Alternative Assessment Methods For Benefits of Acid Deposition Control


Ai	I-..- A , - . -i! ."-M . -I-, K !

Lc-ic' i fa ul Acid X i t i * m Central

:o- zwz-i v-1 t"'• ! ron •- .1 11
Eot^- *c:. I "•ri11>"•' ,«

ft. - „r! tt' "it th? fV>:	H'* IS- >•» " < ..-ir;" gi?d

^ !*, .r,t r.*.. I- --.1\ C. >	:. * r c: • •'"!?	- ..it!

,1 ¦ I : I. „ ^ r' " i ii— £,	, J' lh ' I, *"->" f r'4 i "

naipn t„ n!1 time.

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A>,em .>n»t v-.t i-'.it ion of *V ctoronic h.T.-fUu oT *r.<>l drposi ttari
Central i»r» ai J in >.«.itl>i| rhy •],*-.'hh<|| tin ,,'mcIi *«n' *~	>»f o..-.tro5 is

ret I-. •- rc tc-- ' •!•...-•»	ii.itu-.il 'jcifne-' .i'-iii ecortr. ir iu«t»r .u ion. At present»

a peri.» • •„¦«*«? lack nr fit- reliant. rmtiMl scNmh	%. n „i 11 mi rvike* the

pa:<- >5 "• :;ncr:U:i..'. m' cm-.- k	f ,M >»vt o* : :"k ; ,

Thin 'iM i'I t	nr U:tJ«. i.( natural an i	m'tinc#

Irifon i.t? lei tv-qui ml if these 1 Irtlli are to be approached. In order to frawe
the ilf€,«tsIon» the »»««. Section provides an Im-«U5-.c trc»:-r . ->| I# what art
ecc-,-. iw Cku'.t2\ t.. *..« k	ov^r. ; •> . : tv

of pI Mo ."pact"- .icEri i. i*pos i i inn i'Hcct'.. h.)v. Tl overview is organised

*n tn.', Ml' C Iw	'II I'C'.'no™ t c '.''..fur".	ouuloo* recruit i.,i) thi:

-•ly tr > „ .i;t-i»k>' u* o..•,»»*«-. a*: l ,r ¦; tbr.
• r-t iv.,«	ihcf! t" il t r jcttlfe of question* t® orifinal© 1-i Uifh

economic. analysis and Tn this n. mul '..CMMnqs.

F-.H am 3. *¦ .h!'?; t Ion!	i cV-.cKl > :%.• aU»'r .>r K,

technique* mmt 1 if .• .»11- * ##.-.• ic t- k i v. uf c : • J »i>, .tlor
COitlTOlt a iIT*Cuv.m«*i a I .ipftticatk-M of li.'tlin i	l« lyi»c!. t>l h.i.iCtyd

ecorwnlc sectors is given* «l	il-- .Jr;.c i%%I» <» i-'i«»i*ci the natural

11 ''if •»'.:> - v - ! t .'f. ;* : . t. ;• ;j»* r. : ¦ ,• j-.. I ,• v , ».; --
que&llfti « ! ! > "**•',il u.Ttetl.

The cit I..it til »n "iir n ~>»>•, •ju.'sitir,- I-.4. no content unless tb* • ~ «¦'. c ives

the 'n-' t	i-, i 			 -J i.-,	. i-; I '-'i	. -i >•

C.T.f, 1 'i. i >: N>tt i v- -o" ».t rc	.! i , In	!'• I. i !ii-- 41l" 1.1.	>.h r

i' r o c i *.< i • 11 < d need va f \ a nee I and »« « ra «;e | re tf ucc rf J) I as) natural science

I

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h.l :rr.it »«n "3k-:s to cmn-j »c cui' if*-» «,l tii.; b..«rv»f; t* of
-ic.i.1 »f >.»f i'.i control * Ho «¦>.• r, ,ys t**c <.v -„•!¦• >M >M • v t ¦ ^ ¦ t*W»-
LH » IJ -! » : r-itn.	" Istl * ~ j i'T-',-	f ;r ,.n; f .1 !»,- ;'v

>" ' '¦ ' .1 ; r< 1' > r*'' V>: Ij a i* -3:' c~> ;j< ¦- > .< 1 .i" . t i'=¦ " > r i c >• 1
€-,r.„;	tn- current - i	mi ,

Hi' I in.s I M'l.'.Ibr. Id'jvr.;cd : o f«-" hi E', . no r.or.r..\ic .v.:, .ivotj
vf IV ' ¦>¦>!'-¦• ! rof .icit? J»"pn<5iticn centre J. Tli»- A1 •.*' u . i nn cnl-ri upon
[hav* f11, r nf t jn- .icld deposition cnlrnl pmh 1 i in wli i ch |lie
>w.,i :i 1.11? 1 1> L y tt I natural r. c i c n ce dor-« - re.-r. fro*rt ri r 1 n I u r r .it mvi m ko\ -.a
1] i I I i"fcr o- I 'i evonui'iic	brc.- jm- »*£.¦ nu<• it ¦, I.iti. ¦:•! t h c r tho

. ar-ii',1^^1	r--,r» r: cci 1 tcif. ;o p-itIoc tl"» nv-v, c n t , i!rJc

'S » iv ri.-•,.1 r;i'. - j'.r tn~i U	if *.h - r ,{.,r „l wVn;..	.uki"

i •„ t.>!>•	. r

r-V r.il I »• .'Hj 1 ) f rccu-ir: v *'• - ••••!» .f *rsr 1o-. base
- ¦ <

_ :i"! K-/\nu r-i Lc:;..:ri_ic jIST-ol Li-ir it
Al, i fi*$| planted, the idea of r'h.u «.uii*-U liit*';. ¦> 1'ii-t 1 ; t ii obvious
i.Mio.i'!*1"¦*! t |> slroplf the gain or acfv-int.vk' I'mi i li%* r»-ci'r'ii«r,t or' -i
ri-i'.ii t rm» In .-»rM rf.'na-.itlor ncouirci. However, a iftm-iftl'i' .i*; hrc.->:l

ill TiHM. .J ,1-- t ll i if.Tvt?'- tl." Co. i M " ri	. L.' i'.'l'rl ~t ( ¦..¦! t r,

nrv:!. i . ; Jp>- -I -<	to provide III.	- 1 , I" ¦< ,:l.< .i" .-f-.n ynlqu^

CEr ,¦:!•» ii.-;-, , li.r , in rk :r.	•! •« uirk-tv n"'	ir-.c .-ulti'r-.

"»i . 1 1 ¦ r",i ! > 1 .1.	: r- r,i —i:i.if » - •	,,-iI ' ! Ml

»,*%.	C*'"J j	I•, i-	^ cr~, ;t-

fiivliii %	i	Lh'j i. co-%•*'' \ U u , r,i r

' H tu l*'S t ><4 1 .lAir.' -«t ic l.,i% i • ,11 r! ¦ '¦•illi . I' -I thef are

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Ir-.c-iJoJ v.-.s: ir«., If he is to comprehend their Units and the possible
sources, of error within tK--..- 1 imfts.

' i'- i -I.' r-,'iv•..! i IV. :c i r- r 'i .|litu to use ccr*,^ 5 t* • and

to participate In certain act i vi 13i>r-. His ability to do so Is United
fay his fcv.il Lh, the law* of society,, and the physical and biological
laws >j I" nalur-j. As 1 led to .-=r.. ¦ =; ¦. -T.t ^ ul fi- 1 o n ,,ca 1 t-h
and the 'm..:* of -ncie; .¦ .vid n^Ltrc :r.< hir to	hviic ii i>ru|.y. • t i'jnS

derived Fron the .ixlorjtfc sy&tcn known as nor-~,ii i ve f» co-tonic theory
(wel fart	:ic,.,! u-iii.ile th^ b-:. m-" i Ilo to nr.set Mi obsc vattons

or calculations on the individual1', thv-c—•. to the Individual's valuations
tin terns of i» ¦ 111 figms &:i- to*sac r i f t ce, or wl 11 in the results of .ir cCOn&Tic benefits aait 1r. a-;ito-rii i c;i I 1 y
accepting thi% last [Trior judcrcnc. Judgments about the f>ro[V.r ,^y to
ii.--.crn-- v-• in ' i1dL 11 1 i- -nit i	. Ii._* ..ir >.¦«.> v: not si" tK- .ilr?)

and society1 > laws are not properly the assessor's, In short* the
IT-ilL-c- nl .j-. i i ¦ ' "i ¦	i i i. L -r.-fir:,, cf 1-3 I I .if io:i cc;it ro. pro-.-.

that acceptable ri¦ solution:. of a variety of nnfjr.il c.c ionce, r.oc Jec "¦ 3,
and even ctnie.il |-r(--. I-. |--,v .-.I .Hy L i. r r e.i ,

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tlun:jes in pol lutioit levels alter the ctcncnti» fn and the fprni of
the Set y!' ..-I tcrn.i; iv.. . i 1:11 n i,h»cn t!"-: ir*: i vl.: ja I r u	hi', choices.

Th'-'.-c nl t.c rations orirrinotc in thv biological and phv:leaf effects of
pol 1 u'-kn -j!"'I Lb,; ir:'.:-".mrir-i.'l pr Tcji-1r¦" j; - -.u;:-j\y' l -i.. .)
that	cf n."ct5 have* The 1 fwJI vttlual * % ef£%c»s Ion problem. U then to

rusllcy his choices so as to naxirai®e his gains Frun lull on fe-iu c L i oils
and Co roFniraijjc bis losses fror* pollution increases. Thus the complete
i>:'-ru m • ?•::¦¦¦ i\c. rr.-itrol h.-fss-r ii- rf>:ni«>; both physical and biological

u.:i !••;¦¦¦. "n 11:. ¦ -=-n L i i i-"- «i lilt"-!1 OUtf tlf a:la, <; i v.,* *V".	of i rd I VI dual. S

and Institutions (fncl ml 1 r.g ".Njrkets} to th«se chant;---., If c he:	banc It*

assessor li to jeeeunt for th«* ada-.itivc bpH.ivSor of tJ.*e I &1 on	he

must knc..' ti.e ¦->; tL.r, i L i i_- ,¦ ikivj 1; '.'Li;.;, ji i *	t S's* ' s't al

subs: i tut lo.i I b 11 i 11 cr, available to the ago-nt. As Ada: 'j urd Crocker

(L*-:p:i;is1ze, the natural scientist, by his choices of the	physical

and b Eo 11.1 rr If-*i 1 pl"r.*!iri"(_"'iji lie i isvd'", r I rjj u*r- arid mports upon^ may	partial ly

prcscrl.¦ economist's presentatton of the agents' decision	problem.

!•-' L - li V ' C.Z ' y e i r*C .1 • .'\.r ' I i i-;¦ -V .. -i.i I i < :n ¦ 17 I? I I H- I "Vrr 11 " v. ¦

ways this agent can ro:\* ' i I- i • « .»iv. r 1 ..1 - • 1 1.I 'u	reduction or minimize

hi r. loir.iir. fror. a pollution incrrasc. The clreur serlpLiori causes econonl c

c5 L 1 r .111'ci 01 tn-:* .iq^pfs' ro 1 n j fror 1 o<¦ I 1 ut i c n reduction LO hr- Lisa-irfl

.¦••iil 11 ir. hr,v,r, fr^-t m Ircre.i:-^ to be bfj-.cd uy.j.ird. Alternatively,
if the ajcnt's action:* arc Severely limited, or Lin: .nscnl	not perceive

th» existence and extent of the ir.pacS thru jgnuriraj the ,n1,"i,n iv.- aai 11 ty
of LK* atK-ot night be ; oru acvm'aU-r it Is an empirical ir.i-.-Mlon as to
the dcijr nl r.hi'irt. .mil lumj run adaptaI ion ncro'.<: and iithir iTi/.-i iir ^t r> r s,
Clearly, tl-r-":' 1r. unlikely EO b-u >ul> jianc ial economic adaptation In

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natttra* <¦»•».~ I©d§e that the jtfi^ic.ii ,»r.J Moloyk.-I results of
alternative «..» uprortMi'. 1 \ 4.". «N ffor I-. I-isufl'icEcnt it scsfcilc
f v !•. i	.M-t, t-s 8CC • • .t n J-.C". (" '»••• . the , „»	cf

Hi. J."! r.i. i -r ¦" C11: m	1 <.	r;:;

The !" 11 >' r.jtu re •"«' lull o i	•: l» tn!,!i.H,»l 6v	t.v i a roup*

— >" «i«§ pfcfr .citrate-. r.i. ,	*n »i'c

etc. Perceived ivwiith Mrie« dsM !mvv I e f o* a tl€#« ii»i .ill yscfcl u, I hi «sce-vv Kl Irving to .vvv, the ctt. • >f U-ni-fir

Mi ' I i -I! M ¦- '.L'-t-.-l .

4i :«ir ' *.;!'¦ f i.'vm'c"! on > " a' *» 0 ,y i\ fee.11."" r r- j- '
I V	,*».>J r,"v.i t.-i i .£•*):.,ic-1 ! 1 < k t j.ro«r^l®» itiM Imiou < „u« ri.'sK

drc«"»y, p'-MTtrch li.r,	r,i 1 ]y proceeded an .in i ten-by-l ten, r, 1 rum r.mrer*

bye iff ,rj- 1 ! |h 1§W
s-c	i'.~ ,/• ' r,.- r ¦* i r ?! jlo" i: - . •>- f ci re, > r ^

to 1 wfanlnfful charm* «Ij-ur iwi ..I Hi - ,WHIor-	ih«i rki-noialc

agents face. TK»c pr.»M» p, tflM.-t . i i;,nly .iccumfnfl to the fccifienlc sector
if!	v- agent * it	•. -»* t .-•¦!»¦ ,• lf»

c; t iinJ lit. ¦- iJiif.f	acr.r,, vi *¦ Hits 1 i c sector* Mill be teverelf
I. r.- t i.'c 1,1,5c SCMMI' i» k Mr	ure-?r i>

flan |:lle iiipacl •! VI. ?'• i »¦ .. pj,:r .. t «•» r.< -««
J.™ ,-orf hi. .» i'j irv |>r iv.it v «i^.» .m.umI Mit.-ruior. li-' Iflilw C.m i»d will

replace Ms current Ipiwup t.-ry -,U,h tin/ cdi: I.'pf •*	, Joe-		

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of SOj levels* Ti ..r- ¦ i; ,-.-iy al teraot Ives with which the curator
can reduce the pot end at damage dope by 50^; I" --.>T, If the

TJt-jf.i I i:*r.¦ i I'	i!, r:ot CO' lo:tec ! ntor ici on	11:¦ ¦ n I r?-rr ,t i -,r-.

differentially .liter ih; lr»xii;L of S0^ on the curator's p;ip.ir , the
economist cannot de;cn"Il»* L»ic dialect the curator will nat.fi ~ Sparw
basic tci»:ntlfic knowlcdyu of dec is. ion	n I tf rr.it T ve:. lu.ics to flirty

cConocn 1 c an a 1 y set *

Sep.ir.ite cIm meter fz.it iona of the nptlnirlnq bfh.ivfor al each sector
a I low OH© to identify the particular	•'	Lo ..-i!c i ivd- tor's

edjusl\cnt.s are 1 ikely to be rvm «.i-r.r.i tTve. Thus, for ex-mple, the
I cw-1 of interest rates will hnvv n ~i j o r 5 n f ! ijitcc on the r i v. af ro tc r i a 1:»
used In his i I ;l Ing construction,, but 1 ktle or no Influence on the paper used
In Jacqi.'fUric Su sarin nave: I s. Hi on inter e r. t i ate, rccucc the incentive to
;--jrc!-T i \ '.I - I	I-.s' 11. i -i" . f r : ,i i ., r v- t m:-_ i lI . .iter« a i ¦- may

be itrpncIy	Co SO^ Incursions, To Lhu protective building

Q»ncir, thg lonp— I WcsJ rjterla's urn not n	f j| way of reducing SO^

Impacts. Natural «ci r.-.iv i>.\r: I: i-iu-ii.-' for use In econoralc anaFys Is
can therefore d i srci-.ird t||<7'.; in onh-r to tonc«.*n irate on a 1 tcrr.it ivcu with
jr.>r:i:r Hfp ',pnn' . For th;- iniNl Eslllfig ln:1u-5tryf longer-11 ved t rare 50.-
re% i "i I .Tit P»i per i> ,_iy rn-ve r the I ess continue to b-.- a cjooil r.\jbv. 11 tuio„ In
iiorl, t ho n r-nn i ,ti t i on of natural science rciiM rcli by ncono: ii c lector
alio-..", onis to specify	economical ly reli-v.mt 'W- in iultur.il science

fnfom.it Son are present. Also, rcanrricdlly n*lvv.int adaptation o.iporturn tic
arc less likely to be ovcrl&A»,'J. This I.]ml of organisation nl r»o >*Kjpj,cn:»
to be th f for-; in .. lieh r-usi Fi_-dur.il t	qnd private Infnn-.ufnn is

-¦¦j: • I i -I .1 .

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For aciii deposit ion, any reasonably cor.pl oca list of econoratc sectors
must include real estate (h!t*n t io I, cohere Jo I and industrial , pJMic,
and rccn:,-.:»J -j: ! I i tvj „ r	:r.. .sport infrastructure,, sanitation,

cD-rcci,!' fortsntry. .igclcul Lure, and outdoor recrivi* for>, T.lble 1 r«jtc?le^
these ucniinnfc r.i'ttor^ th the standard natural iciiMice I-p.i&i cjtegor ict..
Thou-Ih rq schfi--.it 1& r- ir.Har to Table I can provide .1 tliarnu^i di* ft* of
i ' !-o> itiL«n La Ken in thii section, a "ip.ir^ rntrix rwviry --ony crpty
e 1'-.tents Is at least consilient with question* that will differ according
to vfhether one starts rvasllrg ."icrosi the rows or do-..n the colu-.n".. When
pn.e does rhv letter, his thinking will be strjcturi-ri H terms of sin] lariti
in decision problc-u, wncn he reads ,jcrn«i<» the row, he wi II sec the world
in teres 0!" s Iral larIt fer. in natural science problcr.i»

tV. lJL ?:: ij.-jl a:^::^!,ent ",-r-1 u 1:1 -3

Control benfif If. awfrSS-Kiit technique!"! are a frxsiti';, of providing
partially syntnm U d«cr I prions of the bcluivior of supply .-ril •"¦•-.~nJ In
particular ~'cono-iic Seders. freeman C19793 proviilvs an. able rcvic.J
1 iQ&t tin- practical techniques that 11.1/ Ui	to	the chorionic

LL'-.»$	I lut in-,-i 1 Ml-;-..i L.I->•••:•; I :i .'IV lc il and biological

yr-11:r , and the revj1 t.nii price effects arid consumer and prou'jci' r
iidujiLjt ions. 1 h •_! curri'nl I>.: i \ intended on 1 ¦/ to q 1 '.v ; he r-.'.n;»-r --.cr-c
Insight into i.ic dutr. rvvjf T'c-«n ts oF the alternative fccin 1 qui";, their
li' l.., u:.. Li '- i-11 ¦ uf cr-or *.iji - lici' tiv-v n-i.	r;,

There arc -vW.t.iI plane;, olonq uhlch on..- r.iq'it chnrncwrTiu -i'-m- 'r-' cnt
rctho«K. 2or v 1 (.¦thubS art" "nan jtivi?", for y.vv .plu, and otliurs arc
' po i l i •/>_>". With t Ti#» norngtlve rsthpds, a* in nvith.-mt i*.al proir.T-• hiq
"i'HIk-:b, l'iu js&c-iwr ei.r.entlaHy acts as if he Is the rer'rr-ioiuative

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!•~'<» i.,

A C roil-CI HllflSli Ion ttf ttWwMt ynsn «nd ti« Shrill ItiirriCf ffC-H. I I 111 r-ji. i- i * a

"	. „	" .if-,!- --	•	hip	' HVf If!	* ¦ 1 # <141»

J»-rr

: ¦ ¦¦.. i »¦ ,ii|	j,	I

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"-1 '. " :: "r , -' i. --5 "fi :• * IV L, L ,	C3-*, --

•/, iJc ?j:s r.i "if «n i	:.s,l =s+ at ¦:»><<" v/-.? ;sii f-c

ii'ii n r i.t'u f i! Mi % .1 '-I- i ; f ' ,11'uul ' j1 .^rg :b ,! d'.ih'i i-roilem the

, ,<•!. t i,ui 'm-.v if ho 			 i-il v i rcu Moncc. i f 11 !,!•'	in

,M>r ha-j pointed, r«i% I i i v«. lF- i » t "i-iJ',, .i 11 nw

tl." J'.-.ciwr to to n-if- i ii iivr--ir i.•, ofiv.'rv."! -J im	.	ti">" "¦>?	lu r >¦: r r. *>, - ire. uf ?rc:c,.* • i n >«. 		 f rv~ -'era-

• i* ¦' - • j.'y, tuc	i U.I-!	:r . ,t . •>»	*. c: -' .

laflucres-1, fhese cnoiccs.

A Ho* i„yl i VI1 y , ore rshl ^ 1 ,i % 3 *f ~.c ined* h V «n - : V i they crap toy da: ,i
Oft tJ «• Wi-rvd hvh.iviar nr ISn- «.»•! f-reported betwim uf eLc-nCsic agents.

Irrni vo mat Son	-.uch a-, bf.Icing games , form the latter

c.i E i-'iur y ..Nile: - '¦) t! f j 1 i< r'. i r n ni .mui ,-*j EkcJu , b.-d-ink
i c= ,r	u\> fm •> . A iilrd

i	',rtvr :« .k . ->•%' "r "rI - > r - ,-i 1 . ¦ * 1 :, - ;"

'» r ! "•r'	' ft'' ¦	F i-o i L	cent r,v n	,

Bl ' r j .L li,»w	*, . i.i'lct price data *1 «U>Jife 1 e,

F-i-.ll'-, ,	cl.-v ! I ; > i ,	j j : i; ,:i,. r ; i * I n-I ¦ ,i i . i r. .

*1.1 E .11 I	scifritt; d.nf.1 r-11 tl'.-	iI H iu'i bpf.;,"Vi (.-ul ' uf i>:n I ><„ .ir,i i-nvin>T <'ni.il

r.",,' ..Jld fci ill!...I if. I.	Pi.nl._- I r, i *,.»I |i ru j r .!• . r' j .u <-t\. f "ur .itiVi*"

'	<-:,.ir,z ; - ;I ,tor-.ir ;ot+ 'rj	.< i. i n z\u J ! ttt

« 'i ; - i	-r- : '.i!'":1-,	•»•'1	> t ¦ re".".- : ••	, < i t i

r-ct: :-r pnl •• .<¦, i C-. i-.L-nt > if -Tl ,•	t,. ,«•!

«T..III. ;, *.• .11 Jf r.rraif,' At r..t rc.juir,- .irr.,--,« ,. nil-r i' n I.i ordt-r
:¦ I ¦ ¦ , i i i.: . !., : ¦; >¦ f-in . . . II .•i; I..!i • , • I ! ¦.. • i. , . ir I- r, t iMi-
ll I r'.rf t.,. I. ; II-. fill I'm 11«i I itl.,T -;.'C if -.nln.J.	Hiie It can lie

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"¦ " K :l 'djJZl >-'n"	•r' •"' ^	-c

'>¦<' '<• i.:-i z-. zcr	,v -, ;•r_-r	,«; £ cf in-i

rvt'lt,. IC robtr.,1- I,

Wirji ,i|-_ on: C" f * - rrc,>>, I'm' 1 ¦,-! 1 ng d i" '.cuv, i nn >«i H I i , t E m.j f ib
ii-f -1 hu J'j on the b,i%is nf' k.||,-1 :,r*r or not their t"> p - f i l .i 1 I ,'lc- ciU.i: ion

rot |i* (r the jv.3i 1.1 b 1 ! I *y .r riAtur.jl ickuc itov—ri"	»•.« infvr -itioi.

B -t	'.,VW( :«> ,	.ii	J.) -riv! •„	>;•, Ou not

rf "	t.i; r, v" ! ,	<¦ i -If o--.it >J- l\> Xh*< r- •: r :

Is ••..h.ii	to rc;vn his V, r	\» c'Tj ;cc, .r JA-* v.( ir i r n of

,|ii tnvlrOffiEMsntaJ cffr.ct, 11 ^ 1 -?H .ri% U 11 te n^nilh.l ,r, ,« Ji'.ilncl class,
rl ji»>.• vl"r f In every ox iIiipi i,or;t indent vaI un:i>OT s- , a "! i , - nr••.Tici rvi'iir, <> ¦' - -fv ?r r^lVr - ir i -• r v { tl i>•-
* l—'lc :o 11'» i1- i , ~ 1 j	-I	!

ri •, * nforrat in rc-	th.ir prrturt% X^> c». i r.-s«*<.. m . fc

t r i bii'.ct. of ih-. ~ nviiuic «>i|, the rc.ip^-iM* nf llw ewi rpnment«, ancf

l .* i«*	prices i-> f unr vn >, .1 •. 1; :.'u J ¦, u^T.-d or prci.lnc -il \u or ^rc

ficr i vl t ii". m'i'c"i Ir.volvv I !-•* .-uvi rf. ,n.'iii» 1rv;!c in I arrw t * (m.: 1
.i r»« t'u < ia .>:* £.ir,: inf.

, J'J:-i; '¦ ' 1 ¦ •• - ¦ ^-r€-.r11. r.'!,>ur,.

\ f •- -v• : , .. t, , i- e :i ; , I -,, , - •	, v>-;

V I " "-i< cfi' rT.-,-.". ¦.,>.! !•» . ; r, ,i', , r > r cr . 11 m!, ¦ < ¦ 1
prici- iJ II,- net i v i ty i>f r-i{ i I y i •,	ru ITI p I " «'u !«y 'II- i. n r- i t y»!c of

fii- ["¦•'. 1'ii'Pj.c ,irc! the ©rl 'i i ii.i I '.to-, !, of th*; nf fcticit 		J i-ht-ilfi a

-.('.HI-: nf lmjiiq-;-	, I Mil '. 't lit .'r Tj;n L	¦" ,i«. i«> r« i. r < r i c • •

10

-------
r ;	arr	intn .>;» wiC. Fj"	: " :r.::

Of . I . ,i p.-. Ml • i j r ¦/••.!•!• : f .-i I ,/:, i u -x \ 5 r a 5 r 1 j ««,;«• C.X
m u.-i iun'i in torn •# I • U' I •'< .i;i c !»r' tr'-"	>~* vi inc i	r»cr I.COn |,. >,i lr ! / «'ni

of -cJlc-.i	,n j tT„-n rC - j i i i pT •>¦ i r ;	• 'V, 'jM'Jot -r.

'I?	i; ,1V.",!, "-*• % .	in	f c ,r	ic

r •*"* I »vi. . yf j-n ;r ,»f *eci >% snl« v*r-^ « tu :>s.l i iit'v
no i. ;>1CL fir rclot «%t prir«»s, "-U ,-' jI t «pl Icat ion will flfiwlifa a
i >•.!'.¦ i.iiL !«• c 11 f r -| j i- n f en t, .ik Itrtavlor,

A SOBSdWhat « '.T.- drr in*1 : :,«] ViT-, 11;,; i Cif Li .*•	i .f Iim I I n.'lf l<-

Mit* si ,i' k ¦ -'-'Ut iCT .n i»l i HUf-J ' cation. It* ar^r.i r 1 cn is identical
lo "I 1 - i f -J I "r 1 < r 'l„jl . ^COV' t	•'» Soil

' • i .. .!	> r- -ot -¦ ' ' ¦ « ' , I. ^T.l 7 - *.lc r- ' . , , *	-T n t" tv.

:'„r tri ,l $¦> ~c -^ti*1- ^	i..r m-, i^r <" >' 1> •> « ">» " >•"' t ¦ 2 ait I vi ;>

1.	Tor 0-1! :«le. > • .* r I I c ic miS ct pric»". fi.r rl skS- 10 tiuwiin fife

Hi.- mil u:i!,crvaS)lc	!•••?	It iu illr-i.Tl to	in h-.r .in I i\ci.

r r f > .« ' f I . r ii.ivi'	.I I.kir . ¦I.int, of €ffori f -1 1; 1 y i i-| ?«¦ <„*•, L.ibl «t- h

»i4	lr» {, order's

.. !•!.„.,'•! and T"-- ' I -	a-c\:	¦¦ > •- - ' 1 i ,1! k -it '1 z"

iii "it-,' 11, ,

1 i . j--.li r I; ¦ .r 1 .j * i p„.- : . - ' - ¦ ¦ ¦ j .¦ r I'U - '>¦' ' 1 > 1 >1 • • ¦• ¦... -j >'¦ I

In 1. v. 11 -11	ut t y *•> 11 »• >"	1. r Ji'icr'j •.¦"-ilrl a prni-r , »«,inure of In-,-,.

It

-------
At the other extreme in Che c'crjrcc of c:tofv^iic -nph i sL»cotior and
" ¦ i r " p-r'i'i" i" r'>~ 1 .i r<¦ .ir. .v. cj~ t "vnt 0 f r« I hods thai account
ridrc-ar-f c.r, c«3« pltstvlY For tin* ¦jfijpt.it ions cconcni c agents make In order
to minintze i:. • l.'.r or raaslolie exploitation of the opportunities an
cr VI r.vv • :i i' rffuf.'. uiLhjr 1—-u-.c:, or or-.-:i t, T:i- >.< -ivJ ¦ "n-.u'iv.'
rauir cu: n! tncr'.s of technical expertise and	rch resources aver

several month periods, All are nor native in the carl ier-mentioned
that, the a'.5c«or t ri«'«; m ilupllcitc the decision prob5r>m of the economic
agent.. Because of their duplicative character, H s-y <1" c.il I '-i!
c.-^ i, \z--i J_¦ icif im ••¦it .«•!•;. .".-n"c-.l prcir.i . i"-< «.¦ Uumo
ccorn- T'-ic	disci fall into this class. Though the*- najor

appl i	i !. h r -j p; ¦ c r r.n ¦¦¦r.'iruv.jrlj! 'iu t i r..i;.	l,-, f..r !:.¦._¦ n

In jjr icu t jr.i s i i'. g.» "d.—., ct . I . f I V52) > On •¦:: V.-Mt Ic.-.l 3rogr. * i ••;]
arid health [e.g. p Crocker, et.ai, (1979 ~ Chanter 5) o- -t „¦ l.-< c „¦ ],
they c.-tn, in principle, be applied to any environ .p.ni.il p rob I c i in i-.iich
relative pric« nn.d dose-response inf©rn,uror» is available. Given rw»

. Ci-.r- ¦ i-- 11',- l-.y tho r n-,.„ •¦ r i ¦ ¦ 11; .1 . fi- ¦• p;:< rcv.cl-- ¦ ,e: l,-..-.
or J " 1'ir i !'j J:1-, ii; i r i.l i^ L i i.'"i ¦ :", i! cm •,¦.:: ; rifi-i ."•¦ i ~ v i L'<_¦ ¦¦ .ici'TcInc to t he
fei.-.rivr i r ji ,-r ,.;,c •. .iv'.lvJty, .1 id ."f..".>"ii". I:ii>- L'' 11 ¦. J' f frenlial
inp.tcts the environmental effect has en thus*? nculvit ie<; and th*»ir relative

i' * 1 '«

j 'i1'' j l i e i 1	;• i'i ¦ r'. ¦ • Ij|.j r- • L i 11 ! •. ¦• i i>- di.< . i i¦ -;s I i zr • f s i * ' -i; i ca 1

express lutb lor tfip dec is fori o-iont' "i oiijucti ««••#, rtl irmat i v%s ways of attaining
the objectives,, ,n r' resource and ©iliur restrictions upon these alternative
uay.. To be able to .ipply	rfchniqu*. rhi* 111 v^i' 1 n.^'0r r>jr t h.iwr»

sul.'"-UrnL i j 1 ~.na,tli"fliJj-f* as to haw it«cl ilor s.1 'j In various ecorcr.fc vectors

12

-------
night ft'.? - -i -."J -i.ipt. Tr	rc^acicn-, «ir." ^ -. * ! v J rdt5-»T

Iton being	,v ; •»* ' ! • •^c-zi:-c.	• »' i> l""* <

in *> » l'j i. c tr vp	!'«• > '*«1t.m t - ».	-i:. can ttte fcv.Jli. q o*

i:iki i v i[ 1,1 1 i L i	. t f ¦ "P H' »¦ ii'' iJ i n ¦ ' r i C i »*r, C ri p. !h.t t',ir?1 ¦" i >i i 11 • ~ '• " t <¦ >• „ find
• i i , r .,. ..! . .

Si- .i' ¦-: ">'i'i	'j-h: i prpy I.?. ,in ,iU>-rn.-»'.ive tu cn-iv-"ir, «••?!.» I raalheratlei'
.« V r»" iy-.i, *» I'llcy arc nunerlcol rather than analytical

.i"- . r	r- , t > .. i .if i , - ¦ f '	t	c > i,'	: :rzzr-i-.!z^'

1 : . U! ,J-:rc	' -1 i £ 1 m	are either i,»-r , Hi c-*I or

: f I, U», In	cecro tic :i>n v ~ r.ey Hjvc f rr iMpf-1"»' 1 ¦ « ¦« ,-r filled to

•	!	.i . < ! rZ "i,"i .til. i- . .. - i.-i".	rJ	. . s « ¦ .;.!¦¦ .•

fjfl to field ~.uch In*-1 fit. A* wllh «-l Llii "-i t i c.11	1*151 ifsetKod*. Tiu»

Ii . '"'i. -:.r	r I t o -I* r p.ir* 1 c u I n r vc'i f c r > t h- i •'! ¦ j + Z 11 ,

<*!>.' fi*. k'.ir.'ra in!; v,-,t* i. m. , ¦„ r , :ar-;r rSir i ,¦ " , t i •» « M • 1 \~' £-•-¦- i n" t ' .i I ' .v ' ¦ ^ " ». f

tTii •s-l.-iir.;: ff.t'r 1 ¦ < t r , |Ui ' y > t ¦*" •! I "" < * . >¦ I '•! I / • l I l " .

U'l I -• I- trie	In I, illy * ; .. t ji i\ > c.n' ;-r -> i li.r, ¦

«".t i, :!ii- nliysical rrl.itl.i-i	Fi.-i-iW.ii* I*»11- - n ion.its

•	• ill mi. I ,iii I it eur v.iryiir;	nl rh. env i mr-.-'n'	This fnfarr*itSen
Hi th j M ^ i. [. HI" -I. Is. * I fir ¦ ¦ I III II' I t i •- -	[d

r • ' «" »w C. n ; -i i'. I iu r ¦ , - ! .. , ( rvJ..icTi r* 	 • •• Ift tftput

j c ..x.	- » T-zuz *.k.i - > r	'' < 'J	'ns

.il"	b-,-	i' ! i i ,< I -c-ii. .. C-:." f '<• ; .m - 11 < • l< - wSfket

Suipp-1 f atid dcnarid frcjuatloflii h.v,, t,.-.. ,	..il¦»-ii, *1 - vy .?>• « r	:;ircvl*s!y

s-o I vn: |,y ,i i .irJe: cK',irin«;	I ty	tiii'jJM". i|ii.«*n i '.y .ujip I itid to

n: t r .! .i-n!,- I,

13

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Tn.	- .trie	w "'t'fjfs rv*nr*ch 17 5. ; ^ c , ^ I r s_-

-..1 'j-r.: si" y.	i'">f	v„ amf ipv<; •.*. .«'av *•• 1" Mien

.,f ¦;	wf) lc-ind .pr-	.".J	.if M	.

?h 1 • 11 1 ¦ ,¦¦ i v 1 i a icL of re I !'<• Ml% 1 "i,i t f lifer supply nn'/or tli-< .mhI functions,

Ir k '1 I » . •!.•.«•• r\ cJ r.y.i.-l I •. .. I ll • .¦« 1.11 ? n tr nc - i«:f. : I ¦ln'itticn,;
th 1 * lh:s do not rciyir-- • 't'lielt do^ - r«p-. v o 111 ¦ u . m' i r r ! though
ft-, r.rn" > ib ;1 i tv c if. !. ti'T r"<- 1 . - |S- -,'ir 1 . licol ef r "c i':"v / - r • :! .11^--.
.11," ro ; ,? C .!•; t".- 1 ,1., , ( ti i ; ! 1 , >:,f rc .. ' V-= „ r >! . *Lr, r 5 ' .o!
S"> ii'i'iit .jlc	'.71 r-i >'< •.*, ; I , 0 ,r js fc 1-; f,	. l?.'r r I " f; C-I : - ¦: •

.11 I tlwIu1 1 round -,ni»? I h i t, cjiM.-J Ui? " 1 kir-n 1i f i c,U i«>ri frui. U ,
d i ¦, r !ri.|ui '.n ino bfUt-if.-n Lr<- 1 ¦r• i¦ i In uh'.Ji iL-iply nnJ In -il 5c.»i <*•- jrrJ f-j

. Mil r ! I.ii- I	I'!- ..TV I ¦ 1: i. - ,

I'i principle ,i*. Ic.T. i, t; I. I	suh ¦,: .in ( ! .11 I y I ¦* v„ data

If ' I • urrh ri-c enr f »«M ci!'« r	f yh *-f ! b - ,

f • < . ifi' Vi fzzt tM', r "• ''C	J:c: "5.	' V-

('	rr-^r- , T 9-, • -h, ,,r •	1 ; v.- rather tint «ic-* "l » .1 f rj.ieHri,

th" .1 1 r is a&lc to j i l i ».l , rvl^K4 and olstffe lh« mttosm of the
agent1?. -,ntut io-is the aj^eni itoefc part of Hie mri. Umi ilir 5nv ^Ui.itor

ritr. 1 1I11 Mich, the iidrrviitvc r>-lliuiii«.

Ir. L1," 'f ~ t af ,ifpl 'C.'it i> 1". t'» ^-nvirirr cnMi fs-Mies, ihe n»SI popular
¦-.t ' C	^ > t:- » r^- '.:.vJJ,*1li* T'.'t' --j » .1» *'c \.

lictcB -n .•! iti v.<	i f--,	f" .« %• ' >*.

Mage data. if, o » r, ?«.,? I .1 . i ij Mr«: M )•¦!.. il t ,111 I • | ,i» I i c i 71.11 •• in

I It • !' ul.'t *• r *JlC -in;-,! f.i	t |m> " L _ .J	'.•-ill-l	ScCAUSe

I
-------
proper i< t-j subject to to* |iol tut ion levels will be liii;her than fur

equivalent properties in arfl.r, --.ubjuct to higher poHution lewK, This,
»'i * I translate, into hi»_i^«r prlwi. fo'- pfui-'cr ties in low pol tutsan .ireas,
the price <11fferentSal reflecting, but [because of supply i.i 1 ! ; i-r»¦ nl-- ;
wt nflCi'isnri ly bn i mj fil.T.ticjl to, the perceived y.ilue- of ^•-•ol >i i n f] ~ h-
pollution. This hedonfc price f m.c; icr i c." y er. 11 no ted by regressing!
t!'-* II i t v i r . ¦i;i f	I i ev L>:jn pa ! J i.r i ..-.r ,"3"«. I i.l-.ir, ¦,«)¦,-« U'<

assessur iusnucLi -toritrfbute& tP- the va 1 up. of tl*} property. In short,
con s use-rs arc p-jv * ted r.u -.ch-cc i v- ¦>' l jnd lev of u:*. riojtcs
t>nc of which is pollution, fh.it arn pnt-j«io in the coT-odlty called
Kdjv ir..i. In regent ye?"*, as -earlier noted, there has been growing
rC.Z.C ~ "i s t i Cm tha" l~. • .1 ; 1T t_ L'. 'n.',i U' ~Jtl"JwV ' h." O. . ¦ ill: ' 1 T-:i .:
di ft" icL-11 Fes due to the identification- probU.n {r-ro.-'n gril R'j-.cn 1932),

_T_r_'ir,e;h:.:. hr,v i r~. ' y L.-er apf i F-.c !c est i tr • va I
for outdoor rc credit iu-i a: ;¦.ir ? i_ul ir ' L«¦'-, In -j , , r h-.- <:•> , ¦ j i r y
that is being demanded Is the number of visitors per unit of tins ar a
given recreational &Uir. Tin* "price" that visi tors pa1, is h-ild to h-.-<
the var tousi covti the visitor Incurs in ijdlrsingr access to th«	the

journey to Ehe site is thus regarded nr, a sourci! of disutility. if t3i(*
cost uf travel I Inrj E» altered, niii1 crin thi-n u5.Lir«,*«"tf 'iw niiSny vJi I U>r>
would come from each, ol 'J..- 'ir«-..v j-ir-v..-,. "In.- tls<.' si to. Visitors further
away frnn the 51 te hear heavier travel cui.fi and time out lay* than thoin
rearur, Equally, oni> expats j via I I or nu .Ler of vi •;! tor *. to co: c fron
e- .1:1;	"i	1 \. r- i. C— :! ¦ r.-tln-.l	i 1 ;v

1 *¦ j«1 ¦ 1.41 r 1 ?rsi :»y r«-ij reiving per capita USi." ratev of ihtr site for ;i'_Tul.'iL"onS
lyi'Hj d! rrcreRt distances from the site upon t h»: i r t raw I cnit and their

-------
travel casts and the i r imarted socloecorwnic chi ratter 1sties.

Though potentially useful in a variety of s 3 til a 13 arts (c,.g,, lien I th T
~ iricul" Lur-j 1 iup~ cts, outdoor r«cri*at ion, lotcrials Srp.-jctO, du»3if tty
i -e 11 ' hove th-js far h.nl pr.ic I K .i 1 ! y na iipp J1 cat ion to f- r u I > 11-1 ¦; of
v.ilnr-s j r v 1 r - r '• ' i; I • il.-i,",-.- "»T ¦_¦!-. u ¦;<. ¦/ i rtfi	. I U:	.l=t

i Ji: -,	, "111.1 1- /il<;	''t '¦..icr icn.	I i»_ : u.: "l>-i

gives the profit from producing a given Jeval of output ."i function of
the unit price of the output, the unit pric<- . M th— variables Inputs,,
ond the levels oT fixed inputs and the etivironTcnia) effect, The expenditure
func - 1m, lc*> 1 i<".. to eoji&uif«r issues, gives consumer expenditures as

a f un i.- L i«- ;¦ uf Vu- unit pr'ci." lh« . r«:ll t	lv" > -r p-i -_ii.it on if

the .irgur-.c-nti of his utility function*, inciuJiri'i the envf rchrr?mal good
of Interest. The partial derivative of tli" i:~:i v^m!	*. mi.;: i«r wF :h

ro-.:«eCt Mi. on it pri-^r f.T .v,v iii|:j: iy-.-r i J	fur in it

input.. S'in-.it ion of these derived d*Mvsndi qiv*r. th«* supply fuicttau for
the output, Dy varying the Jew I of the environ: mrti.il goo J, th? chanQf In
supply Lu clvini.es In the env! ronncnta I good can. be identified. 5ir.» larly*
:he .u:r l i.. o .-rTvatTvc of the estijnated expend 1 lure function with respect
to the envi ron'wntal goad yield'; the d-««-in<1 furctinn for H"- f»nvi ror--.>.«ntal
Hood. Tho requi-e-.^nt for tlieoreL3to51 y current application of either
the profit function or 11 oxpenl 5 tuft function is that levels of the
imi t pric**r» nf proilvi&trr inputs and corisurer go^cfv be exogenously deterrined,
i.e. i ttat. t'i * r ',"r h>' Mi'.i..-pt i ¦¦! i- 1 r f! i i.y : -iindividual economic
agent, I f t li ~ > reiiu i fi -'.-n" Pi fu 1i I 11 ¦ ii, both functions can be e--t ii -Hcd
by standard ¦	-lr"c s -• rJi.

. M l v.. v_ j\V	\j_ ..I \	L 'J	I'. ;• : * -. i .. I r i S of 1 <_¦ " ' l' v.-I UC In the

16

-------
3 fas en-C of	rio'.n-response Inforratfon and unit price i n format i on,

"The v.- ".-lI'j'Jj ^ur. u ,-o used to " r r i Ju_, c-1 e l- --j I a 11 .vr. re
there arc ro - i|:-rtc- \ .i .- .-.r: i-*iL- l-i l!:«" |;:>^sical or biological
r	Tin.- i it i vc ; .;rhoJ* ikwiCJic-: .ibiv r--.j' i +c great passes of

i -i' o: tier .jr. J -j - r.,-	I .inc. i	ij-tul i opportunities, relat iye

prices i .-nc standi.r»j ioU,1; If they arc to be crap i rlea 11 y ir? I financed,
Tv -i.- cT ti'-'ivi-i Lf«. L , .md -Ju 11 v	J .	i r >"i" I ¦ ..; 1,vi of

infomnfon on standing stocks and relative pricus. This latter sort of
Information is uiu.il 1 v '^jcIi norc accessible. Itavj*rl''w le*», it Mill not
always be available or, if a%£ilable, night be rathor Px.pvn$1ve to acquire.
In	¦" i i":'. :m , L.i-Ii. «•. tli.- l.-:- of , u r v:\	i •ic'jr 1

raw-* •' ' <•" ='	!.	* -~r . .if., :./t -ire I rlic.il net hods as such but

are rat. he if data-gene racing devices that bypass some issues irvvil ved fn
spt- 1 'y 11, ;| the relations. nmn'l rrJ.iifve prices,, adaptation opportunities,
do5€-rr«.po!r.«- functions, and standing '.tocS*:*, This bypass frig is achieved
by iJi r.T.L |y Tnq.uFrirrj of fconenk n^cnts what their mI I I i nf., ¦ ^s-to-p3f
~ r vriljil. ; . - 1, '"i - I. < - u' '¦Jlijjl'X f I. r n ri...; I Vr Ii:/i—: >T[.r	II ill' is.

11 order to specify these, scenarios, one must have sono basic : i ¦t: i " ic
hifor Mlicn, If not completely spy rifled doic- rci p--rr->e: relation;. A
"j' i'''j Of con L i nt r'JT'i-j: •. iin; i,". ton 5 3 ..nub ivi th a, ircch.in i ir. or p.iyrvnl
suggested far dl ffefenl levul ; of tins iKn-mrlxlcd rjooJ in >;jc.t1on. An
I n;>ti r 1 d n l, clcrcnt in t hr> pmcer.!. Is a eltor definition of t hi' mn-.-.irkf rrd
ijond tlT't I'l t.i'ii i'.ilii.-'j ,rn explicit linkage to physical and/or iiialn.jiul

par 'i c !'• .

r.Lli-i vLj Ld v«l idote the result:, of contingent valuation studies
have thus far been few, r.i. I-! I •-.-¦j	a ggod

I ,¦

-------
s.'jrro'... -.rj.;nce fc--i tf-.: :j" tof cont ir j .n: v.iluatian (til Wing

and he d on I c property value --.tndlns of olr pollution In the L05 An^lc^

Basin. Pi'j^iap ar.c lleborletri (1379) ToutJ .jbu-jt a SO percent d 1 I f.ir^nce

b-.'L. -.-j r> s - p=>':pl>	: I '_!:.•>¦ .. : L k hj'.V to	p.l ' d ¦"! n.: . .1.1,! ¦: !_ < i | I

took in, cash for forgoing their rights over o year to fMriicipoic in
wildlife capture .iciivitlcs. teccnfly Cu-ralna'., et.a'l ¦ (1932) compared
a,	ho do 11 f o study 1-0 a survny valuing i .un i c! pal Infrastructure with good

corp.ir»ibf| ity ond Dcivcrlgcs,, et.nl. (I9S2) compared a travel cost study
to a V.jr\ I- v -or v.i 1 u \ :s.- i r ¦: rove- -n: in ..its"- :|.i.il i ty -i| v.> ,il <:•->¦> i PC^l! ti..
li.; w rrJ - lc'-.'t	do •. 1" - r i", - n n . i i-"iv \ : i'_-r linit.J aiiJ/nr v.! .-rv

observable market prices are l,ic-.rng For goods used in activities also
involving the  rade nor® •*.ucui'e iT fI-jt data which the dose-rcS'Pntr.i:

1 --• * U-- •-¦'>:¦ .-s roquire 15 wefe available in any cose. Above all, the
lolt.-f tccHiijiiw rcq.'ji r0 qj,i|i( 1 l«H i we triformtSon on the d 3 ffccr.tcs in
phy"jic«il nr .1 binfc"icol I~ppnr, 1 c 1 on exposure lm*.
upon trie olternDl'vr \,-.jy •, an agent |-,c=» to	I.Is object itf"'.. Eco:id': i CO 1 * y

fek'Vilnl jliyj il.iI nrtf l„< 1 uir»; ic 11 impacts urigir,,itf» in: (1J charvif"*. in jh*i
Initial tine at which a particular impact iragni tude is attained; (2) chc .1 ;• .

IS

-------
in f K-	of i%~ r r>t int-":r,',ii ovr ",,hich ,i >>,irc 5 ;«t I.t" i ' mc:

.. ,-uf ; ty} I" 113 in t-c r.it.,' or r.; t I , -r nit t S-o -of
: 11 »;;<	, -; - - j . c-.' or 3' ' of

i"'" I ri v	If n <' 111	T V r\: ,-•,*?	i ! 1 1 1 . ; «V, '0- T 3$ »

IS: In l It .r ice, en- «nO-.c -lit. wants, >.r..n v pr,	•, 11 l- and accurate

,1,ir 1 .."1 1.. » ij.--.i- fijj- lie—, vary acrrr-s rntit /** , mImcI It.w a direct
ln^rlMi tsn vum*-.- !c wctnf'., 7lv*	r»fv|,r."it,il .iin: J! - I icult 1 Ton

of "Hm.i • ik'Ii iJml.j «'j enough?" !'«, it, c.irl I»»r rtntmi, iJ I rv .ir'sJed here.

	 <:> 'I' T.i! i z.n lurr., arc ncvertho I<>'. pn-v, i b lr ,

Hi.- U- •«* r I he	icr, opporturt i t >i\->* , * -i- ,i .ml his, the

rm»»	{.im* inwstsci^i tV*	I i •	f i.rm f'iI'icr hi Clip

r !• I<1 r ,'t i \ . r . ,r! T " " "1 '', .[ • n -:-:c >i'" ,1,'..' • « r.( > ,r I>?. 1
*. '• i ¦¦	.i	I:	\l-,}	;r,f, So	'>¦"

iftfluenta en valuation ban little role to pilif I11 control benefits

'¦ r y h "-J » i r » rcT. ?o" - i .. < 1 1 i «'i.v r:* ,-J-.
I i:«- i.-.'-urci, The adequacy- of these re 11 wi 11 depend upon the
'i" '.Mi .it "i .nf nc j r .¦ I science Lcc'n" iv.'rt. I 11T I» I' i U • > "• L i un «r
. Ac, t Im i i i invnlvi'r^ in r .u 111 p 1 y i -tj ;il>y £ 1 .11 I, I u k:«i 1 c j I
fespofise by m tr/.. i..-n -«" l»- ¦_ . <..•••:. •.? 		 		-1 rin. : I

f >' vn -i.U |i,„'i%. 1 1; - ¦ i	i cxi. ' .

fh. ,lf,' i ¦. i>Sfi , 1 -I l- V ^ u v c r n' »l V,\- «'. r «... ¦ :v,1	it t--r , i ,r t« 1 i-¦., . 1 i . » cause

!r t i ^ 1: !' I I E ri ,-C \ s <• - ,1 1 ^ t :j- t-.	(»','¦! .	^ " u• ;•

c • S-c.- - :' .	c c	< , . ; 1 : j • '' ' • ¦ '" - ¦ -

: ' - ''s	: -	r : r r K . ,)	I : I 1 l.-	^ ^ r-i; ;nr

s."t. r 11 II II >• , .-•» 1; h i c v t ng tfie legally tiaiwial©^ input ©t ¦. a. ut

-------
k . - k,	--nr- -!k,fr*']	,-k	: «v r-..-rt ;--j

.1 |.-r->r Mi:	Lif ,::k	. J p. k- in r."	' - ••« -i r >*^11 i . > ;c

ilc> r " k- T>:l,itk>" f r " o - <>i iiif.i* ¦« Lt:«¦ 1 J f r> "> r: u i i e 1 ? ¦ t nf ( Hi ;c iihzt
p (i j v i u»: Llv." input-; i.nif 11! I !(¦ 'n i.Imii1;?! , .mil r n; u r.i I i %«iic>- ! i ¦ I ur. .it Jon on
:l- k	i„ ;	hi i jit. .•, il1 ¦ • r i ¦ ! i v.; i 1 . I1'.	i:ivr :!i;u LK'

inn.I produce ion tech^lqi: ><> » n:.; lie: J.1 w ,l1 i i £ Cf Oi If II h' .<>"; i t ! or,,
|l»e AfcltJ	i t iv, J i •. i1-- 11- >,; I • i n: i.rr.iE Id'1 »•/. i • .*>• r m r • r«! tc ic

f i > t

**:• -k- ,!r, CO1;::, i »*# inc^f to €" ,-.".0-;^,
tfv ; i»,11 "r---.il c-.r.Ttc .in J k ii.- r-^u k r <>g ulli i ty	t !•.» • - jk-rjftd

I'Cnuivi.". to v.oi rh ,ida,U a' tui. ;m-, . i b 3 I it ics in their -,if-«¦: u l i un .n'J
Cu'iM.-nU Icr rfuwisln-ii. If iim< ,r- .si that incentive $p|.«ms under which
11-<".r:igr> t.ipercn«* "•"> !-* U I.1-, .~in.vhic, then sipwjlSv. i.t !>»• corlrel

: f "!k:-	v- , i, - .u i.	ly re-.- '• l..i j - lv r.k« 2lZ£lE,

i f. i r ? . c -y. _ i ;.r- •. ,j• - k -i".	r . yjk.i-k: tor i-e , i.f >i t-.i-T.cm

dii.; m" ; rat ki ¦.? : t^r„,

/"i: ¦ 111rjr r ri L¦ -r ion ¦ ir >j ii>¦ 11 Jl to liec.i.if '..hi ?u pl.n,'- one ' j
iliiM,~r>"r.}>-,nM* i it fr.r . i; i «.• i >i. 11. fi'» r i i'| r-~: TLrci."". k. .Jiu'lli'f >>r nnt H" J Lin t C >
j ni y-'J	i'M.i I i f v , f-r m. i y »^f.lin iquc i	.» In . 1 ¦ > i ,¦ t.» |< r.-iv i d i

I • lit v. .M >: ri-ii1 f' «•>!"> V H'iiiiit.i ».nnifnl bcrv»<"»l	h.i.% 't«r n DarticuS

tec tor,	f •• - - » ' IzS /c.m < ~.t •--1 : " ^t^,-c

in.! : >;•	ijei k i1. j •».''! »T rj ¦- v.t • '> -i ,

'hi ,| ' r >	r.if'/ ••¦'¦r «"•>?( ! *"1 !""' ' ''•' "

L.TM'kl-. i j , Ifl I.irr, •.	L i ~j.v. t	:i '•! 'i-L-'r ar i !y

til'- I, ,111!..;}	ul .ir.kl di-iVj-.it I Mil i-, . r, i; i ¦ 11 ^nt to tl'.s d.'^5»,i .-i.i «• 	 rikce-. I.< cr 11 i..-i i *,, «1« - ¦' * t ^

-------
techniques have as yet an unexploi ted potential as a control her .•¦"'ij

,1'. ,i' . I ri" >"!: ¦. fCi	lifcivl! [ i 'iC ! U-J .1"1 i i:C.lr.l.r I .1! ) f	"ilte

pcrhkip". i:rr. r Fits th« af n rnncn t loned two fpature1:-.

fto-.r at thf -vm* s.il.t I o .mtf occasional 1y 111 -def t (led bequest ( c.». i r, lence
purely af""»rl'«?fic, and option dm.ir.d valuation issue!! .ire ir^iercnt in the

I If-:r r, r -¦¦¦¦:: rIII.: ,-!'¦¦! rr r--.-1 ¦ r r-ih • io<- . Siirvsy methods are
the only technique* by which these value: havo seen r.easured. Dc&e"'e'j^&nSe
i-iU>r 1T cr Is	LO pr-eivrL un i.ic*. '.c>:n.iriy tn l!v.« :r .'¦>-. -v.r n t ,

it'oy^h the- Information must be Staled In a Ton he can co-prcKen:l.

( F r-";' I.;•^ i! t, :	t. i ,.s I	t"~I , cc:" • *.~ ic . >.r : ij I¦ >!'c~

techniques have- and arc likely to continue to have the irr most f-equent
app" icnticn:, in the cc-r*ircTal real estate* (irclLCing indus,rri,i i , fores tryt
anc' aqr icu !tu^.il sector-;,. The power and thus the warlli of using clwsw
LcC hn i qucS , a> o^po^ed to ilr^lc raul11 pi I cat i On techniques, 15 In direct
i' --rt io" to Llr_ co j 1 ¦;t-ti^:-r», acci-rwiy,, "i11 t -¦ -«¦ ¦ ,'o-i t!--; i!;--response
Information provided (hen. Compile tenets, accuracy,, and precision are to be
defined as the quant I fic^tion of differences In phvsicai and biolojfcaI
inp.ict",! ,icro"iri d r- c i'»i n n riqcnt ad.ipta t act tin* Interval „ impact rate,
an.: r	- f.v i.-. i ,1 i :.-;u io-u "V' . • ¦¦¦: !¦_ ?t* >v\i- <> i /> r i J ¦

in i'; i • L fl!' ¦ If!.--!, r.-fi i 1 ¦. " ¦ , ¦ -.i r l of L ¦ ¦¦ !" T "i: r l* r: r.-¦ •	'Ju". "n ¦

the ,il location of natural !>c fence research resources. For excrrci »e , if lefjal
author? ty 5 ii"! f s tthat a lun percent rati- ol diicouM in* used, and if the

r.i..-1!, i;,::. .1',!	SM,-.|, Th-	r: .	\c

F ¦"	r. '--r- I.,	i ;l	I-. i i-: Mn.	- I n-i.y I i i f -<•-¦

an j.'; 1 i i.i_i	r -i	<-<¦' ; ¦¦ ,¦ '-uIj-'. i'. ¦ i.. ..

-------
:¦ •-	" )1	- :i,: "i-i r>- - ¦	5 •» t- r - ." i •:

f'-¦'*	'o - c::r; >>c  .-c: or-¦

tf»c «Sd-tuHcHi«j <, tpflc 1 t> ot ,j forest '.'-Ml '..'ill fv exhausted

I IL It.' ,r'l.y vc.rr-j 1>'> m.'./ ¦.'i.juUJ iTjE be o hirh priority,

f»ic b i a I iji; Tc.i 1 jn>i p|-./ ¦. i i .i I ,• f >.•e l:» of nc i d	i I I ur\ u[ un ecanonic

.i r •• „of. Ely subtle, Ii JN r vet f and cl~j '> at J vc. nl i f • c-it lor, c:ii
viU mi f rcdiciz rr- J j -1 i,n ,f trl4;	s nf c !-•'	J-, cr. i: J- ^

f I v.	*'r-»r e» i	Eq~ * * . #i- o'tcn. — -».% t- • , n -?t

»' !•.ic? u^cn rr«> fis') 11 <11 ut'i>vr rtcr^-Jtioni j*.\ % it ;rr,r.lv — A 1 aspire
Ciiir nt '-u; tHit	"• t hmurri pLnktoi, "-U n »s-;i I nr i mzc jr.ui c ! v m", ir-n:
i'H'f'1"''1	r--cdS.'.f--	iv v.i1^ t^.iujo •. ¦«, u,'i t--

-Hi; : v ' , r.r —	r,	C> ¦ \ ^ o- ~ : ¦

».i uiir.-nt fi^h To';,w.l • nrr-lvcc .i \ub". ! t.i' pnrl ic i nf the rrc-.«. nt
v«»iur yf the c^orc ic Io'.m". ii.;c [ hv, autdc&r r pl r >M''"Ut 1 i. •- r niqhE
•, ! i I r ¦ - r _ I I 1' " I ' ¦ 1 . t ' - i , "IP. i-.C	"... .1 i .!	U' |l"' i	I i.! ¦" ^ i ¦ 1 i l' ¦ C .1

t Mm iiyn"i .t	icf-ji fi-.io-ry h,iuIto hcj c.ur r^n? I 1 ¦,*i ln'^i-es jnd

t I. «	fcr >1 tr.n.f^r, of tU-.	:c	,-.t, t "i f kir<, ,'..cc >

fl-f,	» -ir : c '1,	f ' i :cr ",ir. >-r .

• » >-it r.-it ir,..r . C •»	r ,» tixSden	•' ! 4	"r

*..r,, 11 4 . * -..adci.. virin- -.i .-l|.	fl>n «.(f v- •• m	arc ki I led.

M» Imt ¦, I th.-ir ri'|M o>J< r - I v, r ,i, >.ic i ties .W u-r.-:i. Kcireovur t erg,in i sins

I' !' ¦ I ' ! ¦ ¦. I ¦ i ¦ ¦ ¦ - 	- . ¦ ! I I i I ¦.! in l.'nr , > I I ¦ I , I I t • ¦! • 1 I	s, l \

-------
. I1"" C". >i: ...MC" ;»~ !1"' aci,i s'.u. t'-' rt.

-r,v t• ;nr, *f 1

V, - :J	ili

where;

h11 (L) ij wi I I In^n:"«i • t<*¦ p#iv far the hobij.it r. t .1 \ ,M t 11 >' I of the

un id i l" i•: J r r-1 j.M_f Mr r,
r f-. ;>*• i • "c"-j** 1 r-u< ,

f " % v ? r2-^c3 ><

A Si'sllar expression

\\ - : ' w. s'Ljr"rl'il	{21

sfe	U <£.

C1U1 I,it- -II' f i ncd for t"" 1 f . * £. S dl in! t r «i j t" r„ lo r y, *Ise m*t r u1' u • 1 i c 111 <« of

-1 c I • J J"" i c d f. u czf If -r »j I t r.i j l-c| ory Ei "Jii'n t h »• ;ib'.n 'isS-	of

\> . 11

*1 -2*

in pr i c i ,11  \ Z3

•«*!-'	'"mi c." t" . u- -rvr,. ir *•»T **•»r •>" i,.»< . -,	mm

«o.jt '	,,nica:c to rr'v T-'.-ntN	;,ci. nf He,ri t lorn. of r>r,i: i :.it

"«f ^ • -j loir the t rn^.-c tor y nl ihr ,w I i i' 1 cd ecu jy. t * ••• 1 In* I n i 1 i ,11 Mole
i-;-i .ii,¦ ',,;m i:h n-, .':i .: mi r11 iI ¦¦ ,> .t ¦ ¦;I v.i >'.!¦ Ii -«I .1 : ! n i ¦ ,

11 ic f >.* I %' v. of r rvi j !•( t n[ y % (. 111- 1 v,h-i I >1 It* j "cli n-" { i.i'-i ii" r t jrLi> ;| .ir-I
•.tf)	Altcrr.iL hv!<, , O :ic f »' ."i t Ci <" -1 nndll-J

r " c1 'n > ¦.	,i n >	»-,in ,!: ic-'j i r-v. , -i r ;*<:	a".--

*' 1 *•	•. ¦ ? .'	<: f '1'	¦" : -:t ' u

' t Ii • 1 111 |ii-r'irip^ '¦'I >h 1 '¦ 11>I«¦ I ur ,« n«Ti,^ ^ I L, ac 1 d i f 1 c.11 i«-m c.:h. I «i pr i m: i p 1 >:.
, ,1: m , , ,, 1 [r c I i r i ¦ ¦ i I 1 i :l t	: i-i ,-J , ¦ *" > m	1 > L ' 'i-* >">.i I du- > r

ri*>. m* U i 1 ti 1i, 1  il, t f l|i V' 1 1 1 hi' I r 11 cc«v j 1 • -""s ml. ,, 1 '>n'. uli'f jndc «1 f •*Ii' ¦" -

-------
JiJfnuc-il ¦u.n'"' (ikj] in lapi^j tin;J riSnnrr rhp inrfpi'froj rnjrrr.

f «i » s;.i Li: *. 10 i ¦ ~1 \ i k J , .' i t '.* • »• r 11, i ;; n i | ¦ ^ t • I Li* * - ¦ 1' • '1 -

iJC 'ru„j jC \ i l*c - Lo

fcspondc-nts and they wojld be «"rjkt*d to- bit! on the difference. The present
value of (he 4tnr of thuSe bids would con-.*! tute the ecuno-uc value of the
difference i'n sitccei^lortal trajectories, T.«. ^ the value or the difference
in eciv.y	:vu' u t !c;i. I; t in each of the pairs of successions) stales,

the economist h.ii inforcatfon on the cont r i but Pen', to fish of orc-nia-s
lower rn the trophic order Ir.q, then, by the econovU principle* of derived
iJcr-jndp the ccoro>iie values of these	orrj.in I r. . 5 can he e^ti'-.itpd*

A iunmat lo-n of	v.~»l uc j cf enc ci f fcronccv- in c;.:- It i -..ul 'vr.r.

over the pair- of trajectory states would' then provide an economic, measure
of tilts impact of acidification upon plankton, ^acroph'/LeS, and
invertebrate**

L v e n though I t ir^poGures to acid deposit ion are intermittent rather
than orf- t Frv «*pi iivJlt- event, t«ie aforemcnt Icmcd issues apply n*. re.*;! 11 y
to tern; it- i.: i	L-.. . .n.i	. .. to aquatic ecosystems. For

cxiiTpIc, there- Is littlv, H .iry, cvidcr.ce thai iicid deposition directly
kills trees. Instead, El probably acts upon the forest's succcb-.Fon.il
trajectory by such actions as reducing! populations o»" nitrogen-flying
g> 1 bjCtcri-j. To «.¦•¦ c.ib 11 sfi ,iny neaninfiiI vo1 U'." for tcrr-.rt effects, the
economist mult know Lui •. t raJeCtorjFi

In Id ile 2p Is recorded a crude evai i.vit i or of the rone* of economic
sector* This table, contains a subjective evaluation of tho i.KVu'.ve
tet:n; i-iuv- ;I .»' .i-jhl he «.r.,-:l i i e-.^'i s-j^ior U: e¦¦I-v- =f - i , :t i, :t;
hi' "ivied that no single to f.hii i Is to In" I* i.*rrvif jtro1.1'. .ill >• ;ano. ii c

2't

-------
jeet.f.. e-jr ;>** -anv	uji I	l-j-H-T, fnr	sjc».

f,> , ^/;r:--ei*l: .»J:- - .' ;•.-!» „'t rn.,ii" .-H;*',

technique can fee use-J Eo .1 %*.,«. . I r-",'l 5ii» cur t i ngen* v.ilu.u i«u.-. or urvvy
I !>i i'J j. >\\".crnal ivcly, iny ,11 1 cm,it i vc tocnicui-, < ¦ i . t 1ur »i % se er«l
n1 i'.-', ident Lil renl c.MU' Ii-ImuI-j, We have Indie *(•'•) li» *.ilil»" 1 wit felt

! r*.; 1)H t i.jr. s-Jl J likely >u*M .i t accurate •>""¦[! H» by e-frttnanJc Sector.
•I ."*•*. fa t"nr. i-v-r.1 .ME I~r. K«'„. ¦: .?n O'J" v-.-» crilU.iJ	u'M{ Of' tv

i .r '<•	i i s?i v* J 1 f:-:r «!ur. w £ f> t Sivy..	-.-c a

-.«• - «.-* rt* -Oi t pro-..-:,; r,T. :i i-r•• rc hivs tcc" *n'. f> *'• t» •- ccononlc

Mull".*-, co-rarint; it»* «1 :«¦!>- n'	ileriwd ffori two or more

1 f ~hn 11] j«,kr. ,-npl U«fl >E-4,11 i.irt .-.i 1.•, I v. In if¦"?c 11 cj«, th- I • «*i»-% s»Tr> fo< ily
¦C. • ® i|- r:n ••:•T

•nil*. tV ^zzmir.) <1	ic ¦, of '.i- jArli.-. ,v '	% u cliques,

the economic analysis |«chTJ1 ^cu: h-z-d an- r.,lfrly	i\ rru^t.oi thy

Wheftsi

1# The project* d	.iHrcr. only a r.' -i"l i-.W*.	ol '.iiii l.ir

imvi nr-cn r.i'	*. f % 11* •. »,.i ihi:	«•!	ir tl •

i -to 1 [ nr.-	-1*1 . i iii-r,%1r

2, 1 "ic pfajccLrJ	t i.iic,.' i % ¦••iiiJur i ri'i rn th' r | Imii rji'>¦>>,. •.u jut

1 ¦" ,1' i', ' II! I •, I r- . i ¦ I .1 11 . i i 1, i' , J !i ¦ • r. ' , II - ' , • i i j' 1. |i!i J

act! vi r „ e.g., the i	-yi'.if f lu'jil r ,11 h ¦ -r rh.in r, ¦

-------
TAELt h Lvalultlc.1 t'f T^4hniiivfi to -iiei-s	ty E<.Or

jI r 1 p» icar Ion •"? jtat i<3" ~oit 11 Fr{irtr*nni mji	Cost f'eirioi.'i

L ? - i, '¦ '• "i c.'. t ¦'' '

5r V i Jf H I «l

ticnerc Ia<

s;5y^l I c

I_!Er-* t

f"' I •- .1 tf

fjol lc tee tax

Hi I ji imt
Sf r. i t a 11 on

>.*T -j fa I Fat a j re* c.

Co-re' lea I

for 61TTj

Co.-r«TC»a i
¦•« cu j E y re

Cni<« I
FIj^trlei

C y iiiocif
'TCreat.ioi

[iyif n*r rn[

fjiure [rlcr---eri11
E: ft I CiC i c J ! Vj I uf i

m!¦"i

Ha rt a 1 i cy
MartId'it

m,

(oj



kD
« -Optdl to be y^^ful

r*~tijj«CC I *«	\'J*l ion	nilt #'CCU^IEi EfcMlqu-

-------
V .,s-r 2~ j 2,i- -'h; i < i, !¦ 1	J

T' • ; r c J c c I«- r s . ' jt 4lfi> f Jc.v.t ' » «»' fj :c;,

of technical anil *eor. . !' s^:-r ¦ -M ? " l ! >-r. .ivr< . I .»i i<- n pth;r
uicl.t-li.,	Er. i'., .iml : I	e„g,, air pni l,n if>i | i nhli-ri

ir. thf jLjIi pi' ' * -1 • 11 ' ( i f'' ' .¦« i- ru". I - • r	i (i|L._l.

«r* the St.ii.' ul ft, Mi.- ;n .jt; f.itihiefi to wl< Mi «*lrcirici ry

ci >.¦ r o En :«>	r ..-iM oil I'rrMi c,

* . ' !	j.-i : ic iv,	t - .i C l. i rI ; • n! -, < 1 ri'i ¦ .1	" -f.-i

- i *. i, _~i	ih •-	ur,j yiuf . mI,<-taS si,ienze

;i- •• - n «.r**nsfr infun jt loll wl I I i«	j! ly pcpiV.-' f<.r I he |*ol ftyroKer

|y If#.lke dceisF^iT'j as t h.-r> - nil! In- iu ba^is f nr i-rim h . n.i I y« r,* Basic
Ihcuri'L ic,i! cconorfc r«v--v..li mr.t occur befon- n.u*ir.»l -.i.ii'nc* Information
.-.nil I fp11 f rn the v 1 oI.it ions b" M'-ml H empirical economic analysts.
»V.». n',u C«T11, - iv u ¦ " . tKlt l'j ts-.'	r» ; J -»t Jt 511#

HCCi}"-	*c-v ' ? "	»r I :	. ft.; 1	r.cl-i

> '• ••! c^iirr'. >•> i: U i, * - ,< j-«Ji uivir - i c - *.^r htv-.-m!
I hr«' mi o! U-ma live jr'« *n 'epeJitlfifit usennique t-> .-.pp I i.-.I ?•» .-.I v.« evaluation
"f t Ir.- iC.ui.k y of the Post r i' I i.ilili* technique . Uiillr .....ri- ,U LirJmfqucl
can I'i* 1 iritvd by i-t'T^-iii '."Unr, '.u-- lochn^g... miJi »•>•- ^unt ir..i'r»t
Ii .it !».«,, c-.jn b-^ «: " p I T'-'i	< v-".'l: r .11 ".cc Tor' m ' • I! « i - ! , > A > .n

"¦*1 < , f'1 t - .1- r' n , ,, -I	-« c.-, *•,>, i< " r .

• . . f /	r lt- ^ .r r, t «¦ i >'

e%I*1|e» ft"«r i -: tr-T	i ~n >> I t n >: 1- y	-,.i ¦, ^ i«	 I p • i i > ]5 t-ffrcti di", rr i ?«hi" rfii- fnv i roT>;n ta 1 change, ife reeonncnif Ln,i.t
,¦»¦)•«	L i c .i b 1 c p 'hi'. 1 i'i in" m- >i l.c i--;rcn \z> 'nr Mv„r iM" '. >¦ 'f i L-j

-------
estimates by set'.-jr he uttoin-JC. IE.-.' \>r-u~> .'¦! i , -¦ L,! . I _"'cLJ . If
Scporaalc cs-t inates are ohralnttJ,	thi-n c.ir In* eo-pjfed with, cstinatcs

r.'.j ! i v: f".:-. l-.. ,:j;m i..M! icn r.:	'.'.m; i ." < ¦¦ .

C.ir ,'-c. v-i.l ¦ .11- r.il r i'l :•••!•.. jLidn iti th-ii e f f-.-rf. concentrated on
¦ .'j;'1 >i-.	\ i. . ij-u l.c ii"ir iI i r' c. f.-n-.i b-l n v.!..-:- . of benefits

can. be dove] oped. Usually, ¦ =:«.-v	TWo en: -.jtL-t. arise In sectors

where n.irkpfi .^IrcAily value -runy of the attributes of the sector.. For
v/u-i™;ilc, trojit fishing attributes are partially valued through put tli.>5«s
of I i tenses* gear, and t»re dnvotid to ot"ort. Third, we rcCf.-n.* V t^iat,
oLhrr things being equal*, no re research «n v't'S trc:n t be mill* ir: w»ccr«r* with
r"j"--r:! n I ! y • I7.-.I 'o l-> .n-: i V t:i.il can be Inferred from existing scientific
kru'./ledfje. Far cxanplc, »1 ighily incro,i^ed l"ty In nuntctanl »"iter
5V5toi"5 wfS1 probably rudiitc the life span of home appliances (dc.-'ending1
Oil Initial ph) out Such an Enpact ii likely to be seal I for seve-'

«cc«no" ic rc.i«; .ir*c hj i 1 l i>
dRprfcfntu rapidly u;ri oilier yrounds and/or .'inve ftie built-in copah- S ity to
~jrUh&t.'nrf fairly wide varintionb in water ph. Alternatively, iii.iLlc
disruption of ail entire: ocosyi-l ct ,..,l» i -ch	i vcly and 1 r fevers 1l< t v effects

many. If not all, a .p-rt' ;li- - ¦up* ill.jn.il :¦« • -f i-ni •• U-r t hi_r„ .m _h or
nil I \-iv-. i,i r. : • iu-il Is 1 likely to be very costly, both for present

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