SEMS-RM DOCID # 100034656
FIFTH FIVE-YEAR REVIEW REPORT
WESTERN PACIFIC RAILROAD SUPERFUND SITE
BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
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PREPARED BY
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Seattle District
FOR
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 9
Date:
Digitally signed by DANA BARTON
Date: 2023.09.1908:28:13 -07W
Dana Barton, Assistant Director
California Site Cleanup and Enforcement Branch
Superfund and Emergency Response Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
Approved by:
DANA BARTON
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Executive Summary
This is the fifth five-year review of the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site (Site) located at the south
end of the City of Oroville in Butte County, California. The purpose of this Five-Year Review is to
review information to determine if the remedy is, and will continue to be, protective of human health and
the environment.
The Western Pacific Railroad Company operated a fueling and maintenance yard at the Site from the
1880s to 1970. The fueling tracks and drip pans were used until 1991. Past industrial practices are
responsible for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soil and a leaking underground storage
tank released volatile organic compounds into the groundwater.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Record of Decision (ROD) on
September 30, 1997, and selected a final remedy of excavation and disposal of contaminated soil and
extraction and treatment of contaminated groundwater. The remedy also included institutional controls to
prevent use of the Site for residences or schools and to prohibit groundwater usage for purposes other
than remediation until groundwater cleanup levels are achieved.
Union Pacific Railroad, the company responsible for the cleanup, completed the soil remedy of
excavation and off-site disposal in 1998. Post-remedial action soil sample results from 1999 indicated
benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations near the Record of Decision soil cleanup level. The
groundwater remedy of extraction and treatment initially achieved Record of Decision groundwater
cleanup levels in 1997 and the system was permanently shut down in 1999. A covenant filed with the
Butte County Recorder's Office restricts the Site to non-residential uses and is still in effect. No
violations of the restrictions in the covenant have been observed.
In 2001 the Site was deleted from the National Priorities List after EPA determined that Union Pacific
Railroad had implemented all appropriate response actions and the ROD cleanup levels for all
contaminants of concern had been met.
The exposure assumptions, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of the remedy
selection are still valid with no changes over the past five years. There are no changes to action-specific
or location-specific Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements selected in the Record of
Decision. Land use remains non-residential. Human health and ecological routes of exposures have not
changed, and no new exposure pathways were identified.
The remedy at the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site currently protects human health and the
environment because a land use covenant prevents use of the former railroad property for residences,
schools, or a hospital and there are no contaminants in the on-site drinking water well above state and
federal drinking water standards.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Contents
Executive Summary ii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables iv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations v
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background 3
1.2. Physical Characteristics 3
1.3. Hydrology 3
2. Remedial Actions Summary 6
2.1. Basis for Taking Action 6
2.2. Remedy Selection 6
2.3. Remedy Implementation 7
2.3.1. Groundwater T reatment System 7
2.3.2. Soil Remedial Action 8
2.3.3. Institutional Controls 8
2.4. Operation and Maintenance 9
3. Progress Since the Last Five-Year Review 9
3.1. Previous Five-Year Review Protectiveness Statement and Issues 9
3.2. Work Completed at the Site During this Five-Year Review Period 9
4. Five-Year Review Process 10
4.1. Community Notification 10
4.2. Data Review 10
4.2.1. Groundwater 10
4.2.3 Sustainability 11
4.3. Site Inspection 11
5. Technical Assessment 11
5.1. Question A: Is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision documents?.... 11
5.2. Question B: Are the exposure assumptions, Toxicity Data, Cleanup Levels, and
Remedial Action Objectives Used at the Time of Remedy Selection Still Valid? 12
5.3. Question C: Has Any Other Information Come to Light That Could Call Into
Question the Protectiveness of the Remedy? 12
6. Issues/Recommendations 12
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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6.1. Other Findings 13
7. Protectiveness Statement 13
8. Next Review 13
Appendix A: List of Documents Reviewed 14
Appendix B: Site Chronology 15
Appendix C: Data Review 17
Appendix D: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements Assessment... 25
Appendix E: Public Notice 27
Appendix F: Site Inspection Report and Photos 28
List of Figures
Figure 1. Location Map for the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site 4
Figure 2. Detailed Map of the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site 5
List of Tables
Table 1. Five-Year Review Summary Form 2
Table 2. Groundwater Cleanup Levels from 1997 ROD 7
Table 3. Summary of Institutional Controls 9
Table 4. April 2023 Groundwater Sample Results 10
Table 5. Groundwater Sample Results for 1,1 -DCA Since 2002 11
Table 6. Protectiveness Statement 13
iv
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
BaP
benzo(a)pyrene
1,1-DCA
1,1 -Dichlorethane
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
l-ig/L
microgram per liter
mg/kg
milligrams per kilogram
Site
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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1. Introduction
The purpose of a five-year review is to evaluate the implementation and performance of a remedy in order
to determine if the remedy will continue to be protective of human health and the environment. The
methods, findings, and conclusions of reviews are documented in five-year review reports. In addition,
five-year review reports identify issues found during the review and document recommendations to
address them.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is preparing this Five-Year Review Report
pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Section 121,
40 Code of Federal Regulation Section 300.430(f)(4)(ii) of the National Contingency Plan and EPA
policy.
This is the fifth Five-Year Review for the Site. The triggering action for this statutory review is the
completion of the previous Five-Year Review. The Five-Year Review Report has been prepared because
hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants remain at the Site above levels that allow for unlimited
use/unrestricted exposure. This Five-Year Review addresses the remedy for the entire site.
The Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site five-year review was led by Holly Hadlock, EPA Region 9
Remedial Project Manager, in coordination with Cynthia Wetmore, EPA Region 9 Superfund Five-Year
Review Coordinator; Cynthia Ruelas, EPA Region 9 Superfund Five-Year Review Co-Coordinator; and
from the U.S. Corps of Engineers: Sara Benovic, Geologist; Yuji Marsh, Site Inspector and
Environmental Engineer; Daniel Sluss, Chemist; and Jacob Williams, Project Manager. Union Pacific
Railroad was notified of the initiation of the five-year review. The review began on November 17, 2022.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Table 1. Five-Year Review Summary Form
SITE IDENTIFICATION
Site Name: Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
EPA ID: CAD980894679
Region: 9
State: CA
City/County: Oroville, Butte County
National Priorities List Status: Deleted
Multiple Operable Units? No
Has the site achieved construction completion? Yes
Lead agency: EPA:
Author name: Holly Hadlock, RPM
Author affiliation: EPA Region 9
Review period: 11/17/2022 - 7/17/2023
Date of site inspection: 3/7/2023
Type of review: Statutory
Review number: 5
Triggering action date: 8/23/2018
Due date (five years after triggering action date): 8/23/2023
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1.1. Background
The Western Pacific Railroad Company operated a fueling and maintenance yard at the Site from the
1880s to 1970 (Figure 1). Historical activities at the Site occurred in a 10-acre Fueling Area, which
featured a roundhouse, turntable, concrete inspection pits, a fueling area, above-ground storage tanks, an
underground storage tank, drip pans, and two oil-water separators (Figure 2). Western Pacific Railroad
Company and the subsequent owner, Union Pacific Railroad, continued to use the fueling tracks and drip
pans until 1991, when Union Pacific Railroad dismantled the remaining structures in the Fueling Area
and backfilled the below-grade concrete features with clean fill. Past industrial practices are responsible
for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soil and volatile organic compounds in
groundwater.
1.2. Physic icierisiics
The Site occupies approximately 90 acres just outside the southern edge of the City of Oroville in Butte
County, California. Oroville is in the northern Central Valley and is a community of approximately
19,900 residents as estimated by the United States Census Bureau.
The Site is bounded on the west by 5th Avenue, on the east by Baggett Marysville Road, and on the south
by 5th Way. An active Union Pacific Railroad line runs north/south through the property. The Site itself is
undeveloped except for railroad activities. The land immediately east and northeast of the Site is
residential, with the rest of the surrounding area zoned for commercial and light industrial use. Future Site
land use is expected to remain industrial.
The area is relatively flat, with historic dredging tailings from Feather River mining operations on the
western portion of the Site. The Feather River is located one mile west of the Site. Union Pacific Railroad
leased a public drinking water well (CWS-1, also known as WP-01) to California Water Service which
was located on the Union Pacific Railroad property just west of the Fueling Area and rail line. The well
was taken out of service and decommissioned in July 2020.
1.3. Hydro logy
Surface stratigraphy at the Site is composed of thickly and thinly bedded and interbedded clay, sand, and
gravel deposits. These soils vary in thickness and composition both horizontally and vertically across the
Site. The depth to the upper aquifer is approximately 60 feet below ground surface. An aquitard
consisting primarily of clay is approximately 110 feet below ground surface.
Because routine groundwater monitoring is no longer conducted, data are not available to provide updated
groundwater flow information. However, historical groundwater flow was to the west-southwest towards
the Feather River and no activities in the area have likely changed the flow direction.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 2018. Fourth Five-Year Review Report Western Pacifi Railroad Superfund Site Butte
County, California
Figure 1. Location Map for the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 2018. Fourth Five-Year Review Report Western Pacifi Railroad Superfund Site Butte
County, California
Figure 2. Detailed Map of the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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2. Remedial Actions Summary
2.1. Basis for Taking Action
During fueling, machining, and repairing of locomotives and railcars, various surface spills occurred,
causing contamination of soil and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel fuels were
identified in Site soils in the Fueling Area. Wastewater, oil, grease, and possibly solvents from Fueling
Area operations were channeled to an on-site unlined surface impoundment known as the "waste pond."
At least once a fire was set in the waste pond in order to burn off the waste oil. In 1989 a 1,000-gallon
underground storage tank at the eastern edge of the Fueling Area was discovered and later determined to
have discharged solvents and waste oil into the groundwater.
Beginning in 1984, low concentrations of 1,1-dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,1-
dichloroethane were detected in an on-site well leased to California Water Service , CWS-1.
The primary human health risk associated with soil at the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site was
the potential for incidental ingestion and dermal contact of soil containing carcinogenic polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons by on-site workers.
2.2. lection
Prior to issuing a Record of Decision in 1997 with the selected remedial action, EPA chose to act quickly
to protect well CWS-1 from contaminated groundwater. In 1993 EPA used its removal authority to issue
an Action Memorandum requiring Union Pacific Railroad to install and operate a groundwater extraction
and treatment system.
On September 30, 1997, EPA signed the Record of Decision for the Site. The remedial action objectives
are:
Reduce the risk to on-site workers at the Site, and
Reduce future potential exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by prohibiting
residential use of the property.
The remedy incorporated the previously mentioned 1993 groundwater extraction and treatment action.
EPA selected a soil remedy requiring excavation and off-site disposal of approximately 44,000 cubic feet
(1-acre, 1-foot deep) of contaminated soil. The remedy also included property use restrictions to limit the
future use of the property to industrial use and restricted groundwater use. Additionally, the Record of
Decision required access controls in the form of fencing and warning signs.
On June 28, 2018, EPA issued a Memorandum to File clarifying that access controls are not required
because the soil remedy had removed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil to levels below
any anticipated risks for on-site workers and trespassers.
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Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil were measured as a benzo(a)pyrene equivalent.
The soil cleanup levels were defined as a residual mean soil concentration for benzo(a)pyrene equivalent
of 0.41 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or less, to reduce the cancer risk from exposure of on-Site
workers to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The groundwater cleanup levels, which are
based on the state and federal drinking water standards, are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Groundwater Cleanup Levels from 1997 ROD
Chemical
Cleanup Levels (n#/L)
Basis tor Cleanup Level1
1,1 -Dichloroethane
5
State Drinking Water Standard
1,1 -Dichloroethy lene
6
State Drinking Water Standard
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
200
Federal and State Drinking Water Standard
Trichloroethylene
5
Federal and State Drinking Water Standard
* micrograms per liter
olementation
EPA issued an Administrative Order for Removal Action on August 27, 1993, requiring Union Pacific
Railroad to install a groundwater extraction and treatment system. Subsequently, EPA. issued a Unilateral
Administrative Order on June 17, 1998, requiring Union Pacific Railroad to conduct the soil remedial
action and implement an effective institutional control to restrict the future land use of the Site to
industrial use.
2.3.1. Groundwater Treatment System
Pursuant to the 1993 Order, Union Pacific Railroad installed a groundwater treatment system in 1994 that
operated continuously for three years. The groundwater treatment system was modified in 1997 to include
a dual-phase groundwater extraction (with soil vapor extraction) well near the source area. By October
1997, all groundwater analytical sampling results for all groundwater contaminants of concern were
below Record of Decision cleanup levels. After an additional two years of groundwater monitoring,
reported concentrations of all Site-related contaminants of concern remained below Record of Decision
cleanup levels. The groundwater and soil vapor extraction systems were shut off in November 1999. A
final round of groundwater sampling conducted in July 2000 confirmed all Site-related contaminants of
concern remained below Record of Decision cleanup levels.
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2.3.2.
Soil Remedial Action
The soil remedial action began on July 23, 1998. Approximately 1,720 tons of contaminated soil were
excavated from the Fueling Area, placed on railcars and shipped to the ECDC Environmental landfill near
Price, Utah. Composite soil samples were collected from five areas at the bottom of the excavated area
before the area was backfilled with soil from another area of the Site to confirm the efficacy of the
remedial action. Analytical sampling results for the five confirmatory samples indicated the possibility of
relatively high residual carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, as measured by
benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentrations. The data were not sufficient to establish how much of the
excavation area exceeded the cleanup level. A supplemental investigation was conducted on December
10, 1998, and confirmed the residual mean concentration for benzo(a)pyrene was reduced to 0.41 mg/kg
or less at the Site. EPA determined that all remedial activities had been completed.
2.3.3. Institutional Controls
On March 1, 2001, Union Pacific Railroad filed a land use covenant with the Butte County Recorder's
Office, which prohibits the future use of the property for:
A residence, including but not limited to any mobile home or factory-built housing, constructed or
installed for use as residential human habitation.
A hospital for humans.
A public or private school for persons under 21 years of age.
A day care center for children.
Any other purpose involving residential occupancy on a 24-hour basis.
Groundwater extraction for purposes other than remediation is also prohibited without prior written
approval from EPA. The land use covenant also stipulates that any contaminated soils brought to the
surface during any Site activities shall be managed in accordance with all applicable state and federal
laws. The covenant does not require a fence or signage around the Fueling Area. A summary of the
institutional controls is provided in Table 3.
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Table 3. Sun itrols
Mi-diii.
I!n»iiuvivil
Controls,
:i ml AiViis
Insiiiiiiiomil
Coin mis
Viji-iiiw
Tilk- ;iikI D.ik-
Groundwater
Yes
Yes
APN035- 130-
080/081 and
APN 078-170-
015/016
To prevent
consumptive
use of Site
groundwater
Covenant to restrict installation
of groundwater wells for
purposes other than Site
remediation without approval
from EPA recorded at Butte
County Recorder's Office on
March 1,2001.
Soil
Yes
Yes
APN 035- 130-
080/081 and
APN 078-170-
015/016
To prevent
nonindustrial
use at the Site.
Covenant to Restrict Use of
Property recorded at Butte
County Recorder's Office on
March 1,2001.
2,4, Operation and Me :e
There are no Operation and Maintenance requirements currently at the Site.
3. Progress Since the Last Five-Year Review
Pnevio ¦ /iew Protectiveness Statement and Issues
The protectiveness statement from the 2018 Five-Year Review Report for the Western Pacific Railroad
Superfund Site stated the following:
The remedy at the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site currently protects human health and
the environment. A land use covenant prevents use of the former railroad property for residences,
schools, or a hospital and there are no contaminants in the on-site drinking water well above
state and federal drinking water standards.
The 2018 Five-Year Review Report had no issues and recommendations.
Work Completi fe During th lew Period
California Water Service destroyed drinking water well CWS-1 on July 14, 2020. Site wells EW-02 and
MW-89-02 were sampled on April 4, 2023, to support this five-year review, as discussed in the Data
Review below.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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4. Five-Year Review Process
4.1. ity Notification
EPA published a public notice in the Mercury Register on January 13, 2023, stating that EPA is
conducting a five-year review and inviting the public to submit any comments to the EPA. No public
comments were received. The results of the review and the report will be made available at
www.epa.gov/superfund/westernpacific.
lew
4.2.1. Groundwater
Routine groundwater monitoring is not conducted at the Site; instead, groundwater samples are collected
and analyzed every five years in support of five-year reviews. Groundwater samples were collected by
Union Pacific Railroad's remedial subcontractor, WSP & Golder, from monitoring well MW-89-02 and
from former extraction well EW-2.
Since 2002, 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) in well MW-89-02 near the former source area has been the
only contaminant of concern above its cleanup level.
The 2023 sampling event reported 1.3 (ig/L of 1,1-DCA at well MW-89-02, below the cleanup level of 5
|ig/L. 1,1-DCA concentrations of 2.3 |ig/L for the parent sample were reported at well EW-2. 1,1-
dichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene were not detected in either well. All
contaminants of concern were below their respective Record of Decision cleanup levels in the 2023
sampling event (Table 4).
Concentrations of 1,1-DCA had increased between 2002 and 2018 (Table 5). However the 2023 1,1-
DCA concentrations have decreased to near-2002 levels. According to the website for Butte County
groundwater level data, water levels in the Wyandotte Creek Oroville Management Area rose
approximately three feet from Spring 2018 to Spring 2019 and increased by seven feet from 2011 to 2019
(Butte County 2019).
Table 4. April 2023 Gi id ' 1S el ts
Well II)
l.l-Dichloroelhene
(MS/I-)
I.I.I-1 richloroothiiiK'
(MB/1-)
1,1-DCA
(MU/I )
Tricliloroelhene
(M8/I-)
M\\-sy-u:
U. 19
U.15
1.3
U.19
EW-2
<0.19
<0.15
0.61
<0.19
ROD cleanup level
6
200
5
5
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Siimplo l):ilc
M\\-8«>-02 (fili/l.)
i:\N-2 (.uii/L)
7/18/2002
1.4
0.6
3/13/2008
4.0
Not sampled
5/22/2008
5.3
0.8
4/1/2010
3.5
2.3 1
1/10/2013
7.4
1.2
1/31/2018
14
2.3
4/4/2023
1.3
0.61
1 Sampled on 3/5/2010.
4.2.3 Sustainability
The 2019 Government Accounting Office Report notes that the Site has a high wildfire hazard potential
associated with climate change. While the report does not evaluate all hazards, it does assess vulnerability
to flooding, sea level rise, wildfires and storm surges. The increased wildfire potential does not affect the
Site remedy because the contamination is underground.
Groundwater levels in the Wyandotte Creek Oroville Management Area rose seven feet from 2011 to
2019. The rising water has the potential to be contaminated from known soil contaminants at the site,
making it possible that groundwater concentrations could increase in the future, increasing the possibility
of renewed groundwater contamination at the Site.
S/fe Inspection
The inspection of the Site was conducted on March 7, 2023. In attendance were Holly Hadlock, EPA;
Yuji Marsh, United States Army Corps of Engineers; and Andre Bruvry, WSP Golder. The purpose of the
inspection was to assess the condition of the remedy and verify that the remedy is operating as intended.
The Site is in compliance with the land use controls. The two monitoring wells currently in use for
sampling purposes, EW-2 and 89-02, were located and inspected. EW-2 was found unlocked with no cap
present, which could allow contamination to enter the well and reach groundwater.
5. Technical Assessment
Question A: is the remedy functioning as intended by the decision
documents?
The soil remedy of excavation and off-site disposal reduced the residual mean concentration level for
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, expressed as benzo(a)pyrene equivalents, to 0.41 mg/kg or less as
prescribed by the Record of Decision, which is less than the industrial soil Regional Screening Level of
2.1 mg/kg. The soil remedy was completed in 1998 with Site close-out and deletion from the National
Priorities List in 2001.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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The groundwater remedy of groundwater extraction, treatment, and reinjection initially achieved Record
of Decision groundwater cleanup levels in 1997. Consequently, the system was permanently shut down in
1999 and the Site was deleted from the National Priorities List in 2001.
Groundwater sampling conducted in support of the 2013 and 2018 Five-Year Reviews indicated
concentrations of 1,1-DCA above its state and federal drinking water level. 1,1-DCA is a degradation
product of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 1,1,1-trichloroethane may have rapidly degraded after being released and
1,1-DCA is now slowly desorbing into groundwater. Groundwater concentrations of 1,1-DCA measured
in support of the 2023 Five-Year Review indicate this contaminant of concern has fallen back below its
state and federal drinking water level. There is no potential for exposure to groundwater from monitoring
wells at the Site because they are not used for drinking water and the one California Water Service well
has been abandoned.
The removal of the contaminated soil and replacement with clean fill achieved the remedial objective to
reduce exposure to contaminants in the soil. Although fencing and other security measures at the Site
were observed to be damaged, these access restrictions are not required for the Site remedy to remain
protective. The restrictive covenant filed with the Butte County Recorder's Office is still in effect to
prevent nonindustrial use of the site and prevent access to impacted groundwater, and no violations of the
restrictions in the covenant have been observed.
Questi ¦ mre assumptk icity C
medial Action Objectives Used at the Time o mdy
Selection Si id?
The exposure assumptions, cleanup levels, and remedial action objectives used at the time of the remedy
selection are still valid. No federal and state laws and regulations promulgated or changed over the past
five years.
Land use remains non-residential, as required by the covenant filed by Union Pacific Railroad with the
Butte County Recorder's Office. Human health and ecological routes of exposures have not changed, and
no new exposure pathways were identified. Vapor intrusion is not of concern at the Site because there are
currently no buildings and the concentration of 1,1-dichloroethane in groundwater remains low. The
cleanup levels for groundwater are federal and state drinking water standards and are considered to be
protective for all scenarios.
Other Infc ¦¦ . )uld
Caff esiion the Protectiveness of mdy?
No new information has come to light that could call into question the protectiveness of the remedy.
6. Issues/Recommendations
There are no issues or recommendations that affect protectiveness.
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. Oth clings
In addition, the following are recommendations that improve site safety and security but do not affect
current and/or future protectiveness and were identified during the five-year review:
• During the Site visit multiple wells were unsecured and lacking any protective covering. To
ensure no tampering of the wells, they should be secured with locks.
7. Protectiveness Statement
Table S. Protectiveness Statement
Sitewide Protectiveness Statement
Protectiveness Determination:
Protective
Protectiveness Statement:
The remedy at the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site currently protects human health and the environment
because a land use covenant prevents use of the former railroad property for residences, schools, or a hospital and
there are no contaminants in the on-site drinking water well above state and federal drinking water standards.
8. Next Review
The next five-year review report for the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site is required five years
from the completion date of this review.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
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Appendix A: List of Documents Reviewed
Butte County 1999. Departments, Water & Resource Conservation, Programs, Monitoring, Groundwater
Levels Website. Accessed January
2023.
California Water Service 2018. Sample Point History Spreadsheet for Sample Point Code ORO-W-901-
01 (CWS-1). January 2018.
Dames and Moore 1997. Remedial Investigation and Risk Assessment Report, Western Pacific Railroad
Superfund Site, Oroville, California. June 1997.
Dames and Moore 1998. Draft Soil Remedial Action Report, Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site,
Oroville, California. August 1998.
Dames and Moore 1999. Draft Supplemental Sampling and Analysis Report, Soil Remedial Action,
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Oroville, California, March 1999.
Diamond 2001. Notice of intent to delete the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site from the National
Priorities List. Federal Register / Vol. 66, No. 138 / Wednesday, July 18, 2001 / Proposed Rules /
Page 37442.
USEPA 1997. Record of Decision for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Oroville, California.
September 1997.
USEPA 2003. First Five-Year Review Report for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Oroville,
California. September 2003.
USEPA 2008. Second Five-Year Review Report for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Butte
County, California. September 2008.
USEPA 2013. Third Five-Year Review Report for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Butte
County, California. September 2013.
United States Government Accountability Office 2019. Superfund: EPA Should Take Additional Actions
to Manage Risks from Climate Change Website,
Accessed May 2023.
State of California 2018. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, Regional Reports Website.
Accessed March 2023.
State of California 2020, Well Completion Report Form DWR 188, Submitted 7/14/2020, WCR2020-
008928, Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site, Butte County, California, July 14.
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Appendix B: Site Chronology
Event
Date
Railroad fueling and maintenance wastes disposed on-site.
1880s-1991
1,000-gallon underground storage tank installed
1970s-1980s
Volatile organic compounds detected in California Water Service Company
drinking water well located on-site
1984-1992
California Regional Water Quality Control Board issued order to investigate on-
site waste
1989
Waste pond excavated and backfilled; leaking underground storage tank removed
1989
Final listing on the National Priorities List
August 30, 1990
All remaining structures dismantled or demolished, and below-grade structures
backfilled with clean fill
1991
Administrative Order on Consent to conduct a groundwater removal action
August 20, 1993
Administrative Order on Consent to conduct a remedial investigation and
feasibility study
March 15, 1994
Interim removal action - groundwater extraction system installed
1994
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study completed
May/July 1997
Proposed plan identifying EPA's preferred remedy presented to the public
June 29, 1997
Record of Decision signed
September 30, 1997
Groundwater cleanup achieved (all concentrations of contaminants of concern
below maximum contaminant levels)
October 1997
Unilateral Administrative Order for Remedial Action issued by EPA
June 17, 1998
Contaminated Fueling Area soil excavated and backfilled.
July 1998
Final inspection of remedial action excavation
December 10, 1998
Groundwater treatment system shut off
November 1999
Final routine round of groundwater sampling (all concentrations below
maximum contaminant levels)
July 2000
Covenant to restrict use of property filed with Butte County Recorder
March 1,2001
Final Close-Out Report
June 26, 2001
Site deleted from the National Priorities List
August 29, 2001
First Five-Year Review Report
September 4, 2003
Limited groundwater sampling in support of second five-year review
March 13, 2008
Second Five-Year Review Report
September 18, 2008
Limited groundwater sampling after second five-year review
April 1,2010
Limited groundwater sampling in support of third five-year review
January 10, 2013
Third Five-Year Review Report
September 19, 2013
Limited groundwater sampling in support of fourth five-year review
January 31, 2018
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
15
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Event
Date
Fourth Five-Year Review Report
August 23, 2018
Californian Water Service destroyed drinking water well CWS-1
July 14, 2020
Limited groundwater sampling in support of fifth five-year review
April 2023
16
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Appendix C: Data Review
The soil data analyzed for this Five-Year Review were obtained from the following documents:
Draft Remedial Investigation and Risk Assessment Report (Dames and Moore 1996)
• Draft Soil Remedial Action Report (Dames and Moore 1998)
Draft Supplemental Sampling and Analysis Report (Dames and Moore 1999)
During the Remedial Investigation of the Site in September 1995 composite samples from throughout the
Fueling Area were analyzed (C-l and Figure C-1C-1). The Record of Decision (ROD) required
excavation of soil in a 1 -acre area within the Fueling Area to reduce residual contamination of
carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to a benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent of 0.41 mg/kg.
Total BaP is the summed concentrations of benzo (a) anthracene [0.1], chrysene [0.01], benzo (b)
fluoranthene [0.1], benzo (k) fluoranthene [0.1], benzo (a) pyrene [1], dibenz (a,h) anthracene [0.4], and
indeno(l,2,3-cd) pyrene [0.1] normalized by the BaP equivalency factors (noted in brackets). For each
constituent not detected by analysis, one half of the detection limit was used in the computation of total
BaP equivalent. Six pre-remediation surface soil composite samples were detected above the ROD
cleanup level and not included in the excavation area.
Soil removal occurred in July 1998. Soil was removed to a depth of 1 foot except in a small area where
soil was excavated to a depth of 2 feet (C-2). The extra foot of soil was removed based on observations of
petroleum staining and coal fragments at the base of the initial excavation. After the excavation, five
composite samples were collected in July 1998 to represent the excavation subgrade (Table C-l and
Figure C-2).
The excavated area was backfilled with fill soil generated on-site. Concentrations of metals analyzed in
the backfill soil were elevated above background concentrations, as is the case in most of the Site. In
particular, arsenic was detected above the industrial screening level of 10.5 mg/Kg. However,
concentrations were on average lower than the pre-remediation concentrations within the planned
excavation area.
Table C-1. Pre-Remediation and Excavation Subgrade Soil Sample Results
Piv-KciiK'rihilion
l'l\c;i\;ilion Suhgniric
Siimplo II)
liiiP i'(|iii\;ilciil
coiicciili'iilioii img/kg)
li;iP c(|iii\;ik*iil
coiiiTiili'iilion
I mg/kg)
Siimplo II)
1-SS-l
0.064
--
--
l-SS-2
0.009
--
--
l-SS-3
0.511
--
--
l-SS-4
0.003
--
--
l-SS-5
0.134
--
--
l-SS-6
0.013
--
--
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
17
-------
Piv-KciiK'rihilion
ll\c;i\;ilion Suh^iiuk'
Siimplo II)
li.il' c(|iii\;ik*iil
conconlr;ilion (m$*/kg)
li;iP i'(|iii\iilcnl
coiK'ciili'iilion
ling/kg)
Siimplo II)
l-SS-7
0.411
-
-
l-SS-8
0.029
-
-
l-SS-9
0.035
-
-
l-SS-10
14.665
0.042
FA-CONF-2
1-SS-ll
2.24"7
0.077
FA-CONF-1
l-SS-12
0.003
-
-
l-SS-13
0.005
-
-
l-SS-14
0.005
-
-
l-SS-15
0.096
-
-
l-SS-16
2S.29I
5.850
FA-CONF-3
l-SS-17
0.22
-
-
l-SS-18
0.014
-
-
l-SS-19
0.21
-
-
l-SS-20
0.014
-
-
l-SS-21
0.046
-
-
l-SS-22
0.012
-
-
l-SS-23
II.3^9
85.915
FA-CONF-4
l-SS-24
0.028
-
-
l-SS-25
0.058
-
-
l-SS-26
0.48
-
-
l-SS-27
0.009
-
-
l-SS-28
.127
-
-
l-SS-29
3.43
FA-CONF-5
l-SS-30
1.404
--
-
l-SS-31
0.601
-
-
l-SS-32
0.028
-
-
l-SS-33
0.031
-
-
ROD cleanup level
0.41
Industrial Soil Regional Screening Level
2.1
Residential Soil Regional Screening Level
0.11
Sample area not remediated denoted by
Results with any target analyte detected are in bold.
Gray shading indicates reported concentrations above the ROD cleanup level
Samples listed in the same row were collected form the same area.
Pre-remediation data was collected prior Site excavation in July 1998 when the excavation subgrade samples
were collected.
Residential Soil Cleanup Levels are included in this table per EPA's request to see if the site could be considered
for unlimited use/unrestricted exposure determination
18
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Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site 19
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INJECTION
WELL PIPELINE -
GROUNDWATER
TREATMENT PL
BAGGETT MARYSVILLE RD.
90-04
90-05
MW-97-01
EXPLANATION
90-02 Monitoring Well
•i^EW-1 Extraction Well
( jj-IW-1 Injection WeM
H dames & moore
~
Fence
Concrete
OPre-Remediation Surface Soil
Composite Sample Groupings
Limits of Remedial Excavation Area
1-SS-23 Composite Surface Soil Sample ID Number
(DupNcate Sample ID Numbers in Parentheses)
28.291 8(a)P in Surface Sofls
PRE-REMEDIATION B(a)P
CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE SOIL
Soil Remedial Action Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
Oroville, California
00173-001-89806 ma) 89806B B/13/98
Source: U.S. Union Pacific Railroad Company 1998. Draft Soil Remedial Action Report Western Pacifi Railroad Superfund Site Orville, California
Figure C-1= Location and concentration of pre-remediation BaP contamination
20
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| Concrete (Turntable
¦
Pit has Concrete Bottom)
DAMES & MOORE
- Post-Remediation Composite
Sample Grouping Area
B(a)P in Remedial Excavation Subgrade
Note: All results in mg/kg.
Results for dupiicate samples
are averaged.
POST-REMEDIATION ANALYTICAL RESULTS
(EXCAVATION SUBGRADE)
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
Oroville, California
00173081-990215 rr>aj 990215 2/25/99
Source: U.S. Union Pacific Railroad Company 1999. Draft Supplemental Sapling and Analysis Report Western Pacifi Railroad Superfund Site Orville, California
Figure C-2. Soil Excavation Area and Excavation Subgrade Composite Sample Locations
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
21
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Supplemental sampling was performed in December 1998 in response to an EPA request for additional
characterization of post-remediation residual carcinogenic poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Discrete
samples were collected at varying depths within the former excavation subgrade at the four sub-sample
locations that made up the composite samples FA-CONF-3, FA-CONF-4, and FA-CONF-5. Two
additional discrete sample locations were sampled within the area where the extra foot of soil was
removed. A total of fourteen soil sample locations were identified (Error! Reference source not found,
and Figure C-3). Samples were collected to a target depth of 6 feet below existing ground surface using a
geoprobe or hand auger. Sample locations 3A and 3B were not sampled at depth because examination of
the core showed no evidence of impacts (i.e., no staining, odor, or non-soil material). Carcinogenic
poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in 3 of the 14 sampling locations and only at the
shallower depth.
Table C-2. Supplemental Investigation Sampling Results
Siimple II)
dcplli
(I'l l)»S)
Tolsil liiiP
ling/kg I
Siimple II)
(Icplli
(I'l h»si
Idlill liilP
(iiiii/kii)
SUP-3A-1.0
1
() ()4(.
--
--
--
SUP-3B-1.5
1.5
1.203
SUP-3B-2.5
2.5
0.015
SUP-3C-1.0
1
0.015
--
--
--
SUP-3C-1.0 Split
1
0.051
--
--
--
SUP-3D-1.0
1
0.153
SUP-3D-2.5
2.5
0.015
SUP-4A-1.0
1
II.-"X
SUP-4A-3.5
3.5
0.077
SUP-4B-1.0
1
1.53
SUP-4B-3.5
3.5
0.765
SUP-4B-1.0 Split
1
2 <>X~
--
--
--
SUP-4C-1.0
1
o ~<>5
SUP-4C-5.0
5
0.153
SUP-4C-1.0 Dup
1
o 15'
SUP-4C-5.0 DUP
5
o "(i5
SUP-4D-2.5
2.5
3.825
--
--
--
SUP-4E-2.0
2
o ~(i5
SUP-4E-5.5
5.5
0.153
SUP-5A-1.5
1.5
11.1121
--
--
--
SUP-5B-1.5
1.5
o ~(i5
--
--
--
SUP-5C-2.5
2.5
o.~(i5
SUP-5C-5.0
5
o ~(i5
SUP-5D-1.25
1.25
(i (115
SUP-5D-5.0
5
o "(.5
SUP-5E-2.5
2.5
o ~(i5
SUP-5E-5.5
5.5
o "(i5
Sample depth not collected denoted by "
Samples collected, divided in two, and analyzed by separate laboratories are denoted by "Split".
Field sample collected in duplicate is denoted by "Dup".
Any target analyte detected are in bold.
Gray shading indicates reported concentrations above the ROD cleanup level of 0.41 mg/Kg
Samples listed in the same row were collected form the same location at different depths.
22
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EXPLANATION
-<£-30-02 Monitoring Wei!
—*—*— Fencs
Concrale
1A# Supplemental
Sampling Location
DAMES & MOORE
K
\
/
~7I
/1
/ I
I
\ /
THS AREA
HOT RE3AMPLED
/ \
\
L
Concrete Pady
\
*3D
Limits of Remedial
Excavation to approximately 2 foot bgs
—| Limits of Remedial
—I E
Excavation to approximately 1 foot bgs
NOTE-- Horizontal coordinates are reforancad
to a site-specific coordinate system
deveioped by Tom 0. Morrow, inc. of
West Sacramsnto, Oalfomia.
"1
l.-tE',
I
^5A
¦ *,5.c
HOUNDhO'dSF
i
|
I
f
l
#5D |
,/r-' ]
1
8 9-04
SUPPLEMENTAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Western Pacific Railroad Superfuno Sits
Or o villa Calif or r a
OO1-3C0! 990213 MAJ 9QQ21SD 2/25/S9
Source: U.S. Union Pacific Railroad Company 1999. Draft Supplemental Sapling and Analysis Report Western Pacifi Railroad Superfund Site Orville, California
Figure C-3. Supplemental Investigation Sample Locations
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
23
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BaP soil contamination data was compared to the current residential soil regional screening level of 0.11
mg/kg to assess if the site has attained Unlimited Use/Unrestricted Exposure classification. For
comparison the industrial soil regional screening level is 2.1 mg/kg, and the 1998 ROD cleanup level was
0.41 mg/kg. Multiple sample locations of the excavated area have concentrations above the residential
soil regional screening level (
Table and Figure C-1). In addition, a majority of samples from the supplemental investigation were also
above the residential Regional Screening Level (Error! Reference source not found.)
24
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Appendix D: Applicable or Relevant and
Appropriate Requirements
Assessment
Section 121 (d)(2)(A) of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
specifies that Superfund remedial actions must meet any Federal standards, requirements, criteria, or
limitations that are determined to be legally applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements
(ARARs). ARARs are those standards, criteria, or limitations promulgated under Federal or State law that
specifically address a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other
circumstance at a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act site.
Changes (if any) in ARARs are evaluated to determine if the changes affect the protectiveness of the
remedy. Each ARAR and any change to the applicable standard or criterion are discussed below.
Chemical-specific ARARs identified in the 1997 ROD for the groundwater at this Site, and those
considered for the FYR for continued groundwater monitoring, are listed in Table D-l. California primary
drinking water standards are the same as federal primary drinking standards except for the California
standards for 1,1-DCA and 1,1-Dichloroethylene, which are more stringent than federal standards. No
changes have occurred to the chemical-specific ARARs.
Table D-1. Summary of Chemical-Specific ARARs
Chemical
1997 ROD
Cleanup
Levels (|i
-------
State Water Board Resolution 92-49, Paragraph III, G. Policies and Procedures for Investigation and
Cleanup and Abatement of Discharges underWater Code Section 13304.
California Hazardous Substances Account Act. Health and Safety Code Division 20, Chapter 6.8
§25300 et seq.
California Water Code Policies and Procedures for investigation and Cleanup and Abatement of
Discharges underWater Code Section 13304
26
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Appendix E: Public Notice
4 | Q-NEWSI
MERCURY-REGISTER
FRIDAY, JANUARY 13.2023
'iSSU-
o
¦c
EPA WANTS TO HEAR FROM YOU ABOUT THE
WESTERN PACIFIC RAILROAD SITE CLEANUP
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has started the
fifth five-year review of the cleanup of the Western Pacific Railroad
Superfund site. The site is in Oroville, California. This review will show if
the cleanup continues to work as EPA intended.
Federal law requires EPA to review its cleanups every five years if:
- a cleanup takes more than five years to complete; or
hazardous waste remains on site.
EPA did the last review in 2018 and found the cleanup was working
as intended.
What is included in the review?
• An inspection of the site and technologies used for the cleanup
• A review of site data and maintenance records
• A review of any new laws or requirements that could affect the
cleanup
EPA would like to hear from you!
If you want to learn more about the site and/or be interviewed, please
call the EPA Project Manager Holly Hadlock at (415) 972-3171 or e-mail
at hadlock.hollv@epa.aov
Where can I learn more?
Visit EPA's webpage at www.epa.aov/superfund/westernpacific for more
information. You can also contact the EPA Region 9 Superfund Records
Center for information on how to access site files and/or view them in
person. To view files, appointments are required.
Superfund Records Center
Phone: (415) 947-8717
EPA will complete the five-year review report no later than September
30, 2023. When complete, EPA will post a copy on the site's webpage
and send a copy to the Region 9 Superfund Records Center.
Background
The Western Pacific Railroad (WPRR) Company operated a fueling and
maintenance yard from the 1880s until 1970. WPRR operations included
fueling, welding, painting, and repairing of locomotives and railcars.
These operations resulted in chemical spills that contaminated the soil
and groundwater. The site was cleaned up and its use is now restricted
to commercial use only; homes and schools are not allowed. EPA took
the site off the Superfund Program's National Priorities List (NPL) of
contaminated sites in 2001.
CNSB #3650591
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 27
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Appendix F: Site Inspection Report and
Photos
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site - Oroville, Butte County, CA
1. INTRODUCTION
a. Date of Visit: March 07, 2023
b. Location: Oroville, CA
c. Weather: High 40's, partly cloudy and windy.
d. Purpose: A site visit was conducted to visually inspect and document the conditions of the remedy, the
Site, and the surrounding area for inclusion into the Five-Year Review Report.
e. Participants:
NAME
Holly Hadlock
Yuji Marsh
Andre Bruvry
ORGANIZATION
EPA, Superfund
United States Army Corps of Engineers -SPK
WSP USA, Inc.
TITLE
Project Manager
Environmental Engineer
Geologist, PG
2. SUMMARY
A site inspection was performed by EPA and United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Five-
Year Review of the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site on March 7th, 2023. The inspection began at
approximately 11:00 a.m. and concluded at 12:30 p.m. Site and monitoring well conditions were assessed
in relation to the current Site Remedy. The two monitoring wells currently in use for sampling purposes
were located and inspected (EW-2 and 89-02). Monitoring wells EW-1 and 90-02 were also located and
inspected. The remaining wells (89-01, 89-03, 89-04, 90-01, 90-03, 90-4, 90-05, 97-01, IW-1) were not
found, due to their likely destruction. Evidence indicating violation of the Land Use Covenant restrictions
was not observed.
3. DISCUSSION
Land Use Controls
The Site was inspected for evidence that Land Use Control restrictions had been violated. The absence of
residences, hospitals, schools, residential occupancy, signs of development and buildings in general
indicated that the restrictions were not being violated at the time of the inspection. Photo 6 shows a view
of the Site.
28
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Existing Monitoring Wells
The Site visit began at the southern end of the Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site. The interior of
the fenced perimeter was accessed through a gap in the chain-link fencing (see photo 1). Other gaps in the
fence were observed near the former monitoring well 89-01, along the railroad directly to the West, and
the southeast corner of the Site. The Site could be easily accessed by trespassers through these gaps.
The condition of former extraction wells EW-1 and EW-2 and monitoring wells 89-02 and 90-02 were
inspected. According to Mr. Bruvry, EW-2 and 89-02 are the only wells still in use for sampling
purposes. Protective casing caps were absent from EW-2, 89-02, and 90-02 and there was no protective
casing or similar artifact around EW-1. Unlockable casing caps were in place on EW-1, 89-02 and 90-02.
EW-2 was open to the atmosphere with no cap in place. Well ID tags or similar identifying markers were
not present, but the visible portions of the casings were generally in good condition beyond some staining
of EW-1.
A trespasser would be able to easily access the Site and the interior of all the existing wells. Also, EW-2
was open to the atmosphere, allowing for possible contamination of the well and groundwater, which
could lead to confounding sampling results.
Former Wells
The Site inspection team attempted to locate wells 89-01, 89-03, 89-04, 90-01, 90-03, 90-4, 90-05, 97-01,
and IW-1 but were unsuccessful due to their likely destruction. There was evidence indicating that either
90-05, 90-04, or 97-01 may have been destroyed and grouted (Photo 9). There was no other physical
evidence of well destruction beyond their absence.
Other Observations
A resident approached the inspection team at the perimeter fence with their dog. The dog was allowed to
pass the perimeter. However, the current Site Remedy does not include Site access controls. Also,
numerous jack rabbits were observed within the fenced area.
4. ACTIONS
The United States Army Corps of Engineers will incorporate information obtained from the Site visit into
the Five-Year Review report.
Yuji Marsh
Environmental Engineer
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sacramento District
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 29
-------
No.
Photo
Caption
Opening in
perimeter
fencing at the
southern end
of the Site.
Photo taken
facing North.
Fifth Five-Year Review for Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site
30
-------
2
I I
Fonner
extraction
well (EW-2).
One out of the
- ¦
two wells still
used for
sampling.
Photo taken
facing
ft-
approximately
south.
r '•'' A.yy-^tOk'»~*•!&: >r£'i'-¦ X-
iglr WWmBE^£l
W*'m- »x*i 'Mm
fcj^'" a ^ fllwP
*1?''
v . l'%» (M&-.
wrk K1
y; * jg^ri
|M^api|ggk\
WMHiral i iM^iSSsiss^fci
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 31
-------
w,
Former
extraction
well (EW-2).
One out of the
two wells
reportedly
still used for
sampling.
Monitoring
Well 89-02.
One out of the
two wells still
used for
sampling.
Photo taken
facing
approximately
east.
32
-------
Monitoring
Well 89-02.
One out of the
two wells still
used for
sampling.
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 33
-------
View of the
Site. Photo
taken facing
approximately
northwest.
34
-------
Former
Extraction
Well (EW-1).
Photo taken
facing
approximately
east.
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 35
-------
36
-------
Approximate
area of former
monitoring
wells.
90-04
90-05
97-01.
Photo taken
facing east.
Trip Report
Western Pacific Railroad Superfund Site FYR 37
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