June 2015

Coal Mine Methane
Country Profiles

Prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Coalbed Methane Outreach Program

In support of the Global Methane Initiative

Global
Methane Initiative


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Disclaimer

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency does not:

a)	Make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the
accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or
that the use of any apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not
infringe upon privately owned rights; or

b)	Assume any liability with respect to the use of, or damages resulting from the use
of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report

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Contents

Units of Conversions	i

Executive Summary	ii

Global Overview at a Glance	ii

Introduction	1

Purpose of the Report	2

Organization of the Report	2

1	Argentina	4

1.1	Summary of Coal Industry	4

1.1.1	Role of Coal in Argentina	4

1.1.2	Stakeholders	5

1.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	6

1.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	6

1.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	6

1.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	7

1.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	7

1.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	7

1.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	7

1.3.2	Regulatory Information	9

1.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	9

1.5	References	10

2	Australia	12

2.1	Summary of Coal Industry	12

2.1.1	Role of Coal in Australia	12

2.1.2	Stakeholders	13

2.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	15

2.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	15

2.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	16

2.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	17

2.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	18

2.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	19

2.3.1	Marketand Infrastructure Factors	21

2.3.2	Regulatory Information	22

2.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	23

2.5	References	24

3	Botswana	27

3.1	Summary of Coal Industry	27

3.1.1	Role of Coal in Botswana	27

3.1.2	Stakeholders	28

3.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	28

3.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	29

3.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	29

3.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	29

3.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	29

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Contents (continued)

3.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	30

3.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	31

3.3.2	Regulatory Information	31

3.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	32

3.5	References	32

4	Brazil	34

4.1	Summary of Coal Industry	34

4.1.1	Role of Coal in Brazil	34

4.1.2	Stakeholders	35

4.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	36

4.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	37

4.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	37

4.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	38

4.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	38

4.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	38

4.3.1	Marketand Infrastructure Factors	38

4.3.2	Regulatory Information	39

4.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	39

4.5	References	39

5	Bulgaria	41

5.1	Summary of Coal Industry	41

5.1.1	Role of Coal in Bulgaria	41

5.1.2	Stakeholders	42

5.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	43

5.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	43

5.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	44

5.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	44

5.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	44

5.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	44

5.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	45

5.3.2	Regulatory Information	45

5.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	46

5.5	References	46

6	Canada	48

6.1	Summary of Coal Industry	48

6.1.1	Role of Coal in Canada	48

6.1.2	Stakeholders	49

6.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	50

6.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	53

6.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	54

6.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	54

6.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	54

6.4	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	57

6.4.1	Market and Infrastructure factors	58

6.4.2	Regulatory Information	59

6.5	Profiles of Individual Mines	60



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6.6 References	60

7	China	63

7.1	Summary of Coal Industry	63

7.1.1	Role of Coal in China	63

7.1.2	Stakeholders	64

7.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	65

7.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	66

7.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	66

7.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	68

7.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	68

7.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	70

7.3.1	Marketand Infrastructure Factors	73

7.3.2	Regulatory Information	75

7.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	77

7.5	References	77

8	Colombia	81

8.1	Summary of Coal Industry	81

8.1.1	Role of Coal in Colombia	81

8.1.2	Stakeholders	83

8.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	84

8.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	85

8.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	85

8.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	86

8.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	86

8.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	86

8.3.1	Marketand Infrastructure Factors	87

8.3.2	Regulatory Information	87

8.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	88

8.5	References	88

9	Czech Republic	90

9.1	Summary of Coal Industry	90

9.1.1	Role of Coal in the Czech Republic	90

9.1.2	Stakeholders	91

9.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	92

9.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	92

9.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	93

9.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	93

9.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	94

9.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	94

9.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	95

9.3.2	Regulatory Information	96

9.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	96

9.5	References	96

10	Ecuador	98

10.1 Summary of Coal Industry	98

10.1.1 Role of Coal in Ecuador	98



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Contents (continued)

10.1.2	Stakeholders	99

10.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	100

10.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	100

10.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	100

10.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	100

10.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	100

10.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	100

10.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	101

10.3.2	Regulatory Information	101

10.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	101

10.5	References	101

11	Finland	103

11.1	Summary of Coal Industry	103

11.1.1	Role of Coal in Finland	103

11.1.2	Stakeholders	104

11.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	104

11.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	104

11.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	104

11.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	104

11.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	105

11.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	105

11.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	105

11.3.2	Regulatory Information	105

11.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	105

11.5	References	106

12	France	107

12.1	Summary of Coal Industry	107

12.1.1	Role of Coal in France	107

12.1.2	Stakeholders	107

12.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	108

12.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	108

12.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	108

12.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	108

12.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	109

12.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	109

12.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	110

12.3.2	Regulatory Information	110

12.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	110

12.5	References	Ill

13	Georgia	112

13.1	Summary of Coal Industry	112

13.1.1	Role of Coal in Georgia	112

13.1.2	Stakeholders	113

13.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining industry	113

13.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	114

13.2.1 CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	114



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Contents (continued)

13.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	115

13.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	115

13.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	115

13.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	116

13.3.2	Regulatory Information	116

13.4	Profile of Individual Mines	116

13.5	References	117

14	Germany	119

14.1	Summary of Coal Industry	119

14.1.1	Role of Coal in Germany	119

14.1.2	Stakeholders	120

14.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	121

14.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	122

14.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	122

14.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	122

14.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	123

14.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	123

14.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	124

14.3.2	Regulatory Information	124

14.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	125

14.5	References	126

15	Hungary	128

15.1	Summary of Coal Industry	128

15.1.1	Role of Coal in Hungary	128

15.1.2	Stakeholders	129

15.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	130

15.2	Overview of CMM Emissions, Projects, and Potential	130

15.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	130

15.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	130

15.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	130

15.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	131

15.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	131

15.3.2	Regulatory Information	132

15.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	132

15.5	References	132

16	India	134

16.1	Summary of Coal Industry	134

16.1.1	Role of Coal in India	134

16.1.2	Stakeholders	136

16.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	137

16.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	138

16.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	138

16.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	139

16.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	139

16.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	141

16.3.1 Market and Infrastructure Factors	141



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Contents (continued)

16.3.2 Regulatory Information	142

16.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	143

16.5	References	144

17	Indonesia	146

17.1	Summary of Coal Industry	146

17.1.1	Role of Coal in Indonesia	146

17.1.2	Stakeholders	148

17.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	149

17.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	150

17.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	150

17.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	150

17.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	150

17.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	152

17.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	152

17.3.2	Regulatory Information	152

17.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	153

17.5	References	153

18	Italy	155

18.1	Summary of Coal Industry	155

18.1.1	Role of Coal in Italy	155

18.1.2	Stakeholders	156

18.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	156

18.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	157

18.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	157

18.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	157

18.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	157

18.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	158

18.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	159

18.3.2	Regulatory Information	159

18.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	160

18.5	References	160

19	Japan	162

19.1	Summary of Coal Industry	162

19.1.1	Role of Coal in Japan	162

19.1.2	Stakeholders	162

19.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	163

19.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	164

19.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	164

19.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	164

19.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	164

19.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	164

19.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	165

19.3.2	Regulatory Information	165

19.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	165

19.5	References	165

20	Kazakhstan	167



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Contents (continued)

20.1	Summary of Coal Industry	167

20.1.1	Role of Coal in Kazakhstan	167

20.1.2	Stakeholders	168

20.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining industry	169

20.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	170

20.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	170

20.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	171

20.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	172

20.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	173

20.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	173

20.3.2	Regulatory Information	174

20.4	Profile of Individual Mines	175

20.5	References	176

21	Mexico	178

21.1	Summary of Coal Industry	178

21.1.1	Role of Coal in Mexico	178

21.1.2	Stakeholders	179

21.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	180

21.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	181

21.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	181

21.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	184

21.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	184

21.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	185

21.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	185

21.3.2	Regulatory Information	185

21.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	187

21.5	References	188

22	Mongolia	191

22.1	Summary of Coal Industry	191

22.1.1	Role of Coal in Mongolia	191

22.1.2	Stakeholders	193

22.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	194

22.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	196

22.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	196

22.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	197

22.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	198

22.3	Opportunities and Challenges to CMM Recovery and Use	198

22.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	198

22.3.2	Regulatory Information	200

22.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	201

22.4.1	TavanTolgoi	201

22.4.2	Baganuur	202

22.4.3	NarynSukhait	202

22.4.4	Khotgor	202

22.4.5	SharynGol	203

22.4.6	Others	203

22.5	References	204



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Contents (continued)

23	New Zealand	208

23.1	Summary of Coal Industry	208

23.1.1	Role of Coal in New Zealand	208

23.1.2	Stakeholders	210

23.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining industry	210

23.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	212

23.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	212

23.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	212

23.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	212

23.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	213

23.3.1	Market and Infrastructure factors	213

23.3.2	Regulatory Information	214

23.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	214

23.5	References	214

24	Nigeria	216

24.1	Summary of Coal Industry	216

24.1.1	Role of Coal in Nigeria	216

24.1.2	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	218

24.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	219

24.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Coal Mines	219

24.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	220

24.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	220

24.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	220

24.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	221

24.3.2	Regulatory Information	221

24.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	222

24.5	References	222

25	Pakistan	224

25.1	Summary of Coal Industry	224

25.1.1	Role of Coal in PAKISTAN	224

25.1.2	Stakeholders	225

25.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining industry	226

25.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	227

25.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	227

25.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	227

25.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	227

25.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	228

25.3.1	Market and Infrastructure factors	228

25.3.2	Regulatory Information	228

25.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	229

25.5	References	229

26	Philippines	231

26.1 Summary of Coal Industry	231

26.1.1	Role of Coal in the Republic of the Philippines	231

26.1.2	Stakeholders	233

26.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	234



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Contents (continued)

26.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	236

26.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	237

26.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Mines	237

26.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	237

26.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	238

26.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	238

26.3.2	Regulatory Information	239

26.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	239

26.4.1 Panian Mine, Semirara Mining Corporation	239

26.5	References	239

27	Poland	241

27.1	Summary of Coal Industry	241

27.1.1	Role of Coal in Poland	241

27.1.2	Stakeholders	242

27.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	243

27.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	244

27.2.1	CMM Emissions from Active Mines	244

27.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	246

27.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	246

27.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	247

27.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	247

27.3.2	Regulatory Information	247

27.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	248

27.5	References	248

28	Republic of Korea	250

28.1	Summary of Coal Industry	250

28.1.1	The Role of Coal in Korea	250

28.1.2	Stakeholders	251

28.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	252

28.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	253

28.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	253

28.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	253

28.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	253

28.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	253

28.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	254

28.3.2	Regulatory Information	255

28.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	255

28.5	References	256

29	Romania	257

29.1	Summary of Coal Industry	257

29.1.1	Role of Coal in Romania	257

29.1.2	Stakeholders	258

29.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	259

29.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	260

29.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	260

29.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	260

	29.2.3 CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	261



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Contents (continued)

29.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	261

29.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	261

29.3.2	Regulatory Information	262

29.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	262

29.5	References	262

30	Russia	264

30.1	Summary of Coal Industry	264

30.1.1	Role of Coal in Russia	264

30.1.2	Stakeholders	266

30.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	267

30.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	268

30.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	268

30.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	270

30.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	270

30.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	272

30.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	273

30.3.2	Regulatory Information	273

30.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	275

30.5	References	275

31	South Africa	278

31.1	Summary of Coal Industry	278

31.1.1	Role of Coal in South Africa	278

31.1.2	Stakeholders	280

31.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	281

31.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	282

31.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	282

31.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Mines	284

31.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	284

31.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	285

31.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	285

31.3.2	Regulatory Information	286

31.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	286

31.5	References	286

32	Spain	289

32.1	Summary of Coal Industry	289

32.1.1	Role of Coal in Spain	289

32.1.2	Stakeholders	290

32.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	290

32.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	291

32.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	291

32.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	292

32.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	292

32.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	292

32.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	292

32.3.2	Regulatory Information	293

32.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	293



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Contents (continued)

32.5 References	293

33	Turkey	295

33.1	Summary of Coal Industry	295

33.1.1	Role of Coal in Turkey	295

33.1.2	Stakeholders	297

33.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	297

33.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	297

33.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	298

33.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Mines	298

33.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	298

33.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	298

33.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	299

33.3.2	Regulatory Information	299

33.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	299

33.5	References	299

34	Ukraine	301

34.1	Summary of Coal Industry	301

34.1.1	Role of Coal in Ukraine	301

34.1.2	Stakeholders	303

34.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	305

34.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development	306

34.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	306

34.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	307

34.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	308

34.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	308

34.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	309

34.3.2	Regulatory Information	309

34.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	310

34.5	References	312

35	United Kingdom	315

35.1	Summary of Coal Industry	315

35.1.1	Role of Coal in the United Kingdom	315

35.1.2	Stakeholders	317

35.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	319

35.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	321

35.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	322

35.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Coal Mines	323

35.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	324

35.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	325

35.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	325

35.3.2	Regulatory Information	326

35.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	326

35.5	References	326

36	United States	329

36.1 Summary of Coal Industry	329

36.1.1 Role of Coal in the United States	329



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36.1.2	Stakeholders	330

36.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining Industry	331

36.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	332

36.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating and Abandoned Mines	332

36.2.2	Coalbed Methane from Virgin Coal Seams	334

36.2.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	335

36.2.4	Market and Infrastructure Factors	336

36.2.5	Regulatory Information	340

36.3	Profiles of Individual Mines	341

36.4	References	341

37 Vietnam	344

37.1	Summary of Coal Industry	344

37.1.1	Role of Coal in Vietnam	344

37.1.2	Stakeholders	346

37.1.3	Status of Coal and the Coal Mining industry	346

37.2	Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential	347

37.2.1	CMM Emissions from Operating Mines	347

37.2.2	CMM Emissions from Abandoned Mines	347

37.2.3	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams	347

37.3	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use	348

37.3.1	Market and Infrastructure Factors	349

37.3.2	Regulatory Information	349

37.4	Profiles of Individual Mines	349

37.5	References	350



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List of tables

Countries Profiled in the Report	ii

Table ES-1. Estimated Coal Reserves, 2011	iii

Table ES-2. Estimated Coal Production, 2012	iv

Table ES-3. Methane Emissions from Coal Mining (MmtCC^e)	v

Table 1-1. Argentina's Coal Reserves and Production	4

Table 1-2. Key Stakeholders in Argentina's CMM Industry	5

Table 1-3. Argentina's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	7

Table 1-4. Argentina's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	7

Table 2-1. Australia's Coal Reserves and Production	12

Table 2-2. Key Stakeholders in Australia's CMM Industry	14

Table 2-3. Australia's Coal Production by Mining Method and Region (Mmt)	15

Table 2-4. Australia's CMM Emissions 2000-2012 (million cubic meters)	17

Table 2-5. Australia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	20

Table 2-6. Major Australian Underground Coal Mines	23

Table 3-1. Botswana's Coal Reserves and Production	27

Table 3-2. Key Stakeholders in Botswana's CMM Industry	28

Table 3-3. Botswana's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	29

Table 3-4. Botswana's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	31

Table 4-1. Brazil's Coal Reserves and Production	34

Table 4-2. Key Stakeholders in Brazil's CMM Industry	35

Table 4-3. Brazil's Coal-Fired Power Plants	37

Table 4-4. Brazil's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	38

Table 4-5. Brazil's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	38

Table 5-1. Bulgaria's Coal Reserves and Production	41

Table 5-2. Key Stakeholders in Bulgaria's CMM Industry	42

Table 5-3. 2012 Statistics for Bulgaria's Coal Mining	43

Table 5-4. Bulgaria's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	44

Table 5-5. CBM and Coal Resources of Bulgaria's Dobroudja Basin	44

Table 5-6. Bulgaria's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	45

Table 6-1. Canada's Coal Reserves and Production	48

Table 6-2. Key Stakeholders in Canada's CMM Industry	49

Table 6-3. Canada's Most Recent Statistics for Coal Mining	51

Table 6-4. Status of Canada's Coal Mines	52

Table 6-5. Canada's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	54



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List of Tables (continued)

Table 6-6. Canada's Major CBM Reserves	55

Table 6-7. Canada's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	57

Table 7-1. China's Coal Reserves and Production	63

Table 7-2. Key Stakeholders in China's CMM Industry	64

Table 7-3. China's Mines by Category and Percent of Total Production (2004)	66

Table 7-4. China's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	67

Table 7-5. China's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	71

Table 7-6. China's Regional Pilot Emissions Trading Schemes	72

Table 8-1. Colombia's Coal Reserves and Production - 2013	81

Table 8-2. Key Stakeholders in Colombia's CMM Industry	83

Table 8-3. Major Colombian Coal Producing Companies\Regions	84

Table 8-4. Major Colombian Coal Mines	85

Table 8-5. Colombia's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	86

Table 8-6. Colombia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	86

Table 9-1. The Czech Republic's Coal Reserves and Production	90

Table 9-2. Key Stakeholders in the Czech Republic's CMM Industry	91

Table 9-3. The Czech Republic's Coal Mines and Coal Production (2008)	92

Table 9-4. The Czech Republic's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	93

Table 9-5. The Czech Republic's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	95

Table 10-1. Ecuador's Coal Reserves and Production	98

Table 10-2. Key Stakeholders in Ecuador's CMM Industry	99

Table 10-3. Ecuador's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	100

Table 11-1. Finland's Coal Reserves and Production	103

Table 11-2. Finland's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	105

Table 12-1. France's Coal Reserves and Production	107

Table 12-2. Key Stakeholders in France's CMM Industry	107

Table 12-3. France's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	110

Table 13-1. Georgia's Coal Reserves and Production	113

Table 13-2. Key Stakeholders in Georgia's CMM Industry	113

Table 13-3. Georgia's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	115

Table 13-4. Georgia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	116

Table 13-5. Tkibuli-Shaori Coal Properties	117

Table 13-6. Tkibuli-Shaori Coal Field Profile	117

Table 14-1. Germany's Coal Reserves and Production	119

Table 14-2. Key Stakeholders in Germany's CMM Industry	121

Table 14-3. Germany's Coal Mining Statistics 2013	122

Table 14-4. Germany's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	122



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List of Tables (continued)

Table 14-5. Germany's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	123

Table 14-6. Germany's CDM and JI Activity	124

Table 14-7. Germany's Mine Overview	125

Table 15-1. Hungary's Coal Reserves and Production	128

Table 15-2. Key Stakeholders in Hungary's CMM Industry	129

Table 15-3. Hungary's Largest Recoverable CMM/CBM Resources	130

Table 15-4. Hungary's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	130

Table 15-5. Hungary's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	131

Table 16-1. India's Coal Reserves and Production	134

Table 16-2. Coal Distribution in India's Major Coalfields (million tonnes)	135

Table 16-3. Key Stakeholders in India's CMM Industry	137

Table 16-4. India's Hard Coal Production by Mine Type	137

Table 16-5. India's Classification System and Estimates of Mine Gassiness	138

Table 16-6. India's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	139

Table 16-7. CBM Project Blocks Offered for Lease	140

Table 16-8. CBM Projects Proposed or in Development	141

Table 16-9. India's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	141

Table 17-1. Indonesia's Coal Reserves and Production	146

Table 17-2. Indonesia's Coal Reserves by Province (2011)	146

Table 17-3. Indonesia's Major Coal Producers	148

Table 17-4. Key Stakeholders in Indonesia's CMM Industry	149

Table 17-5. Indonesia's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	150

Table 17-6. Indonesia's CBM Resources	151

Table 17-7. Indonesia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	152

Table 18-1. Italy's Coal Reserves and Production	155

Table 18-2. Key Stakeholders in Italy's CMM Industry	156

Table 18-3. Italy's Projected CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	157

Table 18-4. Italy's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	159

Table 19-1. Japan's Coal Reserves and Production	162

Table 19-2. Key Stakeholders in Japan's CMM Industry	162

Table 19-3. Japan's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	164

Table 19-4. Japan's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	164

Table 20-1. Kazakhstan's Coal Reserves and Production	167

Table 20-2. Kazakhstan's Major Coal Basins Production Capacity in 2012	168

Table 20-3. Key Stakeholders in Kazakhstan's CMM Industry	168

Table 20-4. Kazakhstan Mine and Production Statistics	170

Table 20-5. Kazakhstan's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	171



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List of Tables (continued)

Table 20-6. Summary of Kazakhstan's Selected CBM Resources	172

Table 20-7. Kazakhstan's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	173

Table 21-1. Mexico's Coal Reserves and Production	178

Table 21-2. Mexico's Major Coal Basins	179

Table 21-3. Key Stakeholders in Mexico's CMM Industry	180

Table 21-4. Mexico's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	182

Table 21-5. Mexico's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	185

Table 21-6. Coal Characteristics of Mexican Coal Basins	187

Table 21-7. Profile ofMINOSA Mines V, VI &VII	187

Table 22-1. Mongolia's Coal Reserves and Production	191

Table 22-2. Coal Resources Found in Major Coal Deposits	192

Table 22-3. Key Stakeholders in Mongolia's CMM Industry	193

Table 22-4. Mongolia's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	197

Table 22-5. Mongolia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	198

Table 23-1. New Zealand's Coal Reserves and Production	208

Table 23-2. Key Stakeholders in New Zealand's CMM Industry	210

Table 23-3. New Zealand's Production and Mine Statistics (million tonnes)	210

Table 23-4. New Zealand's Major Operating Coal Mines	211

Table 23-5. New Zealand's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	212

Table 23-6. New Zealand's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	213

Table 24-1. Nigeria's Coal Reserves and Production	216

Table 24-2. Key Stakeholders in Nigeria's CMM Industry	217

Table 24-3. Nigeria's Coal Mines	219

Table 24-4. Nigeria's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	220

Table 24-5. Nigeria's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	220

Table 25-1. Pakistan's Coal Reserves and Production	224

Table 25-2. Key Stakeholders in Pakistan's CMM Industry	225

Table 25-3. Operating Coal Mines in Pakistan	227

Table 25-4. Pakistan's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	227

Table 25-5. Pakistan's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	228

Table 26-1. Philippines' Coal Reserves and Production	231

Table 26-2. Philippines' Coal Districts	233

Table 26-3. Key Stakeholders in the Philippines' CMM Industry	233

Table 26-4. Coal ProductionbyArea2011	235

Table 26-5. Coal-fired Power Plants as of 2013	235

Table 26-6. Philippines' CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	237

Table 26-7. Philippines' Potential CBM In-Place Resources	237



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List of Tables (continued)

Table 26-8. Philippines' Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	238

Table 27-1. Poland's Coal Reserves and Production	241

Table 27-2. Key Stakeholders in Poland's CMM Industry	242

Table 27-3. Poland's Coal Mines, 2004 versus 2008	244

Table 27-4. Poland's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	245

Table 27-5. Poland's In-Place CBM Resources	246

Table 27-6. Poland's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	247

Table 28-1. Korea's Coal Reserves and Production	250

Table 28-2. Key Stakeholders in the Republic of Korea's CMM Industry	251

Table 28-3. Korea's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	253

Table 28-4. Korea's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	254

Table 29-1. Romania's Coal Reserves and Production	257

Table 29-2. Key Stakeholders in Romania's CMM Industry	258

Table 29-3. Romania's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	260

Table 29-4. Romania's CMM Utilization Projects	260

Table 29-5. Romania's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	261

Table 30-1. Russia's Coal Reserves and Production	264

Table 30-2. Russia's Power Generation by Source, 2011	265

Table 30-3. Russia's Coal Production by Region, 2012	266

Table 30-4. Key Stakeholders in Russia's CMM Industry	267

Table 30-5. Russia's Coal Mining Statistics (2012)	268

Table 30-6. Russia's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	268

Table 30-7. Kuzbass CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	269

Table 30-8. Estimate of CBM Resources	271

Table 30-9. Russia's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	272

Table 30-10. Total Consumption by Potential CMM Markets	273

Table 31-1. South Africa's Coal Reserves and Production	278

Table 31-2. Key Stakeholders in South Africa's CMM Industry	280

Table 31-3. South Africa's Recent Production and Mine Statistics	281

Table 31-4. South Africa's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	283

Table 31-5. South Africa's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	285

Table 31-6. Coaltech 2020 Consortium Members	285

Table 32-1. Spain's Coal Reserves and Production	289

Table 32-2. Key Stakeholders in Spain's CMM Industry	290

Table 32-3. Spain's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	292

Table 32-4. Spain's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	292

Table 33-1. Turkey's Coal Reserves and Production	295



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List of Tables (continued)

Table 33-2. Key Stakeholders in Turkey's CMM Industry	297

Table 33-3. Turkey's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	298

Table 33-4. Turkey's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	298

Table 34-1. Ukraine's Coal Reserves and Production	301

Table 34-2. Key Stakeholders in Ukraine's CMM Industry	303

Table 34-3. Ukraine - Number of Coal Mines by Type	305

Table 34-4. Ukraine's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	306

Table 34-5. Ukraine's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	308

Table 34-6. Profile ofYuzhno-Donbasskaya #3	311

Table 34-7. List of Ukraine Joint Implementation Projects	312

Table 35-1. United Kingdom's Coal Reserves and Production	315

Table 35-2. United Kingdom's Coal Fields	315

Table 35-3. Key Stakeholders in the United Kingdom's CMM Industry	317

Table 35-4. United Kingdom's Current CBM Licenses/Agreements	319

Table 35-5. UK's Recent Coal Mine Statistics (2012)	319

Table 35-6. UK's Major Underground Mines in Production as of 2012 	320

Table 35-7. UK's Surface Mines in Production as of 2012	320

Table 35-8. United Kingdom's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	322

Table 35-9. United Kingdom's AMM Projects	323

Table 35-10. UK's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	325

Table 36-1. U.S. Coal Reserves and Production	329

Table 36-2. Key Coal Mine Companies Draining Gas at U.S. Mines	330

Table 36-3. Summary of U.S. Underground and Surface Mine Production, 2013	331

Table 36-4. U.S. CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	332

Table 36-5. Summary of U.S. Mine Methane Recovery & Destruction Projects	334

Table 36-6. U.S. CBM Proved Reserves (billion cubic meters)	335

Table 36-7. The United States' Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	336

Table 36-8. Recent U.S. Natural Gas Prices	339

Table 37-1. Vietnam's Coal Reserves and Production	344

Table 37-2. Key Stakeholders in Vietnam's CMM Industry	346

Table 37-3. Vietnam's CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)	347

Table 37-4. Vietnam's Climate Change Mitigation Commitment	349



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List of Figures

Figure 1-1. Argentina's Coal Fields	5

Figure 2-1. Australia's Coal Fields	13

Figure 2-2. Australia's Fugitive Emissions from Coal Mining, 2000-2012	16

Figure 2-3. Location of Australia's Coal Seam Reserves	19

Figure 3-1. Botswana Coalfields Map	28

Figure 4-1. Brazil's Coal Fields	35

Figure 5-1. Bulgaria's Coal Fields	42

Figure 6-1. Canada's Coal Fields	49

Figure 6-2. Status of Canada's Coal Mines	51

Figure 6-3. Location of Probable Economically Recoverable CBM Reserves in Canada

(trillion cubic feet)	55

Figure 6-4. Primary CBM Potential Areas in Alberta	55

Figure 6-5. CBM Potential in British Columbia	56

Figure 7-1. China's Coal Fields	64

Figure 7-2. China's CBM Resources by Region	69

Figure 7-3. China's CBM Resources by Depth	69

Figure 7-4. China's Annual CBM Production	70

Figure 8-1. Map of Colombian Minerals	82

Figure 8-2. Map of Colombian Coal Mines	82

Figure 9-1. Coal Basins of the Czech Republic	91

Figure 9-2. Mining Areas & Coal Seam Gas Concessions in the OKR Coalfield	94

Figure 10-1. Location of Ecuador's Coal Reserves	99

Figure 11-1. Location of Finland's Coal Reserves	104

Figure 12-1. CMM Projects in France	109

Figure 13-1. Georgia's Main Coal Fields	112

Figure 13-2. Georgia Coal Production (thousand tonnes)	114

Figure 14-1. Germany's Coal Fields	120

Figure 15-1. Hungary's Coal Basin Fields	129

Figure 16-1. India's Coal Fields	136

Figure 17-1. Indonesia's Coal Fields	148

Figure 17-2. Indonesia's CBM Basins	151

Figure 18-1. The Only Underground Coal Mine in Italy	155

Figure 18-2. European Gas Limited's Tuscany Projects	158

Figure 19-1. Japan's Coal Fields	163



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List of Figures (continued)

Figure 20-1. Kazakhstan Annual Coal Production	167

Figure 20-2. Kazakhstan Coal Regions and Coal Methane Reserves	172

Figure 21-1. Mexico's Coal Fields	179

Figure 21-2: Estimated Boundaries of Recent CBM Staking by the Mexican Government	186

Figure 22-1. Mongolia's Coal Production, Consumption, and Exports (million tonnes)	191

Figure 22-2. Mongolia's Coal Basins	193

Figure 22-3. Mongolia's Electricity Supply	199

Figure 23-1. New Zealand's Coal Fields	209

Figure 24-1. Nigeria's Coal Fields	217

Figure 25-1. Pakistan's Coal Fields	225

Figure 26-1. Philippines' Coal Resources	232

Figure 27-1. Poland's Major Coal Basins	242

Figure 28-1. Korea's Coal Fields and Major Coal Terminals	251

Figure 28-2. Korea's Coal Production (million tonnes)	252

Figure 29-1. Romania's Coalfields	258

Figure 29-2. Romania's Annual Coal Production	259

Figure 30-1. Historical Russian Coal Production, Consumption, and Exports	265

Figure 30-2. Russia's Coal Reserves	266

Figure 30-3. Estimated Historical Methane Emissions from Russia's Underground and

Surface Coal Mines	269

Figure 30-4. CBM Distribution in the Kuzbass Basin in Russia	271

Figure 31-1. South Africa's Domestic Coal Consumption by Sector	279

Figure 31-2. South Africa's Coal Basins	279

Figure 31-3. 2012 Saleable Coal Production by Mining Company	280

Figure 31-4. Coal Tech 2020 Summary Results	283

Figure 32-1. Spain's Coal Fields	290

Figure 33-1. Turkey's Coal Fields	296

Figure 33-2. Turkey's Zonguldak Coal Basin	296

Figure 34-1. Ukraine's Historical Raw Coal Production Volumes, 2000-2012	302

Figure 34-2. Ukraine's Coal Fields	303

Figure 35-1. United Kingdom's Coal Fields	316

Figure 35-2. United Kingdom's Coal Methane Resources	322

Figure 35-3. Abandoned Mine Net Emissions	324

Figure 36-1. Map of U.S. Coal Basins	330

Figure 36-2. Active Underground Coal Mine Production and CMM Emissions in the U.S.,

2000-2013 (million cubic meters)	333

Figure 36-3. U.S. Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines, 2009	337

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List of Figures (continued)

Figure 36-4. Annual Increases in U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Capacity (billion cubic feet per

day)	338

Figure 36-5. Annual Increases in U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Length (thousand miles)	338

Figure 37-1. Vietnam's Coal Resources	345

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Units of Conversions

Units

t

tonnes

Mt

thousand tonnes

Mmt

million tonnes

Mmt C02e

million tonnes C02 equivalent

bt

billion tonnes

kg

kilograms

Mg

megagram

Gg

gigagram

m

meters

m3

cubic meters

Mm3 or MMCM

million cubic meters

Bm3 or BCM

billion cubic meters

km

kilometers

MCM

thousand cubic meters

Mmcf

million cubic feet

TCM

trillion cubic meters

Tcf

trillion cubic feet

kW

kilowatts

MW

megawatts

MWe

megawatt electrical

kWhr

kilowatt-hours

J

joule

KJ

kilojoule

MJ

megajoule

PJ

petajoule

Btu

British thermal unit

Kpa

kilopascals

psia

pounds per square inch absolute

Conversions

It

1.102 US ton/short ton

lm

3.28 feet

1 km

0.62 miles

1 m3

35.32 cubic feet

1kg

2.21 pounds

1 kg CH4

1.47 m3 CH4

ltCH4

21 MmtC02e

1 MJ

0.28 kilowatt-hours

1 Btu

1055 joules

V 'Global	^

Methane Initiative	CMM Country Profiles I


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Executive Summary

In 2004,14 countries came together to launch the Methane to Markets (M2M) Partnership —which
was re-launched as the Global Methane Initiative (GMI) in 2010—with the aim of reducing emissions
of methane, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), by promoting the development of projects that recover
and use methane as a clean energy source. This international public-private partnership continues
to work with government agencies around the world to facilitate project development in five key
methane-producing sectors: agriculture (manure management), coal mines, municipal solid waste
(MSW), oil and natural gas systems, and wastewater. The efforts of this collaboration are yielding
important and diverse benefits across the globe, such as enhanced economic growth and energy
security, improved air quality and industrial safety, and reduced GHG emissions.

GMI has grown over the past 10 years to include 42 Partner Countries and the European
Commission, representing about 70 percent of the world's anthropogenic methane emissions. GMI
also includes a vibrant Project Network of more than 1,300 members from diverse sectors such as
international finance, development, the policy arena, and non-profit institutions whose common
goal is to promote methane recovery and use projects around the world.

This report was prepared to assist GMI's Coal Subcommittee in its goal of reducing methane
emissions in the coal mines sector. The study scopes out opportunities across the world for coal
mine methane (CMM) recovery projects, serving as a guide for the Coal Subcommittee to promote
the development of future CMM projects. The study profiles 37 countries—GMI Partner Countries
and otherwise—most of which are actively producing coal or have significant coal reserves (see
Table ES-1).

Countries Profiled in the Report

Argentina*

Finland*

Mexico*

South Africa

Australia*

France

Mongolia*

Spain

Botswana

Georgia*

New Zealand

Turkey*

Brazil*

Germany*

Nigeria*

Ukraine*

Bulgaria*

Hungary

Pakistan*

United Kingdom*

Canada*

India*

Philippines*

United States*

China*

Indonesia*

Poland*

Vietnam*

Colombia*

Italy*

Republic of Korea*



Czech Republic

Japan*

Romania



Ecuador*

Kazakhstan*

Russia*



*GMI Partner Countries

Each country profile includes an overview of its coal industry, and characterizes and quantifies its
CMM emissions. Brief descriptions of individual coal mines also have been provided wherever
possible. All information has been sourced from publicly-available literature, or from in-country
experts.

Global Overview at a Glance

Table ES-1 summarizes estimated coal reserves in the profiled countries. The United States, Russia,
and China are the top three ranking countries together accounting for more than half of the total
global coal reserves of 857,937 million tonnes (Mmt) (397,026 Mmt anthracite and bituminous;

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460,912 Mmt sub-bituminous and lignite). The United States alone holds roughly 28 percent of the
world's total or 234,615 Mmt.

Table ES-1. Estimated Coal Reserves, 2011

Country

Anthracite &
Bituminous

(million tonnes)

Sub-bituminous
& Lignite

(million tonnes)

Total

(million tonnes)

Profiled Country
Rank

(# and %)

Argentina

a

550

550

23 (0.064%]

Australia

37,100

39,300

76,400

4 (8.905%]

Botswana

40

0

40

34 (0.005%]

Brazil

0

6,630

6,630

13 (0.773%]

Bulgaria

2

2,364

2,366

17 (0.276%]

Canada

3,474

3,108

6,582

14 (0.767%]

China

62,200

52,300

114,500

3 (13.346%]

Colombia

6,746

0

6,746

12 (0.786%]

Czech Republic

181

871

1,052

21(0.123%]

Ecuador

0

24

24

35 (0.003%]

Finland

0

0

0

36 (tie] (0.0%]

France

0

0

0

36 (tie] (0.0%]

Georgia

201

0

201

29 (0.023%]

Germany

48

40,500

40,548

6 (4.726%]

Hungary

13

1,647

1,660

19 (0.193%]

India

56,100

4,500

60,600

5 (7.063%]

Indonesia

0

28,017

28,017

10 (3.266%]

Italy

0

50

50

33 (0.006%]

Japan

337

10

347

25 (0.040%]

Kazakhstan

21,500

12,100

33,600

8 (3.916%]

Mexico

860

351

1,211

20 (0.141%]

Mongolia

1,170

1,350

2,520

16 (0.294%]

New Zealand

33

538

571

22 (0.067%]

Nigeria

21

169

190

30 (0.022%]

Pakistan

0

2,070

2,070

18 (0.241%]

Philippines

41

275

316

26(0.037%]

Poland

4,178

1,287

5,465

15 (0.637%]

Republic of Korea, South

0

126

126

32 (0.015%]

Romania

10

281

291

27 (0.034%]

Russia

49,088

107,922

157,010

2 (18.301%]

South Africa

30,156

0

30,156

9 (3.515%]

Spain

200

330

530

24 (0.062%]

Turkey

322

8,380

8,702

11 (1.014%]

&	CMM Country Profiles iii

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Table ES-1. Estimated Coal Reserves, 2011



Anthracite &

Sub-bituminous

Profiled Country

Country







Ukraine

15,351

18,522

33,873

7 (3.948%]

United Kingdom

228

0

228

28 (0.027%]

United States

107,276

127,340

234,615

1 (27.346%]

Vietnam

150

0

150

31(0.017%]

Profiled Countries Total

397,026

460,912

857,937





Source: International Energy Statistics - Coal Reserves, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA], Washington, DC,
data as of 31 December 2014. http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproiect/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=l&pid=7&aid=6

Note: EIA calculates U.S. reserves only. It reproduces international reserves data from World Energy Council (WEC] based
on WEC's definition of "Proved Recoverable Reserves" as the tonnage within the Proved Amount in Place that can be
recovered under present and expected local economic conditions with existing available technology.



Table ES-2. Estimated Coal Production, 2012



Country

Anthracite &
Bituminous

Lignite

Total

Profiled Country
Rank

(# and %]

Argentina

0.08

0.00

0.08

31 (tie] (0.001%]

Australia

347.20

73.54

420.74

5 (5.49%]

Botswana

0.74

0.00

0.74

29 (0.01%]

Brazil

3.26

3.04

6.30

24 (0.08%]

Bulgaria

0.01

32.51

32.52

19 (0.42%]

Canada

57.00

9.50

66.50

13 (0.87%]

China

3,510.25

141.52

3,651.76

1 (47.63%]

Colombia

89.45

0.00

89.45

11 (1.17%]

Czech Republic

11.44

43.53

54.97

15 (0.72%]

Ecuador

0.00

0.00

0.00

33 (tie]
(0.0000%]

Finland

0.00

0.00

0.00

33 (tie]
(0.0000%]

France

0.00

0.00

0.00

33 (tie]
(0.0000%]

Georgia

0.25

0.00

0.25

30 (0.003%]

Germany

11.56

185.43

196.99

8 (2.569%]

Hungaiy

0.00

9.29

9.29

22 (0.12%]

India

545.86

43.49

589.35

3 (7.69%]

Indonesia

442.81

0.00

442.81

4 (5.78%]

Italy

0.08

0.00

0.08

31 (tie] (0.001%]

Japan

0.00

0.00

0.00

33 (tie]
(0.0000%]

/i,

'Global
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CMM Country Profiles iv


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Table ES-2. Estimated Coal Production, 2012



Anthracite &

I ianitp

T Ot3l

Profiled Country

Country

Bituminous

LjlgllllC



Rank









(# and %}

Kazakhstan

120.50

5.52

126.02

10 (1.64%]

Mexico

15.19

0.00

15.19

21(0.20%]

Mongolia

23.63

9.98

33.61

18 (0.44%]

New Zealand

4.60

0.33

4.93

26 (0.06%]

Nigeria

0.03

0.00

0.03

32 (0.0004%]

Pakistan

1.92

1.17

3.09

27 (0.04%]

Philippines

8.00

0.00

8.00

23 (0.10%]

Poland

79.23

64.28

143.51

9 (1.87%]

Republic of Korea, South

2.09

0.00

2.09

28 (0.03%]

Romania

0.04

33.99

34.03

17 (0.44%]

Russia

276.09

77.85

353.94

6 (4.62%]

South Africa

259.30

0.00

259.30

7 (3.38%]

Spain

6.15

0.00

6.15

25 (0.08%]

Turkey

3.56

65.95

69.51

12 (0.91%]

Ukraine

64.63

0.00

64.63

14 (0.84%]

United Kingdom

16.29

0.00

16.29

20 (0.21%]

United States

850.51

71.60

922.12

2 (12.03%]

Vietnam

42.10

0.00

42.10

16 (0.55%]

Profiled Countries Total

6,793.84

872.52

7,666.37



WORLD

6,854.2

1,033.5

7,887.7



Source: International Energy Statistics - Coal Production, EIA, Washington, DC, data as of 31 December 2014.

http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproiect/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=l&pid=7&aid=l

As seen in Table ES-2 above, China and the United States are by far the world's largest coal
producers, together accounting for nearly 65 percent of profiled countries' production. China alone
produces more than half of the profiled countries' total production. Of the countries evaluated in
this study, Ecuador, Finland, France, and Japan are currently not producing any coal.

Table ES-3. Methane Emissions from Coal Mining (MmtC02e)

Country

2000

2005

2010

2015*

Profiled
Country
Rank

(as of2015]

Argentina

0.23

0.04

0.11

0.13

30

Australia

20.84

22.76

27.24

29.57

5

Botswana

0.27

0.27

0.31

0.32

28

Brazil

0.90

1.03

1.15

1.46

20

Bulgaria

1.32

1.23

1.45

1.52

19

Canada

0.97

1.00

0.94

0.98

23

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Table ES-3. Methane Emissions from Coal Mining (MmtC02e)

Country

2000

2005

2010

2015*

Profiled
Country
Rank

fas of2015]

China

134.74

257.11

295.51

321.16

1

Colombia

3.28

5.08

7.29

9.26

8

Czech Republic

5.02

4.65

4.38

4.20

13

Ecuador

-

-

-

-

34 (tie]

Finland

-

-

-

-

34 (tie]

France

2.37

-

-

-

34 (tie]

Georgia

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

33

Germany

9.68

5.69

3.68

3.53

14

Hungary

0.31

0.02

0.02

0.02

32 (tie]

India

14.90

15.95

18.88

20.68

7

Indonesia

1.02

2.26

4.04

4.42

12

Italy

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

32 (tie]

Japan

0.77

0.07

0.05

0.05

31

Kazakhstan

18.32

17.51

22.30

23.28

6

Mexico

1.73

2.16

2.35

1.84

17

Mongolia

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.21

29

New Zealand

0.34

0.33

0.39

0.42

26

Nigeria

0.34

0.91

0.96

1.01

22

Pakistan

0.95

1.50

1.13

1.24

21

Philippines

0.20

0.43

0.38

0.41

27

Poland

10.96

9.58

7.90

7.58

10

Republic of Korea

1.16

0.79

0.81

0.88

24

Romania

2.67

2.49

2.73

2.85

15

Russia

41.95

45.39

48.82

50.97

3

South Africa

7.68

8.33

8.17

8.64

9

Spain

1.23

0.92

0.66

0.63

25

Turkey

1.62

1.48

1.90

1.82

18

Ukraine

31.38

29.90

29.71

31.02

4

United Kingdom

6.99

4.08

2.73

2.62

16

United States

60.41

56.91

67.47

69.98

2

Vietnam

1.87

5.23

6.91

7.57

11

Profiled Countries Total

386.56

505.28

570.58

610.31



World Totals

401.41

521.57

588.55

629.74



*2015 emissions: Extrapolated based on changes in coal production from 2000 to 2010.

Source: Global Anthropogenic Non-CC>2 Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-2030, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (U.S. EPA], Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division, December 2012.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA Global NonC02 Projections Dec2012.pdf

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In Table ES-3 above, total historical and/or projected methane emissions from coal mining are
shown for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. China, which has the world's highest coal production, also
emits the greatest amount of CMM, estimated at more than 321 MmtCC^e per year. Other large
CMM emitters (i.e., more than 10 MmtCC^e per year) based on 2015 estimates are the United States,
Russia, Ukraine, Australia, Kazakhstan, and India.

GMI's International CMM Project Database (https://www.globalmethane.org/coal-
mines/cmm /index.aspx] provides a worldwide snapshot of CMM recovery and utilization
activities—both operating and in development—and the amount of CMM emissions avoided.
Ongoing CMM projects can be found in nearly half of the 37 countries profiled in this report China,
Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom, and the United States in particular
host numerous projects at active mines, while Germany, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United
States host many projects at abandoned mines.

According to data found in the International CMM Projects Database, Australia, China, Germany,
Poland, Ukraine, and the United States avoid a considerable amount of methane emissions from
their coal mines. Australia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland,
Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United States get a portion of their reductions through recovery
at abandoned mines.

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CMM Country Profiles vii


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Introduction

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that is more than 28 to 34 times as powerful as carbon
dioxide (CO2) at trapping heat in the atmosphere, on a mass-basis over a 100-year timeframe.1 By
2015, it is estimated that methane will account for 14 percent of global GHGs, with more than 60
percent of the total methane emissions coming from human-related activities, such as agriculture,
coal mining municipal solid waste (MSW), oil and natural gas systems, and wastewater.2 Since
methane has a much shorter atmospheric lifetime than CO2 (about 12 years compared to about 200
years for CO2), reducing methane emissions can achieve significant climate benefits over the next
2 5 years.

The Methane to Markets (M2M) Partnership was formed in 2004 as an agreement amongst 14
countries to work toward minimizing methane emissions from major sources. The goal of this
international public-private partnership is to reduce emissions of methane by advancing the
development of projects that recover and use methane as a clean energy source. M2M was re-
launched as the Global Methane Initiative (GMI) in October 2010 and membership has expanded to
42 countries (and the European Commission) as of 2015 (see text box below), representing about
70 percent of the world's anthropogenic methane emissions. Public and private sector
organizations around the world are also working together with government agencies to facilitate
project development These collaborative efforts are yielding important benefits across the globe,
including enhanced economic growth and energy security, improved air quality and industrial
safety, and reduced GHG emissions.

Global Methane Initiative Partners (as of 2015)

Albania

Ethiopia

Kazakhstan

Republic of Serbia

Argentina

European Commission

Mexico

Russia

Australia

Finland

Mongolia

Saudi Arabia

Brazil

Georgia

Nicaragua

Sri Lanka

Bulgaria

Germany

Nigeria

Thailand

Canada

Ghana

Norway

Turkey

Chile

India

Pakistan

Ukraine

China

Indonesia

Peru

United Kingdom

Colombia

Italy

Philippines

United States

Dominican Republic

Japan

Poland

Vietnam

Ecuador

Jordan

Republic of Korea



Methane released from coal mining activities in underground and surface mines is of particular
concern as methane is explosive in nature and poses a safety hazard to coal miners. Constituting 8
percent of the global anthropogenic methane emissions by 2015, coal mine methane (CMM)—if
recovered and utilized—not only provides valuable clean fuel and environmental benefits, but also
improves mine safety and productivity.

1	The fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC], released in the lastyear, included methane
GWP values of 28 to 34. The United States and other developed countries are currently using the fourth report's GWP
value of 25 to quantify the climate impact of U.S.-government-supported methane reduction projects.

2	Global Anthropogenic Emissions ofNon-CC>2 Greenhouse Gases: 1990-2030, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.
EPA], Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division, December 2012.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA Global NonC02 Projections Dec2012.pdf

** ,

Methane Stive	CMM Country Profiles 1


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CMM varies in quality depending on the source of emission. CMM drained from underground mine
ventilation systems is veiy dilute. Referred to as ventilation air methane (VAM), it accounts for the
largest source of CMM emissions globally. In some instances, it is necessary to supplement
ventilation with a degasification system consisting of a network of boreholes and gas pipelines that
may be used to capture methane before, during and after mining activities to keep the methane
concentration within safe limits. Abandoned or closed mines may also continue to emit methane,
typically of low to medium quality, from ventilation pipes or boreholes.

A number of technologies are readily available to
recover and use methane from active or abandoned
coal mines, while technology has been demonstrated to
recover the energy content of dilute methane emissions
from coal mine ventilation shafts (i.e., VAM). Specific
uses for recovered CMM depend on the gas quality,
especially the concentration of methane and the
presence of other contaminants in the drained gas.

CMM is typically used worldwide for power generation,
district heating, boiler fuel, or town gas, or it is sold to
natural gas pipeline systems. CMM also can be used in
many other ways (see text box).

Although there are significant benefits and scope for
CMM recovery and use, developing CMM projects face
several challenges. These include accessing appropriate technology to assess resources, effectively
installing drainage systems, and selecting appropriate end use technologies. Market barriers
include appropriate price signals and adequate infrastructure to transport the gas. Lastly,
regulatory and policy issues such as clear establishment of property rights to the gas and access to
capital or financing also impede CMM project development.

Purpose of the Report

This report has been prepared under the aegis of the GMI Coal Subcommittee, responsible for
guiding GMI efforts to reduce methane emissions from coal mines. The Subcommittee identified the
lack of information about project opportunities in different countries as a major barrier to initiating
global CMM project development.

Coal Mine Methane Country Profiles was prepared by the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program
(CMOP), an initiative of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) that supports GMI's
efforts in promoting CMM project development in coal-producing countries. The information in this
report is based on country profiles submitted by GMI Partner Countries, as well as on publicly-
available data and consultation with in-country experts.

Organization of the Report

The following sections in the report profile 37 countries in alphabetical order. Each country's
overview addresses the following broad topical areas:

¦ Summary of the Coal Industry

- Coal production and the importance of coal in the country's economy and energy sector

CMM Country Profiles 2

Global
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CMM Uses

Coal drying
Heat source for mine
ventilation or supplemental
fuel for boilers
Vehicle fuel as compressed
natural gas (CNG) or liquefied
natural gas (LN G)
Manufacturing feedstock
Fuel source for fuel cells and
internal combustion engines


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-	Key stakeholders in CMM project development

-	Status of the coal mining industry

¦	Overview of CMM Emissions, Projects, and Potential

-	CMM from Operating Mines

-	CMM from Abandoned Mines

-	CBM from Virgin Coal Seams

¦	Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use

¦	Profiles of Individual Mines

f ' Global
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