the six-year review of national primary drinking

water regulations.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3970165

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Production, Processing, Use

Various

Air, water, soil

In 1999: 1,793 lbs to surface water3,648,732 lbs to air8,897 lbs to under-
ground injectionl9,885 to land

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

Unacceptable
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
8

Data from US
covers in scope uses

Data from 1988-1999 TRI, more recent TRI data available
statistical representativeness is unclear.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

102

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Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 1999. 33/50 Program: The final record.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3970174

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Environmental Media:	surface water

Release or Emission Factor:	1311 lbs in 1996

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4

3

Data from US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
1999

statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

103

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Source Citation: Erg,. 2008. LCI summary for eight coffee packaging systems.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;
Hero ID 3978169

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

unknown
unknown
air

Life cycle analysis shows atmospheric emissions of PERC vary depending
on the coffee container system (ranging from 1.3E-5 to 5.5E-6 lbs per
100,000 ounces of ground coffee).

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 Methodology described and expected to be accuratee

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

source from <10 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

Sensativity analysis used to address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 1.9.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

104

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Source Citation: Franklin Associates, Ltd. 2006. Life cycle inventory of polystyrene foam, bleached paperboard, and corrugated paperboard

foodservice products.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 3978165

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

unknown
unknown
air

Life cycle analysis shows atmospheric emissions of PERC vary depending
on the materials in foodservice products (e.g., hot cup, cold cup, high
grade plate, sandwich-size clamshells) and related fuel consumption.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 Methodology described and expected to be accuratee

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

source from <10 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

Sensativity analysis used to address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 1.9.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

105

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes: Summary.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3970190

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:
Waste Treatment Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
machine

air, water, and haz. waste

Figure 5 "Estimated Releases from Perc Model Facilities with Various
Machine Types and Emission Controls" for eight machines configura-
tions e.g., dry-to-dry closed-loop with unvented integral secondary car-
bon control. Perc releases to air, water, and haz. waste (gallons per
year).

releases are from other literatre

Section describing the primary fabricare equipment e.g., carbon adsor-
bers, cartridge filters, muck cookers, water separators.Figure 11: An
Overview of Trade-Off Factors for Alternative Cleaning Technologies
(i.e., hydrocarbon , wetcleaning)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
6

N/A

USA

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1998)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes: Summary.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970190

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

107

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U.S, E. P. A.. 1978. Control techniques for volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
40590

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

air

Emission sources: 1) Dryer Evaporation After Condenser: 3-6 kg/1000
kg of materials cleaned2) Filter Muck: 1-14 kg/1000 kg of materials
cleanedMost plants have a muck cooker by economic necessity. Most of
the solvent is cooked from the filter muck, condensed, and recycled. The
cooked muck and remaining solvent are stored for later disposal. Solvent
that has been filtered must be distilled to remove soluble impurities (fats,
oils, greases). Distillation bottoms are also stored for later disposal with
the filter muck.

Emissions after control (pages 519 and 531 of 518):1) Dryer Evaporation
After Condenser - After Carbon Adsorption: 0.3 kg/1000 kg of materials
cleaned2) Filter Muck - After Cartridge Filters and Longer Cooking
Times: 0.5-1 kg/1000 kg of materials cleaned

Although carbon adsorption units can remove 95-100 percent of the or-
ganic input to the bed, reductions in the total solvent emission are only
40-65 percent . Some systems achieve less than 40 percent emission
reduction because of poor inlet collection efficiency and an improperly
maintained or adjusted carbon adsorber (pg 562 of 580).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years

old (1978)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

uncertain statistics

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1978. Control techniques for volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
40590

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High X 1 1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.6.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

109

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1978. Control techniques for volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
40590

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr)

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

water and solid waste

Carbon adsorption will increase water use; Perc released in wastewa-
ter characterized... Disposal of spent carbon from carbon adsorption
systems creates a negligible solid waste impact.Table 4.17-8. Estimates
Of Increased Water Use And Solvent Disposed Of In Wastewater As
A Result Of Applying Carbon Adsorption In Typical Perc Solvent Dry
Cleaning Plants

Coin-op=0.2Commercial = 1.4Industrial = 13.5(see page 536 of 580)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1978)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

110

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Source Citation:	Chiriac, R.,Carre, J.,Perrodin, Y.,Vaillant, H.,Gasso, S.,Miele, P.. 2009. Study of the dispersion of VOCs emitted by a

municipal solid waste landfill. Atmospheric Environment.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	460574

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Disposal

Municipal landfill
air

Old clothes soaked with tetrachlorethylene and trichlorethylene can be
found in wastes"

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

peer-reviewed article

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

France

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

source from <10 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

111

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Source Citation:

Sonnenfeld, N.,Hertz-Picciotto, I.,Kaye, W. E.. 2001. Tetrachloroethylene in drinking water and birth outcomes at the US

Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. American Journal of Epidemiology.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

630990

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Release or Emission Factor: none.Only VOC concentrations in an on base finished water supply well.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

peer-reviewed article

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

Contaminated drinking water is out of scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

range with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

112

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Source Citation: Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing

facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 632416

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)
air and water

air=322.34 tonnes/yrwater=3.77 tonnes/yr" ...facilities dedicated to sur-
face treatment with organic solvents... mainly produces emissions of
organic compounds in air (322.34 tonnes/yr tetrachloroethylene, 654.23
tonnes/yr trichloroethylene, and 94,782 tonnes/yr nonmethane volatile
organic compounds), while low indirect emission to water (3.77 tonnes/
yr) consist of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes."

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Journal Article. Authors from the University of Santiago de
Compostela.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

European Union

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 10 years old (2006)
statistical representativeness unclear

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

Continued on next page

113

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing
facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Releases to the Environment; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

632416

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

114

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Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3970186

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Disposal /Treatment Method:

Environmental Media:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

8 machine types/configurations discussed with air, water and hazardous

waste releases documented for each

Treatment methods vary from none to carbon adsorber

air, water, hazardous waste

Air: range of 83-501 gal/yrWater: range of 0.007 - 0.1 gal/yrHazardous
waste: 127 gal/yr

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US EPA



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

High
High

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness Low
Metric 5: Sample Size	High

x 1	1 US

X 2	2 PCE dry cleaning data, though much of it is outdated technol-

ogy

X 2	6 Data from greater than 20 years ago (1980s and 1990s)

X 1	1	Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2

Provides measurement, worker activity, but does not provide
measurement duration or all sample locations

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

115

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Kargar, M.,Nadafi, K.,Nabizadeh, R.,Nasseri, S.,Mesdaghinia, A.,Mahvi, A. H.,Alimohammadi, M.,Nazmara, S.,Rastkari,
N.. 2013. Survey of Hazardous Organic Compounds in the Groundwater, Air and Wastewater Effluents Near the Tehran
Automobile Industry. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

2128072

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Release Source:

Disposal /Treatment Method:

Environmental Media:
Release or Emission Factor:

Release Estimation Method:
Waste Treatment Method:

Disposal

Industrial wastewater treatment

Effluent of wastewater treatment from auto plant

The collected wastewater from car industryprocess enters wastewater
treatment plant in the factory. The wastewater treatment plant in fac-
toryconsists of screening, primary sedimentation, equalizationtank, pre
aeration, coagulation and flocculation (DAFsystem), activated sludge,
clarifier, sand filtration andchlorination.
water

Coagulation Effluent - 0.17-0.06 (mean 0.129)Biological effluent - 0.07 -
0.03 (mean 0.043)Disinfection Effluent - 0.09 - 0.03 (mean 0.061)

Water sampling GC-FID analysis with VARIAN CP-3800
screening, primary sedimentation, equalization tank, pre aeration, coag-
ulation and flocculation (DAF system), activated sludge, clarifier, sand
filtration and chlorination

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Iranian Dept. of Enviro. Health Engineering

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X

1

3

Iran

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Degreasing metal parts in auto industry

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

2012

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Kargar, M.,Nadafi, K.,Nabizadeh, R.,Nasseri, S.,Mesdaghinia, A.,Mahvi, A. H.,Alimohammadi, M.,Nazmara, S.,Rastkari,

N.. 2013. Survey of Hazardous Organic Compounds in the Groundwater, Air and Wastewater Effluents Near the Tehran
Automobile Industry. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID	2128072

EVALUATION





Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Variability presented

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.2



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

1 If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

117

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Source Citation:	Hughes, M. A.,Degroot, J. L. B.. 1993. A PET RECYCLING PROCESS. Chemical Engineering Research and Design.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	2908066

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Recycling

Release Source:	glue residues in distillation "bottoms"

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Institution of Chem. Eng.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
6

N/A

UK

Use of PERC to clean glue residues of PET is in scope
1993

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

118

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Source Citation:	Schuetz, C.,Bogner, J.,Chanton, J.,Blake, D.,Morcet, M.,Kjeldsen, P.. 2003. Comparative oxidation and net emissions of

methane and selected non-methane organic compounds in landfill cover soils. Environmental Science and Technology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	2528560

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Disposal

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	municipal landfill

Release Source:	surface emissions

Disposal /Treatment Method:	landfill

Environmental Media:	air

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Technical University of Denmark

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
Unacceptable
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
8
4
1

Denmark

Air releases not in scope
2003

statistics fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Variability presented

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

119

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Bhattacharya, S. K.,Madura, R. L.,Dobbs, R. A.,Angara, R. V.,Tabak, H.. 1996. Fate of selected RCRA compounds in a
pilot-scale activated sludge system. Water Environment Research.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

659813

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Disposal

Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
air

An air sweep equivalent to a 4 km/h wind was maintained over the
surface of the clarifier by exhausting air at 8,500 L/min...Air flow in
the aeration basins averaged 4,250 L/min"Concentrations in the pri-
mary and secondary air are included in table 4 on page 5 of 10 (table
10 has air emission as a percent volatilized/stripped).The test system
was spiked continuously for 10 weeks with acetone, methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK), cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), carbon tetrachloride
(CT), 1,1,1 -trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), l,l,2-trich]oroethane (1,1,2-
TCA), trichloroethy] ene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), chloroben-
zene (CB), and ethy] benzene (EB). A continuous feed of spike toxic
cocktail was used to produce an influent concentration of 0.25 mg/L of
each individual organic compound and create an "acclimated" biomass.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

The "Water Environment Research" is a quality journal; the

authors are connected with Tulane University.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

The pilot treatment systems chosen as a representative POTW

design consisted of primary clarification followed by conven-

tional activated sludge treatment.

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years old (1996)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

Distribution of sample is characterized with a standard devia-

tion with uncertain statistics

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Bhattacharya, S. K.,Madura, R. L.,Dobbs, R. A.,Angara, R. V.,Tabak, H.. 1996. Fate of selected RCRA compounds in a
pilot-scale activated sludge system. Water Environment Research.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

659813

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High X 1 1 The report addresses variability and uncertainty in the results.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.4.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

121

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Bhattacharya, S. K.,Madura, R. L.,Dobbs, R. A.,Angara, R. V.,Tabak, H.. 1996. Fate of selected RCRA compounds in a
pilot-scale activated sludge system. Water Environment Research.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

659813

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Disposal

Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
waste water

Concentrations in the primary and secondary effluent are included
in table 4 on page 5 of 10.The test system was spiked contin-
uously for 10 weeks with acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK),
cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), carbon tetrachloride (CT),
1,1,1 -trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), l,l,2-trich]oroethane (1,1,2-TCA),
trichloroethy] ene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), chlorobenzene
(CB), and ethy]benzene (EB). A continuous feed of spike toxic cock-
tail was used to produce an influent concentration of 0.25 mg/L of each
individual organic compound and create an "acclimated" biomass.
bio-degradedation on average is negative 16 percent (see table 11 on page
9 of 10).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

The "Water Environment Research" is a quality journal; the

authors are connected with Tulane University.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

The pilot treatment systems chosen as a representative POTW

design consisted of primary clarification followed by conven-

tional activated sludge treatment.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years old (1996)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Bhattacharya, S. K.,Madura, R. L.,Dobbs, R. A.,Angara, R. V.,Tabak, H.. 1996. Fate of selected RCRA compounds in a
pilot-scale activated sludge system. Water Environment Research.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

659813

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 The report addresses variability and uncertainty in the results.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

123

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Source Citation: Demond, A. H.. 1982. A source of tetrachloroethylene in the drinking water of New England: An evaluation of the toxicity

of tetrachloroethylene and the prediction of its leaching rates from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipe.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 758556

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Disposal

Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
sewage sludge

typical range (ug/kg): 290, 61, and <7[pg 129 of 179 - source: A.D.
Little, 1980]

"the chemistry of PCE does not suggest any easy or convenient method
for ridding the water of its presence" Its physical nature, however does
suggest simple removal mechnism. Its low azeotropic boiling point would
allow for rapid removal through boiling of the contaminated water and
its high volatility permits the stripping of PCE by means of an aeration
column [pg 127 of 197].

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Master thesis for MIT

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years old (submitted in 1983)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

range with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Data sources, and assumptions are not fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Demond, A. H.. 1982. A source of tetrachloroethylene in the drinking water of New England: An evaluation of the toxicity
of tetrachloroethylene and the prediction of its leaching rates from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipe.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

758556

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

125

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Source Citation: Demond, A. H.. 1982. A source of tetrachloroethylene in the drinking water of New England: An evaluation of the toxicity

of tetrachloroethylene and the prediction of its leaching rates from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipe.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 758556

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
waste water

typical range (ug/1): 5,000 - 110,000[pg 129 of 179 - source: A.D. Little,
1980]]

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Master thesis for MIT

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years old (submitted in 1983)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

range with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Data sources, and assumptions are not fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

126

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Source Citation:

2008. Control Techniques Guidelines for Miscellaneous Metal and Plastic Parts Coatings.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

1585239

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Solvent-based paints and coatings, including for chemical milling

Release or Emission Factor:	The NSPS sets VOC content limits for prime coats (1.5 kg/liter coating

solids applied), color coats (1.5 kg/liter coating solids applied), texture
coats (2.3 kg/liter coating solids applied), and touch-up coats (2.3 kg/
liter coating solids applied) in any facility in which plastic parts are
coated for use in the manufacturing of business machines.

Waste Treatment Method:	1) more effective application; 2) coating reformulation; 3) capture sys-

tem; 4) add on control e.g., oxidation, adsorption; and 5) work practices.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

source from <10 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	2008. Control Techniques Guidelines for Miscellaneous Metal and Plastic Parts Coatings.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	1585239

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

128

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Source Citation: Tobiszewski, M.,NamieAnik, J.. 2013. Distribution of volatile organohalogen compounds in petrochemical plant water streams.

Chemistry and Ecology.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3490937

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Disposal

Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
waste water

The distribution patterns of halogenated volatile organic com-
pounds in petrochemical water systems and WWTP were as-
sessed. +++++++++++'PCE was detected at trace levels at the
wastewater treatment plant process wastewater, oiled rainwater and
oiled drainage water inlets.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 "Chemistry and Ecology" is a quality journal; the authors are

connected with Polands Gdansk University of Technology .

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

The data are from an OECD country other than the U.S.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

High

Data less than 10 years old (published in 2013)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Single values, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

129

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Source Citation: Vroblesky, D. onA,Petkewich, M. D.,Lowery, M. A.,Landmeyer, J. E.. 2011. Sewers as a Source and Sink of Chlorinated-

Solvent Groundwater Contamination, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. Ground Water Monitoring
and Remediation.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3562258

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release Source:

Storage

Dry Cleaning Solvent
surface spill

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

NGWA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

Medium

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
2

Discusses spillage, not release from use or purposeful disposal
source from <10 years ago
range with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.0.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

130

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Source Citation:	Murphy, B. L.. 2016. Vapor degreasing with chlorinated solvents. Environmental Forensics.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3544388

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

Release Source:

Disposal /Treatment Method:

Environmental Media:

Waste ConveyorsWaste Open Top Unit

608 gallons PCE/Unit with 284000 units in use in 1974410 gal/unit with
1,280,000 units in use in 1974
air, water

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Environmental Forensics Journal

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

vapor degreasing

2016 article, but most data is much older covering 1920s - 1980s
Not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Some meta data discussion

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not discussed in detail

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Us, E. P. A.. 2017. Paper industry.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3986889

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

land

The large-volume wastes produced by the paper industry are not often
classified as hazardous under RCRA, but it's use of PERC in cleaning
and degreasing, specifically solvent waste and toxic rinse water, might
be hazardous.

Waste minimization techniques that can help you reduce the amount of
hazardous waste that you generate include: 1) Production planning and
sequencing, 2) Process/equipment adjustment or modification, 3) Raw
material substitution, 4) Loss prevention and housekeeping, 5) Waste
segregation and separation, and 6) Recycling.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1990)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Us, E. P. A.. 2017. Paper industry.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure
3986889

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

133

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile on perchlorethylene.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982137

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Processing

Intermediate in basic organic chemical manufacturing
air +++++land+++++water

As a volatile organic compound (VOC), emissions of perchloroethy-
lene from industrial installations are regulated in the EU un-
der the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU) (formerly by
the Solvent Emissions Directive (1999/13/EC)), and other direc-
tives. ++++++++++++++++During the production of chlorinated
solvents, integrated manufacturing methods are employed so that
waste from one process is used in another process. As a result,
waste from the manufacturing plant is kept to a minimum; any
toxic or potentially environmentally damaging wastes are recycled
and converted to useful products, and final waste is disposed of by
destruction/incineration.++++++++++++Waste waters containing
perchloroethylene above certain levels need to be treated by industrial or
municipal sewage treatment plants, to keep emissions to natural waters
below the limits set by legislation.

ECS A strongly encourages the use of state-of-the-art, contained sys-
tems to avoid the release of perchloroethylene into the environ-
ment.+++++++++++Direct photolysis is not expected to be an im-
portant removal process for perchloroethylene, but it undergoes reactions
with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, resulting in a half-life in the
atmosphere of around 50 days.

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium x 1

2

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium x 1

2

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or
3982137

Health profile on perchlorethylene.

Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain



Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

N/A

x 2
x 2

2
2

N/A

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Wsp,. 2015. Re: Offsite groundwater monitoring plan: Former Kop-Flex facility, voluntary cleanup program site #31:
Hanover, Maryland: Project no. E0039196/07.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982202

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Kop-Flex formerly manufactured flexible couplings for the mechanical
power transmission industry at the site. Historical releases of chlori-
nated solvents at the former Kop-Flex facility contaminated well wa-
ter; groundwater monitoring plan is discussed.PCE was detected in the
groundwater.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Offsite groundwater monitoring plan submitted to Maryland

Department of the Environment

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Covers conditions of use in scope,
general population.

, but all exposures are to the

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

Data from less than 10 years ago

(letter dated 2015).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

Continued on next

page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Wsp,. 2015. Re: Offsite groundwater monitoring plan: Former Kop-Flex facility, voluntary cleanup program site #31:
Hanover, Maryland: Project no. E0039196/07.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982202

137

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Source Citation: Fdoh,. 2017. Florida hazardous waste site: Health risk assessments.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982215

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Pesticide, fertilizer and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Copy of Florida Department of Health website listing a collection of
hazardous waste sites. Listing shows facility name, location, the type of
site, and contaminants. Twentyfive sites list PCE as a contaminant e.g.,
metal plating company, concrete mixing plant.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 Florida Dep of Health

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Source is a website with a list of reports from Florida Dep of
Health, no information relevant to assessment on website

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

2017

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Low x 1 3 data sources not fully documented

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness N/A N/A No Comment.

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation: Erm,. 2017. Life cycle assessment of used oil management.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982372

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Annual Release Quantity (kg/yr):
Waste Treatment Method:

Processing
Recycling

As Table 4.3 shows, there are considerable variations in the volume of
used oil generated, collected and the disposition over the years 2007-
2011.

Table 4.6 The amount of total used oil in kg sent to each waste manage-
ment option in each scenario in Phase II
Pollution control during combustion (see Section 5.1.11).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

LCA authored by " Environmental Resources Management" to

satisfy CA Senate Bill 546 (Lowenthal).

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

California specific.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2016).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Co, D. O. H.. 1992. Lessons learned in pollution prevention: Case studies of three print shops.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982089

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Commercial/consumer use
Solvent-based paints and coatings
land /water++++++air

Equipment cleaning wastes and toxic air emissions from cleaning sol-
vents are currently the main hazards in the print shops that were
studied include...Spent Press Blanket and Roller Wash and Deglazer.
Examples are flammable or combustible wash solvents that contain
naphtha or Stoddard solvents and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-
lene); roller glaze removers that contain acetone, toluene and 1 ,
1,1 trichloroethane.++++++++++++Toxic Air Emissions that occur
during cleaning operations. The substances that are of most concern are
toluene, 1,1,1 trichloroethane and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-
lene).

Use of "cleaner" or less hazardous material substitutes. New products
that were tried out to replace the press blanke/roller wash and deglazers,
included Golden Technology" s BIO T"

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Colorado Department of Health

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
6

N/A

US with site visits to 3 Colorado print shops
Covers conditions of use in scope
Data more than 20 years old (published in 1992)
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Co, D. O. H.. 1992. Lessons learned in pollution prevention: Case studies of three print shops.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982089

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low

X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium

2.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982093

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

air++++++water+++++land

An emission standard for the use of perchloroethylene in drycleaning,
published in September 1993, was the first standard adopted under the
revised Section 112. " In many states, permitting for small degreasing
sources has been deferred.++++++++++++++In 1991, EPA estab-
lished national primary drinking water regulations setting a maximum
contaminant level, or MCL, of 5 micrograms per liter for perchloroethy-
lene (equal to 5 parts per billion, or ppb), and a maximum contaminant
level goal (MCLG) of zero.+++++++++++++++Perchloroethylene
waste is considered hazardous under the RCRA and many state laws.
Such waste must be stored, transported, and disposed of in accordance
with applicable RCRA and state requirements. The reportable quantity
for releases of perchloroethylene under the CERCLA is 100 pounds.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,
Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982093

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Mehta S, Besore T.. 1989. Alternatives to organic

solvents in metal-cleaning operations.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or

Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982094



EXTRACTION





Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

land

Regulations governing organic solvents fall into three categories: waste
management under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), transportation under the Hazardous Materials Transporta-
tion Act, and employee training under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA)... In general, the regulations state that if a busi-
ness produces more than 220 pounds per month, it is responsible for
cradle-to-grave documentation of the hazardous wastes it generates. Per-
chloroethylene (U210) is regulated under RCRA.

Biodegradable cleaners that can replace many chlorinated solvents are
available and have overall usage costs comparable to those of chlorinated
solvents. E.g., AT&T has successfully used biodegradable solvent Bioact
EC7, produced by Petroferm Inc. of Fernandina Beach, Florida for
cleaning operations....

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Illinois Hazardous Waste Research & Information Center

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1989)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Continued on next page

144

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Mehta S, Besore T.. 1989. Alternatives to organic solvents in metal-cleaning operations.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982094

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

145

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Source Citation:	Cameo, Chemicals. 2016. Chemical datasheet: perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3981011

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

unkown
unkown
land

CERCLA reportable quanity=100 pounds (Code: U210).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

US Department of Commerce - NOAA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

High

N/A

XX X

1

2

2

1

2

2

N/A

US

File has regulatory information and data on physical properties
that apply to multiple conditions of use

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2016).

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.3





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

146

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

The Finnish Environment, Institute. 2017. Data bank of environmental properties of chemicals tetrachloroethylene.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3981150

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

unkown
unkown

air+++water+++waste water

Mobility" equilibrium distribution = 99.45 percent in
air+++++++++++++Insoluble in water...lab experiments show
PCE will evaporate rapidly from water.++++++++++Inhibition in
active sludge 10 mg/1

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Finlands environmental administration

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Northern Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

various general data that may apply to multiple COUs

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2017).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

147

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Source Citation:

McComas, C.. 1996. Dry cleaning equipment upgrades cut costs and reduce perc.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982078

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Environmental Media:	air

Release or Emission Factor:	Three options exist for perc dry cleaning equipment upgrades:l. Switch

to Dry-to-Dry Machines...Perc Use Reduction: Up to 90 percent annu-
ally2. Add Refrigerated Condensers...Perc Use Reduction: Up to 40-50
percent annually.3. Add Carbon Adsorption Units...dependsBy Septem-
ber 22, 1996, depending on your annual perc consumption (greater than
140 gallons per year for dry-to-dry systems and greater than 200 gal-
lons per year for transfer systems) you may need to add a refrigerated
condenser to nonrefrigerated systems to comply with the NESHAP.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Small Businesses Assistance Program (SBAP) at the Min-
nesota Pollution Control Agency

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

8
6

N/A

US

Air emissions are out of scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1996)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.5.





Continued on next

page





148

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	McComas, C.. 1996. Dry cleaning equipment upgrades cut costs and reduce perc.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982078

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

149

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Source Citation:	Busier, C.. 1984. Research briefs: Still residue and cooker muck update.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3982080

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
land

Several states have already enacted stringent laws regulating hazardous
wastes, and we can expect this trend to continue on both federal and
state levels...Since International Fabricare Institute (IFI) introduced the
water addition method of reducing perc content in residues (Technical
bulletin 560), many member drycleaners have used this method in their
plants...Application of a steam sweep also helps reduce the perc content
of still residues.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X

1

3

International Fabricare Institute (now called the Drycleaning
& Laundry Institute)

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1984)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

150

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Source Citation:

Lighthouse Communications, Group. 2017. Dry cleaners: Switch to wet cleaning process.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982081

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Environmental Media:
Release or Emission Factor:



land

Denver dry cleaner switches to a wet cleaning process. The new system
uses 80 percent less perc and hazardous waste disposal has decreased 80
percent .Reduced potential for spills and leaks of perc and the associated
liability.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1995)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

151

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

University of, Minnesota. 2017. Dry cleaners; Waste and emission reduction alternatives.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982082

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
air

Many opportunities exist to reduce perc use, including:l. improved op-
erating and maintenance procedures (e.g., employee training, consult
operating manuals, general housekeeping), 2. more efficient equipment,
and3. incorporation of substitute cleaning products and methods.
Control devices may include external refrigerated condensers and car-
bon adsorbers. Switching from the more traditional transfer machines
to a more efficient refrigerated dry-to-dry machine eliminates garment
transfer, and can reduce perc use and purchase in a given year by as
much as 90 percent...Emission-free still sludge is another feature of new
machines that dramatically reduces perc in sludge and lowers operator
exposure to perc fumes.

Even more revolutionary cleaning systems are on the horizon, such as
"dry wash," a carbon dioxide technology.Dry cleaners who wish to be-
come a Certified Environmental Dry Cleaner must pay a fee and pass
an examination.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Minnesota Technical Assistance Program, University of Min-













nesota

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Air emissions are out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1997)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

152

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

University of, Minnesota. 2017. Dry cleaners; Waste and emission reduction alternatives.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982082

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.5.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

153

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Source Citation: Wa, D. E.. 1997. Fact sheet: Drycleaning and waste reduction.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982084

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
land

Typical wastes generated by drycleaners include spent perchloroethy-
lene ("perc"), still bottoms from distillation of solvents, spent filter car-
tridges, cooked powder residue and water contaminated with "perc."
These wastes are categorized as dangerous wastes by Washington State's
Dangerous Waste Regulations (Chapter 173-303 WAC).

1. Good housekeeping measures can greatly decrease the amount of
wastes that are generated. To reduce excess waste production: e.g.,
Keep tight fitting lids and bungs on containers to prevent loss of chem-
icals through evaporation or spillage.2. Substitute Raw Materials...use
a solvent which is not considered ignitable.3. Modify Your Process...If
you are currently using a wet-to-dry cleaning unit, consider replacing it
with a dry-to-dry unit.4. Recycle Solvent...Distill your spent "perc" in
a distillation unit.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 Washington State Department of Ecology - Office of Waste

Reduction and Recycling

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1997)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Continued on next page

154

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Wa, D. E.. 1997. Fact sheet: Drycleaning and waste reduction.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982084

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Irta,. 2000. Brake cleaning with water-based cleaning systems.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982085

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Aerosol spray degreaser/cleaner
wastewater

...The wastewater discharge agencies participating in the project ex-
pressed concern about the possibility of brake cleaner components, par-
ticularly PERC, entering the sewer...the oil and grease limit in the Or-
ange County Sanitation District is 100 mg/1... the City of Los Angeles
limit is 600 mg/1.

Other solvent-based aerosol brake cleaners are available, and some shops
may convert to these cleaners. Water-based brake cleaners are also ef-
fective, and can be adopted by virtually all shops.The demonstration
project involved testing seven water-based brake cleaning formulations
in five different types of equipment in 10 auto repair facilities to deter-
mine their feasibility and to optimize their conditions of use.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (IRTA)

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next page

156

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Irta,. 2000. Brake cleaning with water-based cleaning systems.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3982085

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

157

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Cohen, L.. 1992. Special report: Dry cleaning fumes cause health worries, push search for alternatives.
Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982086

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
solid waste

The residue from the solvent distillation, once routinely landfilled, is now
primarily recycled; it is removed daily and sent out to industrial recyclers
who reclaim as much solvent as possible, then landfill or incinerate what's
left.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Article is publised in a journal (i.e., The Neighborhood Works)
that is not peer reviewed; the techniques used in the report are
not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1992)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Low



2.3





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

158

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Source Citation:	His,. 2016. The economic benefits of chiorine chemistry in fiuorocarbons in the United States and Canada.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978162

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Alternatives to the use of fiuorocarbons in solvent cleaning and degreas-
ing applications.Processes:* Plasma arc or UV/ozone cleaning* Super-
critical C02 or C02 snow cleaningAlternative solvents:* Isopropyl alco-
hol* Propylene glycol ethers* etc.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

The American Chemistry Council

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
2

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 10 years old (2016)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

159

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Source Citation:	2007. Control techniques guidelines for metal furniture coatings.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3860358

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Solvent-based paints and coatings, including for chemical milling
air

Three CARB air districts (i.e., Imperial Couny, Shasta County, Tehema
County) restricts VOC for metal furniture coating, but exempt PCE and
other "drying halogenated hydrocarbons".

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from less than 20 years ago (2007)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

160

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Source Citation:	Atsdr,. 2006. Health consultation: Historical outdoor air emissions in the Endicott area: International Business Machines

Corporation (IBM): Village of Endicott, Broome County, New York EPA facility ID: NYD002233039, Part 2.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978093

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

air

Table 5 summarizes estimated ambient air PCE concentrations at-
tributed to IBM"s past emissions... the highest estimated 24-hour and
1-hour average concentrations (95 ?g/m3 and 370 ?g/m3, respectively)
were both lower than ATSDR"s comparison value for non-cancer effects
resulting from acute exposures...Note: ATSDR used a computer model
to estimate how air emissions from the former IBM facility affected local
air quality" Occupational exposures are not addressed in this document
because ATSDR" s mandate does not include evaluating most occupa-
tional exposure scenarios.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US ATSDR

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from less than 20 years ago (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Single value, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Unacceptable X 1	4 Overall release for all uses of PCE, cannot be attributed to a

single scenario

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.7.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Atsdr,. 2006. Health consultation: Historical outdoor air emissions in the Endicott area: International Business Machines
Corporation (IBM): Village of Endicott, Broome County, New York EPA facility ID: NYD002233039, Part 2.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3978093

162

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Source Citation:	Pnl,. 2015. Performance assessment for pump-and-treat closure or transition.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3975008

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial useProcessing

Dry cleaning solventRecycling

soil

Three groundwater "pump-and-treat" remediation case studies involved
PCE (i.e., a national lab, a former dry cleaner, an oil recycling opera-
tion). Some details were provided (e.g., PCE groundwater concentra-
tions, pump-and-treat rates, geology), but root-cause spills or waste-
water releases were not discussed.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US DOE

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

8

2

N/A

USA

groundwater treatment - not in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (2015)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.0.







Continued on next

page





163

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Pnl,. 2015. Performance assessment for pump-and-treat closure or transition.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3975008

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

164

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Guide to industrial assessments for pollution prevention and energy efficiency.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3827322

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Processing
Recycling

On-site recycling is defined as the process of reclaiming a spent cleaning
solution in or near the original process line for reuse. The decision to
recycle wastes on-site is typically based on the economics of cleaner reuse
and quality control" Distillation is the process of separating two miscible
liquids based on the difference in their vapor pressures... If the boiling
point of the solvent is high (greater than 200 OF as with perchloroethy-
lene), distillation can be performed under vacuum to minimize thermal
decomposition of the solvent or impurities.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

pollution prevention information for multiple in-scope condi-











tions of use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from less than 20 years ago (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

165

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

1993. Guideline series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from reactor processes and distillation operations
processes in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3860355

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

Waste Treatment Method:

Processing

Recycling

air

Table 7 (page 143 of 277) shows that PERC emissions are affected by
two NSPS regulations for reactors and distillation.

Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) includes discussions on a varierty
of emission control techniques including: 1) combustion control devices
(flares, catalytic oxidizers), 2) recovery devices (adsorption, absorption,
condensation).

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

Low

Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

8
6
3

USA

air out of scope

Data from more than 20 years ago (1993)
Single value, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Discussed VOC emission variability with various chemical re-
actions.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

Continued on next page

166

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

1993. Guideline series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from reactor processes and distillation operations
processes in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3860355

167

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Source Citation:	1989. Alternative control technology document - Halogenated solvent cleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3860356

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Release or Emission Factor:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

PERC is one of five commonly used halogenated solvents. It possess
the physical characteristics necessary to handle a variety of industrial
cleaning situations. It can dissolve many common residues from man-
ufacturing processes, have little or no flammability, and can achieve a
high degree of cleanliness, even on very small or intricate parts.Table 5-5
(on page 162 of 239) lists retrofit control options (e.g., automated parts
handling) for open top vapor cleaners (OTVC) and annual air emission
reductions for each. Table 5-11 (page 173 of 239) list retrofit controls
for in-line cleaners.EPA intends to list PERC as a HAP.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1989)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Discussed VOC emission reduction as a range.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.





Continued on next

page





168

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	1989. Alternative control technology document - Halogenated solvent cleaners.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3860356

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

169

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

1977. Control of volatile organic emissions from existing stationary sources - Volume II: Surface coating of cans, coils, paper,



fabrics, automobiles, and light-duty trucks.

Type of Data Source

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3860359

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Release or Emission Factor:	Perchloroethylene, the principal solvent employed in the dry cleaning

industry, has low reactivity. Studies show it may not form oxidant until
they have been transported substantial distances and become greatly
diluted.

Waste Treatment Method:	Available control technology is highly cost effective for large per-

chloroethylene dry cleaning operations. However, for coin-operated and
small dry cleaners, the same equipment would represent a heavy eco-
nomic burden.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1977)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

Continued on next page

170

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

1977. Control of volatile organic emissions from existing stationary sources - Volume II: Surface coating of cans, coils, paper,
fabrics, automobiles, and light-duty trucks.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3860359

171

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	1976. Control of volatile organic emissions from existing stationary sources - Volume I: Control methods for surface-coating

operations.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3860354

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Environmental Media:

Waste Treatment Method:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solventSolvent-based paints and coatings, including for

chemical milling

air

Condensation is widley used in the dry cleaning industry for PERC
recovery, because the relatively high cost of chlorinated solvents makes
recovery attractive (pg 65 of 174).Also includes discussions on VOC con-
trol technologies e.g., carbon adsorption, incineration, scrubbing, mate-
rial changes (powder coatings).

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

air out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1976)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

Continued on next page

172

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	1976. Control of volatile organic emissions from existing stationary sources - Volume I: Control methods for surface-coating

operations.

Type of Data Source Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3860354

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

173

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2009. Water treatment technology feasibility support document for chemical contaminants for the second
six-year review of national primary drinking water regulations.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970166

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Environmental Media:

Release or Emission Factor:

P2 Control & percent Efficiency:

unknown
unknown
water

The current maximum contaminant level (MCL) is 0.005 mg/L and the
current best available technologies (BATs) are granular activated carbon
(GAC) and packed tower aeration (PTA).

EPA concluded that PTA systems designed using reasonable engineering
practices could achieve 99 percent removal of nine VOCs...EPA has con-
cluded that GAC can achieve a high level of removal (up to 99.9 percent
) of VOCs (50 FR 46902). Carbon usage rates (0.1144 lbs/1,000 gal) are
low compared with other organic contaminants (56 FR 3526).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA, Office of Water

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

Contains information on water pollution control (does not dis-

cuss the source of emissions).

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

Data less than 10 years old (2009)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

1 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next

page

174

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

U.S, E. P. A.. 2009. Water treatment technology feasibility support document for chemical contaminants for the second
six-year review of national primary drinking water regulations.

Releases to the Environment; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970166

175

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Occupational Exposure

DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Seiji, K.,Inoue, 0.,Jin, C.,Liu, Y. T.,Cai, S. X.,Ohashi, M.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Kawai, T.,Ikeda, M.. 1989.

Dose-excretion relationship in tetrachloroethylene-exposed workers and the effect of tetrachloroethylene co-exposure on
trichloroethylene metabolism. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1300

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Manufacture and Use
Manufacturing and Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
Inhalation

GM: 10.8 (ppm)Max: 112.4 (ppm)

Not clear, equal to number of workers?

8-hr TWA

No manufacturing descriptionDry Cleaning: In fully automated am-

chines, clothes dry prior to removal

Manufacturing: 38Dry Cleaning: 121

PBZ

8 hr

CS2 extraction and GC analysis

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Low
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

3
2

4
2

Study conducted in China

Data from manufacturing and dry cleaning

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1989).

Sample size not clearly stated, but geometric mean, standard
deviation and max given.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample type and exposure type given, no exposure frequency
or detailed worker activities

Continued on next page

177

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Seiji, K.,Inoue, 0.,Jin, C.,Liu, Y. T.,Cai, S. X.,Ohashi, M.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Kawai, T.,Ikeda, M.. 1989.

Dose-excretion relationship in tetrachloroethylene-exposed workers and the effect of tetrachloroethylene co-exposure on
trichloroethylene metabolism. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1300

EVALUATION





Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1 2 Limited discussion on variablity/uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

178

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Mutti, A.,Smargiassi, A.. 1998. Selective vulnerability of dopaminergic systems to industrial chemicals: risk assessment of

related neuroendocrine changes. Toxicology and Industrial Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	11002

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
Inhalation
15 (ppm)

1

8-hr TWA







EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2

2
4

3

Study from Italy (OECD country)

Data for dry cleaning

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1998).
Only 1 data point given, no indication if it is average, mean,
etc.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

4

Single data point given, sample type, exposure duration, expo-
sure frequency, worker activities not specified

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.





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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Mutti, A.,Smargiassi, A.. 1998. Selective vulnerability of dopaminergic systems to industrial chemicals: risk assessment of
related neuroendocrine changes. Toxicology and Industrial Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

11002

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ipcs,. 1984. Tetrachloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

22606

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Use

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

Inhalation

Dry Cleaning: Overall Max of 4000 mg/m3UK: 90 percent of samples
below 680 mg/m3 and 50 percent below 200 mg/m3US: 27 - 1010 mg/m3
for machine operators; max of 251 mg/m3 for other workersDegreasing:
6 percent below 680 m/m3, peak of 1290 mg/m3
UK: 493US: 144

UK: 131 (dry cleaning)US: 44 (dry cleaning)

8-hr TWA

Dry cleaning: machine operators

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1 3 Not specified



Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High	x 1

High	x 2

Medium	x 2

Medium	x 1

1	Data from US and OECD countries

2	Data for dry cleaning and degreasing

4 Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1984).

2	Some statistics given; howver not all data is completey char-

acterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1 3

Data indicates type of measurement but not whether PBZ or
Area; other information such as sample durations, exposure
durations, not specified

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1 3

Not addressed



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Source Citation:	Ipcs,. 1984. Tetrachloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	22606

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

182

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Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Sources, emission and exposure for trichloroethylene (TCE) and related chemicals.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	35002

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Use

Dry Cleaning and other uses (not specified)

Liquid/vapor

Inhalation, ingestion, dermal

5,897 - 219,685 ug/dayReference to 1 study indicating 3 to 149 ppm for
dry cleaning

49025 (all conditions of use)Reference 1 study for dry cleaning with 44
sites.

TWA for study at dry cleaners (others not specified)

Machine operators, pressers, seamstresses, and front counter workers

450,000 Dry cleaning workers; 688,110 other workers

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US data

Dry cleaning data

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1989).
Statistics provided, sample size not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample type and exposure type given, no exposure frequency
or duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



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Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Sources, emission and exposure for trichloroethylene (TCE) and related chemicals.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	35002

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

184

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Source Citation:	van Wijngaarden, E.,Hertz-Picciotto, I.. 2004. A simple approach to performing quantitative cancer risk assessment using

published results from occupational epidemiology studies. Science of the Total Environment.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	56511

EXTRACTION











Parameter

Data









Life Cycle Stage:

Not specified









Physical Form:

Liquid/vapor









Route of Exposure:

inhalation









Exposure Concentration (Unit):

45 ppm-years (midpoint)





Number of Samples:

1130









Type of Measurement or Method:

8-hr TWA









EVALUATION











Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1: Methodology

Low

X

1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US data

Metric 3: Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Does not specify occupational scenarios

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1989).

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Statistics provided, sample size not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

X

1

4

type of industry, worker activities, not specified

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Limited discussion on variablity/uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.7.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

185

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Source Citation:	Ohtsuki, T.,Sato, K.,Koizumi, A.,Kumai, M.,Ikeda, M.. 1983. Limited capacity of humans to metabolize tetrachloroethylene.

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58163

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Cold cleaning, spot cleaning, other cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

48-629 ppm

7

8-hr TWA

semi-automated dip-washing machines or hand washing of silk
61

PBZ

CS2 extraction and GC analysis

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH













method

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Japan (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1989).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Sample type, exposure type, and worker activities given, but













exposure duration and frequency not provided.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Not addressed

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Ohtsuki, T.,Sato, K.,Koizumi, A.,Kumai, M.,Ikeda, M.. 1983. Limited capacity of humans to metabolize tetrachloroethylene.

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58163

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Niosh,. 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

58207

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Exposure Frequency:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Use

Dry Cleaning, Degreasing, and other cleaning activities, other non-
specified uses
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

1.32-300 ppm (dry cleaning)25-1470 (other cleaning activities)80-280

ppm (other) 10-900 ppm (degreasing)

given for most studies referenced; however, not all

8-hr TWA (dry-cleaning)

Recommended work practics for unloading trucks and rail cars. Cleaning
steps and mixing cement (other cleaning) Other general work practice
guidanceMachine operator, presser, counter, miscellaneous (dry clean-
ing)

275000 (total US workers)

PBZ and area
8 hr/day (degreasing)

6 day/wk (degreasing)

Ventilation (dry cleaning)

Description of respirators required at different exposure levels; recom-
mended protective clothing and eyewear

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH report

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High
High

X 1

x 2

1

2

US study

Data for various uses within scope





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Source Citation:

Niosh,. 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

58207

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness Unacceptable x 2 8 Data from studies prior to PEL and over 20 years ago, not

expected to represent current conditions. Dry cleaning data
expected for transfer machines which have been phased out of
use by the Dry Cleaning NESHAP.

Metric 5: Sample Size Medium X 1 2 Statistics give for some sampling data, not for others

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

Various between studies but typically not completely charac-
terized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ludwig, H. R.,Meister, M. V.,Roberts, D. R.,Cox, C.. 1983. Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry
cleaning industry. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

58263

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0.1-366 ppm

12-134 (depending on type of measurement and job)

TWA, 5 and 15 min-peak

Description for transfer and dry-to-dry machines, machine operators,
pressers, and seamstresses, cleaning button/lint traps, draining still, re-
placing filter media.

2 to 30

PBZ and area
Counter area
3-8 hr

Recommended ventilation
Respirator and gloves recommended
NIOSH Method P&CAM 127 or S335

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1983).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Data fully characterized

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ludwig, H. R.,Meister, M. V.,Roberts, D. R.,Cox, C.. 1983. Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry
cleaning industry. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

58263

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1 2

Most metadata described, no information on exposure fre-
quency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1 2

Some discussion on variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.4





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

191

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Source Citation:	Kyyronen, P.,Taskinen, H.,Lindbohm, M. L.,Hemminki, K.,Heinonen, O. P.. 1989. Spontaneous abortions and congenital

malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58291

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Machine operator: 2-29 cm3/m3General area air: 3 to 19 cm3/m3Button
strainer cleaning: 100 cm3/m3Emptying/filling machine: 4-34 cm3/m3
machine operating, cleaning button strainer, emptying/filling machine
PBZ and area

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Finland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Data for dry cleaning; however, the type of dry cleaning ma-











chine used is not specified

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data collected prior to PEL (1973-1983); dry cleaning data











may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no











longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Data range provided no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only sample type provided, no information on exposure dura-











tion, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed







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Source Citation:	Kyyronen, P.,Taskinen, H.,Lindbohm, M. L.,Hemminki, K.,Heinonen, O. P.. 1989. Spontaneous abortions and congenital

malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning. Journal of Epidemiology and Community
Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58291

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^



Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.8.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

193

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Source Citation:	Ahlborg, G., Jr.. 1990. Pregnancy outcome among women working in laundries and dry-cleaning shops using tetrachloroethy-

lene. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58300

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

55ppm near machines25ppm in rest of shop

operating machines, spot removing, iron/pressing, cleaning and filling
machines.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Sweden (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Data for dry cleaning; however, the type of dry cleaning ma-











chine used is not specified

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data collected prior to PEL; dry cleaning data may be for 1st











gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Average provided, no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only sample type provided, no information on exposure dura-











tion, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.8.





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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Ahlborg, G., Jr.. 1990. Pregnancy outcome among women working in laundries and dry-cleaning shops using tetrachloroethy-
lene. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

58300

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Source Citation:	Imbriani, M.,Ghittori, S.,Pezzagno, G.,Capodaglio, E.. 1988. Urinary excretion of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) in

experimental and occupational exposure. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58324

EXTRACTION











Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:



Use







Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Dry Cleaning







Physical Form:



Liquid/vapor







Route of Exposure:



inhalation







Exposure Concentration (Unit):

65.7 mg/m3







Number of Samples:



55







Number of Workers:



55







Type of Sampling:



PBZ







Exposure Duration:



4 hr







Analytic Method:



personal passive

samplers and GC analysis

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Italy (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Data for dry cleaning; however, the type of dry cleaning ma-











chine used is not specified

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1988);











dry cleaning data may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to











ban) which are no longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Average provided, no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample type and exposure duration provided, no information











on work activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed





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page





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Source Citation:	Imbriani, M.,Ghittori, S.,Pezzagno, G.,Capodaglio, E.. 1988. Urinary excretion of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) in

experimental and occupational exposure. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58324

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

197

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Materna, B. L.. 1985. Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry. AIHA Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

58325

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

3-75.9 ppm, mean of 28.2 ppm (dry-to-dry only, source also contains
data for transfer mahcines)

3

TWA (averaged over cleaning time/sample duration)

Primary task is to load and unload clothes. Periodically, workers may re-
place filters, transfer solvent to machine, perform maintenance on equip-
ment, and cleaning lint/button traps

78 percent of all commercial dry cleaners have fewer than 10 employees;

20 operators sampled for exposure data

PBZ

55 to 433 minutes
Local exhaust ventilation
Majority of firms used none
NIOSH Method S335

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning using dry-to-dry machines

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1985).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Materna, B. L.. 1985. Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry. AIHA Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

58325

EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness High

X 1 1 Sample data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low

X 1 3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^ High

1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nakatsuka, H.,Watanabe, T.,Takeuchi, Y.,Hisanaga, N.,Shibata, E.,Suzuki, H.,Huang, M. Y.,Chen, Z.,Qu, Q. S.,Ikeda, M..

1992. Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below
occupational exposure limits. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58349

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:

Manufacture and Use
Manufacturing and Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Manufacture: 7.2 ppm (avg for men); 27.0 ppm (avg for women)Dry
Cleaning: 15.3 ppm (avg for men); 10.7 ppm (avg for women)
Manufacture: 14 men, 9 womenDry Cleaning: 20 men, 34 women

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X 1

3

Data from China (non-OECD country) and Japan (OECD
country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data is for manufacture and dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1992); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use; however, manufacturing data within acceptable
timeframe

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Averages provided but separated for men and women workers;
discrete sample results not provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

4

Data does not specific sample type, measurement type, sample
duration, exposure duration or other data needed to make data
usable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed



Continued on next

page





200

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Source Citation:	Nakatsuka, H.,Watanabe, T.,Takeuchi, Y.,Hisanaga, N.,Shibata, E.,Suzuki, H.,Huang, M. Y.,Chen, Z.,Qu, Q. S.,Ikeda, M..

1992. Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below
occupational exposure limits. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	58349

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Overall Quality Determination^



Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.7.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

201

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Source Citation:	Checkoway, H.,Echeverria, D.,Moon, J. D.,Heyer, N.,Costa, L. G.. 1994. Platelet monoamine oxidase B activity in workers

exposed to styrene. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	63609

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Dry Cleaning

Physical Form:

Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:

inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

<2 - 37 ppm, mean = 13.2 ppm

Type of Measurement or Method:

8-hr TWA

Number of Workers:

6

Type of Sampling:

PBZ

Exposure Duration:

8 hr

Analytic Method:

NIOSH Method

EVALUATION



Domain Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability



Metric 1: Methodology

High X 1 1 NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1994); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample data fully characterized except worker activities not
described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed



Continued on next

page





202

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Checkoway, H.,Echeverria, D.,Moon, J. D.,Heyer, N.,Costa, L. G.. 1994. Platelet monoamine oxidase B activity in workers
exposed to styrene. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

63609

203

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Source Citation:	Jang, J. Y.,Kang, S. K.,Chung, H. K.. 1993. Biological exposure indices of organic solvents for Korean workers. International

Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	68489

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0-61 ppm, mean =

13

PBZ
8 hr

NIOSH Method

22.4

ppm

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
4
2

Data from Korea (OECD country)

Degreasing data

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1993)

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample data fully characterized except worker activities not
described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



Continued on next page

204

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Jang, J. Y.,Kang, S. K.,Chung, H. K.. 1993. Biological exposure indices of organic solvents for Korean workers. International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

68489

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

205

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Source Citation:	Skender, L. J.,Karacic, V.,Prpic-Majic, D.. 1991. A comparative study of human levels of trichloroethylene and tetra-

chloroethylene after occupational exposure. Archives of Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	69136

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
33 -55 ppm
18
1

8-hr TWA
PBZ

>99.5 percent

Charcoal tube collection and GC analysis

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium	X 1	2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X

1

3

Data from Yugoslavia (non-OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1991); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results
not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Measurement type, exposure duration, exposure frequency and

worker activities not described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

206

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Skender, L. J.,Karacic, V.,Prpic-Majic, D.. 1991. A comparative study of human levels of trichloroethylene and tetra-
chloroethylene after occupational exposure. Archives of Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

69136

EVALUATION



Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low x 1 3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.6.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

207

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Source Citation:	Aggazzotti, G.,Fantuzzi, G.,Righi, E.,Predieri, G.,Gobba, F. M.,Paltrinieri, M.,Cavalleri, A.. 1994. Occupational and envi-

ronmental exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in dry cleaners and their family members. Archives of Environmental and
Occupational Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	74875

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Median concentrations and ranges give for each facility, medians ranged
from 0.6 to 75 mg/m3.

6-8 per facility
28

8-hr TWA
60

PBZ
8 hr

Charcoal tube collection and GC analysis

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium	X 1	2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Italy (OECD country

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1994); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results
not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

208

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Aggazzotti, G.,Fantuzzi, G.,Righi, E.,Predieri, G.,Gobba, F. M.,Paltrinieri, M.,Cavalleri, A.. 1994. Occupational and envi-

ronmental exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in dry cleaners and their family members. Archives of Environmental and
Occupational Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	74875

EVALUATION









Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1

2

Most metadata described, no information on exposure fre-
quency or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

209

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Source Citation:	Seiji, K.,Jin, C.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Ikeda, M.. 1990. Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers

exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with reference to smoking habits. International Archives of
Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	75419

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Manufacture and Use
Manufacturing and Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Manufacture: 17 ppm (GM), 28 ppm (75th percentile), 567 ppm
(max)Dry Cleaning: 10 ppm (GM), 27 ppm (75th percentile), 179 ppm
(max)

Manufacture: 19Dry Cleaning: 27
8-hr TWA

Manufacture: 19Dry Cleaning: 27
PBZ
8 hr

carbon cloth k-filter collection

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X 1

3

Data from China (non-OECD country) and Japan (OECD











country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data is for manufacture and dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1990); dry cleaning data











may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no











longer in use; however, manufacturing data within acceptable











timeframe

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results











not given

Continued on next page

210

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Seiji, K.,Jin, C.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Ikeda, M.. 1990. Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers

exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with reference to smoking habits. International Archives of
Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	75419

EVALUATION









Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1

2

Most metadata described, no information on exposure fre-
quency or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.2





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

211

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Source Citation:	Hellweg, S.,Demou, E.,Scheringer, M.,McKone, T. E.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2005. Confronting workplace exposure to chemicals

with LCA: examples of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in metal degreasing and dry cleaning. Environmental Science
and Technology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	88147

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Analytic Method:

Use

Vapor degreasing and dry cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Modeled results provided in bar graphs, additional results available in
supporting information
N ear-field/Far-Field

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from US and Switzerland (OECD Country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for degreasing and dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (2005); includes data for











all machine types

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3

Not described in main report, but additional information may
be available in supporting information

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x

1

2

Variability between mahcine types discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9





Continued on next

page





212

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Source Citation:	Hellweg, S.,Demou, E.,Scheringer, M.,McKone, T. E.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2005. Confronting workplace exposure to chemicals

with LCA: examples of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in metal degreasing and dry cleaning. Environmental Science
and Technology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	88147

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

213

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Source Citation:	Solet, D.,Robins, T. G.,Sampaio, C.. 1990. Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers. AIHA

Journal.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	94476

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:
Exposure Duration:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

workers: 10.67 ppm (mean)ONUS: 5.75 ppm (mean)This is excludes
data for transfer machines; Study also presents a summary of exposure
data from other studies with ranges from 15-28.2 ppm for workers, and
2.5-5.5 for ONUs
11
4

8-hr TWA

Operators: Load/Unload machines, apply spotters, routine maintenan-
cePresser: Operate pressing macine on cleaned garmentsClerk: Counter
dutiesManagerial: Administrative dutiesSeamstress: Mend and alter
garment
34

PBZ
0.75-8.9

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1 2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope	High x 1	1

Applicability	High x 2 2

Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2 4

US data

Data for dry cleaning

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1990); includes data for
dry-to-dry machines

Continued on next page

214

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Solet, D.,Robins, T. G.,Sampaio, C.. 1990. Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers. AIHA
Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

94476

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 5; Sample Size

Medium

X 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results
not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1

2

Sample data fully described except for exposure frequency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1

2

Variability in shop types and machine types discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

215

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Source Citation:	Cai, S. X.,Huang, M. Y.,Chen, Z.,Liu, Y. T.,Jin, C.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Seiji, K.,Inoue, O.Jkeda, M.. 1991. Subjective

symptom increase among dry-cleaning workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapor. Industrial Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	94479

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

3.8-94.4 ppm, GM = 19.9 ppm

56

3

TWA

56

carbon cloth k-filter collection

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium	X 1	2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Japan (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1991); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results
not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 No information on exposure duration, exposure frequency,

sample type, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Not addressed

Continued on next page

216

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Cai, S. X.,Huang, M. Y.,Chen, Z.,Liu, Y. T.,Jin, C.,Watanabe, T.,Nakatsuka, H.,Seiji, K.,Inoue, O.Jkeda, M.. 1991. Subjective

symptom increase among dry-cleaning workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapor. Industrial Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	94479

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:	Monster, A.,Regouin-Peeters, W.,Van Schijndel, A.,Van der Tuin, J.. 1983. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure

to tetrachloroethene. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	94882

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Exposure Frequency:

Analytic Method:

Use

Vapor degreasing and dry cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Dry Cleaning: 190-6,600 ummol/m3Degreasing: 65-125 ummol/m3
(Note: PCE concentration 5 percent in degreasing solvent)
Dry cleaning: 3Degreasing: 1
TWA

Dry cleaning: 23Degreasing: 9

PBZ

8-hr

37-54 hr/wk

Charcoal tube collection and GC analysis

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Netherlands (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning and degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1983); dry cleaning data











may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are











no longer in use; however, degreasing data within acceptable











timeframe

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results











not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample data fully described except for worker activities

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Monster, A.,Regouin-Peeters, W.,Van Schijndel, A.,Van der Tuin, J.. 1983. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure
to tetrachloroethene. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

94882

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

219

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Source Citation:	Lauwerys, R.,Herbrand, J.,Buchet, J. P.,Bernard, A.,Gaussin, J.. 1983. Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetra-

chloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	195890

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

8.9-37.5 ppm, mean = 20.8

26

6

TWA
26

PBZ

NIOSH-type charcoal tube collection and GC analysis

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Data from Belgium (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1983); dry cleaning data











may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no











longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results











not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed





Continued on next

page





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Source Citation:	Lauwerys, R.,Herbrand, J.,Buchet, J. P.,Bernard, A.,Gaussin, J.. 1983. Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetra-

chloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	195890

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

221

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Source Citation:	Echeverria, D.,White, R. F.,Sampaio, C.. 1995. A behavioral evaluation of PCE exposure in patients and dry cleaners: A

possible relationship between clinical and preclinical effects. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	195893

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

workers: 11.4 ppmONUs: 0-4.3 ppm
15 min TWA
65

PBZ

general dilution ventilation assited by stand alone fans

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Low	x 1	3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1995); includes data for
dry-to-dry machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

average provided, other statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 No information on exposure duration, exposure frequency, or

worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Some discussion on difference between predicted values and

measured values

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Echeverria, D.,White, R. F.,Sampaio, C.. 1995. A behavioral evaluation of PCE exposure in patients and dry cleaners: A
possible relationship between clinical and preclinical effects. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

195893

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

223

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Source Citation:	Steinsvag, K.,Bratveit, M.,Moen, B. E.. 2007. Exposure to carcinogens for defined job categories in Norway's offshore

petroleum industry, f 970 to 2005. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	524541

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Long term(360min): 4.2-11 mg/m3, GM: 6.9 mg/m3 Short term(lOmin)
28-177 mg/m3, GM: 50 mg/m3
Long: 13Short: 4
1

Long term (360 min) and short term (10 min)

PBZ

Laundry room on offshore oil and gas drillling rig
10-360min

Coal tar tube collection, GC analysis

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium	X 1	2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Norway (OECD Country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1990); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are no
longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results
not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Medium	X 1	2 No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Steinsvag, K.,Bratveit, M.,Moen, B. E.. 2007. Exposure to carcinogens for defined job categories in Norway's offshore

petroleum industry, f 970 to 2005. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	524541

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x f	3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:	Anttila, A.,Pukkala, E.,Sallmen, M.,Hernberg, S.,Hemminki, K.. 1995. Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to

halogenated hydrocarbons. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630313

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:

Use

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Dry cleaning: Described as "less than the hygenic standard of 50

ppm"Degreasing: "less than the hygenic standard of 30 ppm"

2,000

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Low	x 1	3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Finland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning and degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1995); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines (data prior to ban) which are
no longer in use; however, degreasing data within acceptable
timeframe

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Only qualitatively described as less than hygenic standards

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Unacceptable X 1	4 No metadata provided and measurements only described qual-

itatively as less than standards

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Anttila, A.,Pukkala, E.,Sallmen, M.,Hernberg, S.,Hemminki, K.. 1995. Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to

halogenated hydrocarbons. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630313

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

227

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Source Citation:	Brodkin, C. A.,Daniell, W.,Checkoway, H.,Echeverria, D.,Johnson, J.,Wang, K.,Sohaey, R.,Green, D.,Redlich, C.,Gretch, D.

1995. Hepatic ultrasonic changes in workers exposed to perchloroethylene. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630387

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

0.4-9.3 ppm, mean: 4.6 ppm (for dry-to-dry only)

16

8-hr TWA

Loading/unloading machines, and routine maintenance
5

PBZ
8-hr

40-90 percent reduction using LEV, enclosed piping, and cooling con-
densers

NIOSH method

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1995); includes data for











dry-to-dry machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results











not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on exposure duration, or exposure frequency

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Brodkin, C. A.,Daniell, W.,Checkoway, H.,Echeverria, D.,Johnson, J.,Wang, K.,Sohaey, R.,Green, D.,Redlich, C.,Gretch, D.

1995. Hepatic ultrasonic changes in workers exposed to perchloroethylene. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630387

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

Discussion on types of machines used and uncertainties with
small sample size taken over a single day

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

229

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Source Citation: Eskenazi, B.,Wyrobek, A. J.,Fenster, L.,Katz, D. F.,Sadler, M.,Lee, J.,Hudes, M.,Rempel, D. M.. 1991. A study of the effect

of perchloroethylene exposure on semen quality in dry cleaning workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 630521

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Results from several studies referenced in report, data for dry-to-dry:
3-75.9ppm, mean: 28.2 ppm

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Low x 1 3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1991); includes data for
dry-to-dry machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

No metadata provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

Continued on next

page

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Source Citation:	Eskenazi, B.,Wyrobek, A. J.,Fenster, L.,Katz, D. F.,Sadler, M.,Lee, J.,Hudes, M.,Rempel, D. M.. 1991. A study of the effect

of perchloroethylene exposure on semen quality in dry cleaning workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630521

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Dry Cleaning

Physical Form:

Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:

inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

0.01-23.4 ppm

Number of Samples:

33

Number of Sites:

12

Type of Measurement or Method:

TWA

Number of Workers:

33

Type of Sampling:

PBZ

Exposure Duration:

8-hr

Analytic Method:

GC analysis

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Italy (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1998); dry cleaning data











may be for 1st gen machines which are no longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results











not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

Gobba, F.,Righi, E.,Fantuzzi, G.,Predieri, G.,Cavazzuti, L.,Aggazzotti, G.. 1998. Two-year evolution of perchloroethylene-
induced color-vision loss. Archives of Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

630562

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium	X 1	2 Discussion on variability between two study groups

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Gobba, F.,Righi, E.,Fantuzzi, G.,Predieri, G.,Cavazzuti, L.,Aggazzotti, G.. 1998. Two-year evolution of perchloroethylene-
induced color-vision loss. Archives of Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

630562

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Source Citation: Ruder, A. M.,Ward, E. M.,Brown, D. P.. 1994. Cancer mortality in female and male dry-cleaning workers. Journal of

Occupational Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 630933

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Referenced study that measured an average of 16 ppm for dry-to-dry

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Low x 1 3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1994); includes data for
dry-to-dry machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

average provided, other statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable x 1

No metadata provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

234

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Source Citation:	Schreiber, J. S.,House, S.,Prohonic, E.,Smead, G.,Hudson, C.,Styk, M.,Lauber, J.. 1993. An investigation of indoor air

contamination in residences above dry cleaners. Risk Analysis.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630959

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
Analytic Method:

Use

Co-located Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Referenced study that found 85-197,000 ug/m3 in co-located residen-
cies.In co-located residencies: 300-440 um/m3
6

24-hr

Local exhaust and general exhaust described
PID and GC analysis

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1 2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope	High x 1

Applicability	High x 2

Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

x 1

1	US data

2	Data for dry cleaning

4 Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1993); includes data for
dry-to-dry machines

3	Range given, other statistics not provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

No information on exposure frequency, worker activities, or
measurement type

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	High

x 1

Discussion on variability of home ventilation. Discuss uncer-
tainty in representativeness of data for other co-located build-
ings

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Schreiber, J. S.,House, S.,Prohonic, E.,Smead, G.,Hudson, C.,Styk, M.,Lauber, J.. 1993. An investigation of indoor air

contamination in residences above dry cleaners. Risk Analysis.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630959

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

236

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Source Citation:	Solet, D.,Robins, T. G.. 1991. Renal function in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene. American Journal of

Industrial Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630987

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Indicates PBZ samples were taken but does not present results of sam-
pling. Does present results form other studies: Mean of 10 ppm, es-
timated from urinary trichloroacetic acid; Mean 20.8 ppm (measured
PBZ); and Mean of 14 ppm, estimated from linear regression of PCE in
breath.

14

TWA

220

PBZ

NIOSH Method S335

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1991); dry cleaning data
may be for 1st gen machines which are no longer in use

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

No data provided from this study, averages from other studies
provided, but other statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Sample type given, no other metadata provided

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Solet, D.,Robins, T. G.. 1991. Renal function in dry cleaning workers exposed to perchloroethylene. American Journal of
Industrial Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

630987

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

238

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Source Citation:	Vaughan, T. L.,Stewart, P. A.,Davis, S.,Thomas, D. B.. 1997. Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral

cavity, larynx, and oesophagus. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	631120

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:
Number of Workers:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Operators: 40 ppm, Pressers and counter workers: 7ppm, Others (in-
cluding delivery truck driver, book-keeper, and consultant): 3 ppm
(Note: Study indicates these values were assigned based on literature)
8-hr TWA

Operators: 18, Pressers and counter workers: 16, Others (including de-
livery truck driver, book-keeper, and consultant): 3

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Low	x 1	3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High	X 1	1 US data

High	X 2	2 Data for dry cleaning

Unacceptable X 2	8 Data after PEL but over 10 years old (1997); dry cleaning data

may be for 1st gen machines which are no longer in use
Low	X 1	3 Not specified

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Unacceptable X 1	4 Gives exposure for job types based on other lit studies, does

not provide other necessary information

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 Not addressed

Continued on next page

239

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Source Citation:	Vaughan, T. L.,Stewart, P. A.,Davis, S.,Thomas, D. B.. 1997. Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral

cavity, larynx, and oesophagus. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	631120

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.7.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

240

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Source Citation:	Verplanke, A. J.,Leummens, M. H.,Herber, R. F.. 1999. Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene and its effects on the

kidneys. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	631123

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Seamstresses, folding/packaging, ironing, sorting: GM: <1 mg/m3 Ma-
chine Operators: 1.0-221 mg/m3, GM: 7.9 mg/m3
4

8-hr TWA, estimated from alveolar samples

Seamstresses, folding/packaging, ironing, sorting: 19Machine Operators:
82

Alveolar

Estimated from alveolar samples

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Unacceptable x 1

Exposure concentrations estimated from alveolar samples
rather than direct measurements

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Medium

x 1
x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
4
2

Data from Netherlands (OECD country)

Data for dry cleaning

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1989).
Median and range of results provided, no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

most metadata given, no information on exposure frequency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Some discussion of uncertainty/variability





Continued on next

page





241

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.0.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Verplanke, A. J.,Leummens, M. H.,Herber, R. F.. 1999. Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene and its effects on the
kidneys. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

631123

242

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Who,. 2006. Concise international chemical assessment document 6<

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

631155

i: Tetrachloroethene.

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

References several studies: dutch Study: 350 mg/m3NIOSH Studies:
30-1030 mg/m3Co-located NYDEP: 0.63-6.2 mg/m3, mean: 2.5 mg/m3
TWA
PBZ

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH study

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Studies from US and other OECD countries

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago. With













the exception of one study, all data referenced was prior to the













ban on transfer machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results













not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

No information on exposure duration, or exposure frequency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

243

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Who,. 2006. Concise international chemical assessment document 6<

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

631155

i: Tetrachloroethene.

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Sampling:

Use

Vapor degreasing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
270 mg/m3
PBZ

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2

2
4

3

Studies from US and other OECD countries
Data for vapor degreasing

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1986).
average provided, other statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only sample type provided, no information on exposure dura-
tion, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Who,. 2006. Concise international chemical assessment document 6<

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

631155

i: Tetrachloroethene.

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Sampling:

Use

Other: Printing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
110 mg/m3
PBZ

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2

2
4

3

Studies from US and other OECD countries
Data for printing

Data collected after PEL, but more than 10 years ago (1986).
average provided, other statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only sample type provided, no information on exposure dura-
tion, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

McKernan, L. T.,Ruder, A. M.,Petersen, M. R.,Hein, M. J.,Forrester, C. L.,Sanderson, W. T.,Ashley, D. L.,Butler, M. A..
2008. Biological exposure assessment to tetrachloroethylene for workers in the dry cleaning industry. Environmental Health:
A Global Access Science Source.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

632402

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Mean: 3.15 ppm, GM: 1.64 ppm

TWA

Operators: Load/unload machinesPressers: Iron and finish garments
after washing, served customers
18 (15 pressers, 1 full-time operator)

PBZ

120 min sampling period
NIOSH 1003

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

Data from 10 years ago for 3rd and fourth gen machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1 2

Most metadata provided, no information on exposure fre-
quency

Continued on next page

246

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	McKernan, L. T.,Ruder, A. M.,Petersen, M. R.,Hein, M. J.,Forrester, C. L.,Sanderson, W. T.,Ashley, D. L.,Butler, M. A..

2008. Biological exposure assessment to tetrachloroethylene for workers in the dry cleaning industry. Environmental Health:
A Global Access Science Source.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	632402

EVALUATION







Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Samples taken on multiple days to account for variabality be-
tween work days, uncertainty discussed with respect to facility
selection

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.2





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

247

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Source Citation:	von Grote, J.,Hurlimann, C.,Scheringer, M.,Hungerbiihler, K.. 2006. Assessing occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in

dry cleaning. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	632592

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Exposure Duration:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Model results shown in plots range from 0.345 g/m3-0.0109 g/m3
TWA

Desribes operators and ONUs tasks

1-6.5 workers per machine7.8 ONUS per shop

8-hr

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Modeling

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Data from Germany (OECD Country)

Data for dry cleaning

Data from over 10 years ago (2006) but covers 2nd-5th gen
machines

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Modeling results only provided in graphs

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Discuss variability between machine types, and parameter vari-
ability in the model

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

von Grote, J.,Hurlimann, C.,Scheringer, M.,Hungerbiihler, K.. 2006. Assessing occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in
dry cleaning. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

632592

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

249

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Raisanen, J.,Niemela, R.,Rosenberg, C.. 2001. Tetrachloroethylene emissions and exposure in dry cleaning. Journal of the
Air and Waste Management Association.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

671474

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Operators at industrial plant: mean: 9.7 mg/m30verall Operators: 9-50
mg/m3Pressers at industrial plant: mean: 3.4 mg/m3Presser at com-
mercial plant: mean: 7.7mg/m3Customer service: 0.8 mg/m3Short-
term: 34-2300 mg/m3Also referenced a study that measured mean ex-
posure as 190 mg/m3, one study that measured 88-130 mg/m3, and one
study that measured 17-400 mg/m3
6, number of machines was 1-4 per shop
TWA and short-term

operators, assistant operators, and pressers
2-13

PBZ and area

Mechanical air supply and exhaust systems, local exhuast hoods, under-
pressurized washing drumsHoods captured 85 percent
NIOSH 1003

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Finland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from over 10 years ago (2001) but covers current machine











types

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Number of samples not provided, range and averages given

Continued on next page

250

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Raisanen, J.,Niemela, R.,Rosenberg, C.. !
Air and Waste Management Association.
Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;
671474

2001. Tetrachloroethylene

emissions and exposure in dry cleaning. Journal of the

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide
exposure duration or frequency

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1

2

Discusses variability between shop types

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Johansen, K.,Tinnerberg, H.,Lynge, E.. 2005. Use of history science methods in exposure assessment for occupational health

studies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	699212

EXTRACTION









Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Use







Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Dry Cleaning







Physical Form:

Liquid/vapor







Route of Exposure:

inhalation







Exposure Concentration (Unit):

18-1831 mg/m3 (range of

means

from data taken from 1947-1987)

Number of Samples:

86







Number of Sites:

37







Type of Measurement or Method:

TWA







EVALUATION









Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability









Metric 1: Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative









Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data from Denmark (OECD country)

Metric 3: Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from over 20 years ago; however, Denmark banned trans-









fer machines in the 1953, per source. Therefore post-1953 ex-









posure data may be relevant to current US conditions

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Number of samples, average, min and max provided for each









year studied; however discrete samples and overall statistics









not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

4

Only measurement type given, no information on exposure du-









rations, worker exposures, sample type provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Variability between shop sizes and machine types discussed





Continued on next

page





252

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Johansen, K.,Tinnerberg, H.,Lynge, E.. 2005. Use of history science

methods in exposure assessment for occupational health



studies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.



Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;



Hero ID

699212



EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating MWF*

Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable

4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

253

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gulyas, H.,Hemmerling, L.. 1990. Tetrachloroethene air pollution originating from coin-operated dry cleaning establishments.

Environmental Research.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

713690

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Referenced a study with 25-250 ppm at coin-operated dry cleanersRef-
erenced a study with 286 mg/m3 at coin-operated dry cleaners6.4-331
mg/m3
15

short-term
area

lm height and a distance of lm from machine
NIOSH sampling tubes and GC analysis

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from two OECD Countries (Germany and Denmark)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from over 20 years ago (1990) but some data covers cur-













rent machine types

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Multiple values given for each site sampled; however, study













does not specify if these are min, max, average, or result from













a single data point

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

X

1

4

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not pro-













vide exposure duration or frequency, worker activities, or the













number of samples taken at each site.

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gulyas, H.,Hemmerling, L.. 1990. Tetrachloroethene air pollution originating from coin-operated dry cleaning establishments.

Environmental Research.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

713690

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High x 1 1

Adddressed variability between machine types at each shop and
uncertainty of results to predict differences between machine
types due to variability within each shop

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4

Metric Mean Score: 1.9.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

255

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Source Citation:	Lynge, E.,Tinnerberg, H.,Rylander, L.,Romundstad, P.,Johansen, K.,Lindbohm, M. L.,Heikkila, P.,Westberg, H.,Clausen, L.

B.,Piombino, A.,Thorsted, B. L.. 2011. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning shops in the Nordic countries. Annals
of Occupational Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	716622

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:
Worker Activity:
Type of Sampling:
Sampling Location:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Referenced international study that indicated a drop of PCE exposure of
50-100 ppm to 10-50 ppm from the 1970s to the 1980s, and references a
study that preformed a NIOSH review indicating an average exposure of
57 ppm (data from 1936-2001).PBZ: 95 percent CI: 6.78-7.79 ppmArea:
95 percent CI: 10.66-13.51 ppm
687 (PBZ)609 (area)

Cleaning, assistant, maintenance, other
PBZ and area

66 percent in the cleaning area

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Low	x 1	3 Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:

Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Applicability	High

Temporal Representativeness Unacceptable

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium

x 1

x 2
x 2

x 1

2 Data from several OECD Countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden,
and Denmark), some US data provided

2 Data for dry cleaning

8	Data from over 20 years ago and includes data from both pre-

ban and post-ban on transfer machines; however, this study
compiles all data together and does not differentiate between
the years

2	Ranges and medians provided for PBZ and area samples, dis-

crete samples not provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

256

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Source Citation: Lynge, E.,Tinnerberg, H.,Rylander, L.,Romundstad, P.,Johansen, K.,Lindbohm, M. L.,Heikkila, P.,Westberg, H.,Clausen, L.

B.,Piombino, A.,Thorsted, B. L.. 2011. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning shops in the Nordic countries. Annals
of Occupational Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 716622

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

X 1

Sample types and worker activities provided, no data on mea-
surement types, exposure duration or frequency.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

Addressed variability between years, and uncertainties is the
data collected from other studies.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

257

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Source Citation:	Guo, H.,Lee, S. C.,Chan, L. Y.,Li, W. M.. 2004. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor

environments. Environmental Research.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	758690

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Office (type not specified)

Physical Form:	Vapor

Route of Exposure:	inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	O.Of ug/m3

Number of Samples:	6

Type of Measurement or Method:	8hr-TWA

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain f: Reliability

Metric f:

Methodology

Medium

X f

2

methodology described but is not equivalent to OSHA/NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Low

Unacceptable

Medium

Low

X f

x 2
x 2
x f

3
8

4
3

Data from China

Data for "offices", offices not in scope for this assessment.
Data older than 10 years and after PEL
uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x f

2

Most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x f

2

variability addressed

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.7.

Continued on next page

258

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Source Citation:	Guo, H.,Lee, S. C.,Chan, L. Y.,Li, W. M.. 2004. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor

environments. Environmental Research.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	758690

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

259

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Source Citation:	Chiang, H. L.,Lin, W. H.,Lai, J. S.,Wang, W. C.. 2010. Inhalation risk assessment of exposure to the selected volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) emitted from the facilities of a steel plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/
Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	832709

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Exposure Frequency:

Analytic Method:

Use

Hot/Cold Forming in Steel Plant

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Cold forming: Mean: 37 ppbHot forming: Mean: 84 ppblOth, 50th, and
90th percent tiles also given for each process
36
1

area

1 m from equipment
4 hr

250 day/yr (reference to EPA value)

US EPA Method TO-14, GC/MS analysis, Modeled distribution using
Crystal Ball 2000.2

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Low
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

3
2
2

N/A

Data from China (non-OECD country)
Data for cold/hot-forming (other use)
Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Measurement type and worker activities not provided, all other
metadata present (note: for exposure frequency, study refer-
ences EPA's default value)

Continued on next page

260

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Chiang, H. L.,Lin, W. H.,Lai, J. S.,Wang, W. C.. 2010. Inhalation risk assessment of exposure to the selected volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) emitted from the facilities of a steel plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/
Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	832709

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

261

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Source Citation: Sweet, N. D.,Burroughs, G. E.,Ewers, L.,Talaska, G.. 2004. A field method for near real-time analysis of perchloroethylene in

end-exhaled breath. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 1066803

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

0.94-5.54 ppm in exhaled breath
NIOSH 1003

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Unacceptable x 1

Exposure concentrations estimated from exhaled breath sam-
ples rather than direct measurements

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data older than 10 years and after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

Median and range of results provided, no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

Most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

Some discussion of uncertainty/variability

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 1.9.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

262

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Source Citation:	Gromiec, J. P.,Wesolowski, W.,Brzeznicki, S.,Wroblewska-Jakubowska, K.,Kucharska, M.. 2002. Occupational exposure

to rubber vulcanization products during repair of rubber conveyor belts in a brown coal mine. Journal of Environmental
Monitoring.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1597971

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Adhesive

vapor

inhalation

0.1-5.5 mg/m3

13

1

PBZ

repair shop work area
more than 360 min.
GC-MS

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no













specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Poland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Adhesive use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from > 10 years but < 20 years (2002)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

range and average statistics provided, discrete sampling results













not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide













sample duration or worker activity exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Gromiec, J. P.,Wesolowski, W.,Brzeznicki, S.,Wroblewska-Jakubowska, K.,Kucharska, M.. 2002. Occupational exposure

to rubber vulcanization products during repair of rubber conveyor belts in a brown coal mine. Journal of Environmental
Monitoring.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1597971

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1 2 Discussed variability between job types

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

264

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Source Citation:	SanjuAjn-HerrAjez, D.,Lliso, I.,Pastor, A.,de la Guardia, M.. 2012. Green determination of the presence of volatile organic

compounds in vehicle repair shops through passive sampling. Talanta.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1787870

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Vehicle repair
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

0.11-2.9 mg/m3 (172 mg/m3 TWA)

1

long-term
area

washing area, working area, warehouse, painting area

8-96 hr

GC-MS

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	Medium	X 1	2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Spain (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Use of PCE not described, unclear if applicable to any COU

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

X

1

4

Sample type given, but not enough metadata to identify use of

PERC at the site

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium	X 1	2 Some discussion of uncertainty/variability

Continued on next page

265

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.3.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

SanjuAjn-HerrAjez, D.,Lliso, I.,Pastor, A.,de la Guardia, M.. 2012. Green determination of the presence of volatile organic
compounds in vehicle repair shops through passive sampling. Talanta.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

1787870

266

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Source Citation:	Rastkari, N.,Yunesian, M.,Ahmadkhaniha, R.. 2011. Exposure Assessment to Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene for

Workers in the Dry Cleaning Industry. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	2128295

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

31.04-120.99 mg/m3
30

PBZ
GC-MS

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH











method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X 1

3

Iran (non-OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2011)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Only mean from 3 separate sampling events provided, range











and discrete samples not provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3

Only sample type provided, no information on measurement
type, exposure duration, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x

1

2

Variability due to laundry load size discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9





Continued on next

page





267

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Rastkari, N.,Yunesian, M.,Ahmadkhaniha, R.. 2011. Exposure Assessment to Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene for
Workers in the Dry Cleaning Industry. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2128295

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

268

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Source Citation:	Everatt, R.,SlapAjytA, G.,MierauskienA, J.,DedonytA, V.,BakienA, L.. 2013. Biomonitoring study of dry cleaning workers

using cytogenetic tests and the comet assay. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	2546715

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Operator: 38.12 mg/m3 (average), 63.52 mg/m3 (max)Presser: 35.76
mg/m3 (average), 52.54 mg/m3 (max)Clerk: 44.42 mg/m3 (average),
52.42 mg/m3 (max)Admin: 6.52 mg/m3 (average), 13.12 mg/m3 (max)
6

TWA

Machine operators, pressers, counter clerk, administrator

Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:
Exposure Duration:
Analytic Method:



30

PBZ
8-hr
GC







EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Low
High
High
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

3
2
2
1

Lithuania (non-OECD)

Dry cleaning data

Data from less than 10 years ago (2013)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Everatt, R.,SlapAjytA, G.,MierauskienA, J.,DedonytA, V.,BakienA, L.. 2013. Biomonitoring study of dry cleaning workers
using cytogenetic tests and the comet assay. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2546715

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Medium

X 1 2 Discussed variability between job types

Overall Quality Determination^ High

1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

270

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Source Citation: Stefaniak, A. B.,Breysse, P. N.,Murray, M. P. M.,Rooney, B. C.,Schaefer, J.. 2000. An evaluation of employee exposure to

volatile organic compounds in three photocopy centers. Environmental Research.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 1953674

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Photocopier Chemicals

vapor

inhalation

PBZ: 0.1-0.5 ppb (average), area: 0.1-3.2 ppb (average)

21 (4 personal, 17 area)

TWA

photocopier operator, area sample was area room from copier, center of

room, and under feed tray

PBZ & area

Photo copy centers

US EPA Method IP-IB with GC-MS

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

EPA method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Photocopier Toner powder (similar to ink)

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from > 10 years but < 20 years (2000)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide

sample duration or worker activity exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Discussed variability between copier locations

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Stefaniak, A. B.,Breysse, P. N.,Murray, M. P. M.,Rooney, B. C.,Schaefer, J.. 2000. An evaluation of employee exposure to
volatile organic compounds in three photocopy centers. Environmental Research.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

1953674

272

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Zare Sakhvidi, M. J.,Bahrami, A. R.,Ghiasvand, A.,Mahjub, H.,Tuduri, L.. 2013. SPME-based air sampling method for
inhalation exposure assessment studies: case study on perchlorethylene exposure in dry cleaning. Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2559016

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
1-5 ppmv
40
1

TWA

machine operator
PBZ & area

dry cleaner using second generation dry-to-dry vented machine
230-310 min.

NIOSH 1003 with GC-MS

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Data for 2nd generation dry cleaning machines which are out-











dated and being phased out

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide











worker activity or worker exposure duration

Continued on next page

273

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Zare Sakhvidi, M. J.,Bahrami, A. R.,Ghiasvand, A.,Mahjub, H.,Tuduri, L.. 2013. SPME-based air sampling method for

inhalation exposure assessment studies: case study on perchlorethylene exposure in dry cleaning. Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	2559016

EVALUATION







Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Discussed variability between sample duration and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 1.8.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

274

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Source Citation: Tucker, J. D.,Sorensen, K. J.,Ruder, A. M.,McKernan, L. T.,Forrester, C. L.,Butler, M. A.. 2011. Cytogenetic analysis of

an exposed-referent study: perchloroethylene-exposed dry cleaners compared to unexposed laundry workers. Environmental
Health: A Global Access Science Source.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 2576781

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

TWA: 0-9.1 ppm, breath:0.34-2.08 ppm, blood:01-179.08 "g/1
3

TWA, breath, and blood
machine operator and presser
18

PBZ & area

dry cleaner using third generation machines containing only refrigerated
condensers or fourth generation machines with refrigerated condensers
and carbon adsorbers
NIOSH Method 3704 with GC-MS

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

NIOSH method used

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
1

Dry cleaning data

Data from less than 10 years ago (2011)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Provides measurement and sample types, and worker activity,
but does not provide worker exposure duration

Continued on next page

275

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Tucker, J. D.,Sorensen, K. J.,Ruder, A. M.,McKernan, L. T.,Forrester, C. L.,Butler, M. A.. 2011. Cytogenetic analysis of

an exposed-referent study: perchloroethylene-exposed dry cleaners compared to unexposed laundry workers. Environmental
Health: A Global Access Science Source.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	2576781

EVALUATION





Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

276

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Source Citation: Demou, E.,Hellweg, S.,Wilson, M. P.,Hammond, S. K.,McKone, T. E.. 2009. Evaluating indoor exposure modeling alternatives

for LCA: A case study in the vehicle repair industry. Environmental Science and Technology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID 2591566

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Vehicle Repair aerosol sprays

vapor

inhalation

aerosol does not contain PERC

Number of Sites:
Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:
Analytic Method:

3
9

PBZ & area
GC

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

model appears to be free of errors and based on sound ap-
proaches

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2

N/A

aerosol degreasing use

Data from less than 10 years ago (2009)

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

equation and parameter values, rationale for selection not pro-
vided for all parameters

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

variability and uncertainty addressed through different model-
ing schemes

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3

Continued on next page

277

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Demou, E.,Hellweg, S.,Wilson, M. P.,Hammond, S. K.,McKone, T. E.. 2009. Evaluating indoor exposure modeling alternatives

for LCA: A case study in the vehicle repair industry. Environmental Science and Technology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	2591566

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

278

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Chang, C. C.,Lo, G. G.,Tsai, C. H.,Wang, J. L.. 2001. Concentration variability of halocarbons over an electronics industrial

park and its implication in compliance with the Montreal protocol. Environmental Science and Technology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 2773680

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Electronics manufacturing

vapor

inhalation

random air sampling in electronics industrial park
area

1 in-situ GC/ECD in a trailer with an air inlet extruding the trailer
top and 42 flask samples randomly collected throughout the electronic
manufacturing facility
GC-MS

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

Taiwan (non-OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Samples collected from area outside of industrial park contain-

ing several electronics manufacturers. Outside samples not rel-

evant to occupational exposures.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from > 10 years but < 20 years (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

Number of samples, average, min and max provided for each

year studied; however discrete samples and overall statistics

not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide
sample duration or worker activity exposure duration

Continued on next page

279

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Chang, C. C.,Lo, G. G.,Tsai, C. H.,Wang, J. L.. 2001. Concentration variability of halocarbons over an electronics industrial
park and its implication in compliance with the Montreal protocol. Environmental Science and Technology.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2773680

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High X 1 1 Discussed variability between sample results and calculated

standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.3.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

280

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Jo, W. K.,Kim, S. H.. 2001. Worker exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds in dry cleaning stores. AIHAJ.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2858481

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

3.0 - 4212 "g/m3

57

TWA and breath

PBZ

GC-MS

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Not specified



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Korea (OECD country)

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from > 10 years but < 20 years (1999)

Metric 5: Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide











sample duration or worker activity exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated











standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

281

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Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1997. Control of health and safety hazards in commercial drycleaners: chemical exposures, fire hazards, and ergonomic

risk factors.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3044963

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:
PPE:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0 - 21.6 ppm

45 (does not count transfer machine data)

10

TWA

machine operator, presser, and spotter
PBZ & area

transfer and dry-to-dry, vented and nonvented, and modern machines

equipped with various vapor recovery devices. Samples taken in front of

and behind machines, in the pressing area, in the spotting area, waste

area, customer area, and outside the building

area: 120 min personal: 2 hr consecutive samples for a full shift

"All of the shops studied had respirators; however, most respirators were

not properly maintained and were seldom used. "

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 NIOSH



Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High	x 1	1 US

High	X 2	2 Dry cleaning data

Medium x 2	4 Data are from after latest PEL establishment but more than

10 years old (1997)

High	X 1	1 Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 1997. Control of health and safety hazards in
risk factors.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3044963

commercial drycleaners: chemical exposures, fire hazards, and ergonomic

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness High

X 1 1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness High

X 1 1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^ High

1.2





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

283

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Source Citation:	Von Grote, J.,J. C. Hurlimann,Scheringer, M.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2003. Reduction of Occupational Exposure to Perchloroethy-

lene and Trichloroethylene in Metal Degreasing over the Last 30 years: Influence of Technology Innovation and Legislation.
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	3045042

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Metal Degreasing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0-116.4 ppm
TWA

PBZ & area

two-box concentration method with literature emission factor for varying
machine types

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Germany (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Degreasing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from > 10 years but < 20 years (2003)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

model aproach, equations, and choice of parameters are clear.
Rationale for parameters is provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

Discussed variability and uncertainty of results but does not
quantify variability or compare to real data

Continued on next page

284

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Von Grote, J.,J. C. Hurlimann,Scheringer, M.,Hungerbuhler, K.. 2003. Reduction of Occupational Exposure to Perchloroethy-

lene and Trichloroethylene in Metal Degreasing over the Last 30 years: Influence of Technology Innovation and Legislation.
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	3045042

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Overall Quality Determination^



High 1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

285

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gomez, M. R.. 1997. Factors associated with exposure in occupational safety and health administration data. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

3382426

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

19-83 mg/m3

137

87

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Analytic Method:

TWA

machine operator, washer, cleaner

model 1: mean of establishment means model 2: Linear regression of
individual means model 3: generalized estimating equations

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA analysis of OSHA data

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Dry cleaning data

Data from greater than 20 years (1997)
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

model aproach, equations, and choice of parameters are clear.
Rationale for parameters is provided, however, does not show
quantitative results.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Discussed variability and uncertainty of results

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gomez, M. R.. 1997. Factors associated with exposure in occupational safety and health administration data. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

3382426

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

287

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Source Citation:	Lucas, D.,HervA©, A.,Lucas, R.,Cabioch, C.,Capellmann, P.,Nicolas, A.,Bodenes, A.,Jegaden, D.. 2015. Assessment of

Exposure to Perchloroethylene and its Clinical Repercussions for 50 Dry-Cleaning Employees. Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3488665

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0.22-33 ppm

50

22

TWA and blood

machine operators of 4th gen. machines, unloading/loading, stain re-
moval
PBZ

3.3 - 10 hr

PERC levels in passive diffusion badge and blood sampling determined
by GC

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

France (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2015)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure











duration all given

Continued on next page

288

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Lucas, D.,HervA©, A.,Lucas, R.,Cabioch, C.,Capellmann, P.,Nicolas, A.,Bodenes, A.,Jegaden, D.. 2015. Assessment of

Exposure to Perchloroethylene and its Clinical Repercussions for 50 Dry-Cleaning Employees. Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3488665

EVALUATION





Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

289

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Rutkiewicz, I.,Jakubowska, N. ,Polkowska, Z.,NamieAnik, J.. 2011. Monitoring of occupational exposure to volatile organohalo-

gen solvents (VOXs) in human urine samples of dry-cleaner workers by TLHS-DAI-GC-ECD procedure. Industrial Health.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3489826

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0-30.1 "g/1
250
7

urine

machine operators, unwashed clothes store, washed clothes store
25

urine
4 hrs

sample first refined by continuous flow TLHS analysis with autogenous
generation of the liquid sorbent then analyzed with DAI-GC-ECD

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Unacceptable

X 1

4

exposure is based on urine samples which EPA does not use in
risk evaluations

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
High
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
2
1

Poland (OECD country)

Dry cleaning data

Data from less than 10 years ago (2009)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Continued on next page

290

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Discussed variability between sample results and calculated

standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 1.4.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Rutkiewicz, I.,Jakubowska, N. ,Polkowska, Z.,NamieAnik, J.. 2011. Monitoring of occupational exposure to volatile organohalo-
gen solvents (VOXs) in human urine samples of dry-cleaner workers by TLHS-DAI-GC-ECD procedure. Industrial Health.
Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3489826

291

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Source Citation:	Tdh,. 2015. Health consultation: Evaluation of indoor air sampling events, former Walker Machine Products, Collierville,

Shelby County, Tennessee, July 28, 2015.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3490993

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Use

onsite contaminated sub-slab soil and groundwater

Vapor

inhalation

0-77 "g/m3 (adjusted for shift work but based on air sampling)

7

1

wire filter cloth manufacture
15

area
10 hr

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Tennessee Department of Health

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1
8

2
1

US

Exposure from vapor intrusion, not in scope
Data from less than 10 years ago (2014/15)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only sample type and sample duration provided, no informa-
tion on measurement type, exposure duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Continued on next page

292

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Tdh,. 2015. Health consultation: Evaluation of indoor air

sampling events, former Walker Machine Products, Collierville,



Shelby County, Tennessee, July 28, 2015.



Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;



Hero ID

3490993



EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable

4 Metric Mean Score: 2.1.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

293

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Furuki, K.,Ukai, H.,Okamoto, S.,Takada, S.,Kawai, T.,Miyama, Y.,Mitsuyoshi, K.,Zhang, Z. W.,Higashikawa, K.,Ikeda, M..

2000. Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and
urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3544276

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

automated, continuous cloth-degreasing operations

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

air: 0-46ppm, blood: 0-3262 "g/1, urine: 0-422 "g/1
1

TWA, blood and urine

using solvent to remove greasy material from cloth

44

PBZ

8h/day

air: FID-GC Urine & blood: HS-GC or automated methylation followed
by HS-GC

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no











specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Japan

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Condition of use unclear

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (1999)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure











duration all given

Continued on next page

294

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation: Furuki, K.,Ukai, H.,Okamoto, S.,Takada, S.,Kawai, T.,Miyama, Y.,Mitsuyoshi, K.,Zhang, Z. W.,Higashikawa, K.,Ikeda, M..

2000. Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and
urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3544276

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 1.9.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

295

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Source Citation:	Baya, M. P.,Figa-Talamanca, I.,Siskos, P. A.. 1998. Determination of selected volatile organic compounds in the air of

dry-cleaning shops in the Athens area: Pilot study. Indoor and Built Environment.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3545708

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0-92.1 mg/m3

19

19

TWA

PBZ & area
30 min

adsorpotion tubes analyzed by TD/GC/FID

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no
specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

2
2
4
1

Greece

Dry cleaning data

Data from 20 years ago (1998)

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Continued on next page

296

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Baya, M. P.,Figa-Talamanca, I.,Siskos, P. A.. 1998. Determination of selected volatile organic compounds in the air of
dry-cleaning shops in the Athens area: Pilot study. Indoor and Built Environment.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3545708

297

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Moschandreas, D. J.,Odea, D. S.. 1995. MEASUREMENT OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE INDOOR AIR LEVELS CAUSED
BY FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM UNVENTED DRY-TO-DRY DRY-CLEANING UNITS. Journal of the Air and Waste
Management Association (1990-1992).

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3559276

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

1.7 - 52.3 ppm

46

6

Dry-to-dry machine operators
area

1-1.5 hrs (depended on dry cleaning duration)

150-mg charcoal tubes and subsequently conducting gas chromatograph
analysis

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no
specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
2
1

US

Dry cleaning data

Data from less than 10 years ago (2012)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

298

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Moschandreas, D. J.,Odea, D. S.. 1995. MEASUREMENT OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE INDOOR AIR LEVELS CAUSED

BY FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM UNVENTED DRY-TO-DRY DRY-CLEANING UNITS. Journal of the Air and Waste
Management Association (1990-1992).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3559276

EVALUATION







Domain Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.1





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

299

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Source Citation:	Pirsaraei, S. R. A.,Khavanin, A. li,Asilian, H.,Soleimanian, A.. 2009. Occupational Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Dry-

cleaning Shops in Tehran, Iran. Industrial Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3559570

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0-132.3 ppm

179

69

8 hour TWA

machine operator, presser and counter area

179

PBZ

NIOSH Method 1003

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X

1

3

Iran (non-OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Discussed variability between sample results and calculated
standard deviation and reproducibility of results

Continued on next page

300

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Pirsaraei, S. R. A.,Khavanin, A. li,Asilian, H.,Soleimanian, A.. 2009. Occupational Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Dry-
cleaning Shops in Tehran, Iran. Industrial Health.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3559570

301

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Source Citation:	Keen, C.,Dabill, D. W.,Groves, J. A.. 1996. On-site monitoring of personal exposure to tetrachloroethylene at dry cleaning

establishments. Annals of Occupational Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3566695

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry cleaning
vapor
inhalation
25-100 ppm
6

short-term and TWA
measured PERC concentrations
area

4 and 8 hours

CS2 extraction and GC analysis

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no











specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

United Kingdom (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

non-occupational scenario, but sampling methods used in typ-











ical monitoring data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Machine type not specified and prior to ban on transfer











mahcines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

302

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Keen, C.,Dabill, D. W.,Groves, J. A.. 1996. On-site monitoring of personal exposure to tetrachloroethylene at dry cleaning



establishments. Annals of Occupational Hygiene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3566695

EVALUATION



Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Discussed variability between sample results and calculated



standard deviation

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.4.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

303

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Source Citation: Thompson, K. M.,Evans, J. S.. 1997. The Value of Improved National Exposure Information for Perchloroethylene (Perc): A

Case Study for Dry Cleaners. Risk Analysis.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID 3567478

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):
Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

inhalation
0-100 ppm
TWA

operators and non-operators

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

used International Fabricare Institute data

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

Dry cleaning data

Data from greater than 20 years (1995)
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

the model discusses areas of variability and uncertainty but
notes it did not include these in the current model

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

304

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Source Citation:

Nicnas,. 2001. Tetrachloroethylene " Priority existing chemical. Assessment Report No. 15.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

3797979

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Physical Form:	Liquid/vapor

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Report from NICNAS, expected to use high quality data

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Medium

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

2
2
4
2

Australia (OECD country)

has information on multiple in scope uses

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2001)

data generally characterized by means with no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Sample type and measurement type given, no other statistics
provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Some discussion of variability/uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

305

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

1.2 - 1934 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

Machine type not

specified and prior to ban on transfer

mahcines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

Distribution of sam

pie is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

No information on

sampling, exposure frequency, or worker

activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score:

2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

306

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Degreasing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
1-538 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

degreasing data

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

307

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Processing
Formulation
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Aerosol packing: 71-201 mg/m3Paints and Coatings: 1 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4
2

Formulation

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

308

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Paints and Coatings
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0-45 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

Paints and Coating

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

309

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Processing
Intermediates
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
1-455 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

Intermediates

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

310

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Coolant/lubricant
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
1-87 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

coolants/lubricants

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

311

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Printing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0.8-131 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

printing

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

312

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Welding
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
20 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

welding

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

313

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Electronics
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
1-73 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

electronics

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

314

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Photographic film
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
7-421 mg/m3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
2

US

photographic film

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

No information on sampling, exposure frequency, or worker
activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

315

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Love, J. R. ,Kern, M.. 1981. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-81-065-938, METRO Bus Maintenance Shop,

Washington, DC.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3859376

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Painting in a bus maintenance shop

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

non-detectable amounts

33

4

PBZ and area
40-50 minutes

NIOSH Method P&CAM 127

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Painting

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years (1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x

1

2 No information on exposure frequency, or worker activities

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



Continued on next

page



316

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Love, J. R. ,Kern, M.. 1981. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-81-065-938, METRO Bus Maintenance Shop,

Washington, DC.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3859376

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

317

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Haz, Map. 2017. Haz-Map: Agent name: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970258

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Use

Dry Cleaning and degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Dry Cleaning: 150 ppmDegreasing: 95 ppm
Dry cleaning: transfer of wet garments to dryer

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

General method described for sampling and analysis but no
specific procedure listed

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low
High

Unacceptable
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

3

2
8

3

Unknown country

Dry cleaning and degreasing data

Unknown date, dry cleaning data for transfer machines
uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

4

No metadata provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.8.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

318

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Atsdr,. 2007. Health consultation: Evaluation of follow-up indoor air sampling results (January " March 2007) at the Wash-

ington Traffic Safety Commission offices TMC cleaners (aka Howard"s Cleaners and Olympia Cleaners) Olympia, Thurston
County, Washington: EPA facility ID: WAH000017277.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970403

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Use

Dry Cleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
<0.61-39 ug/m3
13







EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

X 1

1

ATSDR report

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1
8

2
1

US data

Data for office building from vapor intrusion
Data less than 10 years old
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample type and measurement type given, no other statistics
provided

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.0.





Continued on next

page





319

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Atsdr,. 2007. Health consultation: Evaluation of follow-up indoor air sampling results (January " March 2007) at the Wash-

ington Traffic Safety Commission offices TMC cleaners (aka Howard"s Cleaners and Olympia Cleaners) Olympia, Thurston
County, Washington: EPA facility ID: WAH000017277.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970403

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

320

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Reh, B. D.. 1995. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-94-0298, Gen Corp Automotive, Wabash, Indiana.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970466

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

vehicle painting

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

not quantifiable, only indicated chemical was present
1

PBZ and area
GC-MS

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4

3

US data
Painting

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1995)

range of exposure and discrete sample data not provided, focus
was not PERC

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Only measurement type provided, no information on exposure
duration, or sample duration, etc.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

321

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Tapp, L.,Sussell, A.. 2008. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 2007-0055-3073, Evaluation of employee exposures in

a bus maintenance shop, Huntingon Coach Corporation, Huntington Station, New York.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970528

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Use

Brake Cleaner
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

not quantifiable, only indicated chemical was present
1

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X
X
X

1

2
2

1

2
2

N/A

US data
Brake Cleaner

Data from 10 years ago (2008)
N/A - qualitative information only

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.3





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

322

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gorman, R.,Rinsky, R.,Stein, G.,Anderson, K..
Whitney Aircraft, West Palm Beach, Florida.
Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;
3970552

1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-075-1545, Pratt &

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

long term: 0.8 - 7.2 ppm, short term: 1.9 - 66.4 ppm, area: < 1.2 ppm
1

long term, short term, urine, blood
Degreasing on the A-line in the plating area
29 workers and 11 areas
PBZ and area

long term: 8 hours, short term: only activated when that person was
operating a vapor degreaser
NIOSH Method P&CAM 127

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Degreasing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1995)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide











total samples, or worker exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

323

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gorman, R.,Rinsky, R.,Stein, G.,Anderson, K.. 1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-075-1545, Pratt &
Whitney Aircraft, West Palm Beach, Florida.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970552

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF*

Score Comments



Metric 7; Metadata Completeness Medium x 1

2 the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty but
does not include calculated values in the report

Overall Quality Determination^ High

1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

324

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Weber, A. M.,Hurrell, J. J., Jr.,Moss, C. E.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 92-0316-2339 Washington

Metropolitan Area Transit Authoirty, Washington D.C.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970557

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Use

Bus Maintenance
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

0.004 mg/m3



Number of Sites:

6



Type of Sampling:

area



Exposure Duration:

5 hours



Analytic Method:

GC-MS



EVALUATION





Domain Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability





Metric 1: Methodology

High X 1 1 NIOSH



Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope	High	x 1	1

Applicability	Unacceptable	x 2	8

Temporal Representativeness Medium	x 2	4

Sample Size	Medium	x 1	2

US data

Use of PCE not described

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1992)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide
total samples, or worker exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty but
does not include calculated values in the report

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable



4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.



Continued on next

page





325

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Weber, A. M.,Hurrell, J. J., Jr.,Moss, C. E.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 92-0316-2339 Washington

Metropolitan Area Transit Authoirty, Washington D.C.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970557

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

326

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Seitz, T.,Driscoll, R.. 1989. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 88-082-1971, Jostens Incorporated, Princeton, Illinois.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970562

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Paint and Coatings (jewlery lacquer)

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0-2ppm

11

metal plating, polishing, cleaning
PBZ and area

GC-FID method NIOSHMethods 1003, 1300, and 1501

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Degreasing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1989)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide

total samples, or worker exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2 the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty but
does not include calculated values in the report

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

327

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Source Citation:	Broadwater, K.,Brueck, S. E.,Nourian, F.,Roberts, J.,Oza, A. Y.. 2016. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 2013-0117-

3247, Evaluation of odors and surface resideus in a medical center research facility.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970565

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	unknown

Physical Form:	Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:	inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	trace levels

Number of Sites:	1

Worker Activity:	office building/laboratory

Type of Sampling:	area

Sampling Location:	office/laboratory

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

Low

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

8

2

3

US

unknown use of PCE

Data from less than 10 years ago (2013)

distribution not characterized by statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

data sources generally described, some details missing

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Broadwater, K.,Brueck, S. E.,Nourian, F.,Roberts, J.,Oza, A. Y.. 2016. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 2013-0117-
3247, Evaluation of odors and surface resideus in a medical center research facility.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970565

329

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Source Citation:	Gunter, B. J.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE 80-71-703, Bear creek uranium company, Douglas, Wyoming.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970577

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Cleaners and Degreasers

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

7-6500 mg/m3

7

1

uranium mine electrician, lab technician, crane maintenance
PBZ and area
2-6 hours

NIOSH Method P&CAM 127

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4

3

US

Degreasing data

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1980)
distribution not characterized by statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



Continued on next page

330

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Gunter, B. J.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE 80-71-703, Bear creek uranium company, Douglas, Wyoming.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970577

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

331

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Source Citation:	Messite, J.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 80-110-724, Fairchild industrial products, Commack, New York.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970578

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use

Cleaners and Degreasers
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
2.8-93.1 mg/m3
1

soldering
PBZ and area

NIOSH standard gas chromatography method

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3: Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Use of PCE not described

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1980)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

distribution not characterized by statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide











total samples, exposure frequency, or worker exposure duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Messite, J.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no.

HHE 80-110-724, Fairchild industrial products, Commack, New York.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;



Hero ID

3970578



EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

333

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Source Citation:	Kinnes, G. M.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 89-162-2331, Growth International, Bennett Industries

Division, Peotone, Illinois.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970579

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Analytic Method:

Use
Inks

Liquid/vapor
inhalation
0.08 - 0.1 ppm
4
1

silkscreening of plastic containers
PBZ and area

NIOSH Methods 1003 and 1550

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US
Ink

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1993)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide
exposure duration or specific sample locations

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Kinnes, G. M.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 89-162-2331, Growth International, Bennett Industries

Division, Peotone, Illinois.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970579

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

335

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ahrenholz, S. H.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 80-18-691, Looart Press Incorporate, Colorado
Springs,Colorado.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970580

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use
Inks

Liquid/vapor
inhalation
ND-0.6
2

TWA

newspaper pressroom
32

PBZ and area
392-512 min

NIOSH Method P&CAM 127

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US
Ink

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1980)
Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Ahrenholz, S. H.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 80-18-691, Looart Press Incorporate, Colorado

Springs,Colorado.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970580

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

337

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Source Citation:	Esswein, E. J.. 1992. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 91-351-2252, Social Security Administration, District Office,

Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970581

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Use

Office Co-located with Dry Cleaning

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0.18 - 0.30 mg/m3

7

office building near dry cleaner
PBZ and area
5 hr

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
2

US

Textile processing

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1992)

Data missing figures mentioned in text, uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, but does not provide
worker activity or specific sample locations

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

338

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Source Citation:	Rosensteel, R. E.,Lucas, J. B.. 1975. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 74-28-212, Westinghouse Air Brake Company,

Wilmerding, Pennsyvlania.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970582

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Use

Degreaser
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
10-670 mg/m3
5

degreaser operator, cadmium plater operator, spray painter, painter,

rusthon application operator

personal

334, 274, 247, 236, 260 min

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Degreasing, painting

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1975)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x

1

1 sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3 no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.4



Continued on next

page



339

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Rosensteel, R. E.,Lucas, J. B.. 1975. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 74-28-212, Westinghouse Air Brake Company,
Wilmerding, Pennsyvlania.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970582

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

340

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Source Citation:	Hartle, R. ,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1983. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-127-1370, Hoover Company, IP, North

Canton, Ohio.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970584

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Vapor degreasing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
4.39-50.0 mg/m3
9

blood, TWA, urine

paint stripper, spray painter, paint mixer, racker, group leader
PBZ and area
5-7 hours
GC-MS

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Paint and coating products

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1983)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure













duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hartle, R.,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1983. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-127-1370, Hoover Company, IP, North
Canton, Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970584

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

342

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hanley, K. W.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 91-004-2316, Daubert Coated Products, Inc., Dixon, Illinois.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970586

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Paint and coating products

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

0.3 - 6.1 ppm

24

1

TWA, short term
coating operators
PBZ and area
93-385 min.

GC-MS and GC-FID and NIOSH 0500

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Paint and coating products

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1993)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure













duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Hanley, K. W.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 91-004-2316, Daubert Coated Products, Inc., Dixon, Illinois.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970586

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

344

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Source Citation:	Hartle, R. ,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-280-1407, Hoover Company, North Canton,

Ohio.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970587

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Use

Cleaning and Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

40.9-250.0 mg/m3

4 (1 personal, 3 area)

1

Type of Measurement or Method:

TWA, urine





Worker Activity:



Degreasing, glue lines, Motor Assembly

Type of Sampling:



PBZ and

area





Analytic Method:



GC-MS NIOSH S-33514



EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Cleaning and Degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1983)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-

cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-
ration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hartle, R. ,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-280-1407, Hoover Company, North Canton,
Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970587

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

346

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Source Citation:	Seitz, T.,Baron, S.. 1990. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 87-349-2022, Rockcastle Manufacturing, Mount Vernon,

Kentucky.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970588

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Number of Samples:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

textile processing (cut-and-sew)

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

8

TWA

glue sprayer, fabric oven operator, fabric pressser
PBZ and area

area: glue room, oven area personal: glue room, oven area, press area
GC-MSD

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Textile Processing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1990)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-













cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-













ration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

347

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE



— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Seitz, T.,Baron, S.. 1990. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 87-349-2022, Rockcastle Manufacturing, Mount Vernon,
Kentucky.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970588

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

348

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Sussell, A. L.,Lushniak, B. D.. 1990. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 90-172-2076, Bussman/Cooper Industries,

MPH, Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970589

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Degreasing

Physical Form: Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure: inhalation

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
4
1

Plastic and rubber products

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1990)

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-
cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-
ration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

349

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Esswein, E. J.. 2003. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 2002-0306-2911, Warren Tech, Lakewood, CO.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970590

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Inks and ink removal products

Physical Form:	Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:	inhalation

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
1

US

Inks and ink removal products

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2003)

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-
cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-
ration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

350

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Garetano, G.,Gochfeld, M.. 2000. Factors influencing tetrachloroethylene concentrations in residences above dry-cleaning

establishments. Archives of Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 630549

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Dry Cleaning

9 facility measurements collected with colorimetric detector tubes 14-54
mg/cubic meter (Table 2 on page 6 of 10). Machine attributes (e.g.,
emission controls, age) are included.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

NIOSH Method 1003

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

New Jersey (Hudson Regional Health Commission)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

use data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from less than 20 years ago (2000).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

distribution of samples adaquately characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Detailed analysis of residences characteristics and monitoring

results

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

limited discussion of the variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

351

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Use

Vapor/cold degreasing

estimated esposure between 165 - 1150 mg/8-hour workday (pg 19 of
152).++++++++++++++++++++Three of seven men occupation-
ally exposed to PCE concentrations of 1890 mg/m3 to 2600 mg/m3 had
evidence of impaired liver function (pg 113 of 152).

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

352

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:

Use

Dry Cleaning - Commercial plant
225-970 mg/day
0

see table 26 for additional details (pg 127 of 152)++++++++++" Com-
mercial drycleaners" are those engaged primarily in drycleaning or dye-
ing of apparel and household fabrics other than rugs. This segment of
the industry is characterized by a large number of independent business-
men, each of whom operates his own small plant (pg 147 of 152). The
following operations and exposures were described: (1) Garment Mark-
ing, (2) Spotting, (3) Washing, (4) Transfer, and (5) Finishing (pg 148
of 152).

4

Model

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data from greater than 20 years (1982) and dry cleaning ma-
chine not specified

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Data sources clearly described

Continued on next page

353

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-
ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

732615

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4 Metric Mean Score: 2.0.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

354

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:

Use

Dry Cleaning - Industrial Plant
160-970 mg/day
0

see table 26 for additional details (pg 127 of 152)++++++++++"In-
dustrial drycleaners" are those engaged in supplying laundered or
dry cleaned work uniforms, wiping towels, dust control items, etc., to
industrial and commercial users...Industrial drycleaners employ approx-
imately 25,000 workers, with an estimated 2,000 employees directly ex-
posed to solvent as either cleaning machine operators or maintenance
personnel (pg 147 of 152).The following operations and exposures were
described: (1) Garment Marking, (2) Spotting, (3) Washing, (4) Trans-
fer, and (5) Finishing (pg 148 of 152).

46

Model

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High	x 1	1 US

High	x 2	2 use and manufacturing data

Unacceptable X 2	8 Data from greater than 20 years (1982) and dry cleaning ma-

chine not specified

Medium	X 1	2 Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Data sources clearly described

Continued on next page

355

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.0.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

356

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Use

metal degreasing - vapor
650-1150 mg/day
0

see table 26 for additional details (pg 127 of 152)

5+++++trichloroethylene: 8,400tetrachloroethylene: 23,169methyl

chloroform: 32,174

Model++++Survey

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 EPA



Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope	High	x 1	1

Applicability	High	x 2	2

Temporal Representativeness	Medium x 2	4

Sample Size	Medium x 1	2

US

use and manufacturing data

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

357

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:
Type of Sampling:

Use

metal degreasing - cold
650 mg/day
0

see table 26 for additional details (pg 127 of 152)++++++++++Cold
cleaning (solvent degreasing) involves the use of liquid solvent to remove
soil, with solvent being directly hand-applied (rubbing or wiping) in
some cases, while spraying or soaking is utilized in other cases.

2

Model

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6

Continued on next page

358

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-
ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

732615

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

359

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Dow Chemical, Co. 2008. Product safety assessment: Perchloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3797950

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Use/Manufacture

Because it has low solubility in water and is highly volatile, per-
chloroethylene will quickly volatilize (evaporate) to the atmosphere,
breathing air with fugitive PCE from manufacturing or dry cleaning
or use in a limited number of consumer products (e.g., aerosol brake
cleaners).

Those working with PCE as a chemical intermediate in manufactur-
ing operations or catalyst regeneration could be exposed during mainte-
nance, sampling, testing, or other procedures. Exposure is most likely
to occur, however, when perchloroethylene is used in surface preparation
/cleaning and in dry cleaning applications.

use closed systems to minimize emissions & exposurehave a thorough
training program for employees & safety equipment

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

The Dow Chemical Company

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
4

N/A

Global

use and manufacturing data

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2008)

N/A - this metric is not applicable because this source does
not have qualitative data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sources described but not fully transparent for this data ele-
ment.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Continued on next page

360

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Dow Chemical, Co. 2008. Product safety assessment: Perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3797950

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

361

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Newmoa,. 2001. Pollution prevention technology profile - Closed loop vapor degreasing.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3044986

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Use

Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

dedicated exhaust system unnecessary with use of closed-loop system
PPE unnecessary with closed-loop systems

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Northwest Waste Mgmt Official Association

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Use is in scope
2001

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

data sources named, but accuracy unknown

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

362

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Gold, L. S.,De Roos, A. J.,Waters, M.,Stewart, P.. 2008. Systematic literature review of uses and levels of occupational

exposure to tetrachloroethylene. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 631587

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Frequency:

Use

Drycleaning
Liquid/vapor
inhalation
42-70 ppm

dry-to-dry Operator (1990-2002)

personal

1-6, Any

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Literature review

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Drycleaning is in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

1920s-early 2000s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assessment or report clearly documents its data sources, as-

sessment methods, results, and assumptions.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Some discussion of variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

363

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gold, L. S.,De Roos, A. J.,Waters, M.,Stewart, P.. 2008. Systematic literature review of uses and levels of occupational

exposure to tetrachloroethylene. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	631587

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Frequency:

Use

Degreasing (additional, less common uses discussed also)

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

3-45 ppm

All types of degreasing, any job title (2000s)

personal and area

Any

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Literature review

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Drycleaning is in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

1920s-early 2000s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assessment or report clearly documents its data sources, as-











sessment methods, results, and assumptions.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Some discussion of variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

364

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
Inhalation of fugitive emissions

Dry cleaning machines can be classified into two types: transfer and dry-
to-dry...The transfer of wet fabrics is the predominant source of PCE
emissions in these systems. Dry-to-dry machines wash, extract, and dry
the articles in the same drum in a single machine, so the articles enter and
exit the machine dry. Because the transfer step is eliminated, dry-to-dry
machines have much lower emissions than transfer machines.Machines
are designed to be either vented or non-vented during the drying cycle.
In vented machines, the majority of emissions from the drying cycle are
vented outside the building. In non-vented machines, dryer emissions
are released when the door is opened to remove garments. Currently,
the largest sources of emissions from dry cleaning are from equipment
leaks, which come from leaking valves and seals, and the loading and
unloading of garments.

Most of these small firms have fewer than five employees. In fact, over
half of dry cleaners in California employ two or less full-time employ-
ees.+++++++Table 2. Characteristics of Dry cleaning Ultimate Par-
ent Companies in SIC 7216 [includes number of employees] page 9 of
19

Enhanced LDAR requires the use of a hand-held halogenated hydrocar-
bon detector (HHD) for the leak detection of all specified components
of a dry cleaner.RC - refrigerated condenser; CA - carbon adsorber

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3827375

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5: Sample Size

High
Medium

Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

4

4

N/A

US

employee counts, general exposure and emission control infor-
mation

Data from less than 20 years ago (2006)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

366

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ma, Turi. 2017. Massachusetts chemical fact sheet: Perchloroethylene (PCE).

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3986888

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Commercial/consumer uselndustrial use

Dry cleaning solventln-line vapor degreaser (e.g., conveyorized, web
cleaner)

Inhalation and dermal exposure

Acute (Short-Term) Health Effects:*" Central nervous system effects "
psychophysiological functions such as mood and behavioral changes "
have been observed at exposures below 20 parts per million (ppm).*
At exposures of 100 ppm PCE can irritate the eyes, nose, mouth, and
throat.* High level exposure can cause a headache, dizziness, light-
headedness, vomiting, nausea, unconsciousness, and kidney dysfunction*
PCE is immediately dangerous to life and health at 150 ppm.

Use PCE in closed systems. If a closed production system is infeasi-
ble, facilities need to enclose operations and use local exhaust ventila-
tion. +++++++++++One example of replacement of a PCE vapor de-
greaser is a Massachusetts metal screw machine products manufacturer
that is implementing an aqueous ultrasonic cleaning system for remov-
ing various cutting fluids and metal fines.+++++++++++Petroleum
solvents can also be used as alternatives to PCE for garment cleaning.
These solvents are not drop-in replacements however, requiring equip-
ment and safety modifications due to their flammability.

Where the potential for exposures exceed 25 ppm use a MSHA/NIOSH
and Health-approved supplied air respirator with a full facepiece.Take
precautions to avoid PCE contact with skin and eyes. Workers need
to wear solvent-resistant gloves and clothing. If PCE contacts skin,
immediately wash the exposed area.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1

The Toxics Use Reduction Institue" established by the Mas-
sachusetts ToxicUse Reduction Act of 1989



Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Ma, Turi. 2017. Massachusetts chemical fact sheet: Perchloroethylene (PCE).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3986888

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium

Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

4

6

N/A

US

For an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk eval-
uation.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1996)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

states all data sources

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

368

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Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Two new systems are now available for the dry cleaning industry. The
first system includes a detergent that enhances the dissolution ability
of liquid C02 and the second system replaces dry cleaning with wet
cleaning, a technology which supplements a standard water solvent with
fiber protective additives.

Collection of preventing pollution ideas (e.g., use non-toxic solvent, in-
vestigate wet cleaning systems) pages 37, 43, 60 of 86

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

New Mexico Environment Departemnt

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
2

N/A

US

Use is in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated (e.g., NE-
SHAP, RCRA)

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.3





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

369

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Macca, I.,Carrieri, M.,Scapellato, M. L.,Scopa, P.,Trevisan, A.,Bartolucci, G. B.. 2012. Biological monitoring of exposure to
perchloroethylene in dry cleaning workers. La Medicina del Lavoro.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

1850988

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:
Exposure Duration:

Exposure Frequency:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
air

mean concentration of PCE in air was 52.32 mg/m3Table 1 - Values
of PCE exposure in 71 subjects occupationally exposed in dry cleaning
shopsTable 4 - Peaks of pollution of PCE (in ppm) in some work phases
40

The average amount of solvent used per year was 117.22 kg (range 25-
720 kg). Prevalently (72.1 percent ) the dry cleaning machines used a
closed cycle and 39 out of 40 shops had one machine, whereas the largest
shop had seven machines. Manual stain removal was performed using
PCE (1-2 drops) before cleaning; this operation was carried out in the
same room where the machine was located. The number of manual stain
removal operations was limited to 3-4 times per week in relation to the
condition of the clothes.

7129 men and 42 women; the mean age of the workers and the mean
duration of exposure to PCE were 41.3 and 15.6 years, respectively,
personal diffusive samplers (Radiello")

The employers worked usually 8-9 hours per day, 5-6 days per week;
the dry cleaning machines operated only three days per week with an
average of 3.64 cycles per day.

The shops involved in our study were above all small cleaners/laundries"
none of them had ventilation systems with specific local aspiration equip-
ment.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Macca, I.,Carrieri, M.,Scapellato, M. L.,Scopa, P.,Trevisan, A.,Bartolucci, G. B.. 2012. Biological monitoring of exposure to

perchloroethylene in dry cleaning workers. La Medicina del Lavoro.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

1850988

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Analytic Method: Individual exposure to PCE was assessed in all employees with the

Radiello" diffusive sampler (5) for the whole working day... The limit
of detection (LOD) was 2 ug/l.++++++++++Instantaneous mea-
surements were also carried out, with direct reading colorimetric gas
tube (Kitagawa gas detector tube system) during the most critical work
phases, aimed at recording peaks of PCE pollution.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Information indicates the methodology is acceptable

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

shops in Padua and province (Italy)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

This study was carried out in early 2007.

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

distribution of samples is fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Monitoring data include all associated metadata,

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

The monitoring study addresses variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

371

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Source Citation:	Hsia,. 2015. ATSDR (Tetrachloroethylene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;
Hero ID	3982148

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Use

Dry Cleaning solvent

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

6.23 +/- 6.66 ppm (range of 0.38 - 31.19 ppm)

35

12

TWA

dry cleaning, ironing
35

personal passive sample
1 work day

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

ATSDR report

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Italy

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Though the paper is current (2015), data from greater than 20











years ago (1994)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, mea-











surement duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

discussion of variability or uncertainty



Continued on next page

372

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 2015. ATSDR (Tetrachloroethylene).
Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;
3982148





EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.2





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

373

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Hsia,. 1999. The safe handling of perchloroethylene drycleaning solvent - Beyond regulatory compliance.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982147

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

PPE:

Use

Dry Cleaning solvent
Liquid/vapor
inhalation/skin contact

emergency ventilation, available respiratory equipment with NIOSH/
Mine Safety approval for organic vapors, protective clothing and gloves.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Industry Group (HSIA)

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Low
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

6
4

N/A

US

Limited applicability. Use guidelines without relevant data
1999

Not an appropriate metric for type of data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Provides suggested exposure levels

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Low

2.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

374

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part B: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3986481

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
Liquid/vapor
Inhalation

The PCE exposure in shops included in the study was evaluated inde-
pendently (Ludwig et al., 1983). The geometric mean of time-weighted-
average exposures was 22 ppm PCEE for machine operators, and ap-
proximately 3 ppm for other workers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Based on NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

1991 - Monitoring data are from after the establishment of the

PEL, but greater than 10 years old.

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

Characterized by mean, with no other statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Lacks most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

375

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Source Citation:

Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3982331

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Exposure Concentration (Unit): Occupational exposure has trended lower over the past several decades.

Typical tetrachloroethylene concentrations in workplace air at dryclean-
ing facilities were 350 to 700 mg/m3 (about 50 to 100 ppm) in the
1970s and 70 to 350 mg/m3 (about 10 to 50 ppm) in the 1980s (IARC
1995). The highest exposures occur during loading and unloading of
the drycleaning machines.+++++++++++More recent studies by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health indicated that ex-
posure levels in the drycleaning industry were below the recommended
occupational exposure guideline of 25 ppm (ATSDR 1997). In 2003, the
mean concentration of tetrachloroethylene at U.S. drycleaning facilities
was 3.8 ppm (Toraason et al. 2003).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and
Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

US and worldwide

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (2003)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982331

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments



Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

377

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982331

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer useProcessing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent; Metal (e.g., stainless steel) and stone polishes;

Cleaners and degreasers (other)Intermediate in industrial gas manufac-
turing

Number of Sites:	49,025 (in a survey conducted from 1981 to 1983)

Number of Workers:	688,000 (in a survey conducted from 1981 to 1983) Workers involved in

drycleaning, metal degreasing, and fluorocarbon production are likely to
be exposed to tetrachloroethylene. The National Occupational Exposure
Survey (conducted from 1981 to 1983) estimated that 688,000 workers
in 49,025 U.S. facilities potentially were exposed to tetrachloroethylene
(NIOSH 1990). A 1994 survey prepared by industry estimated that
450,000 workers potentially were exposed (IARC 1995).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

US National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and
Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X
X
X

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US and worldwide

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (survey conducted from 1981 to 1983)
NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.





Continued on next

page





378

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982331

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

379

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Source Citation:	Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:
Number of Workers:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

In one case where a dry cleaning worker was found unconscious, breath
concentrations of tetrachloroethylene were over 4,000 mg/m3 a few hours
after exposure.+++++++++++++++ In the subsequent behavioural
study, the dry-cleaners were categorised into low (24 counter clerks),
moderate (18 pressers) and high (23 operators) cumulative exposure
groups. The mean 15-minute personal breathing zone tetrachloroethy-
lene concentrations for these groups were respectively 11.2, 23.2 and 40.8
ppm (77.3, 160 and 282 mg/m3) for the 17 dry-cleaning shops using the
wet transfer process. The mean periods in the current job for the 3
groups were respectively 2.1, 3.9 and 14.6 years. Echeverria et al (1995)
23There are a number of deficiencies associated with this study, includ-
ing a low participation rate (only 23 out of the 125 dry-cleaning shops
approached), failure in taking into account prior neurotoxicant exposures
and the lack of an unexposed control group,
counter clerks, pressers and operators
65

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-











pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data over 20 years old (1995)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

Continued on next page

380

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982359

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

381

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Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

An Italian study examined the neurobehavioural effects of occupational
exposure to tetrachloroethylene in 60 female dry-cleaning workers (with
an average of 10 years service) by comparing them with 30 age-, vocab-
ulary test score- and sex-matched controls recruited from an industrial
cleaning plant where solvents were not in use (Ferroni et al, 1992). Selec-
tion criteria included: (i) absence of metabolic diseases; (ii) absence of
neuropsychiatric disorders; (iii) alcohol intake of less than 80 ml ethanol
a day. Tetrachloroethylene airborne concentration measured through
static sampling during four-hour random periods varied from 1 to 67
ppm, 6.9 to 462 mg/m3 (median 15 ppm, 104 mg/m3). Ferroni et al
(1992)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-
pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1992)

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Continued on next page

382

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-
lene).

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982359

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

383

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

A German study evaluated 101 employees of dry-cleaning shops, in-
cluding ironers and touch-up workers as well as actual cleaners, all of
whom were employed for " several years" and a control group of 84 sales
staff from department stores and hotel receptionists (Seeber, 1989). Of
the 101 dry-cleaning shop employees, 57 were assigned to a low tetra-
chloroethylene exposure group (shift TWA = 12 ppm, 83 mg/m3) and
44 to a high exposure group (shift TWA = 54 ppm, 373 mg/m3). Tetra-
chlororethylene exposure was determined by room air sampling and in-
dividual passive sampling using badge dosimetry.

101

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-

pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data over 20 years old (1989)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next page

384

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982359

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

385

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:
Number of Workers:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

An earlier American study looked at 9 male and 9 female dry-cleaners
(mean 8-hour TWA for tetrachloroethylene of 18 and 32 ppm (124 and
221 mg/m3) in females and males respectively, range = 1-37 ppm (6.9
255 mg/m3), peak = 215 ppm (1484 mg/m3) determined by analysing
breath samples and through static sampling), and compared them with
9 female laundry workers as controls (Tuttle et al, 1977).

Comparison of 18 dry cleaners with 9 laundry workers.

27

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-











pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

N/A



N/A

Data over 20 years old (1977)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1 3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.





Continued on next

page



386

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-



lene).



Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;



Hero ID

3982359



EVALUATION





Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

387

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3982359

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Automotive care products (e.g., engine degreaser and brake cleaner)

Exposure Concentration (Unit): Some measured concentrations >2800 mg/m3 (400 ppm) but 75 percent

of measurements between 1.4-344 mg/m3 (0.2 and 50 ppm)Essing et al
(1975)

Worker Activity: 106 workers exposed while cleaning machine and engine parts in railway

repair shop, 101 controls
Number of Workers: 106

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-
pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
4

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1975)

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

388

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

138 mg/m3 (20 ppm; 8 hour TWA)

56 dry cleaning workers; Cai et al (1991)

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-

pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Low X 1 3 Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

389

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

61.4-259 mg/m3 (8.9-37.5 ppm)

Comparison of 26 dry cleaning workers with 33 unexposed workers;
Lauwerys et al (1983)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-

pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data over 20 years old (1983)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

390

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

8 hour TWA < 345 mg/m3 (50 ppm)

Comparison of 141 workers from 47 small laundries and dry cleaning
shops, controls of 130 university staff and students; Gennari et al (1992)
141

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-

pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data over 20 years old (1992)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

391

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

Estimated as 68.9 mg/m3 (10 ppm)

57 dry cleaning workers, 80 controls; Eranchini et al (1983)
57

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-

pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data over 20 years old (1983)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no

statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

392

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Osha,. 1989. 1988 OSHA Pel Project documentation: Perchlorethyle.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3986443

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

A worker exposed to an estimated concentration of 1470 ppm per-
chloroethylene and Stoddard solvent for 3.5 hours lost consciousness
(Stewart, Erley, Schaffer, and Gay 1961/Ex. 1-807)

"...several hundred thousand employees are regularly exposed to this
widely used solvent."

In the dry cleaning industry, newer equipment, such as dry-to-dry dry
cleaning machines, can achieve 25 ppm with engineering and work prac-
tice controls. This is true of smaller as well as larger operations" Accord-
ing to the industry, dry cleaning equipment is replaced at approximately
10-year intervals.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 U.S. CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope

High

Applicability

High

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Sample Size

Low

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (survey conducted from 1961)

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Low X 1 3 Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next page

393

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Osha,. 1989. 1988 OSHA Pel Project documentation: Perchlorethyle.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3986443

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

394

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Oehha,. 2007. Occupational health hazard risk assessment project for California: Identification of chemicals of concern,

possible risk assessment methods, and examples of health protective occupational air concentrations.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982225

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

All PBZ data is regulatory (e.g., Cal/OSHA PEL); also includes cal-
culationed air concentrations associated with a specified level of cancer
risk.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

x 1

1

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High

Unacceptable

X 1

x 2

1

8

US

report for setting OEL, no applicable data for exposure assess-

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
N/A

x 2

4

N/A

Data less than 20 years old (2002)
NA - qualitative information only

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

395

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982310

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:
Worker Activity:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

PCE is readily absorbed through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract
and, to a lesser extent, can be absorbed through the skin.
TWA exposures of machine operators ranged from 4.0 to 149.0 ppm PCE
(geometric mean = 22 ppm). The geometric mean PCE exposure of the
pressers, seamstresses, and front counter workers were 3.3 ppm, 3.0 ppm
and 3.1 ppm, respectively. The geometric mean 5-minute peak PCE
exposure during textile transfer was 44 ppm while the mean 15-minute
exposure was 33 ppm.

44

Among the various jobs in a dry cleaning facility, Ludwig et al. (1983)
found that the machine operators (dry cleaners) had the greatest PCE
exposure.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Based on NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (reference study was published in 1983);













exposure data prior to ban and machine type not specified

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Characterized by range and mean, with no other statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Lacks most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

396

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982310

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

397

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982310

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Workers:
Exposure Duration:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

inhalation

In a study of 60 female dry-cleaning workers with an average employment
duration of 10.1 years, Ferroni and colleagues found statistically signif-
icantly longer simple reaction times and longer reaction time in tests
of shape comparison (Ferroni et al., 1992). Exposure was determined
by 4-hour air samples taken in each workplace at two different times of
year (median 15 ppm), and by blood concentration of PCE (median 145
mg/L).

60

10.1 years

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Sampling or analytical methodology is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data over 20 years old (reference study was published in 1983);











exposure data prior to ban and machine type not specified;











however, potentially other useful information.

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Characterized by median, with no other statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1 3

Lacks most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1 3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.





Continued on next

page



398

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982310

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 2.2



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

399

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982310

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

inhalation

Color vision was tested in a group of dry-cleaning workers, using a de-
saturated color test and a sensitive measurement scale (Cavalleri et al.,
1994). Subjects were selected from workers with low alcohol intake.
Exposure assessed by personal sampling for a full shift. A statistically
significant increase in color confusion was observed in exposed subjects,
mostly affecting blue-yellow discernment. When the data for ironers with
lower exposure (4.8 ppm, range 0.5-11.3) were analyzed separately from
data for dry-cleaners (7.3 ppm, range 0.4-31.2), the drycleaning workers
were found to have a significant increase in dyschromatopsia that was
not observed in ironers. The same group of workers was followed up two
years later (Gobba et al., 1998).
ironers and dry-cleaners

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data over 20 years old (reference study was published in 1983);
exposure data prior to ban and machine type not specified;
however, potentially other useful information.

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1 3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Continued on next page

400

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982310

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982088

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

Properly trained professional cleaners are now able to successfully wet-
clean most garments that are typically drycleaned. Silks, wool sweaters,
linens, suedes and leathers can usually be wetcleaned, sometimes with
superior results.

There are many factors that influence perc air levels in drycleaning shops
and each shop is unique. Perc evaporates quickly and can enter the air of
drycleaning shops in many ways: 1) From poorly maintained machines;
2) Through equipment leaks; 3) From perc that is open to the air, such
as when liquid solvent is being added to the machines or when there
are open drums and tanks containing perc or perc waste materials; 4)
From clothes that are not completely dry or improperly processed; and
5) From clothes being transferred from a washer to a dryer in older
"transfer" machines that have separate washers and dryers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (f998)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982088

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low

X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

403

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3982095

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

Over the years, exposures to PERC have been evaluated while employ-
ees performed various tasks with various types of dry cleaning equip-
ment. Exposures have been reduced through the technology advance-
ments in the dry cleaning industry, as shown below:e.g., Gen 1 trans-
fer:Peak Concentration = 1,000 4,000 ppmTime Weighted Average = 40
60 ppm+++++++++++The TWA exposures to PERC for spotters
and pressers were found to be lower than the exposures of dry cleaning
machine operators.

Adequate ventilation and proper design of ventilation is most effective
in controlling employee exposure to PERC when used as one part of an
overall control plan. It is suggested that there be a complete air change
every 5 minutes with a minimum of 30 cubic feet per minute of outside
air per person. Sufficient make-up air must be provided for optimum
exhaust performance. Dry cleaning machines with integral exhaust sys-
tems should have a door face air velocity of 100 feet per minute. Older
machines can be retrofitted with exhaust hoods.Maintenance of the dry
cleaning equipment and storage of chemicals can also affect personal
exposures. Checking seals, gaskets, piping, ductwork and evaluating
the vapor recovery system are essential in controlling leaks and fugi-
tive emissions. Equipment should be maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer"s recommendations.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Re-
sources - Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Assistance

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

404

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3982095

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X
X
X

1

2
2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (2001)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

405

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Niosh,. 1992. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-90-223-2211, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Marion, Indiana.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3974943

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Cleaning and Degreasing
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

0.3-2 ppm pbz0.2 - 50 ppm area

3	field blanks, 11 charcoal tube samples,
degreasing

1900

PBZ and area

4	personal at degreaser#4 (2 each loading & unloading) 2 area at de-
greaser #41 area at each degreaser #1, #2 and #3

NIOSH analytical methods 1003, 1300, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1501

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Data for TCE not PCE

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1990)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-













cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-













ration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Continued on next page

406

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1992. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-90-223-2211, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Marion, Indiana.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3974943

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

407

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Burr, G. A.. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 96-0188-2605, Greater Wheaton Chamber of Commerce,
Wheaton, Illinois.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970591

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Use

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope High x 1

Applicability Unacceptable x 2

Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2

Sample Size High x 1

1 US

8 Report looks at potential exposure to solvents from an adjacent

building, not applicable use.

4 Data from greater than 20 years ago (1990)

1 Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Medium x 1 2 most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

408

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ceballos, D.,Roberts, J.,Whitaker, S.,Lee, E. G.,Gong, W.. 2015. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE2012-0084-3227,

Evaluation of occupational exposures at drycleaning shops using solvonK4 and DF-2000.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970592

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

PPE:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry cleaning solvent
Liquid/vapor
inhalation, dermal

No PCE exposure data (study on alternative solvent exposures)
13 personal air samples, 35 area air samples
2

loading, unloading and pressing
4

dermal patch, pbz, area aiar
Near drycleaning machines
leather gloves
modified NIOSH 1550

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

dry cleaning using different solvent (not Perc), other info may











be useful

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2015

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-











cific sample locations, measurement duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

409

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Ceballos, D.,Roberts, J.,Whitaker, S.,Lee, E. G.,Gong, W.. 2015. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE2012-0084-3227,
Evaluation of occupational exposures at drycleaning shops using solvonK4 and DF-2000.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970592

410

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Source Citation:	Burton, N. C.,Monesterskey, J.. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 96-0135-2612, Eagle Knitting Mills, Inc.

Shawano, Wisconsin.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970594

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

PPE:

Use

Spot Cleaner
Liquid/vapor
inhalation

Range 0.03-1.03 ppm at spotter station
5

spot cleaning completed garments
10 (at station using perc)
pbz, area

sewer, spotter, repair station, spotter station, cutting table
varies

face masks (non organic filtering)

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

spot cleaning using perc, but process is not the same as dry











cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

1996

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-











cific sample locations, measurement duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty

Continued on next page

411

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Burton, N. C.,Monesterskey, J.. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 96-0135-2612, Eagle Knitting Mills, Inc.,
Shawano, Wisconsin.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970594

412

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Source Citation: Doiano, J. M.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3970600

no.

HHE 80-74-714, Standard Publishing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data









Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

printing









EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
1

US

lithographic process
1980

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-
cific sample locations, measurement duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.4





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

413

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ruhe, R. L.. 1982. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-040-119, Synthes Ltd. (USA), Monument, Colorado.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970595

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Exposure Duration:

Analytic Method:

Use

Solvent and/or degreasers

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

9-24 mg/m3 (pbz)50 mg/m3 (area)
3 pbz, 9 area
8

degreasing tank
100 total, 46 in production
pbz, area
8 hour TWA
NIOSH S-335

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

electro-polishing of surgical implants

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

1981-1982

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-













cific sample locations, measurement duration

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty

Continued on next page

414

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Ruhe, R. L.. 1982. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-040-119, Synthes Ltd. (USA), Monument, Colorado.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970595

EVALUATION



Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

415

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:
Worker Activity:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture
inhalation

In the RAR a reasonable worst case (RWC) 8-hr TWA of 10 ppm (68 mg/
m3) was used in the risk characterisation. This value was derived from
the analysis of industry data of 837 samples from a three and half year
period from January 1991. A total of 81 percent of exposures were below
1 ppm (7 mg/m3), only 8 results were found to be in excess of 10 ppm
(68 mg/m3), with two results being above 100 ppm (680 mg/m3). The
typical value of 0.5 ppm (3.4 mg/m3) was based on 298 samples from a
packing area within a manufacturing plant.The new data (summarised in
Annex I) cover long-term inhalation exposures (8-hr TWAs) from 2002
to 2008. The submitted data (totalling 1484 samples) indicate that
exposures are, in general, lower than those given in the RAR. Operators
and maintenance staff were found to be exposed to the highest levels of
tetrachloroethylene in the workplace (see Annex I, Table Al.9).

2321

The EU has developed a programme for protection of workers against
risks from dangerous substances...SCOEL provides scientific advice to
the European Commission to underpin regulatory proposals on expo-
sure limits for chemicals in the workplace.Table 9.1 Current National
occupational exposure limits within the EU (page 36 of 80).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Medium
High

X 1

x 2

2
2

European Union

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Continued on next page

416

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5: Sample Size

High
Medium

X 2
X 1

2
2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

417

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Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture
dermal

No measured data were available to determine dermal exposures; there-
fore exposures were modelled using EASE. This gave a RWC of 1 mg/
cm2/day (intermittent contact and non dispersive use) with an assumed
exposed surface area of 210 cm2. A typical (incidental contact and
non-dispersive use) dermal exposure value of 0.1 mg/cm2/day with an
assumed exposed surface area of 210 cm2 was also derived.

EASE model

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





Continued on next

page





418

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

419

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Processing
Recycling

inhalation and dermal

See Section B.9.2 Manufacturing and Packaging++++++Also see "Ta-
ble 10.1 Risk characterisation ratios for inhalation, dermal and combined
exposures during manufacture and packaging of tetrachloroethylene"
The RAR concluded that tasks carried out during recycling were simi-
lar to those during manufacturing. Therefore, the exposure values cal-
culated in the RAR for manufacturing were used as representative of
exposures that may be seen in recycling,
fewer than ten workers potentially exposed

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1 3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1 3

does not address variability





Continued on next

page



420

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970791

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

421

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

A typical exposure value of 8 ppm (54 mg/m3) and a RWC value of
30 ppm (equivalent to 203 mg/m3) were used in the risk characteri-
sation. +++++++Two large companies who operate many dry clean-
ing establishments in the UK submitted data. Company 1 submitted
data covering 2005 (69 samples covering 34 different dry cleaning es-
tablishments), 2006 (52 samples covering 27 sites) and 2008 (5 samples
covering 2 sites). Company 2 supplied 673 long-term exposure samples
for 2008 covering 244 different dry cleaning establishments. A sum-
mary of the monitoring data from both companies can be found in An-
nex II... The monitoring data from 2008 only (678 samples) has been
used to determine the typical and long-term inhalation results (see Ta-
ble 9.3).+++++++Also see "Table 10.2 Risk characterisation ratios
for inhalation, dermal and combined exposures during the use of tetra-
chloroethylene in dry cleaning"
assumption++++++++++++monitoring data

Section C identifies possible alternative substances and techniques for
drycleaning e.g., Green Earth, Resolv Dry Cleaning System

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Continued on next page

422

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
3970791



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments



Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Low x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium

1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

423

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
dermal

To obtain a typical exposure value again the EASE model (direct han-
dling with intermittent contact) was used. A typical dermal exposure
value of 0.5 mg/cm2/day with an assumed exposed surface area of 840
cm2 was obtained.

EASE model

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

424

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

inhalation

Although, there were some measured data for long-term inhalation expo-
sure data available within the RAR the EASE model was used because
the measured data were from totally enclosed machines. The results from
the industry data, which were from 52 samples, showed 8-hr TWAs of 3.9
ppm (equivalent to 26 mg/m3) as a RWC and 0.5 ppm (3.4 mg/m3) as a
typical exposure. However, the EASE model was seen as more represen-
tative of manual degreasing, using an open bath with lip extraction. The
parameters were non-dispersive use with LEV. Typical long-term expo-
sure was assumed to be 10 ppm (equivalent to 68 mg/m3) and the RWC
to be 20 ppm (equivalent to 138 mg/m3).+++++++++++++++Also
see "Table 10.3 Risk characterisation ratios for inhalation, dermal and
combined exposures during the use of tetrachloroethylene in open metal
degreasing" and "Table 10.4 Risk characterisation ratios for inhalation,
dermal and combined exposures during the use of tetrachloroethylene in
enclosed metal degreasing systems"

The degreasing process can range from fully automated to manual and
there will be a range of working practices depending on the nature of
the business that is using degreasing.

The two most common methods of controlling exposure are enclosure and
lip extraction. Operators can be exposed as a result of; incorrect siting
of the plant, excessive drag out, due to incorrect operation, inadequate
plant maintenance, overloading of equipment and incorrect jigging of
work, leading to solvent trapping. Occupational exposure can also occur
during the cleaning out of degreasing plants.+++++++++++Section
C identifies possible alternative substances and techniques for metal de-
greasing e.g., Laser Cleaning

EVALUATION

Continued on next page

425

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation: Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID 3970791

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
High
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
2
2

European Union

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation
Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

426

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

dermal

To obtain a typical exposure value again the EASE model (direct han-
dling with intermittent contact) was used. A typical dermal exposure
value of 0.5 mg/cm2/day with an assumed exposed surface area of 840
cm2 was obtained.

EASE model

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

427

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Industrial use

Catalyst regeneration in petrochemical manufacturing
inhalation

See Section B.9.2 Manufacturing and Packaging+++++++++Also see
"Table 10.6 RCRs for consumer exposure to back-in-use bulky materials"
The dosing volume of tetrachloroethylene required for catalyst regener-
ation is dependent on the volume throughput of the oil refining facility.
Tetrachloroethylene is generally supplied via 216 litre drums or via an
intermediate bulk container (IBC). From the transport container the
tetrachloroethylene is pumped to a buffer vessel. From there it is dosed
to the plant via a closed system. Specialised drums fitted with hose
connections for enclosed transfer to the dosing vessel are used in newer
installations. In some older systems, filling of the dosing/pre-feed vessel
may be via a separate pumped connection, which is then directly fed
into the process via a closed system. This is reported to be a simple and
quick operation to perform. Maintenance of the facilities is performed
according to existing permit to work controls.As the tasks carried out
are similar to those performed during manufacturing, the new exposure
values for manufacturing outlined in section B.9.2 (Table 9.2) will be
used as indicative for this scenario. It is noted that actual frequency
and duration of tasks involving exposure to tetrachloroethylene during
this operation are expected to be significantly less than for its manu-
facture, and therefore these exposure values may be considered to be
conservative.

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

428

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;
Hero ID	3970791

EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

Medium
High
High
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
2
2

European Union

an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation
Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

429

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Source Citation:	Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and

some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970844

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:
Number of Workers:

All

See Table 1.5 Exposures to tetrachloroethene in industries and occupa-
tions other than those associated with dry-cleaning (pg 232 of 525). In
total, 29 studies were referenced.

Discussion of occupational exposure of "workers in other industries" be-
gins on page 248 of 525.

688,000 workers in a wide range of industries (according to the National
Occupational Exposure Survey conducted between 1981 and 1993 by US
NIOSH)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

World Health Organization

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
2

N/A

Date representing the World and USA
Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (pubished in 2014, but many
cited studies were older)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5



Continued on next page

430

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and

some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970844

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

431

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and

some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970844

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

See Table 1.4 Exposures to tetrachloroethene in dry-cleaning shops (page

226 of 525). In total, 41 studies were referenced.

Discussion of occupational exposure begins on page 238 of 525.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

World Health Organization

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
2

N/A

Date representing the World and USA
Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (pubished in 2014, but many
cited studies were older)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

432

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Source Citation: Niosh,. 1995. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene exposure in commercial dry cleaners at Appearance Plus

Cleaners.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3974915

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Analytic Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

The machine operator = 7.8 ppm TWA PERC (nearly half of this expo-
sure resulted from loading and unloading). Presser = less than 1 ppm
TWA. Highest area measurements (5.4 and 5.7 ppm) were taken above
the door of the dry cleaning machines.

PBZ and area

Three workers were sampled: the machine operator, a presser, and a
clothing inspector.

The shop is open for business from 7am to 8pm Monday throgh Saturday
and Saturday 8am to 6pm.

Ventilation consisted of three large, propeller fans located in the rear
wall" The air was exhausted outside of the buildingTo reduce exposure,
improve vapor recovery or use local exhaust ventilation.

Chemical splash goggles and protectie gloves should be used at the spot-
ting stationto reduce dermal exposure to hazardous chemicals. A proper
respirator program should also be established.

NIOSH Method 103 for halogenated hydrocarbons.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Continued on next page

433

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 1995. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene exposure in commercial dry cleaners at Appearance Plus
Cleaners.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3974915

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 5: Sample Size High

X 1 1 Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^ High

1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

434

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Source Citation: Niosh,. 2002. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene (PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #2.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3974916

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Exposure Duration:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

The PCE concentrations measured in the building ranged from 21 to 38
ppm during closed building conditions and ranged from 16.3 ppm to 22.4
ppm during open building conditions. After repairs to the PCE vapor
degreaser concentrations were further reduced to a range of 6.6 ppm to
12. 7 ppm following the maintenance operations.

PBZ and area

It is a leading manufacturer ofbrazed aluminum heat exchangers and
cooling systems, serving off-highway, on-highway, industrial, mining, and
other markets. The company specializes in developing custom aluminum
cooling systems that satisfy cooling requirements for air, oil, diesel fuel,
and water/glycol applications. The cleaning ofparts is necessary to re-
move dirt and oils from the aluminum parts prior to assembly and fur-
nace brazing.+++++++++++This report examines worker exposures
to PCE during the loading and unloading ofparts, and the performance
of an open-top vapor degreaser equipped with a local exhaust venti-
lation system at the loading/unloading station. Air samples for PCE
were collected on two separate occasions covering five days of degreasing
operations.

The degreasing operation at this facility runs two 10-hour shifts". The
degreaser operator and assistant operator typically spend about one and
one-half to two hours per shift at the loading/unloading station; the re-
mainder oftheir day is spent placing parts onto racks, removing cleaned
parts from the cleaning baskets, and transporting cleaned parts to the
"clean room." The second shift degreaser operator has the added respon-
sibility of adding PCE to the vapor degreaser unit.

Continued on next page

435

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 2002. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene (PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #2.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3974916

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:	A smoke machine was used to visualize and characterize air flow pat-

terns near the loading/unloading station of the vapor degreaser. The
smoke test revealed some air flow problems" Options for overcoming the
operational deficiencies in the general ventilation ofthe core building are
discussed below.++++++++++There are 11 recommendations in all
e.g., fan belts should be inspected on a weekly basis
Analytic Method:	For this particular study, the MiniRae 2000 Portable voe Monitor, Model

PGM7600, (manufactured by Rae Systems Incorporated) served as the
direct-reading instrument.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
1

USA

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 20 years ago (2002).

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.4





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

436

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Moseley, C. L.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no.

New York, New York.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970614

HHE 79-42-685, Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841,

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Analytic Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Photographic film

It was determined that nine employees were exposed to concentrations
of perc (range of 487 to 1606 mg/M3) ... exceeding the NIOSH recom-
mended criteria of 340 mgfM3 (680-15 minute ceiling). Eight of the nine
personal overexposures were found in one establishment -Film Opticals.
14

The request alleged employee exposure to film cleaning fluid (methyl
chloroform) and liquid gate fluid (50 percent methyl chloroform/50 per-
cent perchloroethylene) causing dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, sore
throat and dermatitis.

52

Information available from the National Cancer Institute has led NIOSH
to corclude that perchloroethvlene is a potential human carcinogen.
Therefore, exposure to perchloroethylene. which was demonstrated in
all 14 optical shops surveyed, should be minimized and preferably elim-
inated altogether by use of a less hazardous substitute.
Recommendation #8 -...Wear neoprene gloves or other suitably imper-
vious gloves, while handling the solvents.

In order to evaluate worker exposure to methyl chloroform and PERC,
PBZ air samples, long term (4-8 hours) and short term (15-30 minutes),
were obtained. In addition, area (process) air samples were taken in
selected areas of the individual workshops ... samples were obtained
according to standard NIOSH sarrpling and analytical methods

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability









Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 CDC - NIOSH





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Source Citation:	Moseley, C. L.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 79-42-685, Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841,

New York, New York.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970614

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope.With the advent of digital











motion pictures, this occupational exposure is greatly reduced.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from more than 20 years ago (1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation: Burotn, N. C.. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 93-0351-2413, Goodwill Industires of America, Inc. Bethesda,

Maryland.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970615

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use
Inks and ink removal products
inhalation

Perchloroethylene concentrations (0.61 and 1.66 ppm) were below the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard of 100 ppm,
however, NIOSH recommends that exposures to perchloroethylene be
reduced to the lowest feasible concentration.

The print shop had its own HVAC system and a wall exhaust fan that led
directly outside. It was equipped with three presses which used rubber-
based ink and one press which used oil-based inks... Environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS) was identified as a health hazard in this building.
ETS and chemicals used in the print shop had the potential to enter
the recirculating ventilation system. The ventilation systems turned off
when not calling for heating or cooling.

At the time of the NIOSH site visit, there were approximately 70 em-
ployees who occupied the building between 7:30 a.m. and 1:00 a.m.
To reduce exposures to perchloroethylene and other potentially haz-
ardous substances, the print shop should use the exhaust fan on a low
setting whenever the presses are operating. The print shop should be
maintained under negative air pressure with respect to surrounding ar-
eas to prevent migration of contaminants to other building areas. If use
of the exhaust fan at its present location interferes with the two presses,
an additional exhaust fan could be installed at a different location in the
print shop.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

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Source Citation:	Burotn, N. C.. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 93-0351-2413, Goodwill Industires of America, Inc. Bethesda,

Maryland.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970615

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

440

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Source Citation:	Burroughs, G. E.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 79-96-729, Protective Coatings Corporation, Fort Wayne,

Indiana, Part 2.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970643

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Industrial use

Solvent-based adhesives and sealants
inhalation

Eleven samples for xylene and toluene were taken on men lining or ce-
menting in tanks in the roundhouse or the tank lining area of the main
plant. Seven of these eleven were overexposed to one or a combina-
tion of these compounds. These overexposures represent both short
term and time weighted average exposures. Exposure to MEK, MIBK,
trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene was not a problem. Two sam-
ples were taken for silica inside the sandblasters' hood. Both indicated
an overexposure.++++" Table II. Xylene, Toluene, MIBK and Tetra-
chloroethylene Concentrations" showed that 7 of the 11 samplese were
non-detect.

llEleven samples for xylene and toluene were taken on men lining or
cementing in tanks in the roundhouse or the tank lining area of the
main plant.

1

PBZ

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Source Citation: Burroughs, G. E.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 79-96-729, Protective Coatings Corporation, Fort Wayne,

Indiana, Part 2.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970643

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

The purpose of this evaluation was to study possible hazards to employ-
ees resulting from occupational exposure to various substances used in
the relining of tanks.One building, the roundhouse, is used exclusively
for the relining of railroad tank cars with rubber sheeting. The other
area, the main plant, is involved in the relining of semi-trailer tanks and
tanks of all sizes, the production of expansion joints and making of a
variety of belts and special rubber products. Tanks to be relined must
have the old lining removed. This is sometimes done by heating the
outside of the metal tank with a propane flame to burn away the old
lining. Other times the old lining is cut away from the inside of the tank.
In either case employees go into the tank to cut up and remove the old
lining and then the interior of the tank is blasted with metal shot or
silica sand to make a clean, smooth surface. When the tank is prepared
for relining, a crew from one to several men, depending on the size of
the enclosure, will then enter the tank and apply a new lining.

Workers, especially those who are being hired into the tank lining depart-
ment, should receive a preemployment history and physical examination
along with a baseline chest x-ray as a minimum. The employer should
make an effort to reveal to the workers the type of materials being used
in the plant and their known hazards as well as getting as much in-
formation as possible on the contents of certain previously used tanks
and their contents so that workers may be informed as to the potential
hazards with which they work.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 CDC - NIOSH

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Source Citation:	Burroughs, G. E.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 79-96-729, Protective Coatings Corporation, Fort Wayne,

Indiana, Part 2.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970643

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

443

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Source Citation: Kramkowski, R. S.. 1978. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 78-56-511, Westclox-Division of General Time Corp.,

Peru, Illinois.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970653

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use

Cleaners and degreasers (other)Lubricants and greases (e.g., penetrating

lubricants, cutting tool coolants, aerosol lubricants)

inhalation

Results from the personal breathing zone and area samples collected are
shown in Table 1. All samples are well below the evaluation criteria used
in this report.++++++++Table 1 "ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF SOLVENT CONSTITUENTS WESTCLOX-DIVISION OF
GENERAL TIME CORPORATION FUSE SUB-ASSEMBLY" shows
all 7 tetrachloroethene measurements were below 1 ppm. Three tetra-
chloroethene measurements taken near the degreaser were all 0.3 ppm.

PBZ and area

The Westclox plant is in the business of producing clocks and timing
devices.The plant encompasses about 750,000 sq. ft. of floor space;
however, the request area is only a small portion of the total area. The
specific area (3rd floor "down" , Depart 627 , Fuse Subassembly) has
not had significant changes since 1963 -except following a loss-of-coolant
incident on January 20 , 1978. This area processes parts for fuses;
operations include milling, drilling , repiercing, de-burring and clean-
ing. ++++++++++++The facility also had a degreaser
54For the purpose of informing the 54 affected employees, copies of the
report shall be posted in a prominent place accessible to the employ-
ees for a period of 30 calendar days.+++++++++Eleven employees
were given nondirected interviews to determine if they had experienced
health problems as a result of their work place exposure. Except for em-
ployees involved in the "exposure" incident; no symptoms were reported
regarding day to day activities; except a sporatic "whiff of something."
Precautions had already been taken to avoid a reoccurrence of the loss
of coolant (mechanical failure) that caused some of the employees to be
overcome . These mechanical devices should be routf'nely inspected and
properly maintained to assure adequateprotection for the employees.

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Source Citation:

Kramkowski, R. S.. 1978. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 78-56-511, Westclox-Division of General Time Corp.,

Peru, Illinois.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

3970653

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Analytic Method: Breathing zone and general area atmospheric samples for trichloroethy-

lene were collected on organic vapor charcoal sampling tubes using
portable battery powered sampling pumps operating at approximately
200 cubic centimeters (cc) per minute. Samples were analyzed by gas
chromatography. Other identifiable constituents of the solvent (benzene
and tetrachloroethylene) are also reported.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

USA

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1978)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

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Source Citation: McCleery, R. E.,Nemhauser, J. B.,Martinez, K. F.. 2002. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 200-0124-2875, Tenneco

Automotive, Milan, Ohio.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970605

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Processing

Plastic and rubber products
inhalation

Initial Site Visit - Table 1 indicates the major peaks and their asso-
ciated collection area. Appendix A gives the peak number and its
associated compound as well as the chromatograms for each sample
collected" Other compounds present in some samples included per-
chloroethylene.++++++++++Followup Site Visit - Table 2 indicates
the major peaks and their associated collection area. Appendix B gives
the peak number and its associated compound as well as the chro-
matograms for each sample collected. Other compounds present in some-
samples included perchloroethylene.

16
1

area

The NIOSH request expressed concern about inadequate ventilation and
possible nitrosamine generation from the rubber mixing and curing pro-
cesses in the facility.The plant consists of 3 lines of natural and synthetic
compounding and mixing, 19 injectionmolding presses, 66 transfermold-
ing presses, and two lines of adhesive application. There are approxi-
mately 100 different formulations of rubber routinely used. The plant
also has 200300 nonroutine, past or present molds that can be used.
The finishing operations include swages for a variety of parts, buffers
for removing flash from parts, manual cutters and slitters for bar mold
parts, hoppers for inspection of parts not meeting quality standards,
a liquid nitrogen tumbler to deflash rubber parts, and washer lines to
rinse/wash/rinse/dry rubber parts.

50The plant currently has 50 salaried employees which include 12 engi-
neers, 8 production supervisors, 3 production control personnel, and 2
skilled trades supervisors.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source

Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction: Not enough supply air was coming into the facility+++++++++The

TA facility relies heavily on dilution ventilation for control of contami-
nants that may be released during the production process. The venti-
lation survey indicated that the facility is under considerable negative
pressure mostly due to ceiling exhaust fans located throughout the build-
ing. This considerable negative pressure can reduce the overall efficiency
of the system and also result in system stress due to increased static
pressures induced on the fans.

Analytic Method: Initial Site Visit - Eight thermal tube area air samples were col-

lected. ++++++++Followup Site Visit - Eight thermal tube area air
samples were collected.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data from less than 20 years ago.Site visits in 2000 and publi-

cation in 2002.

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Continued on next page

447

McCleery, R. E.,Nemhauser, J. B.,Martinez, K. F.. 2002. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 200-0124-2875, Tenneco
Automotive, Milan, Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970605

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

McCleery, R. E.,Nemhauser, J. B.,Martinez, K. F.. 2002. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 200-0124-2875, Tenneco
Automotive, Milan, Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970605

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Marlow, D. A.. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 94-0405-2551, Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District, Lemay

Wastewater Treatment Plant, St. Louis, Missouri.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970610

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Analytic Method:

Disposal

Industrial wastewater treatment
inhalation

Four general area air samples were collected and analyzed qualitatively
for VOCs as shown in Table 4.++++Table 4 - "Identification of Volatile
Organic Compounds in Area Air Samples" shows that PERC is present
in the following two locations: 1) In Belt Press Room Near Grit Shooting
Operation and 2) In Belt Press Room Near Instrument Panel Between
#2 & #3 Belt Presses.

4
1

area

Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District Lemay wastewater treatment
plant. Concentrations of H2S ranged from non-detect around the aer-
ation basins to 18 ppm at the incineration and filter building exhaust
fans....the potential exists for overexposure to H2S. The employees" com-
plaints of burning sensation in the nose, loss of breath, sore throat, eye
irritation, nausea, and diarrhea have all been associated with H2S expo-
sure.++++++Employees working in the incinerator and filter building
should wear personal H2S monitors when the H2S concentrations ap-
proach 5 ppm (one half of the NIOSH REL) or higher in the press room
area or near the belt presses.

There are 101 employees at the Lemay treatment plant. The break-
down is: maintenance, 30; operators, 43; janitors, 5; management, 13;
instrument technicians, 8; and chemists, 2. There are three shifts per
day.

General area air samples for VOCs were collected on charcoal tubes
connected via tubing to battery powered sampling pumps calibrated to
provide a volumetric air flow rate of 200 milliliters per minute (ml/
min)" Analysis was performed by GC with flame ionization detection
(GC/FID) according to NIOSH Methods 1003, 1500, 1501, and 1550
with modifications.

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Marlow, D. A.. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 94-0405-2551, Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District, Lemay

Wastewater Treatment Plant, St. Louis, Missouri.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970610

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ex-

posure is out of scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

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Source Citation:

Sussell, A.,Singal, M.,Lerner, P. J.. 1993.

Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 90-226-2281, Alaska Airlines, Seattle,



Washington.



Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;



Hero ID

3970611



EXTRACTION





Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

unknown
unknown
inhalation

A brief, relatively high concentration peak in total VOCs was measured
at one seat location (72-176 ppm toluene equivalent); no unusual events
or odors were associated with the event. The major compound identified
in sampling for VOCs was ethanol; other compounds found in trace (non-
quantifiable) concentrations including perchloroethylene.
area

A request was received from the Association for Flight Attendants for a
NIOSH to evaluate potential employee exposures to toxic gases and/or
a lack of oxygen aboard Alaska Airlines flights on MD-80 airplanes...
The results indicated that cabin conditions commonly may not meet the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning En-
gineers (ASHRAE) comfort criteria for temperature, relative humidity,
and carbon dioxide concentrations, particularly during gate time.
A company-maintained log of illness incidents among flight attendants
was reviewed, as were medical records available for 44 (23 percent ) of
192 potentially affected flight attendants. Of the 83 illness incidents
from 1989 to April 1991, 30 (36 percent ) occurred during the period
April-June 1990, at a rate of about 1 per 1000 flight segments.
Although probable explanations for some of the illnesses among flight at-
tendants have been identified, the cause of most of the incidents remains
undetermined, as does the reason for their increased rate of occurrence
during the Spring of 1990 (but not, apparently, 1991). The decreased
rate of occurrence after June 1990 followed Alaska Airlines implementa-
tion of the materials and procedural changes made in response to incident
reports, but since there were no significant differences between the pre-
and post-change environmental findings, we could not document that
these changes were responsible for the decrease. ++++++Alaska Air-
lines should continue to maintain a log of all reported illness incidents
on its commercial flights.

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Source Citation: Sussell, A.,Singal, M.,Lerner, P. J.. 1993. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 90-226-2281, Alaska Airlines, Seattle,

Washington.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3970611

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Analytic Method:

Four different methods (described in Table 2) were used to identify and

quantify VOCs

in the cabin air

during the three test flights.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

exposure to background pollutants during Air transportation

is not an included condition of use.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1990)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

concentrations characterized as "trace", no other statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness Medium x 1 2 most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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Source Citation: White, G. L.,Schwartz, E.. 1979. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE 79-41-594, Stout Sportswear, Queens Long Island

City, New York.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3970612

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Analytic Method:

Commercial/consumer use

unknown

inhalation

Table III "Results of Sampling for Organic Vapors" included PERC area
and PBZ measurements; each were less than 0.5 mg/M3.

PBZ and area

The process evaluated involved pattern making for women's sportswear.
The job categories included officer personnel, photomakers, markers ,
graders and cutters. The photomaker machine uses a solution called Su-
per Diazol which is composed of primarily ammonium hydroxide. The
clothing pattern ("photomaker") machine can produce airborne expo-
sures to the substances evolved.

19NIOSH physicians interviewed all 19 employees via non-directive med-
ical questionnaires.

The photocopying machine must be maintained in good working con-
dition at all times and there should be a routine maintenance program
which includes inspection of the local exhaust ventilation ducts, fan , mo-
tor, etc . The operator must be taught the proper procedures for start
up, operations , and shut down. The exhaust fans should be turned on
before start-up and shut off after shut down to help prevent airborne
emissions.

Personal and general area samples for airborne organic vapors were ob-
tained utilizing both activated charcoal and silica gel tubes with cali-
brated battery pumps set at airflows of 0.05 and 0.2 liters per minute
(lpm) .

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2; Geographic Scope

High

USA

Metric 3; Applicability

Unacceptable

Description of PCE use not described

Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from more than 20 years ago (1979)

Metric 5; Sample Size

High

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3; Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4; Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

White, G. L.,Schwartz, E.. 1979. Health hazard evaluation report no. HEE 79-41-594, Stout Sportswear, Queens Long Island
City, New York.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970612

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Burr, G. A.,Todd, W.. 1986. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 86-005-1679, Dutch Girl Cleaners, Springdale, Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970613

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Analytic Method:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

TABLE II "Results of Environmental Air Samples for Perchloroethy-
lene" show the four area samples range in 8-hr TWA concentration from
79 to 135 mg/M3.

area

General ventilation of dry cleaner is provided by a ceiling- mounted fan
which exhausts air into a plenum formed by the suspended ceiling and
the roof of the building. This plenum, shared by two other businesses in
the enclosed pedestrian mall and accounts for the uniform distribution
of PERC vapors in these areas.

Using charcoal tubes, four full-shift area samples for PERC were col-
lected at various locations in the mall. Sample analysis was performed
by gas chromatography with GC/FID according to NIOSH Method S-
335.2 The limit of detection is 0.01 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/
M3).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from more than 20 years ago (1986)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Burr, G. A.,Todd, W.. 1986. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 86-005-1679, Dutch Girl Cleaners, Springdale, Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970613

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

456

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Eisenberg, J.,Ramsey, J.. 2010. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 2008-0175-3111, Evaluation of 1-Bromopropane
use in four New Jersey commercial dry cleaning facilities.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970603

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

1-BP not perc exposure was measured.

Operators are those personnel who refill the machines with 1-BP and who
load and unload clothes from the machine. Often the owner is also an
operator. Employees, such as cashiers and press machine operators work
in the facility but do not work with the dry-cleaning machine containing
1-BP.

Six interviews were conducted with owners, operators, and employees.In
August 2008, NIOSH visited four dry cleaning facilities that had con-
verted their systems from perc to 1-BP.

Several perc alternatives are available to dry cleaning owners, including
1-BP, aliphatic hydrocarbons (DF-2000), silicone-based cleaner (Green-
Earth"), carbon dioxide, and wet cleaning methods. However, 1-BP is
the only perc alternative that can be used in the original perc machines
with alterations.++++++++Generally accepted guidelines recommend
12 air changes per hour with a minimum of 30 cfm of outside air per
person for dry cleaning establishments.

PPE should be used until engineering and administrative controls can be
demonstrated to be effective in limiting exposures to acceptable levels.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1 CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1 USA

Continued on next page

457

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Eisenberg, J.,Ramsey, J.. 2010. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 2008-0175-3111, Evaluation of 1-Bromopropane

use in four New Jersey commercial dry cleaning facilities.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970603

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

Covers conditions of use in scope, but no Perc usage or expo-











sure data was included. Study retained because of the infor-











mation on polution prevention.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (site visit 2008; published











2010).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

458

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Source Citation: Burkhart, J. E.,Jennison, E. A.. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 92-0297-2396, Exxon Chemical Company,

Pottsville Film Plant, Polyethylene Film Department, Mar-Lin, Pennsyvlania.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970604

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Type of Measurement or Method:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Exposure Duration:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Processing

Plastic and rubber products
inhalation

Trace amounts of the hydrocarbons 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cyclohexane,
toluene, perchloroethylene, xylene isomers, and hexane were detected;
but the amounts were insufficient to quantify.

PBZ and area

Polyethylene department of Exxon Chemicals" Employee concerns cen-
ter around the problem of trapped gas being released from a bubble.
The bubble does not spontaneously break, but is pierced by the opera-
tor. This may occur during a controlled shut down for a product change
on the line or in the event of a "wrap-up" (film becomes entangled in
the roller system).

4lAn environmental and medical survey of respiratory complaints was
conducted June 7-9, 1993" Thirty-seven of the 41 current employees of
the polyethylene department participated in the study.
The polyethylene filming process operates 24 hours a day, seven days a
week and is carried out by workers in eight-hour rotating shifts.
Recommendations include the continuation of company environmental
monitoring and medical surveillance programs. It is also recommended
that all process technicians receive periodic training on the company's
Safety Critical Procedure of "Removing Stagnant Bubble Air."

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1 CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1 USA

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Burkhart, J. E.,Jennison, E. A.. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 92-0297-2396, Exxon Chemical Company,
Pottsville Film Plant, Polyethylene Film Department, Mar-Lin, Pennsyvlania.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970604

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 3; Applicability

Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5; Sample Size

High
Low
High

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

460

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Source Citation: Aggazzotti, G.,Fantuzzi, G.,Predieri, G.,Righi, E.,Moscardelli, S.. 1994. Indoor exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in

individuals living with dry-cleaning workers. Science of the Total Environment.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 21778

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

unknown
unknown

PCE levels in dry-cleaners' homes proved to be significantly higher than
in control houses (geometric means: 265 vs. 2 ug/m 3, P < 0.001).
Thirty apartments were visited housing dry-cleaners and their families,
and located well away from the dry-cleaning premises. The same sam-
pling procedure was followed in 25 private homes where samples of alve-
olar air were collected from 41 subjects who were not occupationally
exposed and who acted as control group.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

method described but no metnion of NIOSH/OSHA method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Italy (OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Members of the household of dry-cleaners is not an included

condition of use.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

range, mean, media, given, no discrete data

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

metadata fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:	Aggazzotti, G.,Fantuzzi, G.,Predieri, G.,Righi, E.,Moscardelli, S.. 1994. Indoor exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in

individuals living with dry-cleaning workers. Science of the Total Environment.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	21778

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

462

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Source Citation: Hake, C. L.,Stewart, R. D.. 1977. Human exposure to tetrachloroethylene: Inhalation and skin contact. Environmental

Health Perspectives.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 58147

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

unknown
unknown

inhalation and dermal

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High

Unacceptable

X 1

x 2

US data

controlled exposure scenarios, not applicable to occupational

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High

x 2
x 1

4
1

Data from more than 20 years ago (1977)
specific exposure concentrations given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Addressed variability by varying exposure concentrations

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

463

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

McCarthy, T. B.,Jones, R. D.. 1983. Industrial gassing poisonings due to trichlorethylene, perchlorethylene, and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, 1961-80. British Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

75236

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)Dry cleaning solvent

44For 1961-80 inclusive, 330 gassing incidents involving these solvents
were reported, affecting 384 people: 288 were affected by trichlorethy-
lene, 44 by perchlorethylene, and 52 by 1-1-1 trichloroethane. Seventeen
cases were fatal and of the remaining

Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents have been used extensively over the
past 100 years as degreasing agents" Probably the three most commonly
used chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in industry today are trichlorethy-
lene, perchlorethylene, and 1-1-1 trichloroethane.The medical records of
cases of industrial gassings reported to HM Factory Inspectorate" use of
the solvents were classified according to whether: (1) the solvent was
being used in a fixed tank installation, (2) maintenance of fixed tank in-
stallation was being carried out, (3) solvent was being used in portable
form-that is, bucket solvent, (4) solvent was being used for dry cleaning
process, or (5) other miscellaneous circumstances.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

peer-reviewed article

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

UK (OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

includes data for in scope uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from more than 20 years ago (1983)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

McCarthy, T. B.,Jones, R. D.. 1983. Industrial gassing poisonings due to trichlorethylene, perchlorethylene, and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, 1961-80. British Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

75236

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X 1 2 Some discussion of uncertainty/variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

465

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Source Citation: Mundt, K. A.,Birk, T.,Burch, M. T.. 2003. Critical review of the epidemiological literature on occupational exposure to

perchloroethylene and cancer. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 195198

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation and dermal

None."A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all avail-
able epidemiological literature pertaining to the carcinogenic effects of
PCE...The widespread lack of valid exposure measurements or other ad-
equate indicators of potential for exposure were consistent limitations."
1991 = 28,100 dry-cleaning plants2000 = 30,000 dry-cleaning plants
1991 = 33 percent used an open transfer process2000 = 5 percent still
employed transfer machinesAll others used a closed transfer process,
which involves less potential for worker exposure.

An estimated 500,000 workers in the USA are potentially exposed to
PCE, of whom 119,000 to 278,000 are employed in the drycleaning in-
dustry.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Applied Epidemiology, Inc.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

Literature review was international.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data over 10 years old (2002)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Limited discussion of the variability and uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Mundt, K. A.,Birk, T.,Burch, M. T.. 2003. Critical review of the epidemiological literature on occupational exposure to
perchloroethylene and cancer. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

195198

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Blair, A.,Petralia, S. A.,Stewart, P. A.. 2003. Extended mortality follow-up of a cohort of dry cleaners. Annals of Epidemiology.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

630365

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

None.Exposure assessment procedures were described in detail in the
study on the earlier follow-up (Ref #4 " Blair A, Stewart PA, Tolbert
PE, Grauman D, Moran FX, Vaught J, et al. Cancer and other causes of
death among a cohort of dry cleaners. Br J Ind Med. 1990;47:162168).
Monitoring data from these studies indicated that levels were highest for
jobs performed at the washers and progressively decreased with distance
from the washing machines. Cleaners were assigned an exposure score
of 40 (high exposure) for an eight-hour time-weighted-average (TWA)
and persons working as pressers, sewers, or at the counter were given a
score of seven (medium exposure). Cohort members employed at pick-
up stations where no dry cleaning occurred were assigned as unexposed
(little or no exposure), even though they would have had a higher ex-
posure than the general population due to off-gassing from the cleaned
garments.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
estimated that about 500,000 dry cleaners may have been exposed to
tetrachloroethylene in the early 1980s

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Journal Article. Authors from the Department of Occupa-
tional Epidemiology, Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology
and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.B.,
P.A.S.); and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New York, NY.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High
High

X 1

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Blair, A.,Petralia, S. A.,Stewart, P. A.. 2003. Extended mortality follow-up of a cohort of dry cleaners. Annals of Epidemiology.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

630365

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5; Sample Size

Low
N/A

x 2

6

N/A

Data over 20 years old (published in 2002; worker count from
the 1980)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

469

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Source Citation:

Ruder, A. M.,Ward, E. M.,Brown, D. P.. 2001. Mortality in dry-cleaning workers: An update. American Journal of Industrial

Medicine.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

630934

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Route of Exposure: inhalation++++++++dermal

Exposure Concentration (Unit): NIOSH studies have shown that an exposure level of less than 5 ppm can

be achieved with well-maintained modern dry-to-dry equipment [Bur-
roughs et al., 1999; Earnest et al., 1997].

Worker Activity: Exposure depends on equipment type (transfer or combination washer

- dryer) and extent of solvent recovery (charcoal absorber and/or
water-cooled or refrigerated condenser) from the drum contents be-
fore the drum is opened on work practices (use of gloves and/or res-
pirator, machine maintenance, number of loads per day, number of
pounds per load); on shop layout; and on climate (open doors dissi-
pate solvent but in the north in winter doors are not likely to be left
open).++++++++++++++Dermal exposure to PCE has not been
considered an important route of exposure in the dry-cleaning indus-
try since the development of dry-to-dry machines. However, based on
comparisons of end-exhaled breath and TWA breathing zone air levels
of PCE during a recent pilot intervention, dermal exposures may signif-
cantly contribute to the overall absorbed doses of workers. In addition,
transfer operation - separate washer and dryer - still prevail in thousands
of dry cleaning shops. During the transfer the operator removes the still-
damp items from the washer and puts them in the dryer. Because of
this step, operator exposures in transfer shops average twice as high as
in dry-to-dry shops.

Number of Workers: 500,000The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) estimated

that in the early 1980s over one-half million dry-cleaning plant employ-
ees and other industrial workers in over 40,000 plants potentially were
exposed to PCE [NOES estimate, November 27, 1989].

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation: Ruder, A. M.,Ward, E. M.,Brown, D. P.. 2001. Mortality in dry-cleaning workers: An update. American Journal of Industrial

Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 630934

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Journal Article. Authors from the National Institute for Oc-
cupational Safety and Health and the National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low

N/A

XXX

2
2

2
6

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (published in 2002; worker count from
the 1989)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

471

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Source Citation:	Weiss, N. S.. 1995. Cancer in relation to occupational exposure to perchloroethylene. Cancer Causes and Control.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	631151

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

"No measurements were made of any individuals exposure to PCE."
""Rather, persons were assigned a relative exposure score based on the
job(s) they held within the indusrty. The cleaners themselves were es-
timated to have had the highest relative exposure, followed by pressers,
sewers, counter workers, and maintenance workers."

500,000" At the present time, it is estimated that the more than 500,000
persons in the US are esposed occupationally to PERC, many of whom
are employed in a dry-cleaning establishment."

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Journal Article. Authors from the University of Washington.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (published in 1995; worker count from
the 1994)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



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Source Citation:	Weiss, N. S.. 1995. Cancer in relation to occupational exposure to perchloroethylene. Cancer Causes and Control.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	631151

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

473

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Source Citation: Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing

facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 632416

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Analytic Method:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

dermal

Composition of Groundwater=2.170 mg/L

during showering The main objective of this study was to determine
the effects of incremental exposure of workers in a metal degreasing and
metal drying facility during showering at work with VOC-contaminated
tap water.

...analyzed the water of 17 wells located in areas surrounding a metal
degreasing and dry cleaning facility in northwestern Spain.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Journal Article. Authors from the University of Santiago de
Compostela.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2
4
1

Spain

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 10 years old (2006)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Limited discussion of the variability and uncertainty.

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing
facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

632416

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

475

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Source Citation: Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing

facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 632416

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation

There was a large variation in exposure level across shops; the me-
dian annual level of all measurements was, however, fairly stable
during 19641979 (Figure 2)...For comparison with external data, the
mean of 53 measurements of ? 60 min for dry cleaners was 164
mg/m3.+++++++++++++Based on large U.S. samples of time-
weighted- average measurements for machine operators from the 1980s,
the exposure level was higher at transfer machines than at dry-to-dry
machines: mean concentrations were 338 mg/m3 and 157 mg/m,3 re-
spectively (I ARC 1995).

1680nly 168 tetrachloroethylene measurements were made in dry-
cleaning shops in the Nordic countries between 1964 and 1979.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Journal Article. Authors from the University of Copenhagen.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Nortic Countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (published in 2006; worker exposure

data from 1964 through 1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing
facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

632416

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 The release data study does not address variability or uncer-

tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

477

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3970186

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Use

Dry cleaning solvent

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Exposure Concentration (Uni

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

it):

Exhibit 4-4 Summarizes personal exposures. Minimum exposure con-
centration of 69 ppm (470 mg/m3) to 740 ppm (5000 mg/m3) Exhibits
4-5, 4-6 and 4-7 contain additiona exposure numbers.

386

All jobs, cleaner, spotter, manager, presser

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Based on OSHA monitoring

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High
High

X 1

x 2

PCE dry cleaning data, though much of it is outdated technol-
ogy

1990-1993 - Monitoring data are from after the establishment

of the PEL, but greater than 10 years old.

Characterized by max and mean, with no other statistics.

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
Medium

x 2
x 1

4
2

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Provides measurement, worker activity, but does not provide
measurement duration or all sample locations

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3970186

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

479

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Eweres, L. M.. 1999. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 98-0249-2773, Grove Park Inn, Asheville, North Carolina.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970593

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Number of Workers:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Analytic Method:

Use

Dry cleaning solvent

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

Full-shift PBZ TWA ranged from 0.17 - 5.8 ppm/worker;area samples
were 7.4 and 5.6 ppm.

7
2

TWA

5

PBZ, area

above and behind door of dry cleaning machine, PBZ on all 5 workers
NIOSH Method 1003

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

PCE dry cleaning data

Data from almost 20 years ago (1999)

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

sample type, measurement type, worker activities, exposure
duration all given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

the report discusses areas of variability and uncertainty

Continued on next page

480

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Source Citation:	Eweres, L. M.. 1999. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 98-0249-2773, Grove Park Inn, Asheville, North Carolina.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970593

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

481

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Source Citation:

Ruhe, R. L.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 80-37-725, Texaco, Incorporated, Casper Wyoming.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970596

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Welding

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

condition of use unclear

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from more than 20 years ago (1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

most metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

482

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Source Citation:	Hervin, R. L.,Lucas, J.. 1973. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 72-35-34, The Budd Company, Automotive Division,

Clinton, Michigan.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970601

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Number of Workers:

Use

solvents and/or degreasers

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

10-350 mg/M3 for PBZ,10-340 for area

21

3+

290 in production

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

degreasing with solvent containing perc
1973 is after the PEL date of 1970
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

PBZ and area readings included, but little information on test-
ing methods

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Not discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.4





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

483

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1; Reliability

Metric 1;

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2; Representative
Metric 2;
Metric 3;
Metric 4;
Metric 5;

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Drum recondintioner may apply to disposal scenario
1980

No Comment.

Domain 3; Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4; Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

484

McLouth, L. D.,Keenlyside, R.. 1981. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 80-100-798, Jehl Cooperage Company Inc.,
Memphis Tennessee.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970602

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Source Citation: Hartle, R. ,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-280-1407, Hoover Company, North Canton,

Ohio.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 3970587

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Number of Sites:

Type of Measurement or Method:

Use

Welding

Liquid/vapor

inhalation

.58 - 1.14 ug/m3

4 (all area)

charcoal sorbent

Worker Activity:

Welding

Type of Sampling:

Area

Sampling Location:

Supervisor's desk in welding shop

Exposure Duration:

7-8 hours

Analytic Method:

P&CAM S-335

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High X 1 1 NIOSH health hazard evaluation

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4

Geographic Scope High x 1

Applicability High x 2

Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2

Metric 5: Sample Size

High

x 1

1 US

2 Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
4 1983 - Monitoring data are from after the establishment of the

PEL, but greater than 10 years old.

1 Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

Provides measurement and sample types, worker activity, spe-
cific sample locations, but does not provide measurement du-
ration

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hartle, R. ,Aw, T. ar-Ching. 1984. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 82-280-1407, Hoover Company, North Canton,
Ohio.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3970587

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

486

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Source Citation: Evans, J. S.,Thompson, K. M.,Hattis, D.. 2000. Exposure efficiency: Concept and appiication to perchioroethyfene exposure

from dry cfeaners. Journaf of the Air and Waste Management Association (1990-1992).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID 2228721

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

vapor

inhalation

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

model appears to be free of errors and based on sound ap-

proaches

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Model for ambient exposures by general population

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Older than 10 years

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

equation and parameter values, rationale for selection not pro-
vided for all parameters

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

variability does not appeared to be addressed in the model
parameters

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.4.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

487

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Source Citation:	Kowalska, J.,SzewczyAska, M.,PoAniak, M.. 2014. Measurements of chlorinated volatile organic compounds emitted from

office printers and photocopiers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	2534318

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Sites:

Worker Activity:

Type of Sampling:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

PPE:

Use

Ink and ink removal products

vapor

inhalation

0.43ug/m3, 1.65ug/m3, 3.89ug/m3, 2.55ug/m3, 0.592ug/m3, 0.245ug/
m3, 0.503ug/m3
7

Office worker
desorption tubes

Sampling done in an exclosed measuring chamber
5 hrs

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Environmental Science Poll. Research Article

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Poland

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Use is in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2015

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Variability included

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Kowalska, J.,SzewczyAska, M.,PoAniak, M.. 2014. Measurements of chlorinated volatile organic compounds emitted from
office printers and photocopiers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

2534318

489

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Source Citation: Benignus, V. A.,Boyes, W. K.,Geller, A. M.,Bushnell, P. J.. 2009. Long-term perchloroethylene exposure: A meta-analysis of

neurobehavioral deficits in occupationally and residentially exposed groups. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,
Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 633I4I

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Exposure Duration:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

0.0 ppm to 31.0 ppm measured individual subjects.
Employees of dry cleaners
35

0 to 540 ppm-h/1000[concentration (ppm) " time (h)]/1000.0

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

The "Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health" is a
high quality journal; the authors are employed by trusted
sources (i.e., EPA and University of NC).

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5

Geographic Scope High x 1 1

Applicability High x 2 2

Temporal Representativeness Low x 2 6

Sample Size Medium x 1 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Original data over 20 years old.Cavalleri et al. (1994)

Mean and range are provided. It is unclear if analysis is rep-
resentative.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x

Primary reference might include additional metadata related
to the release but it was not included in this publication.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

This journal article does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

Continued on next

page

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Source Citation:	Benignus, V. A.,Boyes, W. K.,Geller, A. M.,Bushnell, P. J.. 2009. Long-term perchloroethylene exposure: A meta-analysis of

neurobehavioral deficits in occupationally and residentially exposed groups. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,
Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	633141

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

491

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Boice, J. D., Jr.,Marano, D.,Eryzek, J.,Sadler, C.,McLaughlin, J. K.. 1999. Mortality among aircraft manufacturing workers.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

699183

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Analytic Method:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Perchloroethylene replaced TCE at the Lockheed Martin factories in
1966 and was used primarily in vapour degreasing activities...Workers
typically were not exposed to single chemicals, but rather to various
solvents and substances depending on job activities.

From this information we identified job families (groups of occupations
with similar work activities) and job titles with potential for the exposure
of interest, and duration of exposure.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

The "Occup Environ Med" is a journal; the authors are em-
ployed by a trusted source (i.e., International Epidemiology
Institute in Rockville MD).

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

US data
degreasing

Data older than 20 years
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

data sources fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Some discussion of uncertainty/variability

Continued on next page

492

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Source Citation:	Boice, J. D., Jr.,Marano, D.,Eryzek, J.,Sadler, C.,McLaughlin, J. K.. 1999. Mortality among aircraft manufacturing workers.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	699183

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

493

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Cdc,. 1997. Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (Mashine Design).
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3045100

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

PPE:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

See figure 1, "Operator exposure when loading or unloading a dry-to-dry,
refigerated, drycleaning machine vs. same machine with a retrofitted
large, closed-loop, carbon absorber used as a secondary vapor control
system."

To reduce exposure engineering measures should be considered: 1) stud-
ies report that 30 percent to 70 percent of garments drycleaned using
PERC can be wet cleaned; 2) drycleaning machines should be isolated
from other work areas; 3) follow manufacturer maintenance recommen-
dations; 4) ventilation e.g., inward air velocity through the loading door
of 100 fpm, complete air change should occur in the work room every 5
minutes; 5) work practices e.g., use a tool with a long handle to retrieve
clothes at the back of the drum.

Workers should wear proper personal protective equipment (gloves, gog-
gles, and respirators) to reduce exposures to PERC during maintenance
activities.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

CDC , NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Technical guidance and exposure data is over 20 years old











(1997)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Continued on next page

494

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Cdc,. 1997. Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (Mashine Design).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3045100

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

495

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Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 2014. Degreasing with TCE in commercial facilities: Protecting workers.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3045553

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction: Cleaning method alternatives might also meet cleaning needs: 1) Low-

solids fluxes leave behind less residue on circuit boards eliminating the
need for solvent cleaning; 2) Bake-off ovens for components that can
withstand high heat. 3) Water-based cleaning solutions, 4) closed-loop
vapor degreaser

PPE: "If you use TCE-based degreasers, you should always wear proper per-

sonal protective equipment (PPE). Effective types of PPE are described
below"" e.g., solvent-resistant gloves; chemical splash goggles, eye wash
stations, respirators.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain f: Reliability

Metric f:

Methodology

Medium

Prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. and presented at
the TCE Expert Public Workshop.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Low

High

N/A

X
X

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation,
but the focus of the article is TCE not PERC.

Data less than 10 years old (cites references published in 2011)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Continued on next

page

496

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Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2014. Degreasing with TCE in commercial facilities: Protecting workers.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3045553

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

497

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Source Citation: Marano, D. E.,Boice, J. D., Jr.,Eryzek, J. P.,Morrison, J. A.,Sadler, C. J.,McLaughlin, J. K.. 2000. Exposure assessment for

a large epidemiological study of aircraft manufacturing workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 699188

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Sampling Location:

Exposure Duration:

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

vapor

inhalation

Long-term: 0.06 - 27 ppm, mean- 9.5 ppm, median- 3Short-term: 1.7

150 ppm, mean- 55.7 ppm, median- 17

Long-term: 6Short-term: 70

Vapor degreasing operations

Near degreasers

Long-term: 8 hour weighted avg.Short-term: "instant" readings

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Int'l Epidemiology Institute

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

covers in scope uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Article is dated 2000, but most data are older

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

statistics given but discrete data not available

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Data not fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Variability included

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

Continued on next page

498

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Marano, D. E.,Boice, J. D., Jr.,Eryzek, J. P.,Morrison, J. A.,Sadler, C. J.,McLaughlin, J. K.. 2000. Exposure assessment for

a large epidemiological study of aircraft manufacturing workers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	699188

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

499

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Source Citation:	Lipworth, L.,Sonderman, J. S.,Mumma, M. T.,Tarone, R. E.,Marano, D. E.,Boice, J. D.,McLaughlin, J. K.. 2011. Cancer

mortality among aircraft manufacturing workers: an extended follow-up. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	1235276

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:



Use







EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

peer-reviewed article

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

in scope use

data evaluated from prior to PEL (1960) through 2008
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

500

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Source Citation: Fleming, D. A.,Woskie, S. R.,Jones, J. H.,Silver, S. R.,Luo, L.,Bertke, S. J.. 2014. Retrospective Assessment of Exposure to

Chemicals for a Microelectronics and Business Machine Manufacturing Facility. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 2128566

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

vapor

inhalation

component placement in circuit board manufacture
4041

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium
High
Medium

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
2

Retrospective study with few actual numbers
2017

statistics given but discrete data not available

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

Variability not discussed

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

501

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Source Citation:

Ncdeq,. 2017. Information summary for Stony Hill Road TCE site in Wake county.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982617

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

Worker Activity: Two small circuit board assembly companies contaminated well water;

exposures from vapor intrusion and groundwater are discussed.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

State regulator i.e., NC Dept. of Environment and Natural
Resources

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable

High

N/A

XX X

N/A

Covers conditions of use in scope, but all exposures are to the
general population.

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2012).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

data sources generally described, some details missing

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

502

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Source Citation: Fl, D. E. P.. 2002. Gulf States Chemical: County Road 158: Lloyd, Florida: Jefferson County: Northeast district: Site lead:

Waste cleanup program: Approved for cleanup: February 28, 2002: HWC # 131.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3986456

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Distribution in commerce
Distribution

The plant received an estimated 15 drums containing chemical residues
daily during the period of operation. These drums were rinsed and
refilled with other chemicals for sale and distribution. Tank rinsate
was discharged to the evaporation/percolation ponds. PCE exceeded
drinking water standards in the Floridan aquifer.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

unspecified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope, but all exposures are to the

general population.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

data from over 10 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

data sources generally described, some details missing

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Fl, D. E. P.. 2002. Gulf States Chemical: County Road 158: Lloyd, Florida: Jefferson County: Northeast district: Site lead:

Waste cleanup program: Approved for cleanup: February 28, 2002: HWC # 131.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3986456

504

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Cdc/Niosh,. Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986505

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	unknown

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	unknown

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	Includes exposure limits i.e., NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2

2

N/A

US

Contain only physical /chemical properties which apply to all
COUs

date unclear but physical properties are assumed to be relevant
to current conditions
No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

data sources not fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

505

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Source Citation: Larranaga, M. D.,Lewis, R. J.,Lewis, R. A.. 2016. Hawley's Condensed Chemical DictionaryPerchlorobenzene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982125

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

unknown
unknown

lists generic hazards: "Irritant to eyes and skin. Central nervous system
impairment. Probable carcinogen."

lists generic uses: Dry-cleaning solvent, vapor-degreasing solvent, dry-
ing agent for metals and certain other solids, vermifuge, heat-transfer
medium, manufacture of fluorocarbons.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

N/A

Contain only physical /chemical properties which apply to all

COUs

date unclear but physical properties are assumed to be relevant
to current conditions

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

data sources not fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

506

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Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2017. Chlorinated solvents: Glossay.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982129

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Exposure Concentration (Unit): The German federal authorities (LAS) published a comprehensive guid-

ance on the safe use of PER in drycleaning based on German regulations
(2. BImSchV in force since 1990)" if PER is applied according to reg-
ulations such as the 2. BImSchV and exposure is very low, well below
the current German OEL.

Worker Activity: Perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene is the primary solvent used in

the industrial and commercial dry?cleaning of clothes.

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction: The chemical industry sponsors research on the possible environmental

and health risks of chlorinated solvents. It also participates actively in
the preparation of guidelines for safe handling, working closely with its
customers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

XXX

2
2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (glossary publication date
isn't listed, but "news briefs" are recent i.e., 2017).

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2017. Chlorinated solvents: Glossay.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982129

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

508

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Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Product safety summary on

perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure

or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982135

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Industrial use

Dry cleaning solvent

inhalation

Perchloroethylene is the primary solvent used in industrial and profes-
sional dry cleaning" Higher worker exposures are likely in industrial or
professional dry cleaning and surface cleaning however modern cleaning
machines reduce dramatically emissions.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

509

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Product safety summary on

perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure

or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982135

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture
inhalation

Worker exposure can occur in Perchloroethylene manufacturing facilities
or the industrial facilities where the substance is used as an intermedi-
ate. Since this type of activity is mainly undertaken in closed systems,
exposure is fairly low.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

510

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile on perchlorethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982137

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial useProcessing

Dry cleaning solventlntermediate in basic organic chemical manufactur-
ing

inhalation

In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
(SCOEL) published the following recommendation in 2009:* 8 hour OEL
(TWA): 20 ppm (138 mg/m3)* 15 min STEL (TWA): 40 ppm (275
mg/m3)Derived No Effect Levels (DNELs) for Workers derived under
REACH:* DNEL inhalation long term, systemic effects: 20 ppm (138
mg/m3)* DNEL inhalation short term, systemic effects: 40 ppm (275
mg/m3)

Inhalation of solvent vapour is the most frequent route of exposure: sol-
vent vapours are heavier than air and can accumulate in confined or
poorly ventilated areas. ++++++++++++There are general worker
health surveys and studies specifically investigating potential effects on
the liver and kidney in workers likely exposed to perchloroethylene.
Based on all available data, there is no clear or consistent evidence from
studies in humans for repeated dose effects of perchloroethylene at expo-
sure levels up to a level of 20 ppm (138 mg/m3). This concentration can
be regarded to be a no-observed-adverse-effect concentration NOAEC in
humans as an 8-hour timeweighted- average (TWA) value.

Good ventilation is essential in areas where the product is made or used.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Medium
High

X 1

x 2

2
2

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.
Covers conditions of use in scope

Continued on next page

511

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile on perchlorethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982137

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5; Sample Size

High

N/A

x 2

2

N/A

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

512

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile on perchlorethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982137

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

PPE:

Industrial useProcessing

Dry cleaning solventlntermediate in basic organic chemical manufactur-
ing

dermal

Derived No Effect Levels (DNELs) for Workers derived under REACH:*
DNEL dermal long term, systemic effects: 39.4 mg/kg bw/daySelf-
classification by the REACH consortium after GHS criteria (Regulation
EC 1272/2008):* Skin corrosion /irritation Cat 2: H315 Causes skin
irritation* Skin Sens. IB: H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction.
There is sufficient evidence both from human cases and toxicology stud-
ies showing that perchloroethylene is a weak skin irritant, but not cor-
rosive. In one case report, extensive redness (erythema) and blistering
were seen on a worker who had lain unconscious in a pool of solvents
for about five hours. In a second case report, another worker who had
been unconscious for half an hour while wearing clothes soaked in per-
chloroethylene showed similar symptoms.

Perchloroethylene tested positive in the local lymph node assay in mice.
Therefore, classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC and the
EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures
(CLP) Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 for skin ensitisation is required.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-

ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness High

x 2

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Continued on next page

513

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile on perchlorethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982137

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

514

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Atsdr,. 2014. Public health assessment: Technitronics site: Casselberry, Seminole County, Florida: FDEP facility ID:
COM_275450: EPA facility ID: FLD007432552.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982222

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Workers and others on the site are not at risk from chemicals in surface
soil or from vapor intrusion" FDEP did not find elevated solvent levels
in on-site surface soil, soil gas, or indoor air. Because solvents at the
groundwater surface are limited to areas away from on-site buildings,
vapor intrusion is unlikely.

The two-acre Technitronics site in Casselberry Florida. From 1968 to
1997, several businesses used chlorinated solvents to clean circuit boards
and tools, and to make dry cleaning solution.Recent testing found two
types of groundwater contamination under the site but very little surface
soil contamination.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

ATSDR

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Covers conditions of use in scope, but the purpose of this report











is to assess the public health threat from contaminated soil,











indoor air, and groundwater at and near the site.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

data less than 10 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

515

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Atsdr,. 2014. Public health assessment: Technitronics site: Casselberry, Seminole County, Florida: FDEP facility ID:
COM_275450: EPA facility ID: FLD007432552.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982222

EVALUATION



Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low x 1 3 not addressed

Overall Quality Determination^ Unacceptable 4 Metric Mean Score: 2.0.



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

516

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Source Citation:

Co, D. O. H.. 1992. Lessons learned in pollution prevention: Case studies of three print shops.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982089

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvent-based paints and coatings

Number of Sites: 3

Number of Workers: The print shops ranged in size from a five-person, basic offset printing

and photocopying operation to a 20-person, full service shop.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Colorado Department of Health

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Low
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
2
6

N/A

US with site visits to 3 Colorado print shops
Covers conditions of use in scope
Data more than 20 years old (published in 1992)
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

517

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982093

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

In 1989, the OSHA lowered the PEL for perchloroethylene from 100
ppm to 25 ppm for an 8-hour TWA, as part of an overall PEL update.
This action was overturned by a federal court in 1993, however, and
the PELs for perchloroethylene reverted to the former limits. OSHA
has urged employers not to roll back measures they may have taken to
comply with the lower limits that were overturned, and several states
that adopted the lower 1989 limit have not adopted the higher limit.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,

Inc.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

518

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2017. Biodegradation in water: screening tests: Tetrachloroethylene, Part 2.

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970794

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Number of Samples:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent
Liquid/vapor
inhalation / dermal

Table of typical and Reasonable Worst Case exposures for dry cleaning
on page 41. Typical long-term 8 ppm inhalation, 15 mg/kg/day dermal
4147

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

UK Govn't

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Published 2008, but much of the data are older

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of samples is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Assessment or report provides results, but the underlying
methods, data sources, andassumptions are not fully transpar-
ent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Variability included

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

519

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Source Citation:

Echa,. 2017. Biodegradation in water: screening tests: Tetrachloroethylene, Part 2.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

3970794

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Solvents and/or Degreasers

Physical Form:

Liquid/vapor

Route of Exposure:

inhalation / dermal

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Table of typical exposures for dry cleaning on page 43. Typical long-term



10 ppm inhalation, 6 mg/kg/day dermal

Number of Samples:

52

EVALUATION



Domain Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability



Metric 1: Methodology

Medium x 1 2 UK Govn't

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Published 2008, but much of the data are older

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Distribution of samples is characterized by a range with uncer

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

Assessment or report provides results, but the underlying
methods, data sources, andassumptions are not fully transpar-
ent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1

Variability included

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

520

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Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1997. Hazard control: Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (ventilation) (HC 19).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3974940

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent
Liquid/vapor
inhalation / dermal

Ventilation to control exposure by capturing vapors and removing con-
taminant (local ventilation) or diluting the concentration before it
reaches a worker's breathing zone (general ventilation). Also, Emer-
gency ventilation in the case of a leak or spill. (Diagrams included)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Low

Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

6

4

N/A

US

Only mentions control options without exposure numbers or
percent reduction

1997

not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

521

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Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1978. Current intelligence bulletin 20: tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978137

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation / dermal

500000

Engineering and work place practice controls, checked every 3 months
(e.g., air velocity, static pressure, or air volume); use of respirators
Gloves, face shields

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

x 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

x 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Doesn't provide study numbers, but does address applicable











uses and exposures

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Most data 1977 or earlier

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

522

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 2012. Drycleaning.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3978136

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation / dermal

To reduce exposure to drycleaning solvents, a comprehensive control
approach should befollowed involving engineering measures, work prac-
tices, and personal protection. Engineering measures are the preferred
and most effective means of control and shouldgenerally considered first.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium

Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

4

4

N/A

US

Doesn't provide study numbers, but does address applicable
uses and exposures

Most data 1990s

not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

523

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 2016. Tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3978134

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

PPE:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation / dermal

Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH
REL, or where there is no REL, at anydetectable concentration:(APF
= 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full face-
piece andis operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure
mode(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece
and is operatedin a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in
combination with anauxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing
apparatusEscape: (APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator
(gas mask) with a chin-style,front- or back-mounted organic vapor can-
isterAny appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Doesn't provide study numbers, but does address applicable











uses and PPE

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2016

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

524

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 2016. Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data
3978134

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A

N/A not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

525

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1997. Hazard control: Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (substitution) (HC 17).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3974933

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Physical Form:

Route of Exposure:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasing

Liquid/vapor

inhalation / dermal

Provides alternatives to PERC as a control option

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	x 1	1 NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

X

2

6

Doesn't provide study numbers, just mentions benfits/risks of
using alternatives to PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

1997

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

not applicable

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity





Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

N/A

N/A not applicable

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty





Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A

N/A not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

526

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

McComas, C.. 1996. Dry cleaning equipment upgrades cut costs and reduce perc.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982078

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	Minnesota Labor and Industry Department (MNOSHA) requires dry

cleaner shops keep the perc concentration under 25 ppm during an 8-hr
period...This law is stricter than the federal OSHA standard.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Small Businesses Assistance Program (SBAP) at the Min-
nesota Pollution Control Agency

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1996)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

527

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Lighthouse Communications, Group. 2017. Dry cleaners: Switch to wet cleaning process.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982081

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Number of Samples:

Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent
1

Major benefit of switch to wet cleaning process was an improved worker
health and safety and reduced liability. Obstacle: Successful wet cleaning
takes skill and experience, and a learning curve is involved in the process
change. Special finishing (pressing) equipment is required (wet cleaned
garments are more difficult/time consuming to press without special
equipment).

19

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1995)

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not











fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

528

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

University of, Minnesota. 2017. Dry cleaners; Waste and emission reduction alternatives.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982082

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	Minnesota Labor and Industry Department (MNOSHA) requires dry

cleaner shops keep the perc concentration under 25 ppm during an 8-hr
period...This law is stricter than the federal OSHA standard.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Minnesota Technical Assistance Program, University of Min-
nesota

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1997)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

529

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Cohen, L.. 1992. Special report: Dry cleaning fumes cause health worries, push search for alternatives.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3982086

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Exposure Concentration (Unit): Inspections by OSHA around the country have found up to 32 ppm in

indoor air in the vicinity of dry cleaners.

Number of Workers: Dry cleaners are predominantly small businesses, employing an average

of eight people per plant.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

Article is publised in a journal (i.e., The Neighborhood Works)
that is not peer reviewed; the techniques used in the report are
not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium

Medium

XXX X

2
2

2
4

Covers conditions of use in scope

1992 - Monitoring data are from after the establishment of the
PEL, but greater than 10 years old.

Characterized by max, with no other statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Lacks most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

530

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hhs,. 1976. Occupational health guideline for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3978138

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

Analytic Method:

Processinglndustrial useCommercial/consumer use

Intermediate in basic organic chemical manufacturingSolvents and/or
Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not specified in com-
ment) Cleaners and degreasers (other); Dry cleaning solvent
Inhalation, dermal

OSHA standard is 100 ppm averaged over an 8-hour work shift, with a
ceiling level of 200 ppm and a maximum acceptable peak of 300 ppm for
5-minutes in any 3-hour period.NIOSH has recommended that the PEL
be reduced to 50 ppm (339 mg/m3) averaged over a work shift of up
to 10- hrs/day, 40 hrs/wk with a ceiling level of 100 ppm (678 mg/m3)
averaged over a I5-minute period. In an industrial exposure to an avg
conc. of 275 ppm for 3 hours, followed by 1100 ppm for 30 minutes, a
worker lost consciousness; there was apparent clinical recovery 1-hour
after exposure, but the monitored conc. in the patient's expired air
diminished slowly over a 2-week period.

Process enclosure; local exhaust ventilation; general dilution; personal
protective equipment

Employees should have impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (8" min),
and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated
or prolonged skin contact with liquidNon-impervious clothing which be-
comes contaminated with liquid tetrachloroethylene should be removed
promptly and not reworn until the tetrachloroethylene is removed from
the clothing.Special precautions: Liquid tetrachloroethylene will attack
some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Sampling and analyses may be performed by collection of vapors us-
ing an adsorption tube with subsequent desorption with carbon disul-
fide and gas chromatographic analysis. Also, detector tubes certified by
NIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-reading devices calibrated
to measure tetrachloroethylene may be used. An analytical method for
tetrachloroethylene is in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd
Ed., Vol. 3, 1977, available from the Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00261-4).

Continued on next page

531

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Hhs,. 1976. Occupational health guideline for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3978138

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (1978)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

532

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 2014. International chemical safety cards (ICDC): Tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3978155

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:
PPE:

unknown
unknown

Inhalation, dermal

TLV: 25 ppm as TWA, 100 ppm as STEL; BEI issued; (ACGIH
2004).MAK: skin absorption (H); Carcinogen category: 3B; (DFG
2004).OSHA PEL: TWA 100 ppm C 200 ppm 300 ppm (5-minute maxi-
mum peak in any 3-hours)NIOSH REL: Ca Minimize workplace exposure
concentrations.NIOSH IDLH: Ca 150 ppm
Ventilation, local exhaust, or breathing protection
Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Safety goggles, face shield.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

US Dept. of Health & Human Services

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

X

2

4

Condition of use is not specified; however, the information can













be related to conditions of use that are in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (modified: August 2015)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

533

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Osha,. 2017. Permissible exposure limits:

OSHA annotated Z-2 table.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3978316



EXTRACTION





Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:	unknown

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	unknown

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	OSHA PELs: 100 ppm = 8-hr Time Weighted Average; 200 ppm =

acceptable ceiling concentration;Acceptable maximum peak above the
acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hr shift=300 ppm; Maximum
Duration = 5 min in any 3 hrCal/OSHA PEL = 25 ppm; (ST) 100 ppm;
(C) 300 ppmACGIH 2017 TLV = 25 ppm; (ST) 100 ppm

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Low
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

6

2

N/A

US

Exposures are occupational limits not true exposures.
Data less than 10 years old (2016)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

534

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Osha,. 1999. Sampling and analytical methods: Tetrachloroethylene trichloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3978317

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	unknown

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	unknown

Analytic Method:	OSHA Method lOOlProcedure: Adsorbent tube samples collected by

drawing workplace air through coconut shell charcoal tubes using per-
sonal sampling pumps. Diffusive samples collected by exposing SKC
575002 Passive Samplers to workplace air. Samples extracted with car-
bon disulfide and extracts are analyzed by GC using FID.Analysis done
at the OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC).Detection limits of an-
alytical procedure is 16.2 pg...Recommended air volume and sampling
rate for charcoal tube samples and recommended exposure time for SKC
575-002 Samplers...

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

4
4

N/A

US

Description of measurement method
Data less than 20 years old (1999)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Describes the precision of the overall proceedure and elements
of the measurement method.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5



Continued on next page

535

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Osha,. 1999. Sampling and analytical methods: Tetrachloroethylene trichloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978317

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

536

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Osha,. 2017. Respiratory protection eTool: Respirator change schedules: Using a math model table to determine a cartridge.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3978321

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
PPE:

unknown
unknown

Resource provides respirator breakthrough times as a function of con-
centration ppm (e.g., 609 minutes at 100 ppm). There are factors that
can reduce cartridge service life (e.g., high temperature, high relative
humidity, multiple contaminants)

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

High x 1
Medium x 2

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness Medium x 2

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A

1 us

4 Condition of use is not specified; however, the information can

be related to conditions of use that are in scope.
4 Assume data less than 20 years old; publication date not spec-

ified, but several document contains references from the late
1990s.

N/A NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Describes the environmental conditions which could impact
cartrage breakthrough e.g., high temperatures.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

537

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Osha,. 2017. Respiratory protection eTool: Respirator change schedules: Using a math model table to determine a cartridge.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Flero ID

3978321

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	unknown

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	unknown

Exposure Concentration (Unit):	Excerpt from CFR (i.e., 29 CFR Subpart Z - 910.1000 table Z-2); 8-hour

TWA exposure limit = 100 ppm

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Fligh

X 1

1

US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Fligh

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

Exposures are occupational limits not true exposures.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data less than 20 years old (amended in 2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Fligh

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

538

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carex, Canada. 2017. Tetrachloroethylene- Occupational Estimate.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3978374

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

Industrial use

1) Solvent-based paints and coatings, including for chemical milling2)
Dry cleaning solvent

When examining exposure to tetrachloroethylene by occupation, the
largest group of workers exposed is printing press operators (who are
mostly men). Other important occupational groups include drycleaning
and laundry occupations, labourers in textile processing, and chemical
technologists and technicians.

15,000 Canadians

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1

2

CAREX Canada is a multidisciplinary team of researchers











based at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Simon Fraser Uni-











versity

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Canada is in the OECD country

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

Exposures are occupational limits not true exposures.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2017)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual exposure data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

539

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Carex, Canada. 2017. Trichloroethylene- Occupational Estimate.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3978381

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Number of Workers:

unknown
unknown

When TCE exposure is examined by occupation, the largest exposed
groups are "metalworking machine operators," "other metal products
machine operators," "plating, metal spraying and related operators,"
and "labourers in metal fabrication," with 2,300 workers exposed. All
these occupations have metal degreasing as part of their job.
9,800 Canadians

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium

x 1

CAREX Canada is a multidisciplinary team of researchers
based at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Simon Fraser Uni-
versity

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Canada is an OECD country

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Information is for TCE not PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2017)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

Continued on next page

540

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Carex, Canada. 2017. Trichloroethylene- Occupational Estimate.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978381

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

541

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Navigant Consulting, Inc. 2016. Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for commerical building appliances (2015

update).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3974987

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Number of Workers:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Most commercial dry-cleaning facilities are "mom and pop" businesses,
although there is a considerable range in size of these businesses. A
typical dry-cleaning business employs several employees and has one or
2 dry-cleaning units.

Alternative dry-cleaning systems (i.e., ozone and liquid C02) are de-
scibed, but the focus is less energy consumption.

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US DOE



Domain 2:

Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope	High	x 1	1

Applicability	Medium	x 2	4

Temporal Representativeness	High	x 2	2

Sample Size	Low	x 1	3

USA

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation,

but information is general.

Data from less than 10 years ago (2016)

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

542

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Markowitz, S. teven,Scarbrough, C. arl,Kieding, S. ylvia,Griffon, M. ark. 2004. Y-12 and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
medical surveillance program, Phase I: Needs assessment.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3974971

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

TCE and perchloroethylene were used extensively throughout the his-
tory of the sites. The areas where potential exposures were the greatest
included the pilot separation or processing buildings and the machine
shops. Participants in the risk mapping sessions indicated that the ma-
chinists would " use perc to put out chip fires while machining uranium".
They indicated they would 'use it for everything'.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US DOE

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

USA

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data from less than 20 years ago (2004)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

543

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Markowitz, S. teven,Scarbrough, C. arl,Kieding, S. ylvia,Griffon, M. ark. 2004. Y-12 and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
medical surveillance program, Phase I: Needs assessment.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3974971

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Worker Activity:

Industrial use
Foundry applications

The material came to the 0-Wing out of the casting furnace and at
the 0-Wing that would form into a billet (using the baths) and roll
into a plate"the Oil Baths used DAG, Perchloroethylene, and Freon as
lubricants

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US DOE

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
4

N/A

USA

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data from less than 20 years ago (2004)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

544

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Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 1977. Control of volatile organic emissions from solvent metal cleaning.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3827321

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

Exposure Concentration (Unit): Solvent evaporation losses from typical air-agitatead, pump-agitated,

and unagitated cold cleaners in the following units: ml/hr/m2 and g/
hr/m2 (tables 1 through 4; pages 184 through 187).

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction: Conveyorized vapor degreasers, control cost estimates will be presented

for facilities that primarily use trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene
solvents. Data on two pollution control techniques is presented: 1) car-
bon adsorber and 2) refrigerated chillers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

Air emission rates and pollution control. Could be considered

in occupational exposure models.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from more than 20 years ago (1977)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

545

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Source Citation:	Niosh,. 2012. Worker health study summaries.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3978135

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Worker Activity:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation, dermal

OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for perc is 100 ppm over an
8-hour time-weighted average. A peak exposure should not exceed 200
ppm. for 5 minutes in any 3-hour period. In California and a few other
states, the PEL is 25 ppm.

About 90 percent of all dry-cleaning plants still use perc as a dry-cleaning
fluid" Today exposure levels in dry-cleaning shops are much less than
they were 30 or 40 years ago. If you still work at a dry-cleaning shop, how
you do your work and engineering controls can reduce your exposure.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

Focus is health impact (e.g., cancer, mortality) resulting from











PERC exposure

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1996)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Low

2.3



Continued on next

page

546

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 2012. Worker health study summaries.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978135

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

547

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 2016. Tetrachloroethylene.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3978134

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

PPE:

Analytic Method:

unknown
unknown

inhalation, dermal

Exposure Limits: 1) NIOSH REL* Ca Minimize workplace exposure
concentrations. 2) OSHA PEL* TWA 100 ppm* C 200 ppm (for 5
minutes in any 3-hour period), with a maximum peak of 300 ppmAlso
includes respirator recommendations

Personal Protection/SanitationSkin:Prevent skin contactEyes:Prevent
eye contact Wash skin: When contaminatedRemove:When wet or contam-
inatedChange:No recommendationProvide:Eyewash, Quick drench
Measurement MethodsNIOSH 1003 ;OSHA lOOlSee: NMAM or OSHA
MethodsMEDICAL TESTS: 0179

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

x 2

6

Also includes PERC physical attributes (e.g., molecular











weight)

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2016)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1	3 does not address variability

Continued on next page

548

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 2016. Tetrachloroethylene.
Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data
3978134

or Information Other than Exposure

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

549

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 1997. Hazard control: Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (substitution) (HC 17).

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3974933

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Worker Activity:

Engineering Control & percent Exposure Reduction:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation, dermal

Perchloroethylene (PERC) is the most commonly used drycleaning sol-
vent.

Two potential alternatives to PERC are now on the market: Wetcleaning
and Petroleum-Based Drycleaning... 1) At least 30 percent , and poten-
tially a much higher percentage, of garments drycleaned using PERC
can be wet cleaned satisfactorily while controlling fabric deterioration
and shrinkage. 2) Petroleum-based drycleaning machines have had sev-
eral technical advances to improve machine safety and reduce the risk of
fire and explosion. These advances include vacuum technology, inerting
with nitrogen, and better control of machine operating parameters. 3)
Liquid Carbon Dioxide (C02) is a recently developed technology that
may become commercially available in 1998.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium

Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

4

6

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation,
but limitations

Data from greater than 20 years ago (1997)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

550

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- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE



— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Niosh,. 1997. Hazard control: Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (substitution) (HC 17).

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3974933

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Atsdr,. 2010. Health consultation: Chlorinated solvent contamination Elite dry cleaning facility (aka elite laundry company):
Jaffrey, Cheshire County, New Hampshire.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970465

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Route of Exposure:

Exposure Concentration (Unit):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent
inhalation, oral

If exceedences of GW2 groundwater guidelines for CVOCs occur within
30 feet occupied buildings, further indoor air testing should be conducted
(if possible when meteorological conditions create a frozen ground or low
temperatures in the vadose zone).Analysis from test pits, soil gas samples
and sludge indicate that PCE contamination exists on the Elite Laundry
site... PCE was present at detectable levels in all soil gas samples.PCE
from the Elite Laundry site has contaminated the groundwater beneath
the Elite site property.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

ATSDR

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

8

Contamination from accidental release and the resulting expo-











sures to the general population are out of scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A



N/A

No Comment.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

not addressed

Continued on next page

552

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating	MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Unacceptable	4 Metric Mean Score: 2.0.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Atsdr,. 2010. Health consultation: Chlorinated solvent contamination Elite dry cleaning facility (aka elite laundry company):
Jaffrey, Cheshire County, New Hampshire.

Occupational Exposure; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970465

553

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Domestic manufacture

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for manufacturing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

554

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance, Inc.. 2018. Comment letter of Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance, Inc. (HSIA)
regarding Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732-0097.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

5371877

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Dow Chem, Co. 1983. RESULTS OF 1982 PERSONNEL MONITORING - PERCHLOROETHYLENE/CARBON TETRA-

CHLORIDE PRODUCTION AREA.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214217

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Domestic manufacture

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Described, but not indicated as an OSHA or NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for manufacturing

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

555

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Dow Chem, Co. 1984. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEYS DURING 1983 AT THE EASTERN DIVISION MARINE

TERMINAL AT JOLIET, ILLINOIS (SANITIZED).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214221

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Repackaging

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Described, but not indicated as an OSHA or NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

data for marine terminal repackaging

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

556

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Dow Chem, Co. 1983. 1982 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

4214218

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Reactant

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Described, but not indicated as an OSHA or NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

X

2

4

Condition of use unclear, but appear to be relevant to indus-













trial conditions of use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

557

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Source Citation: Orris, P; Daniels, W. 1981. Health Hazard Evaluation Report 80-201-816: Peterson/Puritan Company. HE 80-201-816.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 5099140

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Processing
Formulation





EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for formulation (aerosol packing)
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

558

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 2002. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene exposure (PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #3.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	3974920

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Vapor Degreasing





EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for vapor degreasing

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

559

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Vapor Degreasing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for vapor degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

560

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2002. In-depth survey report: control of perchloroethylene
(PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #1. EPHB 256-19b.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

5071461

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Vapor Degreasing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for vapor degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2002. In-depth survey report: control of perchloroethylene
(PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #4. EPHB 256-18b.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

5071453

561

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Cosgrove Health & Hygiene Inc.. 1994. Perchloroethylene Survey, Radiator Specialty Company. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732-

0027.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5176394

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Aerosol Degreasing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

used NIOSH method

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for aerosol degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Medium x 1	2 Some discussion of variability

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

562

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Vulcan, Chemicals. 1992. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STUDY OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE/METHYLCHLOROFORM

BLENDED AEROSOL BRAKE CLEANERS (FINAL REPORT) WITH COVER LETTER DATED 031292.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214357

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Aerosol Degreasing

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

badge monitoring

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for aerosol degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

variability addressed through sampling different products with













different concentrations of PERC

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

563

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Vulcan, Chemicals. 1993. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STUDY OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE/PERCHLOROETHYLENE/

METHYLCHLOROFORM BLENDED AEROSOL BRAKE CLEANERS.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4213974

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Aerosol Degreasing

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

badge monitoring

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for aerosol degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

variability addressed through sampling different products with













different concentrations of PERC

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

564

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Vulcan, Chemicals. 1994. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SIMULATIONS FOR AEROSOL BRAKE CLEANERS - POTENTIAL

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO PERCHLOROETHYLENE, WITH COVER LETTER DATED 05/04/94.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214374

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Aerosol Degreasing

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

badge monitoring

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for aerosol degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

variability addressed through sampling different products with













different concentrations of PERC

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

565

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

566

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1995. In-depth survey report: control of perchloroethylene exposures
in commercial dry cleaners at Brown's Cleaners, Sant Monica, California. ECTB 201-16a.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3797937

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Burroughs, GE. 1999. Evaluation of Eight Dry Cleaning Shops with State-of-the-Art Control Equipment. Report on Task 1.

Perchloroethylene in Dry Cleaning Shops.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099136

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

567

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Burroughs, GE. 1999. In-depth survey report evaluation of control technology for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning shops.

ECTB 240-11.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099138

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

568

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Burroughs, GE. 1999. In-depth survey report evaluation of control technology for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning shops.

ECTB 240-15.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099145

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

569

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Burroughs, GE. 2000. In-depth survey report evaluation of control technology for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning shops.

ECTB 240-12.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099134

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

570

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for 4th and 5th gen Dry cleaning machines
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Niosh,. 2000. In-depth survey report: Comparision of perchloroethylene exposures before and after the installation of local
exhaust ventilation at a commercial dry cleaners at drycleaning plus.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

3974932

571

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Burroughs, GE. 2000. In-depth survey report evaluation of control technology for perchlorethylene in dry cleaning shops.

ECTB 240-12.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099147

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Coatings

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for coatings containing PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

572

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Coatings

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for coatings containing PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

573

Stephenson, RL; Albrecht, WN. 1986. Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-482-86-116-1730, Winters Industry
Foundry, Canton, Ohio. NIOSH/OOl 66571.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

2067795

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ford Motor, Co. 1981. Industrial hygiene survey - spray booths, oil house, roll weld, bonderite deck, trimline.
Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 4213729

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Coatings







EVALUATION

Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Low

X 1

3

methodology not described

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Metric 3: Applicability

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Metric 5: Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for coatings containing PERC
Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Sample type and exposure type givem, other metadata missing

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

574

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hervin, RL; Stroman, R; Belanger, P; Ruhe, R; Collins, C; Dyches, T. 1977. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Report

No. HHE-77-63-449, McDonnell Aircraft Company, St. Louis, Missouri. NIOSH/00076128.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID 1878207

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Maskant

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Data for maskants containing PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

575

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Dow Chem, Co. 1983. CHEMICAL EXPOSURE EVALUATION - TRICHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCTION PLANT

(SANITIZED).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214220

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Processing Aid





EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for processing aids

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

576

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Dow Chem, Co. 1983. 1982 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MONITORING - CHLOROPYRIDINES (SANITIZED).

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214222

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Processing Aid





EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for processing aids

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

577

-------


PEER REVIEW

- DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Dow Chem, Co. 1982. CHLOR-PYRIDINES - 1981 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY (SANITIZED).

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

4214219

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Processing Aid

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium X 1 2 Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH

method

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for processing aids

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

Only ranges and averages given for 8-hr TWA results, discrete

data available for short-term samples

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2

Exposure frequency and sample time not provided for 8-hr
TWAs, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

578

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	1979. Evaluation of work exposures in ag production and distribution department (apd2) operations, pittsburg, for 1978 with

cover letter.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214166

EXTRACTION
Parameter



Data







Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Processing Aid





EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Methodology described, but no mention of OSHA or NIOSH
method

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for processing aids

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

579

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gunter, BJ; Lybarger, JA. 1979. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HHE-78-95-596, Jonas Brothers

Taxidermy Co., Denver, Colorado. NIOSH/00091563.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1358123

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Wipe Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for wipe cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

580

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Moody, PL; Kramkowski, R; Keyserling, M. 1983. Health Hazard Evaulation Report HETA 81-409-1290: The Donaldson

Company, Inc. HETA 81-409-1290.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	5099143

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Wipe Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for wipe cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

581

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Spot Cleaning

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for spotting at fabric finsihing facility

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

582

Burton, NC; Monestersky, J. 1996. Health hazard evaluation report No. HETA 96-0135-2612, Eagle Knitting Mills, Inc.,
Shawano, Wisconsin. HETA 96-0135-2612.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

1320760

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Apol, A. G.. 1981. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 81-105-831, Labels West, Inc., Redmond, Washington.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970608

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Printing

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for printing

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

583

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Love, J. R.. 1982. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 81-310-1039, King-Smith Printing Company, Detroit, Michigan.

Type of Data Source

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID

3970585

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Printing

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for printing

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

584

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ruhe, RL. 1983. Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-83-266-1391, McCourt Label Company, Bradford, Pennsylvania.

NIOSH/00137711.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	1619977

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Printing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4
1

US

Data for printing

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL
discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency and sample time not provided, other meta-
data given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

585

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Printing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for printing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

586

Gunter, BJ; Thoburn, TW; London, M. 1984. Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 83-425-1500: Westview Press. HETA
83-425-1500.

Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

5099142

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Vulcan, Chemicals. 1994. Task Report- Cold Cleaning Field Tests of Perchloroethylene /Alcohol Blends Vickers Electrome-

chanical, Wichita, KS.

Type of Data Source Occupational Exposure; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	4214376

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Use

Cold cleaning

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

badge monitoring

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for cold cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data is older than 10 years but after PEL

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

discrete sample data given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Exposure frequency not provided, other metadata given

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

variability addressed through sampling different products with













different concentrations of PERC

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

587

-------
Facility

PEER REVIEW

DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Ipcs,. 1984. Tetrachloroethylene. Environmental Health Criteria.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	22606

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Possible Physical Form:

Manufacturing, Import, processing and Use

Manufacturing, Dry Cleaning, Metal Cleaning, textile finishing, Process-
ing aid, Heat exchange fluid, intermediate for fluorocarbons
Manufacture: oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehy-
drochlorination
350 Kilotonnes
Liquid

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

From trusted source (International Programme on Chemical
Safety)

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Includes information from US and OECD countries

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers uses both in and out of scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Study from over 20 years ago and includes uses no longer ap-
plicable

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

x 1

Single data point, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2 Data sources and results generally described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

589

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Sources, emission and exposure for trichloroethylene (TCE) and related chemicals.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

35002

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Chemical Concentration:

Manufacturing, Import, processing and Use

Manufacturing, Dry cleaning, vapor degreasing, cold cleaning, interme-
diate

Data for several years, volumes given for most recent year: Manufac-
tured: 1.23E11 g (1993)Import: 8.3E7 g (1986)Export: 9.84E9 g (1985)
percent PV: 55 percent intermediate, 25 percent degreasing, 15 percent
drycleaning, 5 percent unspecified
99-99.5 percent USP grade

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Prepared by EPA/ORD

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Over 10 years old but less than 20 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Single data point, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

590

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Niosh,. 1976. Criteria for

a recommended standard occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

58207



EXTRACTION





Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning, Degreasing, and other cleaning activities, other non-
specified uses

Dry cleaning: hanging clothes, run-over cycle, filling mahcines
734 million lbs in 1972
8

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH report

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6

3

Data from US

Data for various uses within scope
Data from over 20 years ago
Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

591

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ludwig, H. R.,Meister, M. V.,Roberts, D. R.,Cox, C.. 1983. Worker exposure to perchloroethylene in the commercial dry

cleaning industry. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

58263

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Possible Physical Form:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Cycles/day, lb/wk of textiles processed, types of units used, description

of dry cleaning process (transfer and dry-to-dry)

700 million lbs; 50 percent for dry cleaning

25000 with 75 percent using PCE

Liquid/vapor

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6

Data from US
Data for dry cleaning
Data from over 20 years ago
Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

592

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Materna, B. L.. 1985. Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry. AIHA Journal.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

58325

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Describes cleaning, extracting and drying. Textiles added, agitated in
the solvent, spun ro remove excess solvent, and tumble dried. Includes
descriptions for both transfer and dry-to-dry. Includes descriptions for
loading solvent into mahcines

17,390 commercial dry cleaners and 75 percent using PCE

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low

Low

X 1

x 2
x 2

x 1

2
6

Data from US

Data for dry cleaning (both transfer and dry-to-dry)

Data from over 20 years ago and includes some data for transfer
machines which are no longer in use.

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

593

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry Cleaning

Number of Sites: Indicates used by 90 percent of dry cleaners

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

Data from Italy (OECD country

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 3.1.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Aggazzotti, G.,Fantuzzi, G.,Righi, E.,Predieri, G.,Gobba, F. M.,Paltrinieri, M.,Cavalleri, A.. 1994. Occupational and envi-
ronmental exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in dry cleaners and their family members. Archives of Environmental and
Occupational Health.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

74875

594

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Solet, D.,Robins, T. G.,Sampaio, C.. 1990. Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers. AIHA

Journal.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 94476

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

53 percent in 1986

17,200, 85 percent use PCE

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Unacceptable

x 2

Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines.

More recent market data is available

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 3.0.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

595

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Vapor Degreasing

Operating Days per Year and Batches per Day: 15 min/job and 4-15 jobs/day

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
2

US data

Data for degreasing

Study from 20 years ago (1998)

Range of jobs/day given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

596

Blair, A.,Hartge, P.,Stewart, P. A.,McAdams, M.,Lubin, J.. 1998. Mortality and cancer incidence of aircraft maintenance
workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other organic solvents and chemicals: Extended follow-up. Occupational and Envi-
ronmental Medicine.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

194129

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Doherty, R. E.. 2000. A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene

and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States: Part l"historical background; carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene.
Environmental Forensics.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	194808

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Manufacturing, Import, processing and Use
Manufacture; Dry cleaning; Degreasing

Manufacture: Coproduct with TCE or CC14, chlorination of ethylene,
chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons (or chlorinated derivatives), oxychlo-
rination of ethlyeneDry Cleaning: Equipment recors 95-99 percent of
PCE

Intermediate: 25 percent of PV (1991)Dry Cleaning: 50 percent of PV
(1991)Degreasing: 15 percent of PV (1991)

Mfg: 3 sitesDry Cleaning: 85-90 percent of 30,000 total US dry cleaners

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data covers several current uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Study from over 20 years ago, market data expected to be











outdated; however, process description data may still be appli-











cable

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x

1 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x

1 3

Not addressed.





Continued on next

page



597

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Doherty, R. E.. 2000. A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene

and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States: Part l"historical background; carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene.
Environmental Forensics.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	194808

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Overall Quality Determination^



Medium 1.9





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

598

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ruder, A. M.,Ward, E. M.,Brown, D. P.. 1994. Cancer mortality in female and male dry-cleaning workers. Journal of

Occupational Medicine.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 630933

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Textiles immersed in solvent, agitated, spun to extract solvent and tum-
ble dried

90 percent of US Dry Cleaners

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

More recent market data available; however, process descrip-

tion may be useful

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

599

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Schreiber, J. S.,House, S.,Prohonic, E.,Smead, G.,Hudson, C.,Styk, M.,Lauber, J.. 1993. An investigation of indoor air

contamination in residences above dry cleaners. Risk Analysis.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

630959

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Site Daily Throughput:

Use

Co-located Dry Cleaning

Provides number of machines in surveyed sites, machine capacities
43 percent of surveyed dry cleaners were co-located
17 gal PCE/month

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4

3

US data

Data for co-located dry cleaners
Study from 20 years ago (1998)
Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

600

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Who,. 2006. Concise international chemical assessment document

68: Tetrachloroethene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or

Release Data;

Hero ID

631155



EXTRACTION





Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacturing, Import, processing and Use

Manufacture/import, intermediate, dry cleaning, vapor degreasing,
aerosol degreasing

Mfg: Oxychlorination, chlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination
Mfg: 144,700Import: 16,300 tonneslntermediate: 50 percent Dry Clean-
ing: 21-25 percent Vapor Degreasing: 10 percent Aerosol Degreasing: 10
percent

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data covers several current uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Market data over 10 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

601

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	von Grote, J.,Hurlimann, C.,Scheringer, M.,Hungerbiihler, K.. 2006. Assessing occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in

dry cleaning. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Published Models for Exposures or Releases;

Hero ID	632592

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Batch Size:

Operating Days per Year and Batches per Day:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Process diagrams for gen 2-5 machines, detailed description for each
machine type

<10-150 g solvent/kg textile, machines clean 12 kg (small) to 32 kg
(large) per load, loading factore of .79
Batch time is 40-70 min

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Industry surveys

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Germany (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from over 10 years ago (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

All data provided in ranges based on machine type and size

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Addresses variability between machine types and machine sizes

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

602

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Raisanen, J.,Niemela, R.,Rosenberg, C.. 2001. Tetrachloroethylene emissions and exposure in dry cleaning. Journal of the



Air and Waste Management Association.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

671474

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

Process Description:	Description of dry-to-dry and closed dry-to-dry machines

Batch Size:	12-60 kg textiles/load, 20-500 kg/day

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Industry surveys

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Data from Finland (OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from over 10 years ago (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Full description of machine operating conditions provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Addresses variability between shop types

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

603

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Johansen, K.,Tinnerberg, H.,Lynge, E.. 2005. Use of history science methods in exposure assessment for occupational health



studies. Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

699212

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

Process Description:	Brief descriptions of dry-to-dry and vented dry-to-dry, shop sizes from

40m3-300 m3, AER of 3-30 per hour
Site Daily Throughput:	4.6 tons/yr

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Some information referenced from Denmark government body

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

Low

N/A

XXX

1

2
2

2
2
6

N/A

Data from Denmark (OECD country)

Data for dry cleaning

Data from over 20 years ago (study dated 2004; however, con-
tents focused on data from 1987 and earlier)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Addressed variability betweem shop sizes and machine types

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

604

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Gulyas, H.,Hemmerling, L.. 1990. Tetrachloroethene air pollution originating from coin-operated dry cleaning establishments.



Environmental Research.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

713690

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

Process Description:	Type G machines are closed system with air circulation inside the ma-

chine

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

N/A





N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

2
2
6

N/A

Data from Germany (OECD country)

Data for dry cleaning

Study from 20 years ago (1990)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

605

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Chiang, H. L.,Lin, W. H.,Lai, J. S.,Wang, W. C.. 2010. Inhalation risk assessment of exposure to the selected volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) emitted from the facilities of a steel plant. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/
Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 832709

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Use

Hot/Cold Forming in Steel Plant

Cold forming: hot-rolled bands are pickled by HC1 and then cold-rolled
at room temperature to form thinner coilsHot-forming: Rectabular steel
is rolled, milled, heated to 1200 oC, then rolled, leveled, and cooled

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

Data from China (non-OECD country)

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data for cold/hot-forming (other use)

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

606

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 1995. EPA office of compliance sector notebook project. Profile of the dry cleaning industry.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3809362

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry Cleaning

Process Description: Process diagrams for gen 2-4 machines, detailed description for each

machine type

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Dry cleaning data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from greater than 20 years (1995)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-

tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

607

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1985. Occupational exposure and environmental release assessment of tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827355

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacture
Manufacture

process diagram and descriptions for chlorination of ethylene dichloride,
hydrocarbon chlorinolysis, and oxychlorination of ethylene dichloride
230,400 tons (1983)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
2

manufacturing data

Data from greater than 20 years (1985)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

608

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1991. Dry cleaning facilities - Draft background information for proposed standards.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970184

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Possible Physical Form:

Use

Dry Cleaning

drescribes lifecycle of HAPs during dry cleaning and provides process
diagrams

2-14 kg HAP/lOOkg clothes cleaned
129

liquid to vapor

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

NESHAP

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
2

Dry cleaning data

Data from greater than 20 years (1991)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

609

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Lohman, J. H.. 2002. A history of dry cleaners and sources of solvent releases from dry cleaning equipment. Environmental

Forensics.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3559217

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Use

Dry Cleaning

A dry-to-dry system composed of a cabinet, a bag filter, and a still. The
cabinet contains all of the compents, conatrols, and tanks necessary for
washing, extracting, drying, and deodorizing

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Trusted Source (AEHS)

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Dry Cleaning Solvent

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2002)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	Medium X 1	2 Provides very high level description of use of PERC in the dry

cleaning process, no quantitative data on production

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

610

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Garetano, G.,Gochfeld, M.. 2000. Factors influencing tetrachloroethylene concentrations in residences above dry-cleaning

establishments. Archives of Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Facility; Monitoring Data;

Hero ID	630549

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Tetrachloroethylene is used by approximately 85 percent of dry-cleaning
facilities"

25,000 commercial drycleaners; 75 percent use tetrachloroethene as a
solvent

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

NIOSH Method 1003

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Medium

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

1

2
4
2

New Jersey (Hudson Regional Health Commission)
use data

Data from less than 20 years ago (2000).
distribution of samples adaquately characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Detailed analysis of residences characteristics and monitoring
results

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

limited discussion of the variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.6





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

611

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Manufacture

manufactured by three processes: thermal chlorination of one to three
carbon alkanes, catalytic chlorination of ethylene dichloride, and chlori-
nation of acetylene

In 1978, 329,000 MT produced; after imports (17,000 MT) and exports
(29,000 MT) about 317,000 MT remained in the US for the following
major industrial uses: (1) Textile cleaning 68 percent , Metal cleaning
17 percent , fluorocarbon production 12 percent , Other 2 percent .
HSite locations and individual capacities are listed in table 3 (pg 30 of
152).Table A-l (page 144 of 152) has estimated counts for facilities for
using tetrachloroethylene.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6
2

US

use and manufacturing data

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Continued on next page

612

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

613

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Possible Physical Form:

Use

metal degreasing

The extent of use of PCE in metal cleaning is small as compared with
the use of trichloroethylene. The higher boiling point of tetrachloroethy-
lene(121C versus 87C) requires the use of substantially more heating for
vapor degreasing than is needed with trichloroethylene. The resultant
hotter vapor may be desirable for selected applications (e.g., dewaxing)
but is generally undesirable as the cleaned material has to be removed
at a higher temperature. Tetrachloroethylene is also utilized to a limited
extent as a cold cleaning solvent.

24,000 vapor degreasing and about 900,000 cold cleaning facilities may
use (e.g., gas stations, machinery manufacturers). DOW reported 2,188
metal working plants use tetrachloroethylene for vapor degreasing and
cold cleaning.

Cleaning grades of the chemical contain from 0.01 percent to 0.1 per-
cent by weight of stabilizers; industrial grades contain up to about 0.35
weight percent . The following chemicals may be used (in various com-
binations)as stabilizers: (1) Amines (e.g., allyl amines), (2) Methylmor-
pholine, (3) Epichlorohydrin, (4) Epibromohydrin, (5) N-methylpyrrole,
(6) Allyl glycidyl ether.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Continued on next page

614

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-
ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

732615

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 5; Sample Size

Medium

X 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-
tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

615

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-

ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	732615

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning

Tetrachloroethylene is used in drycleaning at approximately 35,000 fa-
cilities throughout the United States (NIOSH, 1979). Most of these
tetrachlorethylene users are small, independent retail drycleaners. Most
retail (commercial) drycleaning is done with equipment that requires the
manual transfer of garments damp with solvent. In the textile industry,
PCE is used in wool scouring and dye scouring of knits, as well as in
laboratory-scale simulation of drycleaning operations for testing of fabric
wear characteristics.

35000

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1982)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-











tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.



Continued on next page

616

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Gilbert, D.,Goyer, M.,Lyman, W.,Magil, G.,Walker, P.,Wallace, D.,Wechsler, A.,Yee, J.. 1982. An exposure and risk assess-
ment for tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

732615

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

617

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Risk assessment for the halogenated solvent cleaning source category.

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3044969

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Use

degreasing

From 1998 to 2003, the demand for tetrachloroethylene... for degreasing

decreased by 39 percent....

218

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium
Medium
Medium

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

4
4

2

US

use data

Data from less than 20 years ago (2005).
Not addressed.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

usage trends and facility counts are available, but no other
metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

618

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Dow Chemical, Co. 2008. Product safety assessment: Perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3797950

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Process Description:	* primary solvent used in commercial and industrial dry cleaning. *

chemical intermediate in the production of several fluorinated com-
pounds, * surface preparation and cleaning solvent, and * oil refineries
for catalyst regeneration.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

The Dow Chemical Company

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

1

2
2
1

2

2
4

3

Global

use and manufacturing data

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2008)

Single sample; MSDS like data from a single manufacture

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

X

1

2

Data sources are generally described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Variability discussed in the context of PERC uses and histori-
cal production.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

619

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Dow Chemical, Co. 2008. Product safety assessment: Perchloroethylene.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3797950

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Use

* primary solvent in commercial and industrial dry cleaning.* chemical
intermediate in production of some fluorinated compounds.* raw mate-
rial in manufacture of HFC 134a and 125.* used to produce CFC-113
(feedstock for fluoropolymers )

Dow produces perchloroethylene by a direct chlorination ("Per Tet" or
perchlorination) process. The perchlorination process involves the re-
action of chlorine with ethylene dichloride (EDC) and various C1-C3
chlorocarbons to produce perchloroethylene and the co-product carbon
tetrachloride... markets this material in several grades, including prod-
ucts under the trade names DOWPERTM solvent and ISOFORM" per-
chloroethylene.

US demand in 2014, is 355 million pounds.Europe usage in 2015 is 123
million pounds.

Dow produces PCE in the US, Brazil and Germany.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

The Dow Chemical Company

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Global

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

use and manufacturing data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from greater than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Single sample; MSDS like data from a single manufacture

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Data sources are generally described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

620

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Dow Chemical, Co. 2008. Product safety assessment: Perchloroethylene.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3797950

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Low X 1 3 Variability discussed in the context of PERC uses and histori-

cal production.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Finkbeiner,,Hoffmann,,Kreisel,. 1997. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: The Functional Unit in the Life Cycle Inventory



Analysis of Degreasing Processes in the Metal-Processing Industry. Environmental Management.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

1630576

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Degreasing

Process Description:	Provides a process tree for metal degreasing and discussion of a life cycle

assessment of the three main degreasing processes.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

3

Data source not specified

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Germany

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from greater than 20 years (1997)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

data provided in ranges with uncertain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

some discussion of uncertainty and variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

622

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Tsai, W. enT. 2012. An Analysis of Reducing Perchloroethylene Emissions in the Urban Environment: A Case Study of

Taiwan. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 2680837

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Use

Dry Cleaning

Commercial dry cleaning operations

Taiwan PCE demand 616 MT in 1998300 MT in 1999-2009 (Figure givies
annual numbers)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

data obtained from Annual Statistics of Directorate General of
Customs for Taiwan

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
Medium
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

Taiwan

usage rates outside of US
2012

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

data sources named, but accuracy unknown

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

623

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

McCulloch, A.,Midgley, P. M.. 1996. The production and global distribution of emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene

and dichloromethane over the period 1988" 1992. Atmospheric Environment.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID

3026800

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): 50,000 tons/yr from OECD territories

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Independent auditor

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

OECD territories

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

production numbers include non-US countries

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

1996

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

data sources named, but accuracy unknown

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness Medium X 1 2 Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

624

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Newmoa,. 2001. Pollution prevention technology profile - Closed loop vapor degreasing.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3044986

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Degreasing

Process Description:	Closed-Loop Vapor Degreaser schematic included. Vacuum vapor de-

greaser system and Airless Vacuum Vapor Degreasers also described.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Northwest Waste Mgmt Official Association

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

US technology
2001

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

data sources named, but accuracy unknown

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

625

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): 148 million kg/yr in 2000

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Literature review

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

US technology and studies
1920s-early 2000s

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

clearly documented

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

626

Kim, NK. 2005. [Cover letter addressed to Robert E. McGaughy regarding NYSDOH studies addressing the neurotoxicity of
perchloroethylene]. Personal Communication.

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

633587

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Atsdr,. 2014. Toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene (Draft for public comment).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 2990770

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Possible Physical Form:

Manufacture / import

Manufacture for dry cleaning, textile-processing solvent, vapor degreas-
ing

The majority of tetrachloroethylene produced in the United States is
made by one of threeprocesses: direct chlorination of certain hydrocar-
bons, chlorination of ethylene dichloride, andoxychlorination. Processes
described.

458 million pounds produced by U.S. manufacturers in 2011, 26.5 million
pounts imported in 2012,83.8 million pounts exported in 2012
3 U.S. manufacturers
volatile liquid

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

US Dept. of Health and Human Services

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data includes in-scope uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

2014

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High x 1 1 Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2 Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.3

Continued on next page

627

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Atsdr,. 2014. Toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene (Draft for public comment).
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
2990770



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

628

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Atsdr,. 2014. Toxicological profile for tetrachloroethylene (Draft for public comment).

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

2990770

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning,vapor and liquid degreasing agent

Number of Sites:	28000 dry cleaners as of 2013

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US Dept. of Health and Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2

2

3

Data from US

Data includes in-scope uses

2014

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

629

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Source Citation:

Snedecor, G.,Hickman, J.

C.,Mertens, J. A.. 2004. Chloroethylenes and chloroethanes.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3859422

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Manufacture - Trichloroethylene
Manufacture

Most trichloroethylene is made from ethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane or
ethylene dichloride
150,000 ton/yr in 2002
2

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

John Wiley & Sons textbook

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

Data from US

Data includes in-scope uses

2004 textbook

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

630

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Snedecor, G.,Hickman, J.

C.,Mertens, J. A.. 2004. Chloroethylenes and chloroethanes.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3859422

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Manufacture - Tetrachloroethylene
Manufacture

Production described using noncatalytic chlorination of ethylene dichlo-
ride (or other 2-carbon chlorinated hydrocarbon). With or without cat-
alyst at high temps. Also production by reaction of EDC with chlorine
or HC1 and Oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.

195,000 ton/yr in 2002
3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

John Wiley & Sons textbook

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

Data from US

Data includes in-scope uses

2004 textbook

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

631

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Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1980. Waste solvent reclamation.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3840001

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Recycling for industrial reuse

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Disposal

Process Description: General reclamation scheme for solvent reuse is illustrated in figure 4.7.1

of the document with full description of the process.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 References include EPA and industry sources

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

Data includes reclamation from in-scope uses

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

References from the 1960s and 1970s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

632

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Source Citation: Whittaker, S. G.,Johanson, C. A.. 2013. A health and environmental profile of the dry cleaning industry in King County,

Washington. Journal of Environmental Health.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3489425

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

After the wash cycle, dry cleaning solvent is typically distilled and filtered
for reuse within themachine. This closed loop process generatesstill bot-
toms (also called "sludge"), separatorwater (from the physical separation
ofdry cleaning solvent and water in a waterseparator), and used filters.
These wastesmay be contaminated with dry cleaning solvent,spot clean-
ing chemicals, and residualsolvent remaining in the fabrics from pre-
viouscleanings. Unless chemical characterizationdetermines that these
wastes containcontaminant levels below those specified inWashington
State" s Dangerous Waste Regulations (Washington State Department
ofEcology, 2009), they are considered hazardousand must be periodi-
cally collected anddisposed of by licensed haulers. Handlingthese waste
streams also provides opportunitiesfor worker exposure and environmen-
talrelease.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

State, federal and academic sources referenced

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Washington state

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

Life cycle description of in-scope use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2013

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Detailed number of facilities contacted

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Sources fully described

Continued on next page

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

633

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Whittaker, S. G.,Johanson, C. A.. 2013. A health and environmental profile of the dry cleaning industry in King County,
Washington. Journal of Environmental Health.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3489425

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Medium X 1 2 Includes some uncertainty discussions where appropriate

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

634

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Source Citation:

1982. Guideline series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from large petroleum dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3860357

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry Cleaning Solvent

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

Petroleum based dry clening; uses entirely different process

than perc

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from over 20 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Most data diven as single data point with uncertain represen-

tativeness, some data given as ranges

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

635

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 1982. Guidelines series: Control of volatile organic compound emissions from large petroleum dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3970127

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry Cleaning Solvent

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

x 2

Petroleum based dry clening; uses entirely different process

than perc

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from over 20 years ago

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Most data diven as single data point with uncertain represen-

tativeness, some data given as ranges

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.6.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

636

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Dry cleaners use PCE in a dry cleaning machine to clean all types of
garments including clothes, gloves, leather garments, blankets, and ab-
sorbent materials.

The 1993 dry cleaning NESHAP defines this as facilities that purchase
more than 2,100 gallons of PCE per year (1,800 gallons per year if the
facility uses transfer machines). The 15 major sources use approximately
2 percent of the total PCE used in the dry cleaning industry. Area
sources are typically the common neighborhood commercial dry cleaner.
Area sources were divided into large or small in the 1993 NESHAP, with
large area sources defined as those facilities that use between 140 to
2,100 gallons of PCE per year (or 140 to 1,800 gallons per year if the
facility uses transfer machines). Small area sources use less than 140
gallons per year.

There are approximately 28,000 PCE dry cleaning facilities in the United
States. Of the 28,000 dry cleaners, 15 of the facilities are major sources
[for HAP emissions], and the remaining are area sources.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

site counts and general usage information

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data from less than 20 years ago (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

637

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments



Metric 6; Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

638

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Processing

Plastic and rubber products

Plastics materials are polymers which have been modified in some way,
such as the addition of additives and processing under pressure and/or
heat. They are then ready to be converted into plastics artifacts.Figure
2.1 Manufacturing stages of the plastics industry (pg 19 of 141)Additives
used as processing aids include: "blowing agents" plastics materials are
often used in a cellular form. The cells may be formed either by di-
rect gassing or, more commonly, by the use of chemicals or solvents
which release copious quantities of gas on heating; and "viscosity aids"
materials which are used to regulate the viscosity of PVC- plasticiser sol-
vent mixtures during processing, they are themselves polymers (pg 24
of 141).Coupling agents act at the interface between filler and plastic...
Coupling agents are characteristically low viscosity liquids, or capable
of becoming such by melting or dissolution in a suitable solvent (pg 79
of 141).

3,500,000 tonnesTable 2.2 Plastics consumption by end use sector (pg
22 of 141)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD)

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

general data not chemical-specificgeneral details on plastic ad-

ditives

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2009)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Continued on next page

639

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

640

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Processing

Other chemical products and preparations

Polymers are the virgin products of the chemical/petrochemical indus-
try and have undergone no significant post-reactor treatments... this
group includes those polymers which may have been modified within
the reactor as part of a subsequent chemical processPolymers fall into
two categories defined by their chemical structure: (1) Thermoplastic
polymers, (2) Thermosetting resins

Table 4.1 Estimates of UK consumption of polymers (1994) together
with breakdown by conversion processes tonnes (pg 39 of 141)Table 4.2
Polymer consumption by end use (pg 40 of 141).Table 5.2 Polymer usage
(by process type) in the UK and estimate usage on a site (Qpolymer)
by Method 1 (pg 46 of 141)

There are some 20 chemical and petrochemical companies manufacturing
polymers in the United Kingdom. These include UK based multinational
operations, such as ICI and BP Chemicals, manufacturing sites of over-
seas multinational companies, such as Elf Atochem and Dow, as well
as smaller national companiesTable 5.1 Distribution by size of plastics
processing operations (pg 45 of 141)

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development











(OECD)

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

UK

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

general data not chemical-specificgeneral details on additives

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2009)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Continued on next page

641

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

642

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Processing

Other chemical products and preparations

Compounding involves the blending into the polymers of various types
of additives, including fillers, reinforcements and colours to meet the re-
quirements of specific applications for plastics materials. There are com-
panies which specialise in this field, but many polymer makers and con-
verters also undertake this work.+++++++++++++++Conversion
of compounds into finished artefacts is carried out using a diversity of
processes. In the case of thermoplastics, the materials are shaped by
heat and pressure using moulding, extrusion and other processes. Ther-
mosetting resins are similarly cured under heat and pressure, although
some resins are capable of being cured at ambient temperatures. Ther-
mosetting processes are irreversible.

Some 50 UK companies specialise in the compounding of plastics and it
is estimated that there are over 3,000 companies carrying out plastics
conversion. Many of these companies are very small and there is little
information on the precise structure of the industry. There are few indus-
trial estates or regions within the UK, or indeed in most industrialised
countries, which do not have one or more companies manufacturing plas-
tics.Table 2.1 Structure of the industry by processing activity (pg 21 of
141)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

(OECD)

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

general data not chemical-specificgeneral details on additives

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness High

x 2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2009)

Continued on next page

643

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827375

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score Comments



Metric 5; Sample Size

Low

X 1

3 Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

644

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Source Citation:

Ma, Turi. 2017. Massachusetts chemical fact sheet: Perchloroethylene (PCE).

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986888

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Domestic manufacture

Number of Sites:	Dow Chemical, PPG Industries, and Vulcan Materials Company are the

only U.S.-based manufacturers of PCE.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

The Toxics Use Reduction Institue" established by the Mas-
sachusetts ToxicUse Reduction Act of 1989

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium

Low
N/A

XX X

1

2

2

1

4

6

N/A

US

For an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk eval-
uation.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1996)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

states all data sources

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

645

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ma, Turi. 2017. Massachusetts chemical fact sheet: Perchloroethylene (PCE).
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3986888

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Commercial/consumer useProcessing

Cleaners and degreasers (other); Dry cleaning solvent; Automotive care
products (e.g., engine degreaser and brake cleaner)Intermediate in in-
dustrial gas manufacturing

National PCE use falls into four main use categories: 1) dry cleaning
and textile processing (37 percent ), 2) intermediate chemical use (37
percent ) in the manufacture of hydrogen-based fluorocarbons (HFCs
and HCFCs), 3) metal cleaning (15 percent ), and 4) other uses, includ-
ing auto brake cleaners, suede protectors, water repellents, and silicone
lubricants (12 percent ).

In 1996, these end uses consumed 300 million pounds of PCE in the
U.S... In 1996, Massachusetts" facilities used 506,000 pounds of PCE
(see Table 1).+++++++++++++++PCE use in Massachusetts de-
clined dramatically between 1990 and 1996 as businesses adopted safer
substitutes.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

The Toxics Use Reduction Institue" established by the Mas-











sachusetts ToxicUse Reduction Act of 1989

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Regional (Massachusetts) and US usage and production data

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

For an occupational scenario within the scope of the risk eval-











uation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Data from more than 20 years ago (1996)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

states all data sources

Continued on next page

646

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ma, Turi. 2017. Massachusetts chemical fact sheet: Perchloroethylene (PCE).
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3986888

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

647

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning

business.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3986890

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Batch Size:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Includes a collection of process flow diagrams and a description of activ-
ities (e.g., dry-to-dry machines with a refrigerated condenser, dry clean-
ing pressing operation); begins on page 52 of 86.

Dry cleaners are classified as small area, large area, or major based
on the yearly amount of PERC purchased on a rolling average. Table
II-2 located on page II-7 has a chart you can use to determine your
classification" If a facility purchases more than 1,470 gallons of PERC
in a one-year period of time, they will be required to apply for a Title
V operating permit (page 63 of 86).

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology	High	X 1	1 New Mexico Environment Departemnt

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

X

2

4

useful details on facility classification relative to consumption

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Assumptions and data soucres are clearly stated (e.g., NE-

SHAP, RCRA)

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Continued on next page

648

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nmed,. 2017. Dry cleaning: Guidance for improved environmental performance and pollution prevention in your dry cleaning
business.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3986890

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Overall Quality Determination^ High 1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

649

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Kirk, Othmer. 2004. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyChlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3994180

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

An oxychlorination process has been used quite successfully to copro-
duce trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene". Recent advances in oxy-
chlorination to produce trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene have
demonstrated enhancements in the yield to trichloroethylene. The use
of by-products of the manufacture of allyl chloride has also been stud-
ied for conversion to trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in an oxy-
chlorination process. In a typical operation, 1,2-dichloroethane, hy-
drogen chloride or chlorine, and oxygen are fed to fluidized bed re-
actor at 400"C to produce trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene...
++++++++++Trichloroethylene is also produced via a thermal chlo-
rination process

Demand in the US, Western Europe, and Japan for the products
1,1,1"trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene has been
driven strongly by legislative initiatives to reduce levels of emissions
to the atmosphere (Table 5). [the table includes consumption fig-
ures for 1987 through 2000]+++++++++++Perchloroethylene de-
mand dropped sharply in the early 1990s due to stricter regulation of
emissions from the dry cleaning indutry. Also, perchloroethylene de-
mand was reduced because it was used as a precursor for many chloroflu-
orocarbons that were eliminated in the 1990s. Demand has increased
slightly in the late 1990s due to the increase in demand for hydrofluoro-
carbons, some of which can be produced from perchloroethylene.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 Kirk Othmer

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

650

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Kirk, Othmer. 2004. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyChlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3994180

EVALUATION









Domain Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3: Applicability

High

x 2

2

In scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data from less than 20 years ago (published in 2004; data from









2000)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

data sources are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Kirk, Othmer. 2004. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyChlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3994180

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Industrial use

Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)

Trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are both used as vapor de-

greasers and in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon-134a (HFC-134a).
Perchloroethylene is an intermediate for many other CFC, HCFC and
HFC products. It is also used extensively as a dry cleaning solvent.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Kirk Othmer

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

In scope

Data from less than 20 years ago (published in 2004; data from
2000)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

data sources are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.5



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

652

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. All about "PER" " in a nutshell.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3982136

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Chemical Concentration:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

Use in modern dry cleaning machines in Europe
 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

653

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Hsia,. 2010. Freasibility advisory committee - Trichloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982143

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Batch vapor degreaser, In-line vapor degreaser

Number of Sites:	1094 in 2006

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Industry association

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2

2

3

US data

Data for vapor degreasing

2006

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

654

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2011. Health profile

on perchloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or

Release Data;

Hero ID

3982134

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

Use in modern dry cleaning machines in Europe

44000 tonnes in 2010 in 27 EU countries and Norway, Switzerland and

Turkey.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Industry association

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
2

EU countries

Data for dry cleaning

2011

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

655

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2016. Guidance on storage and handling of chlorinated solvents.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure

or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982131



EXTRACTION





Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning Solvent

Process Description:	Surface and dry cleaning schematics and key characteristics listed in

Table 1 and Table 2

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Industry association

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

EU countries

Data for dry cleaning

2016

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.6





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

656

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.,I. C. F. Consulting. 2004. The U.S. solvent cleaning industry and the transition to non ozone depleting

substances.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982140

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

Solvent cleaning process and equipment described in box 1-1 on page 9.
Carbon Tetrachloride usage in 1993 shown as 0.04 million pounds. 0 lbs
in 1994 and 1995.HSIA estimates metal cleaning and automotive aerosols
consumed 34.4 million lbs of Perchloroethylene, which is 10 percent of
the annual use.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
Medium
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

4
4
3

US data

Data for solvents and degreasers, though not all perc
2004 report, but data from the 1990s.

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

657

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Cis,. 1997. Clearing the air on clean air: Strategies for perc dry cleaners compliance, risk reduction, pollution prevention.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982315

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

Dry cleaning diagram of potential waste losses shown in figure 2.Dry-to-
dry main assembly shown in Figure 7 and 8.

191.8 million lbs in 1991

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

US data

Data for dry cleaning
1997

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

658

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Ecb,. 2005. European Union risk assessment report: Tetrachloroethylene. Part 1 - Environment.

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3839195

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Manufacture - tetrachloroethylene
Domestic Manufacture (Europe)

Tetrachloroethylene may be produced by oxychlorination, chlorination
and/ordehydrochlorination reactions of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hy-
drocarbons. The mostcommon methods of production reported are the
chlorination of propylene and the oxychlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane.
164,000 tonnes/yr in 1994.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

European Chemicals Bureau

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2005

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

statistical representativeness cannot be determined

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Includes most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

659

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Ecb,. 2005. European Union risk assessment report: Tetrachloroethylene. Part 1 - Environment.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

3839195

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasers

Number of Sites:	60,000

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

European Chemicals Bureau

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2005

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

statistical representativeness cannot be determined

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

2

Includes most metadata

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

660

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	1994. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants: Halogenated solvent cleaning - Background information for

final standards.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3860538

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	degreasing

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

U.S. EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6

3

US data

Solvent cleaning

Data from over 20 years ago

Most data diven as single data point with uncertain represen-
tativeness, some data given as ranges

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

661

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3986480

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

In 1985, the EPA estimated that California's one perchloroethylene pro-
duction facility had the capacity to produce an estimated 25,000 tons of
the solvent annually (SRI International, 1990; U. S. EPA, 1985).
1 in California

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

662

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986480

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	Based on the staff's survey, an estimated 19,000 tons of perchloroethy-

lene were used in California in the following processes and products:
dry cleaning, degreasing, paints and coatings, adhesives, aerosols, spe-
cialty chemical production, printing inks, silicones, rug shampoos, and
laboratory solvents.The direct uses section of Table III-l shows that dry
cleaning and degreasing operations consumed about 80 percent of the
total perchloroethylene used in the state (ARB, 1989a)

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

663

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986480

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment); Batch vapor degreaser (e.g., open-top, closed-
loop); In-line vapor degreaser (e.g., conveyorized, web cleaner)

Process Description: Degreasing is an integral part of many manufacturing industries includ-

ing the following: automobile, electronic, furniture, appliance, textile,
paper, plastic, and glass.+++++++++++In the degreasing process,
the part to be cleaned is placed in a degreasing tank or chamber and
exposed to a liquid or vaporized solvent. In cold cleaners, dirty parts are
manually sprayed clean and are then soaked in a tub. Open-top vapor
degreasers clean as hot solvent vapor condenses on colder metal parts.
Continuously-loaded conveyor degreasers use cold or vaporized solvent
and are usually hooded or enclosed. After cleaning, the parts are either
suspended over the tank to drain or placed on an external rack that
directs solvent back into the tank (U. S. EPA, 1977; U. S. EPA. 1985).

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Based on the EPA estimate, the use of 3,300 tons of perchloroethylene

by degreasers in California in 1987 resulted in estimated emissions of
about 3,000 tons (ARB, 1989a; U. S. EPA. 1985).

Number of Sites: PEI Associates estimate that there are several thousand cold cleaning,

open-top vapor, and conveyor type degreasing units in operation in Cal-
ifornia (PEL 1986). Many of these degreasing units are expected to use
perchloroethylene as the solvent.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

High
High

X 1

x 2

US, but some totals are regional.

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Continued on next page

664

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3986480

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5; Sample Size

Low
Low

x 2
x 1

6
3

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.9





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

665

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986480

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Paint and coating products

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Based on a survey of halogenated solvent distributors. Approximately

1,300 tons of perchloroethylene were used by California's manufacturers
of paints and architectural coatings in 1987.+++++++++++Approx-
imately 960 tons were used in the manufacture of the following products:
aerosols (spray paints and cleaners), pharmaceuticals, textiles, printing
inks, and dielectric fluid for power transformers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

666

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986480

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Adhesive and sealant products

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Based on a survey of halogenated solvent distributors, approximately

340 tons of perchloroethylene were used by California's adhesives man-
ufacturers in 1987.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

667

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part A: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3986480

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Recycling
Recycling

An estimated 1,900 tons of perchloroethylene were sent to approximately
20 solvent reclaimers in California in 1985. This estimate is based on
the 9,685 tons of halogenated solvent reported on hazardous waste man-
ifests sent to recyclers and the estimated 20 percent of perchloroethylene
contained in the halogenated solvents (CDHS, 1984; Schneider, 1986b).
20 solvent reclaimers in California in 1985.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

668

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Carb,. 1991. Technical support document part B: Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3986481

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): The NIOSH reported that, although 75 percent of dry-cleaning establish-

ments in the U.S. use PCE, Oklahoma may be unique in that petroleum
solvents account for more than 50 percent of total solvents used (NIOSH,
1980).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario is within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data over 20 years old (1991)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

669

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3982331

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Commercial/consumer useProcessing

Dry cleaning solvent; Metal (e.g., stainless steel) and stone polishes;
Cleaners and degreasers (other); Automotive care products (e.g., engine
degreaser and brake cleaner)Intermediate in industrial gas manufactur-
ing

In the 1970s, domestic use patterns were as follows: 58 percent for
drycleaning and textile processing, 18 percent for metal cleaning, 12
percent for chemical intermediates, and 12 percent for all other uses
(IARC 1995). During the 1990s, tetrachlorethylene use in the dryclean-
ing industry declined in order to meet stringent government regulations
for workplace exposure. By 2002, uses were 15 percent for drycleaning,
10 percent for metal cleaning, 65 percent for chemical intermediates, and
10 percent for other uses (CMR 2002).+++++++++++++++Tetra-
chloroethylene also has been used as an insulating fluid and cooling gas
in electrical transformers; in paint removers, printing inks, adhesive for-
mulations, paper coatings, and leather treatments; in aerosol formula-
tions, such as water repellents, automotive cleaners, silicone lubricants,
and spot removers; as an extractant for pharmaceuticals; to remove soot
from industrial boilers; and as an antihelminthic agent (IARC 1995).

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

US National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and











Human Services

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US and worldwide

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2002)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Continued on next page

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

Process Description:

670

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure
3982331

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982331

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

In 2002, the combined production capacity of the three U.S. manufac-
turers of tetrachloroethylene was 430 million pounds (CMR 2002).
US manufacturers=3US suppliers=43(also includes worldwide totals)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and

Human Services

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

US and worldwide

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (2002)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-

tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

672

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Nih,. 2016. Report on carcinogens: Tetrachlorethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982331

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Import

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): In 2008, imports were 36.2 million pounds.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

US National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and
Human Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

US and worldwide

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Release data include release media but no other metadata.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

The release data study does not address variability or uncer-
tainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

673

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982359

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Domestic manufacture

Process Description: Tetrachloroethylene is produced by oxychlorination, chlorination and/or

dehydrochlorination reactions of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocar-
bons in closed systems. The most common methods are chlorination of
propylene and oxychlorination of 1,2-dichlorethane.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-
pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
2
4

N/A

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 20 years old (2003)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Data sources, and assumptions are not fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

674

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ec,. 2009. Recommendation of the scientific committee on occupational exposure limits for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethy-

lene).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982359

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

The EU RAR indicates that about 164,000 tonnes were produced in the
EU in 1994, although Eurochlor"s estimate of sales of tetrachloroethy-
lene was only about 100,000 tonnes during the early 1990s, falling to
about 80,000 tonnes in 2004.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Nordic Expert Group and Dutch Expert Committee on Occu-
pational Standards

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
4

Data are from OECD countries and the US.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 20 years old (2003)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^ Medium 1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

675

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

California Air Resources Board. 1991. Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

192269

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Domestic manufacture

Number of Sites: Until recently, the state had one perchloroethylene production facility

with an estimated production capacity of 25,000 tons per year...As of
1991 Perchloroethylene is no longer produced in California.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
6

US, but some totals are regional.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (1991)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

676

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: California Air Resources Board. 1991. Proposed identification of perchloroethylene as a toxic air contaminant.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 192269

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Distribution in commerce
Distribution

Based on a survey of California halogenated solvent distributors, approx-
imately 19,000 tons of perchloroethylene per year are used in the follow-
ing: dry cleaning, decreasing, paints and coatings, adhesives, aerosols,
specialty chemical production, printing inks, silicones, rug shampoos,
laboratory solvents, and other miscellaneous uses.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Air Resources Board

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
6

US, but some totals are regional.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (1991)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

677

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2017. ECSA product & application toolbox: Guidance on safe & sustainable

use of chlorinated solvents.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982127

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

ESCA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

EU (OECD)

Metric 3:

Applicability

Unacceptable

This is simply the launch page for the European Chlorinated

Solvent Association (ECSA) online toolbox which provide users

of chlorinated solvents information about safe & sustainable

product use. No applicable information

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

2017

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.1.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

678

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982144

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Commercial/consumer use
Cleaners and degreasers (other)

PERC demand has remained steady or increased in recent years as a
result of their use as raw materials in the production of refrigerant al-
ternatives to CFCs" The producers of these solvents remain committed
to serving their markets for many years to come.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 20 years old (2008)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

679

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982144

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Batch vapor degreaser (e.g., open-top, closed-loop)

Process Description: The traditional batch degreaser is a covered tank, with cooling coils at

the top, into which the dirty parts are lowered. Solvent in the bottom of
the tank is heated to produce vapor. On contacting the cooler work, the
vapor condenses into pure liquid solvent.+++++++++++++PERC"s
high boiling point gives it a clear advantage in removing waxes and resins
that must be melted in order to be solubilized. The higher temperature
also means that more vapors will be condensed on the work than with
other solvents, thus washing the work with a larger volume of solvent.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 20 years old (2008)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

680

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Hsia,. 2008. Chlorinated solvents - The key to surface cleaning performance.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982144

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): In-line vapor degreaser (e.g., conveyorized, web cleaner)

Process Description: Several types of conveyorized equipment provide inline vapor degreasing.

These large, automatic units, which can handle a volume of work and are
enclosed to provide minimal solvent loss, include the monorail and the
cross-rod degreasers. They are particularly valuable when production
rates are high

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
4

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 20 years old (2008)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

681

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Source Citation:

Oehha,. 2007. Occupational health hazard risk assessment project for California: Identification of chemicals of concern,

possible risk assessment methods, and examples of health protective occupational air concentrations.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982225

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Production/Import Volume: >100M- 500M (Range in Pounds); from

TSCA, 2002.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
4

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (2002)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

682

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982310

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Domestic manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Total production of PCE in the United States has been decreasing over

the last decade. In 1983, production of PCE was 547 million pounds
while the production decreased to 271 million pounds in 1993 (ATSDR,
1997).

Number of Sites: According to the U.S. EPA"s 1992 Toxic Release Inventory, 68 facilities

in California manufacture or process PCE, with total maximum on-site
amounts ranging from 0 to 10 million pounds (ATSDR, 1997).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
4

US, but some totals are regional.

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

683

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982310

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

A) Commercial/consumer useB) Processing

A) Dry cleaning solvent; Cleaners and degreasers (other)B) Intermediate
in basic organic chemical manufacturing; Recycling
The primary uses of PCE are as a chemical intermediate, primarily in
the production of chlorofluorocarbons, and as a solvent, primarily for
cleaning operations. The breakdown of the use of PCE is approximately
55 percent as a chemical intermediate, 25 percent in metal cleaning and
vapor degreasing, 15 percent in dry-cleaning operations, and 5 percent
for miscellaneous other uses (ATSDR, 1997)...Solvent recovery opera-
tions and recycling have also reduced demand for PCE production.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

High

x 1

California Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Envi-
ronmental Health Hazard Assessment

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

US, but some totals are regional.

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

Continued on next

page

684

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Oehha,. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982310

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

685

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982088

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

A chemical industry survey reports that in the past 10 years, dryclean-
ers have reduced their use of perc by more than 60 percent ... Most
of this was accomplished through the replacement of old perc equip-
ment with machines designed to reduce perc vapors going into the air,
and better waste management.++++++++++The US EPA regulates
environmental releases of perc through a variety of laws including the
CAA, the CWA, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the RCRA, and the CER-
CLA. For example, drycleaners are required to comply with EPA"s perc
drycleaning NESHAP. This NESHAP has reduced the amount of perc
released from drycleaning shops across the country. The FTC regulates
the cleaning guidance on garment care labels. FTC is proposing changes
to allow the labeling of garments now labeled "dryclean only" for envi-
ronmentally preferable cleaning technologies.

30,000

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (1998)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness High X 1 1 Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions

are clearly documented.

Continued on next page

686

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Design for the environment: Garment and textile care program.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982088

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium 1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

687

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Source Citation:

Tn, D. E. C.. 1997. Cleaning the air on clean air: Strategies for perc drycleaners.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982090

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): According to 1991 EPA data, dry cleaners use 191.8 million pounds of

perc annually.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation &
University of Tennessee Center for Industrial Services

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
6

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (1991)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

688

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982092

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

In the perchloroethylene, or "perc" process, the most common process
used by dry cleaners, the textiles are loaded into the contact tank and
washed with perc, detergent, and a small amount of sizing. The perc
is continuously filtered and returned to the washer. The textiles are
then dried in either a wet transfer or a dry-dry operation depending on
the type of unit used. The pert vapors are discharged into the air or
condensed in a "sniffer" which reclaims the solvent...Figure 2 is repre-
sentative of a perchloroethylene type dry cleaning system.

According to Mr. Tom Bennett of Cavalier Cleaners, approximately 90
percent of dry cleaners use perc solvents, 7 percent use petroleum sol-
vents, and 3 percent use Valclene and according to Mr. Wade Elam of
White Way about 85 percent of all dry cleaners in the State of Ten-
nessee are conditionally exempt hazardous waste generators, producing
less than 100 kg (220 lbs) of waste per month.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Prepared by "EMPE, Inc. Consulting Engineers" for the Ten-
nessee Department of Economic and Community Development

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1986)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Continued on next page

689

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Empe, Inc Consulting Engineers. 1986. Hazardous waste management study: Dry cleaners.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982092

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

690

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982095

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Batch Size:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

The most widely used dry cleaning solvent in North Carolina is per-
chloroethylene (PERC)" Usages of PERC in the dry cleaning industry
have dropped rather dramatically (by 75-80 percent) during the past 15
years, as shown in Fig. 7,

More than 30,000 dry cleaning plants operate in the United States, with
about 675 in North Carolina.+++++The North Carolina Association
of Launderers and Cleaners (NCALC) (whose membership operates over
275 plants) estimates that 60-80 percent of North Carolina dry cleaners
are very small, family-owned, single plant businesses, with the balance
being multi-plant operations.

Table 1 shows that, on average, NC PERC dry cleaners used 287 gal./
yr. in 1997. The "average" PERC dry cleaner cleans about 78,000 lbs.
of clothes per year. Thus, the PERC dry cleaners" efficiency for 1997
was 272 lbs. clothes/gal. PERC. TheNC PERC process mix for 1997
was about 75 percent Generation 3, 15 percent Geneneration 4, and 10
percent transfers.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Re-
sources - Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Assistance

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Continued on next page

691

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Nc, Denr. 2001. Alternatives to the predominant dry cleaning processes.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982095

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1 Data sources, assessment methods, results, and assumptions
are clearly documented.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

692

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 2002. Occurrence summary and use support document for the six-year review of national primary drinking

water regulations.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3970165

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Domestic Manufacture
271 million pounds in 1993
3

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Data from US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

Focuses on ambient levels but includes some release data

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

2002 report with older data

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

693

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Source Citation:	Pubchem,. 2017. PubChem: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3970251

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacture/Import/Export
Domestic Manufacture/Imports

Prepared primarily by two processes: (1) The Huels method using direct
chlorination of theylene yields 70 percent perc. (2) Hydrocarbons such
as methane, ethane or propatne are chlorinated and pyrolyzed to yield
over 95 percent perc.

1987 domestic production was 4.7 x 108 pounds(625 million pounds in
1987 used)61 million pounds imported in 199648 million pounds ex-
ported in 1996

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

PubChem website

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Includes US data

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Some manufacture/use data, but aggregated

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Most numbers come from the 1970s-1990s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Doesn't discuss uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

694

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

Tetrachloroethylene may be produced by oxychlorination, chlorination
and/or dehydrochlorination reactions of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hy-
drocarbons. The most common methods of production reported are the
chlorination of propylene and the oxychlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane
(Brooke et al, 1993). Carbon tetrachloride is also produced via the chlo-
rination of propylene route, and the amounts produced are dependent
upon the reaction conditions employed. Due to controls on the produc-
tion and use of carbon tetrachloride, the current reaction conditions are
likely to favour the production of tetrachloroethylene. Trichloroethy-
lene and tetrachloroethylene are both produced by the oxychlorination
of 1,2-dichloroethane route, and by varying the reaction conditions the
amounts produced of either compound can be varied.

In 2004, total European Union production capacity is in the range of
100,000 - 150,000 tonnes per annum (tpa); actual production reported
as 148,074 tpa.Sales in the EU 25 countries plus Norway, Switzerland and
Turkey totalled 56,000 tonnes in 2005. These figures have fallen since
1999 apparently due to more efficient dry-cleaning processes, greater re-
cycling, use of enclosed systems and other good practices.Break-down of
sales by application (e.g., dry cleaning agent, metal cleaning agent) are
included in Table 2.2 (page 10 of 80).ECSA began a programme of vol-
untary activity in 1992 aimed at developing "Charters of Co-operation"
with end user and distributor associations throughout Europe...As out-
lined in the RAR for tetrachloroethylene, since the programme began
fourteen charters have been signed in six countries. Charters are in place
in the UK and French metal finishing, surface cleaning and engineering
industries.

4 in the European Union, in 2005

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Continued on next page

695

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970791

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments



Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High X 1 1 United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

European Union

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not











fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

696

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Source Citation:

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3970791

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Recycling

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	The largest company recycling tetrachloroethylene in the UK estimates

that it processes approximately 870 tonnes per annum (tpa)

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

European Union

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not











fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

697

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Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

More than 90 percent of European units used tetrachloroethylene as
the dry-cleaning agent, although the southern European countries used
more white spirit for dry-cleaning than those in the north. In 1994, tetra-
chloroethylene accounted for approximately 90 percent of the total sol-
vent used by the dry cleaning industry within the EU.
in 1991 there were close to 60,000 dry cleaning establishments in the EU.
According to this report there were 20,000 dry cleaning units in Italy,
9,000 in France, 6,400 to 6,950 in the UK, 6,600 in Spain, 6,600 in West
Germany, 3,500 in Greece, 1,000 in Denmark, 1,000 in Portugal, 840 in
the Netherlands, 800 in Ireland, 450 in Belgium and 50 in Luxembourg.

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not













fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Continued on next page

698

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970791

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

699

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Tetrachloroethylene can be used in the vapour, boiling liquid, or ul-
trasonic cleaning of metalwork in the engineering industry. Due to its
higher boiling point tetrachloroethylene can be more effective than other
solvents in removing persistent deposits.In vapour degreasing, the sol-
vent which is contained in a specially designed tank is heated to its
boiling point to produce a controlled solvent vapour zone. The article
to be degreased is placed in a cage that is then mechanically immersed
into this vapour zone, the vapour condensing on the metal surface. The
condensed solvent runs off the metal, washing away the impurities. The
metal dries when it reaches the temperature of the vapour. The cage is
lifted above the cooling coils (which prevent the vapour escaping) into
the "free board" area where the liquid tetrachloroethylene flashes off.
The number of degreasing units in the EU which use tetrachloroethylene
is not known.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

European Union

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Continued on next page

700

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970791

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970791

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:
Batch Size:

Industrial use

Catalyst regeneration in petrochemical manufacturing
Two major companies in the oil industry confirmed that this use was
ongoing. Further details obtained from them clarified that catalyst re-
generation (to replace chloride leached out of the catalyst during the oil
refining process) is a continuous closed system process involving limited
exposure opportunities relative to manufacturing and packaging. The
tasks carried out in this process are similar to those performed during
manufacturing, although the volumes handled and frequency/duration
of tasks with the potential for exposure is expected to be significantly
less.

2

The reported use volumes were 15 96 litres per day (about 11 - 47 tpa)
of tetrachloroethylene delivered via an automated closed dosing facility.
The quantity of tetrachloroethylene used within the entire EU petroleum
industry for catalyst generation is not known.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

United KingdomFor REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2008)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not











fully transparent.

Continued on next page

702

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2008. Annex XV restriction report: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970791

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

703

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and

some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970844

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

For many years, the most important process for producing tetra-
chloroethene was from acetylene via trichloroethylene, but because of
the increasing price of acetylene feedstock in the 1970s, newer processes
involving direct chlorination or oxychlorination of other hydrocarbons
were introduced (ATSDR, 1997a).

In 1992, annual capacity was 223,000 tonnes in the USA (Link et al.,
1992). In 2007, the USA was the largest consumer of tetrachloroethene
(43 percent of demand), followed by western Europe (19 percent ), China
(10 percent ) and Japan (9 percent ) (Glauser & Ishikawa, 2008).

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

World Health Organization

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

Data for US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (pubished in 2014, but many













cited studies were older)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no













statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not













fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Continued on next page

704

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and
some other chlorinated agents.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970844

705

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and

some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970844

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Tetrachloroethene is ideally suited for dry-cleaning as it is nonflammable
and a good degreaser that does not satuate the fabric fibres, thus avoid-
ing swelling and shrinking of the fabric.

In 2007, tetrachloroethene was used by about 70 percent of dry-cleaners
in the USA" In a study in New Jersey communities in 1984, dry-to-dry
machines were present in 75 percent of the facilities included.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

World Health Organization

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

Low

X 1

x 2
x 2

x 1

1

2

2

3

Data for US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (pubished in 2014, but many
cited studies were older)

Distribution of samples is qualitative or characterized by no
statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



Continued on next page

706

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Iarc,. 1999. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and



some other chlorinated agents.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3970844

EVALUATION



Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

707

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1995. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene exposure in commercial dry cleaners at Appearance Plus

Cleaners.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3974915

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:
Batch Size:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Two un-vented, refrigerated, dry-to-dry machines, each less than 5-years
old, were used at this shop" both had a refrigerated condenser as the
primary vapor recovery device.

1

The shop consumes an average of 30 gallons of PERC every 2 to 2.5
months. On a typical day, each machine processes approximately ten
loads of clothing for a total of approximately 600 pounds of clothing a
day.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
6
1

USA

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from more than 20 years ago (1994)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



Continued on next page

708

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1995. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene exposure in commercial dry cleaners at Appearance Plus

Cleaners.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3974915

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

709

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Niosh,. 2002. In-depth survey report: Control of perchloroethylene (PCE) in vapor degreasing operations, site #2.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3974916

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

The three most commonly used halogenated solvents are methylene
chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Open-top vapor de-
greasers consist of several sections:" Vacuum or airless vapor degreasers
consist of several components"

The EPA estimated that in 1991, there were about 2070 degreasers using
perchloroethylene in the U.S. (Ref #7).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data from less than 20 years ago (2002).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

710

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Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Moseley, C. L.. 1980. Health hazard evaluation report no. HHE 79-42-685, Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841,
New York, New York.

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970614

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Commercial/consumer use
Photographic film

Optical shops are responsible for the production of finished 16 mm and
35 mm films. Animation, titles, and all other optical effects are filmed
in the studios from optical negatives or feature films. These originals
are first processed through a film cleaning unit which immerses film in a
terrperature-controlled bath of solvent (methyl chloroform) then winds
it through a series of pressure sensitive rollers to dry.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope.With the advent of digital

motion pictures, this occupational exposure is greatly reduced.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data from more than 20 years ago (1980)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

711

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Burr, G. A.,Todd, W.. 1986. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 86-005-1679, Dutch Girl Cleaners, Springdale, Ohio.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970613

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:
Batch Size:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

Mall drycleaner uses a dry-to-dry PERC system (a single machine is
used for washing, solvent extraction, and drying). Twin Permac R308
dry-to-dry units, manufactured by Bohler and Weber KG, are used at
this location.

PERC usage is approximately 100 gallons per month.A solvent recovery
system, using a steam regenerated charcoal bed, had been installed 3
years ago on both dry-to-dry cleaning units. Capable of recovering up
to 25 gallons of perchloroethylene per day, the system was currently
salvaging 2.5 gallons per day.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

USA

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Data from more than 20 years ago (1986)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

Continued on next page

712

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Burr, G. A.,Todd, W.. 1986. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 86-005-1679, Dutch Girl Cleaners, Springdale, Ohio.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	3970613

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

713

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes: Summary.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3970190

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Process Description: Drycleaning uses organic solvents to clean soils from clothing.

Commonly-used solvents are perc and hydrocarbon solvents. Perc
drycleaning solvents are used by approximately 30,600 (85 percent )
fabricare facilities in the U.S., while hydrocarbon solvents are used by
approximately 5,400 (15 percent ) facilities. In 1994, Exxon intro-
duced a synthetic hydrocarbon solvent, called DF-2000, with a flash-
point above 140 F. Since then, several other firms have either intro-
duced or are testing synthetic petroleum solvents for the drycleaning
market...Professional wetcleaning is a relatively new process that uses
water as the primary solvent to clean fabrics... anecdotal information
indicate that the use of wetcleaning is steadily increasing.

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Figure 1: Solvent Usage in the Commercial Sector of the Drycleaning

Industry

Number of Sites: The professional clothes cleaning industry, includes approximately

36,000 facilities"Clothes cleaning volume for these facilities is estimated
to be 1.9 billion pounds of clothes per year. More than 90 percent of the
36,000 commercial facilities in the U.S. are small neighborhood stores...

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

Data from more than 20 years ago (1998)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Continued on next page

714

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes: Summary.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3970190

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score Comments

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1 1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1 3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

715

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Eisenberg, J.,Ramsey, J.. 2010. Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA 2008-0175-3111, Evaluation of 1-Bromopropane

use in four New Jersey commercial dry cleaning facilities.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 3970603

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Batch Size:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

1-BP solvent can be used in the same machine as perc after a conversion
process.

The U.S. EPA will ban the use of perc in coresidential dry cleaning
facilities as of December 20, 2020 [40 CFR 63.323(5) (i)].In 2007, CA
became the first state to ban perc use in dry cleaning ahead of the
federal ban, and other states, such as NC, NY, MS are contemplating
similar actions. The NJ DEP has encouraged owners to replace their
perc machines with hydrocarbon dry cleaning systems or professional
wet cleaning systems [NJ DEP 2010b].

In August 2008, we visited four dry cleaning facilities that had converted
their systems from perc to 1-BP.In 2007, the administrator of NJ DEP
estimated that 1,500 of the 1,700 dry cleaning facilities in the state
utilized perc systems.

Facility 1 was using a Multimatic 35-pound machine (Multimatic, North-
vale, New Jersey). Facility 2 was using a VIC 35-pound machine (Dalex,
Concord, Ontario). Facility 3 used a Frimair 2025-pound machine
(Frimair, Turnersville, New Jersey). Facility 4 was using a Frimair 3035-
pound machine (Frimair, Turnersville, New Jersey).

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 CDC - NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope High x 1 1 USA

Metric 3: Applicability Low X 2 6 Covers conditions of use in scope, but no Perc usage or expo-

sure data was included. Study retained because of the infor-
mation on polution prevention.

Continued on next page

716

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Eisenberg, J.,Ramsey, J.. 2010. Health hazard evaluation report no.
use in four New Jersey commercial dry cleaning facilities.

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

3970603

HETA 2008-0175-3111, Evaluation of 1-Bromopropane

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments



Metric 4; Temporal Representativeness
Metric 5; Sample Size

High
High

x 2
x 1

2
1

Data from less than 10 years ago (site visit 2008; published
2010).

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

717

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

U.S, E. P. A.. 1978. Control techniques for volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

40590

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

Perchloroethylene is the only chlorinated hydrocarbon in widespread
use. It is superior to petroleum solvents because it is nonflammable.
Its disadvantages are high cost, aggressiveness to clothing, and slight
corrosiveness.

Industrial + commercial/consumer = 173,000 tons of the solvent yearly
270 industrial plants

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1978)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

718

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 1978. Control techniques for volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

40590

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Number of Sites: 20,000 commercial units, and 30,000 coin-operated

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

EPA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
High

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
6
1

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (1978)

Statistical distribution of samples is fully characterized.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

719

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Blair, A.,Petralia, S. A.,Stewart, P. A.. 2003. Extended mortality follow-up of a cohort of dry cleaners. Annals of Epidemiology.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID

630365

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Process Description: Although a number of organic solvents have been used by the dry clean-

ing industry over the years, tetrachloroethylene (C2C14) became the
solvent of choice in the 1960s and is the most important chemical used
today (Ref #1). Approximately 50 percent of the tetrachloroethylene
produced in the United States 1990 was used for dry cleaning.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

From the Department of Occupational Epidemiology, Branch
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Can-
cer Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.B., P.A.S.); and Pfizer Phar-
maceuticals, Inc., New York, NY.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low

N/A

XXX

2
2

2
6

N/A

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.
Data over 20 years old (published in 2002; worker count from
the 1980)

NA - general data and concepts (no actual release data)

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

720

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Weiss, N. S.. 1995. Cancer in relation to occupational exposure to perchloroethylene. Cancer Causes and Control.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 631151

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

peer-reviewed article

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High

Unacceptable
Unacceptable
N/A

XXX

2
2

8
8

N/A

US data

Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines
Data for dry cleaning; however, prior to ban on gen 1 machines
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 2.8.

** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, two of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

721

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing

facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID 632416

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Organic solvents are widely employed in metal degreasing, cleaning, and
drying operations in the metallic surface treatment and motor vehicle
manufacturing industry among others. The most commonly used sol-
vents are trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
and dichloroethanes.
capacity = 200 tonnes/yr

343According to the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER,
http://www.eper.cec.eu.int/, last access date: 30/10/2005), for the year
2001, there were 343 facilities dedicated to surface treatment with or-
ganic solvents in the European Union (EU) (28 in Spain), with a capacity
higher than 200 tonnes/yr.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

Journal Article. Authors from the University of Santiago de

Compostela.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

European Union

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data over 10 years old (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

722

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Franco, A. ,Costoya, M. A. ,Roca, E.. 2007. Estimating risk during showering exposure to VOCs of workers in a metal-degreasing

facility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues.

Type of Data Source Facility; Completed Exposure or Risk Assessments;

Hero ID	632416

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low	x 1	3 does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

723

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 1998. Cleaner technologies substitutes assessment for professional fabricare processes.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3970186

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Production/Use
Dry Cleaning solvent

Description and process flow diagrams of closed loop dry-to-dry and
transfer machines on pg 52. Also discusses PERC recovery equipment
136.4 million kg produced at 3 facilities in 1996;27.7 million kg imported
in 1996;21.8 million kg exported in 1996;45 to 52.6 million kg PCE used
by drycleaning in 1997
3 production;30600 dry cleaners in 1997

EVALUATION









Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US EPA



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

High
High

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness Low
Metric 5: Sample Size	High

x 1	1 US

X 2	2 PCE dry cleaning data, though much of it is outdated technol-

ogy

X 2	6 Data from greater than 20 years ago (1980s and 1990s)

X 1	1	Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Medium x 1

2

Provides measurement, worker activity, but does not provide
measurement duration or all sample locations

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

724

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	ToxNet Hazardous Substances Data, Bank. 2017. HSDB: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3970279

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Production/Use

Dry Cleaning solvent/Solvents and/or Degreasers

Document has a list of producers beginning on page 108, also several
pages of historic manufacture and consumption patterns beginning on
page 112

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

appropriate solvent use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

2017 date, though much of the data are older

Metric 5:

Sample Size

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.2



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

725

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Demond, A. H.. 1982. A source of tetrachloroethylene in the drinking water of New England: An evaluation of the toxicity

of tetrachloroethylene and the prediction of its leaching rates from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipe.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 758556

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

The International Trade Commission (1978) cites PCE production in
1977 in the US as 300,000 metric tons and US consumption as 253,000
metric tons" dry cleaning accounted for approximatly 75 percent of the
production and imports [pg 125 of 179].

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X 1

Master thesis for MIT

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness

High
High
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
6

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data over 20 years old (submitted in 1983; cites data published
in 1977)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Data sources, and assumptions are not fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Low

2.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

726

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ruder, A.. 2006. Potential health effects of occupational chlorinated solvent exposure. Annals of the New York Academy of

Sciences.

Type of Data Source Facility; Environmental Release Data;

Hero ID 707665

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Possible Physical Form:

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers
Vapor degreasing operations
136,000 tons in 1997
liquid/vapor

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

epidemiology lit. review, not full study

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data from greater than 20 years ago (mostly 1990s)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

Compliles data, doesn't characterize study

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

no discussion of variability or uncertainty

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

727

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1987. Current Intelligence Bulletin 48 Organic Solvent Neurotoxicity (with reference package).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	724690

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High

Low
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2

6

N/A

US

provides gneral controls and PPE information applicable to all

COUs

Data from over 20 years ago

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

728

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Echa,. 2017. Guidance on safe use: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3970789

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

ECHA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2

2

N/A

EU(OECD)

provides gneral controls and PPE information applicable to all

COUs

2017

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

729

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Ashford, R. D.. 2001. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial ChemicalsPerchloroethylene.



Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;



Hero ID 3860439



EXTRACTION



Parameter Data



Life Cycle Stage: Use

EVALUATION



Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability



Metric 1: Methodology High x 1 1 Published textbook



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

England

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Physical properties which apply to all COUs

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Low

X

2

6

Data from over 20 years ago

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

statistical representativeness cannot be determined

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

data sources not transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Not addressed.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





2.2



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

730

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Marshall, K. A.,Pottenger, L. H.. 2004. Chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID	3859415

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Manufacture

Process Description:	Provides flow diagram of integrated manufacturing process for produc-

tion of chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability







Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium X 1 2 Published textbook



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

us

Metric 3:

Applicability

Low

X

2

6

Flow diagram of possible manufacture process

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

2004

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A





N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	x 1	1 Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A

N/A Not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

731

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Murphy, B. L.. 2016. Vapor degreasing with chlorinated solvents. Environmental Forensics.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3544388

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

Solvent heated to boiling inside a tank b hot water, electricity or steam
heating. Parts to be degreased are suspended over the boiling solvent.
Boiling solvent rises, contacting parts, then reaches a "lid" of cold air
which keeps solvent vapors in the tank, (diagram shown on page 3) May
also include a pre-degreasing step of saturating part by spraying solvent
before putting in tank, or a warm liquid solvent bath following the vapor
degreasing.

<100 million pounds/yr

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Environmental Forensics Journal

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

vapor degreasing

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

2016 article, but most data is much older covering 1920s - 1980s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Medium

x 1

Some meta data discussion

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Not discussed in detail

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

732

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Issa,. 2015. Summary of state and federal VOC limitations for institutional and consumer products.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982416

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Cleaners and degreasers (other)

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	California, Indiana, and New Hampshire prohibits PERC in certain

product categories (e.g., Electrical Cleaners, Electronic Cleaner, Gen-
eral Purpose Cleaner, General Purpose Degreaser)

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

X

1

3

Cleaning industry trade association (ISSA, 3300 Dundee Rd.,
Northbrook, IL)

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
2

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (2010)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

733

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Source Citation: Kumar, N. S.,Palanivelu, K.. 2007. Pervaporative recovery of perchloroethylene from spent solvent of electroplating industry:

Experiment and modelling studies. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3562132

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Processing
Recycling

There is also no effective treatment method for the recovery of spent
solvents. Distillation cannot be applied because formation of azeotropic
mixtures and high energy costs. Carbon adsorption holds good promise
for trace level but the disposal of spent carbon is a major problem.
Pervaporation (PV) process is an experimental membrane separation
process to concentrate organic solvents.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

The "Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research" is a qual-

ity journal; the authors are employed by trusted sources (i.e.,

Anna University of Chennai India).

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Low

X 1

The data are from a non-OECD country.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

Covers conditions of use in scope.One industy that might use

this technology is not in scope (i.e., electroplating).

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2007)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

Continued on next page

734

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Kumar, N. S.,Palanivelu, K.. 2007. Pervaporative recovery of perchloroethylene from spent solvent of electroplating industry:
Experiment and modelling studies. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3562132

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

735

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Ministry of the, Environment. 2014. Latest development of chemical substances control law in Japan.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982450

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Domestic manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): Japanese annual "trend in shipment quantity" from 1988 through 2012

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Slide presentation by Japan's Chemical Evaluation Office Min-
istry of the Environment.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:

Metric 4:

Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
Low

High

Low

XX X X

2
1

2
6

Japan is an OECD country

Covers conditions of use in scope, but it is simply a slide pre-
sentation.

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2014; most
recent data from 2012).

Single values, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

736

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Ecsa,. 2017. Chlorinated solvents: Perchloroethylene (PER).

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982472

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Dry cleaning solvent

Process Description: The use of closed systems is being strongly recommended by ECSA and

is becoming Industry Standard" PER is the solvent of choice for most
dry?cleaners.

Batch Size: By use of modern closed dry?cleaning machines as recommended by

ECSA, the amount needed to clean 1 kg of clothes has very much de-
creased (by 90 percent from 110 to 10 g solvent /kg).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium
High
High
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
2

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2014).
Single values, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

737

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Product safety summary on perchloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982135

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

Perchloroethylene is colourless liquid chlorocarbon. It is widely used for
dry cleaning.

In 2010 Perchloroethylene has been registered under the European Union
REACH Regulation EC/1907/2006 and the substance was found to be
safe for the uses identified.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

738

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile

on perchlorethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or

Release Data;

Hero ID

3982137

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Chemical Concentration:

Processing

Intermediate in basic organic chemical manufacturing
Perchloroethylene is mainly used as a chemical intermediate; in addition
applications also exist in dry-cleaning, metal cleaning and degreasing.
Use of perchloroethylene has fallen substantially since the mid-1980s due
to more efficient dry-cleaning processes, greater recycling, use of enclosed
systems, and other best practices.

Stabilizers are normally added to perchloroethylene to prevent its de-
composition during storage and use" Due to its relatively high stability,
PER requires less stabilizer to be added than other chlorinated solvents.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

x 1

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.5

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

739

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

European Chlorinated Solvents, Association. 2015. Health profile

on perchlorethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or

Release Data;

Hero ID

3982137



EXTRACTION





Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Domestic manufacture

Number of Sites:	In Europe, perchloroethylene is manufactured by (in brackets: produc-

tion location): 1) Olin Corporation (Blue Cube Assests Germany), 2)
Inovyn (France), and 3) Spolchemie (Czech Republic).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X

1

2

Trade association, the European Chlorinated Solvents Associ-
ation. The data used in the assessment is not specified.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

High

N/A

XXX

1

2
2

2
2
2

N/A

Most of Europe is included in the OECD.

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2015).
N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.5





* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

740

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Erm,. 2017. Life cycle assessment of used oil management.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982372

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Chemical Concentration:

Processing
Recycling

The Phase II LCA considers the most common types of recovery:" re-
claiming of used oil to recovered fuel oil (RFO);" reprocessing to a marine
diesel oil product (MDO);" reprocessing to vacuum gas oil (VGO); and"
regeneration to produce a "re-refined base oil" (RRBO).

The Phase I report estimated that 113,000 (metric) tonnes of the 435,000
tonnes of used oil generated in CA in 2010 were burned, dumped or land-
filled instead of being collected and managed formally. The majority of
the collected used oil was processed into MDO (marine diesel oil), be-
lieved to be used mainly by shipping...CA has a well-established system
for the management of used oil. In 2009, Senate Bill 546 (Lowenthal)
included a number of changes to the applicable system of fees and in-
centives"

Used oil, virgin fuels, and re-refined petroleum products contain PCE;
see tables 10.2, 10.5, and 10.6 (pages 178, 184, and 188 of 367).

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

LCA authored by " Environmental Resources Management" to











satisfy CA Senate Bill 546 (Lowenthal).

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

California specific.

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (published in 2016).

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Distribution of sample is characterized by a range with uncer-











tain statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Continued on next page

741

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Erm,. 2017. Life cycle assessment of used oil management.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure
3982372

or Release Data;

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score Comments



Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

742

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 2001. NIOSH drycleaning study updated.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982091

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

Perchloroethylene demand in the U.S. drycleaning industry was 59 mil-
lion pounds (26,700 metric tons) in 2000 according to an annual survey
of suppliers conducted by the Textile Care Allied Trades Association
(TCATA). The figure represents a 6-percent decline from the 63 million
pounds (28,500 metric tons) TCATA reported in 1999. Overall demand
in the drycleaning industry has dropped by 73 percent over the last 10
years.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,
Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

2
4

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 10 years old (data from 1999 and 2000)
Single values, no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

743

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982093

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

Since being introduced to the drycleaning industry in the late 1930s, it
has replaced most other solvents because of its relatively low toxicity
and nonflammability.

Total U.S. demand for the chemical in 1998 was estimated to be about
344 million pounds (156,000 metric tons), of which about 30 million
pounds (13,600 metric tons) were imported. An additional 40 million
pounds (18,100 metric tons) were exported.For 1998, the use of per-
chloroethylene can be broken down into the following categories: 1)
chemical intermediate - 50 percent , 2) dry cleaning/textile processing
- 25 percent , 3) automotive aerosols - 10 percent , 4) metal cleaning/
degreasing - 10 percent , 5) miscellaneous - 5 percent
In the United States, perchloroethylene is manufactured by the Dow
Chemical Company, PPG Industries, Inc., and Vulcan Materials Com-
pany.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,
Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
Low

X 1

x 2
x 2
x 1

1

2
4

3

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Continued on next page

744

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure

3982093

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

745

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982093

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Processing

Intermediate in industrial gas manufacturing

Perchloroethylene is used as a basic raw material in the manufacture of
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a , a popular alternative to chlorofluoro-
carbon (CFC) refrigerants. It also is used in the synthesis of hydrochlo-
rofluorocarbon (HCFC) 123 and 124 and HFC 125.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,

Inc.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

746

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982093

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Industrial use
Dry cleaning solvent

In addition to its nonflammability and relatively low toxicity, the popu-
larity of perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry can be attributed
to the following properties: 1) safe to use on all common textiles, fibers,
and dyes; 2) effective at removing fats, oils, and greases; 3) free of resid-
ual odor; etc.The textile industry uses perchloroethylene as a spotting
agent for the removal of spinning oils and lubricants. It also is used in
wool scouring and as a solvent carrier in dyes and water repellents.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,
Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

747

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
Hero ID 3982093

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Commercial/consumer use
Aerosol cleaner

Perchloroethylene has replaced 1,1,1-trichloroethane in aerosol formu-
lations for the automotive aftermarket, particularly for brake cleaning.
These formulations provide auto repair shops with highly effective, non-
flammable products.

EVALUATION

Domain Metric Rating MWF* Score Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology Medium X 1 2 Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,

Inc.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3: Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

748

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3982093

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Many industries, including aerospace, appliance, and automotive manu-
facturers, use perchloroethylene for vapor degreasing metal parts during
various production stages. Its high boiling point and resultant longer
cleaning cycle are advantageous in removing "difficult" soils such as
waxes with high melting points. The ability of the chemical to remove
water during vapor degreasing is useful to jewelry manufacturers and
other metal finishers.Perchloroethylene" s nonflammability and low va-
por pressure make it an effective cold (room temperature) metal cleaner,
when used in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Its
low vapor pressure contributes to reduced emissions from cold cleaning
operations where it is employed.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

Trade association, the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance,
Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Medium
N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
4

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

749

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Hsia,. 1999. HSIA perchloroethylene white paper.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure

3982093

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF*

Score Comments



Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low X 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

750

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Mehta S, Besore T.. 1989. Alternatives to organic solvents in metal-cleaning operations.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982094

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Industrial use

Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not
specified in comment)

Most common has been the use of organic solvents, especially in de-
greasing operations. For example, the percent of the market for four key
chlorinated solvents used specifically for metal cleaning and degreas-
ing is 9 percent for methylene chloride, 44 percent for trichloroethane,
85 percent for trichoroethylene, and 11 percent for perchloroethylene
(Chemical Week, 1987).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Illinois Hazardous Waste Research & Information Center

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1989)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not

fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.1

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

751

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Mehta S, Besore T.. 1989. Alternatives to organic solvents in metal-cleaning operations.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982094

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Processing

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Recycling

Number of Sites: Safety-Kleen777 Big Timber RoadElgin, IL 60120Sea Corporation75

Sanger StreetP.O. Box 5098Peoria, IL 61601Solvent Systems Interna"l,
Inc.339 W. River Rd.Elgin, IL 60123

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

Illinois Hazardous Waste Research & Information Center

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

2
2

2
6

N/A

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1989)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.0

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

752

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Echa,. 2017. Biodegradation in water: screening tests: Tetrachloroethylene, Part 2.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3970794

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	100,000-150,000 tons/yr

Number of Sites:	In 2000 8 manufacturers in Europe, 5 of those in Germany. By 2005

only 4 remain.

EVALUATION







Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium x 1 2 UK Govn't



Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Europe

Metric 3: Applicability

High

X

2

2

Cohort study, some direct exposure numbers

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

X

2

4

Published 2008, but much of the data are older

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

statistical representativeness cannot be determined

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Variability included

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

753

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Echa,. 2017. Biodegradation in water: screening tests: Tetrachloroethylene, Part 2.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;
3970794

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent

PCE used in 90 percent of EU dry cleaners in 1991
60000

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

UK Govn't

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

Medium

X 1

2

Europe

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Cohort study, some direct exposure numbers

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Published 2008, but much of the data are older

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

statistical representativeness cannot be determined

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data fully characterized

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Variability included

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

754

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Echa,. 2017. Uses by industrial workers: Tetrachloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3970796

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Use

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

ECHA

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

Medium

High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

2
2
2

N/A

Europe

includes in scope uses
2017

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Unacceptable

x 1

Almost no metadata givem only lists general environmental
release and process category information that provides nothing
more than what is already included in the Use list

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A

No Comment.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable

Metric Mean Score: 1.7.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

I If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

755

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Fda,. 1977. Evaluation of production cleaning processes for electronic medical devices: Part II, cleaning solvents.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3974802

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Use

Solvents and/or Degreasers

Chlorinated cleaners have relatively higher boiling points and are more
aggressive incleaning action than the fluorinated cleaners. Because of
this they are typically usedin cold-cleaning operations. Fluorinated sol-
vents have a lower boiling temperatureand gentler solvency action and
are used in both vapor degreasers and for coldcleaning. Degreaser sol-
vents are generally azeotropes or blends of solvents thathave the same
composition in the liquid and vapor phase.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High X 1 1 FDA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope
Metric 3: Applicability

High
Low

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness High
Metric 5: Sample Size N/A

x 1 1 US

X 2 6 Describes benefits and problems of using various types of sol-

vents for different jobs.

X 2 2 2017

N/A N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High x 1

1 Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

N/A

N/A Not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

High

1.6

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

756

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Niosh,. 1978. Current intelligence bulletin 20: tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978137

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):
Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning Solvent, Solvents and/or Degreasing
700 million pounts produced in US
20,000 drycleaners

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Doesn't provide study numbers, but does address applicable











uses and exposures

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

x 2

6

Most data 1977 or earlier

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



2.0



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

757

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Niosh,. 2012. Drycleaning.



Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or

Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3978136



EXTRACTION





Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning Solvent

Number of Sites:	36000

Possible Physical Form:	liquid/vapor

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

NIOSH

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Doesn't provide study numbers, but does address applicable











uses and exposures

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Most data 1990s

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

N/A



N/A

not applicable

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

758

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

McComas, C.. 1996. Dry cleaning equipment upgrades cut costs and reduce perc.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982078

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	To discourage perc use, taxes and fees comprise approximately 50 per-

cent of purchasing costs.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Small Businesses Assistance Program (SBAP) at the Min-
nesota Pollution Control Agency

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1996)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

759

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

University of, Minnesota. 2017. Dry cleaners; Waste and emission

reduction alternatives.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or

Release Data;

Hero ID

3982082



EXTRACTION





Parameter

Data



Life Cycle Stage:	Commercial/consumer use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry cleaning solvent

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	Perc purchasing costs continue to rise due to taxes and fees levied in

several states, including Minnesota, to support perc cleanup funds.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Minnesota Technical Assistance Program, University of Min-
nesota

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
N/A

XXX

1

2
2

1

2
6

N/A

US

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1997)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.8



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

760

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Irta,. 2000. Brake cleaning with water-based cleaning systems.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3982085

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Batch Size:

Chemical Concentration:

Industrial use

Aerosol spray degreaser/cleaner

Aerosol brake cleaners are used in most auto repair shops in the
country...Brake service operations can include inspections, adjustments,
brake pad replacements, and rotor resurfacing...During brake jobs, it is
conventional for technicians to clean with aerosol brake cleaners.
On April 27,2000, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) board
banned PERC and other chlorinated solvents in automotive aerosol prod-
ucts, including brake cleaner.

This regulation affected 40,000 parts cleaners in Southern California-
25,000 in auto repair facilities and 15,000 in industrial facilities.There
are 329,000 auto repair facilities in the country.

A survey by Brake & Front End Magazine indicates that, in 1996, facil-
ities in the United States performed an average of 15.6 brake jobs each
week.

CARB received information on 89 different brake cleaning products, 33
of which contained PERC...The PERC content in these products was
between 22 and 98 percent.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (IRTA)

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data more than 10 years old (published in 2000)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Continued on next page

761

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Irta,. 2000. Brake cleaning with water-based cleaning systems.
Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure
3982085

or Release Data;

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score Comments



Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X 1

1 Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X 1

3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium



1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

762

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Cohen, L.. 1992. Special report: Dry cleaning fumes cause health worries, push search for alternatives.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3982086

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:
Batch Size:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

"the industry has cut use of perc in half in the past 20 years, whiie
increasing the volume of clothing handled. And he says 75 percent to
80 percent of the industry now has the technology required to meet the
imminent EPA standards.

Estimates of perc production for 1988 were amost 500 million pounds,
according to a Greenpeace report; William Fischer of the International
Fabricare Institue says 40 percent to 45 percent of the yearly total is
used by dry cleaners. The rest is used by textile manufacturers and as
an industrial solvent.

900 dry cleaning establishments in the Chicago market,

One Chicago cleaner with a brand-new $60,000 machine, which processes
a 50-pound load in about 40 minutes, says he buys 100 gallons of perc
approximately every four months.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Low

Article is publised in a journal (i.e., The Neighborhood Works)

that is not peer reviewed; the techniques used in the report are

not specified.

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Covers conditions of use in scope

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Low

Data more than 20 years old (published in 1992)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not

fully transparent.

Continued on next page

763

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Cohen, L.. 1992. Special report: Dry cleaning fumes cause health worries, push search for alternatives.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3982086

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness	Low X 1	3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Low

2.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

764

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Silicon Valley, Chemlabs.

1991. Safe replacement solvents and alternative technologies: Industry's choice.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3982096

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Manufacture

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Domestic manufacture

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): US Chemical Production in 1988 = 550 million pounds.The following

classes of materials can be used for degreasing applications either pure
or blended with other safe solvents e.g., petroleum distillates, emulsions,
terpene natural products.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

Sponsored by The California Department of Health Services -
The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) by Silicon
Valley Chemlabs, Inc.

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
Low
Low

X
X
X
X

2
2
1

2
6

Covers conditions of use in scope

Data more than 20 years old (data from 1988)

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

Low

Underlying methods, data sources, and assumptions are not
fully transparent.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

2.2

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

765

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	His,. 2016. The economic benefits of chiorine chemistry in fiuorocarbons in the United States and Canada.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978162

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Manufacture
Domestic manufacture

Fiuorocarbons are manufactured by the controlled fluorination of an
organic starting material that is selected to produce the desired prod-
uct... Control of the fluorination process and of the distribution of co-
products and by-products, however, may be facilitated by utilizing start-
ing materials that contain more chlorine than is required on the final
products. In these cases, the extra chlorine is converted into hydro-
gen chloride and separated from the products. This approach was quite
common in the production of CFCs and HCFCs, and typical starting
materials include methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethane.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

The American Chemistry Council

Domain 2: Representative
Metric 2:
Metric 3:
Metric 4:
Metric 5:

Geographic Scope
Applicability

Temporal Representativeness
Sample Size

High
High
High

N/A

X 1

x 2
x 2

1

2
2

N/A

US

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Data less than 10 years old (2016)

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.4



Continued on next page

766

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	His,. 2016. The economic benefits of chiorine chemistry in fiuorocarbons in the United States and Canada.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978162

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

767

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

His,. 2016. The economic

benefits of chlorine chemistry in fluorocarbons in the United States and Canada.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data

or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3978162



EXTRACTION





Parameter



Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Processing

Intermediate in industrial gas manufacturing

Methylene chloride, chloroform, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, per-
chloroethylene, and trichloroethane can be used to produce HFC-23,
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a and HFC152a.

US and Canadian consumption of all fluorocarbon products in 2014
amounted to about 937 million pounds.In the US, the EPA has im-
plemented the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer under the terms of the CAA to stipulate the permissible con-
ditions for use of fluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances
(ODS). Also stipulated are conditions involving their manufacture, con-
trols on potentially emissive uses, recycling, labeling, disposal, and the
use of alternatives. Currently, the US EPA also regulates fluorocarbons
with global warming potential under the Significant New Alternatives
Policy (SNAP), 40 C.F.R., Part 82, Subpart G.

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

Medium

X 1

2

The American Chemistry Council

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

US

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2016)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Continued on next page

768

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

His,. 2016. The economic benefits of chlorine chemistry in fluorocarbons in the United States and Canada.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3978162

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating MWF* Score Comments



Metric 7; Metadata Completeness

Low X 1 3 Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High 1.6



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

769

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Osha,. 1999. Sampling and analytical methods: Tetrachloroethylene trichloroethylene.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3978317

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV): About 50 percent of the demand for PCE is used in the dry cleaning

industry where around 80 percent of all dry cleaners use it as their
primary cleaning agent. It is also used as a feedstock in the production
of fluorocarbons, which accounts for 30 percent of the current demand.
About 12 percent of the demand is used as a degreaser for metals and the
remaining 8 percent is utilized in misc. applications such as transformer
insulating fluid, chemical maskant formulations, and process solvent for
desulfurizing coal.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US Dept. of Labor

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

High

Metric 3: Applicability

Medium

Description of measurement method

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (1999)

Metric 5: Sample Size

Low

Distribution of solvent content is characterized by no statistics.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

Describes the precision of the overall proceedure and elements

of the measurement method.

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

770

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	Carex, Canada. 2017. Profiles & estimates: Trichloroethylene.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3978380

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

unknown
unknown

Trichloroethylene is a clear liquid at room temperature with a
sweet, chloroformlike odour. Produced commercially since the
1920s, trichloroethylene has been used as a solvent and degreaser.
Trichloroethylene is related to another chlorinated solvent, tetra-
chloroethylene (also called perchloroethylene or PERC).

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1: Methodology

Medium

x 1

CAREX Canada is a multidisciplinary team of researchers
based at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Simon Fraser Uni-
versity

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2: Geographic Scope

Medium

X

1

2

Canada is in OECD

Metric 3: Applicability

Unacceptable

X

2

8

Information is for TCE not PERC

Metric 4: Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2017)

Metric 5: Sample Size

N/A





N/A

N/A - only qualitative information provided

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6: Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Assumptions are clearly stated

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Does not address variability or uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

Unacceptable





4

Metric Mean Score: 2.2.

Continued on next page

771

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:
Type of Data Source
Hero ID

Carex, Canada. 2017. Profiles & estimates: Trichloroethylene.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3978380



EVALUATION

Domain

Metric Rating MWF* Score

Comments



** Consistent with our Application of Systematic Review in TSCARisk Evaluations document, if a metric for a data source receives a score of Unacceptable (score = 4),
EPA will determine the study to be unacceptable. In this case, one of the metrics were rated as unacceptable. As such, the study is considered unacceptable and the
score is presented solely to increase transparency.

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:

High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

772

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: Navigant Consulting, Inc. 2016. Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for commerical building appliances (2015

update).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3974987

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Process Description:

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):

Number of Sites:

Commercial/consumer use
Dry cleaning solvent

The traditional dry-cleaning process uses a solvent called perchloroethy-
lene, often referred to as PCE or PERC. One major manufacturer"s PCE
equipment ranges from 35 to 165 pound capacities, with most models
falling between 40 and 100 pounds.A dry-cleaning machine is similar
to a commercial clothes washer extractor. Garments are placed into
a cylindrical washing/extraction chamber, which contains a horizontal-
axis, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The outer shell
holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. The
capacity of a dry-cleaning machine can range between 30 and 135 pounds
of garments.

During the 1980s, the EPA and state environmental agencies began reg-
ulating PCE as a contaminant in 1993, EPA implemented regulations
for dry-cleaning PCE. To deal with tightening regulation on PCE emis-
sions, the dry-cleaning industry began installing increasingly complex
pollution control devices for recapturing PCE liquid and vapors. Mod-
ern equipment has been largely successful in decreasing PCE emissions,
though often at the expense of energy efflciency.California has recently
banned the use of perchloroethylene. This ban will be implemented in a
phased approach and is to be completed by January 1, 2023.
avg: 33,000Dry-cleaning equipment installed base estimates were found
from 2 sources and presented in Table 8-10.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF* Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1 1 US DOE

Domain 2: Representative

Continued on next page

773

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— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	Navigant Consulting, Inc. 2016. Energy savings potential and RD&D opportunities for commerical building appliances (2015

update).

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3974987

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

4

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation,











but information is general.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

x 2

2

Data from less than 10 years ago (2016)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

3

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity









Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty









Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

774

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Guide to industrial assessments for pollution prevention and energy efficiency.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

3827322

EXTRACTION

Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage: Industrial use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use): Solvents and/or Degreasers (cold, aerosol spray or vapor degreaser; not

specified in comment)

Process Description: Cleaning and degreasing processes are applied in a variety of indus-

tries to remove dirt, soil, and grease (often referred to together as
soil). Cleaning and degreasing are done as a final step in manufac-
turing a product, as a preliminary step in preparing a surface for further
work (e.g., electroplating), or as a cleaning step for forms or equipment
between uses...Vapor degreasing generally involves chlorinated solvents
such as methylene chloride, I ,1 ,I-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, or
perchloroethylene. Parts are immersed in the vapors of these solvents for
degreasing. In the dry cleaning industry, perchloroethylene is commonly
used for washing clothes.

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

US EPA

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

Medium

x 2

Occupational scenario within the scope of the risk evaluation,

but information is general.

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

Data from less than 20 years ago (2001)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

x 1

Statistics not given

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

Data sources clearly described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

x 1

does not address variability

Continued on next page

775

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

— continued from previous page

Source Citation:	U.S, E. P. A.. 2001. Guide to industrial assessments for pollution prevention and energy efficiency.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	3827322

EVALUATION

Domain	Metric	Rating MWF* Score	Comments

Overall Quality Determination^	Medium	1.9

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

776

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance. 2008. Perchloroethylene - White Paper.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

5099139

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	All

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Multiple - market report

Total Annual U.S. Volume (and percent of PV):	70 percent intermediate; 10 percent dry cleaning; 10 percent auto

aerosols; 7 percent metal cleaning; 3 percent misc

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

USA

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Market data for in-scope conditions of use

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less 10 years old

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

data characterized by no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Results given but sources not fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

Ill

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	California Air Resources Board. 2000. Initial statement of reasons for the proposed airborne toxic control measure for emissions

of chlorinated toxic air contaminants from automotive maintenance and repair activities.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	5071458

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Aerosol degreasing

Number of Sites:	73 percent of faciltiies use brake cleaning products, 37 percent of avail-

able brake cleaners container PCE, 44 percent of products sold contain
PCE

EVALUATION











Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability











Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X 1

1

CARB is expected to use reliable data collection and survey
methods.

Domain 2: Representative











Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X 1

1

Data surveyed and collected from U.S. (California) facilities

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

x 2

2

data are specific to brake servicing and include market data
and formulation data for PERC

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

x 2

4

Data less than 20 years old (2000)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

x 1

2

Some data elements from site visits include all individual data
points; some surveyed data elements include some statistics
(more than range but not full distribution), and some data
elements have limited distribution information.

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6: Metadata Completeness	High	X 1	1 Report fully documents its data sources, assessment methods,

results, and assumptions.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7: Metadata Completeness

High

x 1

1 Report discusses and addresses variability and uncertainty.

Overall Quality Determination^

High



1.3



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

778

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation: U.S, E. P. A.. 2006. Economic impact analysis of the perchloroethylene dry cleaning residual risk standard.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID 3827375

EXTRACTION

Parameter Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Number of Sites:

Use

Dry Cleaning
12 industrial dry cleaners

EVALUATION

Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability

Metric 1:

Methodology

High

EPA document

Domain 2: Representative

Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

Data for US dry cleaning industry

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

Medium

Data less than 20 years old (2006)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

data characterized by no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity

Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

Report fully documents its data sources, assessment methods,

results, and assumptions.

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty

Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium

1.7

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

779

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Type of Data Source
Hero ID

EXTRACTION

Parameter	Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Dry Cleaning

Number of Sites:	60 percent of dry cleaners use PCE

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Industry trade expected to have reliable market data

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

Data for US dry cleaning industry

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for dry cleaning

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2017)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

data characterized by no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

Results given but sources not fully transparent

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

Medium





1.7



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

780

Dry Cleaning and Laundry Institute International and the National Cleaners Association. 2017. Public comment on tetra-
chloroethylene. TSCA review and scoping. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732.

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

3827403

-------
PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:	AC Products. 2017. Maskants and their use in aerospace: Regulatory compliance of the industry. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2016-0732-

0077.

Type of Data Source Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID	5176391

EXTRACTION
Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):
Number of Sites:

Use

Maskant

71 sites use PCE maskants

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

Industry trade expected to use reliable market data

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

Data for US chemical maskant uses

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for chemical maskants

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2017)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Low

X

1

3

data characterized by no statistics

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^

High





1.4



* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

781

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PEER REVIEW - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

Source Citation:

Winfield Brooks Company. 2014. Safety Data Sheet: Original Formula Alumtap.

Type of Data Source

Facility; Reports for Data or Information Other than Exposure or Release Data;

Hero ID

5099118

EXTRACTION



Parameter

Data

Life Cycle Stage:	Use

Life Cycle Description (Subcategory of Use):	Metalworking fluid

Process Description:	oil-based cutting and tapping fluid

Chemical Concentration:	<10 percent

EVALUATION













Domain

Metric

Rating

MWF*

Score

Comments

Domain 1: Reliability













Metric 1:

Methodology

High

X

1

1

SDS assumed to use reliable concentration data

Domain 2: Representative













Metric 2:

Geographic Scope

High

X

1

1

Data for US metalworking fluid product

Metric 3:

Applicability

High

X

2

2

Data for metalworking fluid

Metric 4:

Temporal Representativeness

High

X

2

2

Data less than 10 years old (2014)

Metric 5:

Sample Size

Medium

X

1

2

concentration of PCE in formulation characterized by range

Domain 3: Accessibility/Clarity











Metric 6:

Metadata Completeness

High

X

1

1

Sources fully described

Domain 4: Variability and Uncertainty











Metric 7:

Metadata Completeness

Low

X

1

3

does not address variability

Overall Quality Determination^	High	1.3

* MWF = Metric Weighting Factor

t If any individual metrics are deemed Unacceptable, then the overall rating is also unacceptable. Otherwise, the overall rating is based on the following scale:
High: > 1 to < 1.7; Medium: > 1.7 to < 2.3; Low: > 2.3 to < 3.

782

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