TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT (TSD)
FOR TITLE V PERMITTING OF
PRINTING FACILITIES
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
January 2005
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CONTENTS
TABLES AND FIGURES vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW 1
1.1 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT? 2
1.2 HOW IS THIS DOCUMENT TO BE USED? 3
1.3 WHAT ARE THE TITLE V ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRINTING INDUSTRY? 4
1.4 HOW IS THIS REPORT ORGANIZED? 5
CHAPTER 2
TITLE V PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS 13
2.1 WHAT ARE THE TITLE V APPLICABILITY CRITERIA THAT APPLY TO
PRINTING FACILITIES? 13
2.1.1 How Can Major Printing Facilities Estimate Potential to Emit? 13
2.1.2 What are the Major Source Thresholds? 14
2.1.3 How Does One Maintain Minor Source Status? 15
2.1.4 NESHAP Sources 17
2.1.4.1 How Can I Avoid Being a Major Source Under Subpart KK? 17
2.1.4.2 What If an Owner or Operator has a Minor Source Subject to Subpart N? .18
2.1.5 NSPS Sources 19
2.2 HOW CAN OWNERS OR OPERATORS OF NEW SOURCES BE EXEMPT FROM
TITLE V? 19
2.3 WHAT ARE THE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS? 19
2.3.1 Summary of Applicable Requirements for the Major Printing Technologies 21
2.3.2 How Can Printing Equipment be Described in a Title V Permit? 28
2.3.3 Insignificant Units and Activities 29
CHAPTER 3
MACT STANDARDS PERMITTING 31
3.1 OVERVIEW OF SUBPART KK 31
3.1.1 What Facilities and Equipment Are Subject to Subpart KK? 31
3.1.2 What Are the Applicable Requirements of Subpart KK? 32
3.2 MAINTAINING COMPLIANCE FLEXIBILITY UNDER SUBPART KK 34
3.3 INTERFACE OF SUBPART KK WITH THE MACT GENERAL PROVISIONS . . 34
3.3.1 Who Should Submit a Notification of Compliance Status? 34
3.3.2 Who Should Submit Semi-Annual Summary Reports, and When? 35
3.4 SUBPART JJJJ 36
3.4.1 What Facilities and Equipment Are Subject to Subpart JJJJ? 36
3.4.2 What Are the Emissions Limits and Compliance Options for Subpart JJJJ? 37
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3.4.3 What Is the Compliance Schedule for Subpart JJJJ? 38
CHAPTER 4
MONITORING AND PRACTICAL ENFORCEABILITY 40
4.1 WHAT MONITORING IS APPROPRIATE UNDER THE CAM RULE? 40
4.2 WHAT MONITORING MAY BE AVAILABLE TO DEMONSTRATE
COMPLIANCE WITH A PTE LIMIT? 41
4.3 HOW CAN MATERIALS MONITORING BE USED TO DEMONSTRATE
COMPLIANCE? 44
4.3.1 How Does a Printer Monitor or Track Material Consumption? 45
4.3.2 What General Principles Are Relevant To Measuring Material Usage? 45
4.4 WHAT MAY BE APPROPRIATE OPACITY MONITORING FOR CLEAN FUEL
COMBUSTION? 51
4.5 SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO MONITORING UNDER SUBPART KK 51
4.5.1 What Are Recommendations for Continuous Parameter Monitoring Systems for
Subpart KK? 51
4.5.2 What Is Our Interpretation of Subpart KK's CEMS Compliance Options? 54
CHAPTER 5
TESTING REQUIREMENTS 56
5.1 WHAT ARE SOURCES OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION DATA? 56
5.2 WHAT ARE THE ISSUES CONCERNING THE USE OF M24 AND M24A WITHIN
THE PRINTING INDUSTRY? 57
5.2.1 For What Printing Materials Does M24 and M24A Apply? 58
5.2.2 How Can M24 Be Adjusted for High Water Content Coatings and Inks? 58
5.2.3 How is the VOC Content to Be Determined for Thin-Film Radiation Cured Inks and
Coatings, and Non-Ink Products, Such as Fountain Solutions and Cleaning
Compounds? 59
5.2.4 What Is the Relationship Between Material Composition Testing Under Subpart KK
and the MACT Rule General Provisions on Performance Testing? 60
5.3 ARE NON-LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESSES ELIGIBLE FOR USE OF A
RETENTION FACTOR TO ESTIMATE EMISSIONS FROM MANUAL CLEANING
ACTIVITIES WHEN USING LOW VAPOR PRESSURE CLEANING SOLVENTS
WITH SHOP TOWELS? 61
5.4 UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS CAN METHOD 25A (M25A) BE USED TO
DETERMINE THE DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY OF AN OXIDIZER? 62
5.5 WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLES ARE RELEVANT TO PERFORMING CONTROL
DEVICE AND CAPTURE EFFICIENCY TESTING? 62
5.5.1 Control Device Efficiency Testing 63
5.5.1.1 Initial Control Device Efficiency Testing 63
5.5.1.2 Ongoing Control Device Efficiency Testing 63
5.5.2 Initial Capture Efficiency Testing 63
5.5.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Material Balance (LLMB) 64
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5.5.2.2 Heatset Web Offset Lithographic Printing Presses - Inks and Coatings 64
5.5.2.3 Automatic Blanket Wash Materials and Alcohol Substitutes in Fountain
Solution 65
5.5.2.4 Presses Without Add-on Control Devices 65
5.5.3 Ongoing Capture Efficiency Testing 65
5.5.3.1 Permanent Total Enclosure 65
5.5.3.2 Other than Permanent Total Enclosure 65
5.5.3.3 Examples 66
5.6 SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO PERFORMANCE TESTS UNDER SUBPART
KK 66
5.7 WHAT ARE THE APPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE TEST CONDITIONS? ... 68
5.8 HOW CAN DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS BE MET DURING
PERIODS WITH LOW CONTROL DEVICE INLET CONCENTRATIONS? 69
CHAPTER 6
ADDITIONAL PERMITTING APPROACHES - STREAMLINING PERMIT CONTENT
AND MINIMIZING UNNECESSARY PERMIT REVISIONS 70
6.1 OVERVIEW 70
6.2 STREAMLINING PERMITS FOR PRINTING FACILITIES 71
6.2.1 What Principles Govern Streamlining? 71
6.2.2 Overlapping Requirements for Printing Facilities 72
6.2.3 How Do Control Strategies Influence Streamlining? 73
6.2.3.1 Capture and Control Systems 73
6.2.3.2 Use of Compliant Materials 75
6.2.4 Streamlining Example 76
6.3 EXISTING PERMIT CONDITIONS RESTRICTING OPERATION 77
6.3.1 Formula-Based Approaches 79
6.3.2 Averaging Periods 81
6.3.3 What is an Example of a Mass-Balance Formula Approach? 83
6.3.4 Are There Any Limitations to Using Replacement Conditions for the Mass Balance
Equation-Based Approach? 87
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES 88
APPENDIX A
PRINTING INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION AND RELATIONSHIP TO GUIDANCE . . A-l
APPENDIX B
EXAMPLE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS B-l
APPENDIX C
MACT COMPLIANCE OPTIONS FOR COMPLIANCE COATINGS APPROACH . . C-l
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APPENDIX D
MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR THE PRINTING AND FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
INDUSTRIES D-l
APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE QA/QC PLAN FOR A SOURCE THAT MONITORS MATERIAL
USAGE E-l
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TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
1-1. Summary of Approaches For Addressing Title V and Other Permitting Issues for Printers . 6
2-1. VOC Emissions Thresholds 15
2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control
Strategy 22
3-1. Summary of Applicable Requirements for Subpart KK 33
3-2. Summary of Subpart JJJJ Emissions Limits 37
4-1. Example Monitoring Components for a Lithographic Printing Press Subject to a
PTE Limit 42
4-2. Example Monitoring Components for Subpart KK HAP Limits - Wide Web Flexographic
Press Using Compliant Coatings 49
4-3. Example Monitoring Components for Subpart KK HAP Limits - Publication Rotogravure
Source Complying by Monthly Liquid-Liquid Mass Balance 50
Figures
4-1. Example permit conditions for temperature monitoring devices 53
4-2. Example permit conditions for pressure monitoring devices 54
6-1. Sample Existing Permit Limits In an NSR Permit for A Heatset Web Offset Lithographic
Press 83
6-2. Example Permit Terms Setting Forth the Formula Approach In an NSR Permit 84
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACT
Alternative Control Technique
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
BACT
best available control technology
c,
carbon
C6H14
hexane
CAA
Clean Air Act
CAM
compliance assurance monitoring
CEMS
continuous emissions monitoring system
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CMS
continuous monitoring system
COMS
continuous opacity monitoring system
CPDS
certified product data sheets
CPMS
continuous parametric monitoring system
CTG
Control Technique Guideline
EIIP
Emission Inventory Improvement Program
EMC
Emissions Measurement Center
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FESOP
federally-enforceable State operating permit program
FIP
Federal Implementation Plan
GARs
generally applicable requirements
HAP
hazardous air pollutant
IR
infrared
LAER
lowest achievable emissions rate
LLMB
liquid-liquid material balances
MACT
maximum achievable control technology
MRRT
monitoring, reporting, recordkeeping, and testing
MSDS
material safety data sheet
MW
molecular weight
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NESHAP
National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NSPS
new source performance standard
NSR
new source review
O&M
operation and maintenance
OAQPS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PALs
Plantwide Applicability Limitations
ppmv
parts per million by volume
PPR
product and packaging rotogravure
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PR
publication rotogravure
PS
performance specifications
PSD
prevention of significant deterioration
PTE
potential-to-emit
QA
quality assurance
QC
quality control
RACT
reasonably available control technology
RTD
resistance temperature detector
scfm
standard cubic feet per minute
SIP
State Implementation Plan
SSM
start-up, shutdown, and malfunction
TGD
Technical Guidance Document
tpy
tons per year
TSD
technical support document
U.S.
United States
use
United States Code
VE
visible emissions
voc
volatile organic compound
WWF
wide-web flexographic
WPN1
White Paper Number 1
WPN2
White Paper Number 2
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
While commonly considered industries dominated by small businesses, the printing and
packaging industries have their share of title V and federally-enforceable State operating permit
(FESOP) program facilities. This is because many printing and packaging firms are located
within urban areas where ambient air quality may not meet current federal standards. The Clean
Air Act (CAA) establishes lower thresholds for major sources in urban areas designated
nonattainment. These lower thresholds have caused many more businesses to become subject to
title V and FESOP permitting. More than 2,000 printing and packaging facilities are expected to
require CAA title V operating permits. Thousands more require other types of air permits.
The printing and packaging industries present unique challenges in the air permitting arena
due to the diverse applications that exist within it as well as within individual facilities. In the
printing and packaging industries, several different types of processes are employed, including
lithographic, screen printing, flexographic, rotogravure, letterpress, and digital printing. Some
facilities will exclusively use one of these printing process types, but it is not uncommon to find
one or more of these processes used in the larger operations. For a detailed description of the
activities involved in each of the different printing processes, see Appendix A.
Printers frequently use materials that generate both volatile organic compound (VOC) and
hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions. The HAP emissions from such operations are also
typically VOC emissions. As a result, these operations have received considerable attention by
State and Federal CAA programs that target these pollutants. Many State Implementation Plans
(SIPs) for managing air quality include requirements for using reasonably available control
technology (RACT) to control emissions of VOCs. Many SIPs also include new source review
(NSR) requirements that govern facility expansions and create additional requirements for
controlling emissions from new and modified emissions units. Some technologies are also
subject to new source performance standards (NSPS). Printing facilities employing wide web
flexographic and/or rotogravure printing operations that use significant quantities of HAPs can
also be subject to standards regulating HAP emissions, such as those based on the maximum
available control technology (MACT).
The CAA requires that each major source of regulated air pollutants obtain a title V
operating permit [see 42 United States Code (USC). § 7661a(a)]. The permit is intended to
compile the requirements that apply from each of the different CAA programs. The permit
identifies these requirements - also known as applicable requirements - which include, but are
not limited to, emissions limitations and standards, and monitoring, recordkeeping, reporting,
and testing (MRRT) procedures. As a permit writer, you develop title V permit terms and
conditions that are verifiable and enforceable from a practical standpoint and that assure
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compliance with all applicable requirements. The MRRT procedures contained in the permit
provide facilities with the ability to demonstrate compliance with the emissions limitations on a
continuous basis.
During the development and issuance of title V permits, several issues have been identified
that are related to permitting printing facilities and other VOC emitters. The issues have
generally concerned monitoring and testing, practical enforceability, the application of relevant
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) requirements, certain
conditions in existing NSR permits treatment of insignificant sources, and promoting operational
flexibility. This document is intended to help you (i.e., State/local permitting authorities) address
these issues. The document is primarily a summary of prior guidance that we have issued
relating to VOC emitters, including the printing and other surface coating industries. The
document also includes some new approaches that are based on our regulations. Printer-based
examples are used throughout this document, but you may wish to consider using the described
approaches for other types of air permitting (e.g., NSR), and for other VOC emitters, particularly
other types of surface coaters, as appropriate.
1.1 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT?
Consistent with our goals to support effective, streamlined implementation of title V and
other State permit programs, we have developed this technical support document (TSD) to assist
you in issuing and revising such permits for printing, packaging, and other VOC emitters. We
hope that, in addition to providing assistance to you, this document will also benefit
environmental management personnel at these facilities and the public who will be reviewing and
commenting on the draft title V permits.
We, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have developed approaches
that we believe are likely to be acceptable in many circumstances for printers and other surface
coating facilities subject to title V. We also believe that several of the approaches described in
this document may be suitable for non-title V sources that are subject to other air permitting,
such as FESOPs. However, this document does not preclude other approaches or guarantee that
the approaches described in this document will be acceptable in a particular case. Therefore, you
should consider what is appropriate for each facility based on a number of factors including the
magnitude of emissions relative to the different permitting thresholds, the applicant's process
technology, and, most importantly, the relevant applicable requirements.
Considerable time may be spent by you in preparing a title V permit for a printer or other
VOC emitting sources. We have discussed the techniques described in this document with
representatives from States and industry, and we have solicited public comments on a prior draft
of this document. We hope that these techniques will help you to reduce the amount of time
between submittal of a permit application and the permit's issuance or revision. The benefits
gained from use of the techniques will vary depending on the existing State title V procedures, as
well as the processes used and requirements relevant to the permit applicant. Faster issuance of
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effective title V permits can benefit the environment, since title V permits, among other things,
incorporate applicable requirements and require certifications from source owners and operators
attesting to their compliance with these requirements.
The approaches described in this TSD may be tailored for individual facilities. You should
be aware that there may be instances when facilities use compliant coatings or when you permit
area sources, where the issuance of a general title V permit (see § 70.6(d)) that meets part 70
requirements, can be appropriate and economical. In some instances, however, a general permit
may not be appropriate. For example, facilities that have NSR conditions or potential-to-emit
(PTE) limits may require a customized, as opposed to a general, permit. Even so, one or more of
the permit approaches described in this document may be appropriate in designing a customized,
individual permit. This document, of course, does not preclude other approaches or guarantee
that the general permit approaches described in this document will be acceptable in any particular
case. As the permitting authority, you should evaluate each title V permit application
individually and assure that any permit issued is consistent with the requirements of part 70 and
all applicable requirements. We anticipate that using general permits and adapting permit
components from other related facilities' permits, where appropriate, may result in significant
administrative savings.
1.2 HOW IS THIS DOCUMENT TO BE USED?
This document describes approaches for title V permitting of the printing industry and other
VOC/HAP emitters that we believe may be acceptable in many circumstances. This document
does not, however, preclude other approaches or guarantee that the approaches described in this
document will be acceptable in a particular case. We have developed these approaches based on
considerable investigation of permitting issues raised by the printing industry and on comments
received when a draft of this document was made available for comment by the public.
Nevertheless, we recognize that permitting decisions are case-by-case decisions and that you, as
the permitting authority, will review permit applications individually on the merits and issue
permits consistent with the requirements of 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 70.
The CAA and our regulations for printing facilities contain legally binding requirements.
This document describes the relevant provisions of the CAA and the implementing regulations,
but does not substitute for those provisions or regulations. This document is not a regulation and
imposes no legally binding requirements on anyone, including you, the printing facilities or us.
As noted above, our and your decision makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches that
differ from the approaches identified in this document. We encourage you to consider whether or
not the approaches contained in this document are appropriate for a particular permit.
In this document, we also present illustrative examples for printing facilities. The examples
are not meant to be prescriptive, nor do they address all the possible scenarios that you may
encounter. We present the examples only as potential models and guides that can be used and
adjusted as appropriate for possible inclusion in a title V operating permit for a printer or other
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VOC emitter. The appropriateness of the examples should be determined by you on a case-by-
case basis.
Chapter 4 and Appendix D contain monitoring protocols that may serve as the basis for
meeting compliance assurance monitoring (CAM) plan requirements. There are three ways in
particular that these protocols can be used in your State. First, if they are approved into your SIP,
sources can then rely upon the protocols as being presumptively acceptable monitoring for CAM
compliance purposes. Second, to the degree that the source is subject to the monitoring required
by Federal standards proposed after November 15, 1990, pursuant to §§ 111 or 112 of the Act, or
voluntarily adopts such monitoring requirements that apply to the relevant control device of the
source, this would also be presumptively acceptable for CAM compliance. Finally, a source may
use the monitoring protocols with a separate demonstration of how the alternative monitoring
approach would meet the CAM requirements [see 40 CFR §§ 63.8(f)(2) and 60.13(i)].
The TSD is a living document and may be revised periodically. We welcome additional
public comment on this document at any time and will consider those comments in any future
revision of the document.
1.3 WHAT ARE THE TITLE V ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRINTING INDUSTRY?
Several issues, including the appropriateness of certain monitoring and testing requirements
for demonstrating compliance, and the practical enforceability of these provisions have been
identified as they relate to title V permitting of printing and other VOC emitting sources. These
issues are discussed in more detail in Chapters 3 through 6. There are significant differences in
approaches to monitoring, recordkeeping, reporting, and compliance testing associated with the
different requirements applicable to printers. For example, if a wide-web flexographic (WWF)
or rotogravure printing facility is subject to the NESHAP for the Printing and Publishing
Industry, provisions for demonstrating compliance with subpart KK need to be incorporated into
its title V permit along with the relevant SIP and NSR requirements. Where there are multiple,
overlapping requirements that apply to a facility, in many instances, streamlining these
requirements into one streamlined set of requirements may be appropriate [see "White Paper 2
for Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating Permits Program" (EPA, 1996a)]. For
example, where there are multiple monitoring or testing requirements that apply to a facility, the
permit may specify a streamlined set of monitoring or testing requirements consistent with the
provisions of 40 CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(i)(A). Where appropriate, streamlining applicable
requirements can both simplify compliance demonstration for the facility and clarify expectations
being placed on the facility by you.
We have found that some sources have existing permits (e.g., minor NSR permit or FESOP)
that contain various conditions that limit emissions below a certain amount. For example,
facilities with capture and control systems often have permit limits on the VOC content in
applied inks and coatings, or on the usage of specific inks, coatings, and solvents. These limits
can constrain how the facilities operate, as well as their VOC emissions. These limits are also a
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potential disincentive to pursuing pollution prevention, since the benefits from using lower-
emitting materials are decreased. Existing NSR and FESOP permits also can contain short-term
limits (e.g., hourly or daily) that are unrelated to an applicable requirement, or to an applicable
requirement that the facility avoids triggering by agreeing to an enforceable limit (i.e., PTE limit)
in the permit. Although these permit conditions are legal and currently effective and enforceable,
as a practical matter, these conditions can unnecessarily constrain operational flexibility and
sometimes dissuade facilities from pursuing pollution prevention activities. Chapter 6 discusses
the possibility of filing a permit revision to replace individual production and operational limits
in prior permit(s) with an overall emissions formula.
Table 1-1 presents a summary of the issues that are considered in this document, an
overview of the approaches that we believe may be acceptable in many circumstances, and the
TSD section reference where the reader can find more details.
1.4 HOW IS THIS REPORT ORGANIZED?
Chapter 2 generally identifies the applicable requirements relevant to the printing industry
and provides examples of how those requirements are applied. In Chapter 3, the subpart KK and
subpart JJJJ MACT standards are addressed. Chapter 4 discusses emissions monitoring related
to applicable requirements such as CAM, PTE limits, MACT, and NSPS. Detailed CAM
protocols for the printing and packaging industries are contained in Appendix D. Chapter 5
presents testing issues related to the application of our reference methods, as well as the
conditions and frequency for testing units with add-on control equipment. Chapter 6 discusses
streamlining options for printing facilities and describes a technique for providing operating
flexibility.
The TSD also contains five appendices. Most of these appendices provide examples which
further illustrate how the approaches described in the main body of this document may be
implemented for printers while again being potentially more broadly available to other VOC
emitters.
For smaller sources, such as many lithographic or screen printing operations, the discussion
in Chapter 2 on how exempt status from title V can be achieved may be the most important. In
addition, Chapter 4 addresses acceptable monitoring and recordkeeping approaches for these
sources to use in order to keep minor source status.
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Table 1-1. Summary of Approaches For Addressing Title V and
Other Permitting Issues for Printers
CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
Title V Applicability
How can owners or operators of
major printing facilities determine
potential-to-emit (PTE)?
Our May 2002 guidance, "Preferred and Alternative Methods
for Estimating Air Emissions from the Printing, Packaging,
and Graphic Arts Industry (EPA, 2002a)," establishes one way
to calculate volatile organic compound/hazardous air pollutant
(VOC/HAP) emissions. Having the PTE calculation reflect the
maximum hourly usage rate, the materials with the highest
VOC/HAP content, and the maximum feasible hours of
operation may establish an appropriate annual limit. Note that
the PTE would be reduced after consideration of any
enforceable limits on emissions, hours of operation, and/or
material throughput.
2.1.1
What are examples of monitoring,
recordkeeping, reporting, and
testing (MRRT) requirements that
could be used for facilities
interested in keeping minor source
status?
For sources below the major source threshold, one way to
ensure minor source status is to limit the PTE under an
enforceable general permit (or a facility's case-specific permit,
if one exists), consistent with the printer type, control
equipment, and monitoring approaches [see 40 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) § 70.6(d)]. Note that the mass-
balance "formula" approach is generally available to permit
writers for use in establishing compliance provisions with a
PTE limit for other VOC emitting operations, as shown in the
United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA's) 2002 "Evaluation of Implementation Experiences
With Innovative Air Permits - Results of the U.S. EPA
Flexible Permit Implementation Review" (EPA, 2002b).
2.1.3
4.2
How can printing equipment be
described in a title V permit?
Consistent with 40 CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(i)(A) and our July 10,
1995 guidance, "White Paper for Streamlined Development of
part 70 Permit Applications," (EPA, 1995a) equipment should
be described in detail sufficient to be linked to applicable
requirements. The information should also allow your
inspectors to match each individual emissions unit observed
during a plant visit with the permit's description for that unit.
Only the requisite information regarding emissions limits from
equipment descriptions should be included in the permit [see
40 CFR § 70.6(a)(1)],
2.3.2
How can insignificant units and
activities be treated?
Consistent with 40 CFR §§ 70.4(b)(14), 70.7(d) and (e): our
July 10, 1995 guidance, "White Paper for Streamlined
Development of part 70 Permit Applications" (EPA, 1995a)
and our March 5, 1996 guidance, "White Paper Number 2 for
Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating Permits
Program," a permit can contain provisions to operate/add/
delete any activities subject to only generally applicable
requirements (GARs), provided that such activities meet all
relevant GARs on the permit.
2.3.3
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Compliance
What printing facilities and
equipment are subject to subpart
KK?
40 CFR § 63.820(a)(1) defines which facilities are subject to
subpart KK. Generally, subpart KK applies to publication
rotogravure, product and packaging rotogravure, and wide-web
flexographic (WWF) operations. Facilities engaged solely in
screen printing or offset lithography are not subject to this
MACT standard.
3.1
What principles apply to tracking
material consumption and recovery,
including ancillary and incidental
printing operations, under subpart
KK?
Permits from MACT facilities should require that material
usage and composition be tracked at least monthly [40 CFR §
63.829(b)(i)]. Facilities also may want to consider the
approaches in section 4.3 for these material tracking systems.
3.1
How can different compliance
options provided for in subpart KK
be efficiently incorporated in a title
V permit?
A table of compliance demonstration options can in general be
incorporated into the permit using citations for associated
MRRT provisions and other citations consistent with our
March 5, 1996 guidance, "White Paper Number 2 for
Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating Permits
Program (WPN2)," where needed [see "White Paper Number
2 for Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating
Permits Program" (EPA, 1996a)].
3.2
Appendix C
Which facilities must submit a
Notification of Compliance Status?
Consistent with 40 CFR § 63.830(b)(3), every facility subject
to subpart KK's emissions limits must submit a Notification of
Compliance Status.
3.3.1
Which facilities must submit
summary reports, and when?
Consistent with 40 CFR § 63.830(b)(6), all facilities must
submit Semiannual Summary Reports, regardless of the option
used to demonstrate compliance, continuous emissions
monitoring system (CEMS), continuous parametric monitoring
system (CPMS), and materials tracking systems are all
considered continuous monitoring system (CMS) within the
meaning of the MACT General Provisions. The Semiannual
Summary Reports summarize the monitoring data collected
over the preceding 6 months, highlighting where malfunction
of any instrumental monitor occurred or where the data show
deviations from permit requirements. Under some
circumstances, additional MACT General Provisions CMS
reporting requirements (e.g., Excess Emissions and Monitoring
System Performance Reports) may apply.
Each Semiannual Summary Report should cover a calendar
half (January - June or July - December) and is due by the end
of the following month. However, the reporting period can be
adjusted to coincide with other reporting requirements by
mutual consent of you and the facility.
3.3.2
What is the compliance schedule
for subpart JJJJ?
Subpart JJJJ was promulgated on December 4, 2002. The
compliance date for existing sources subject to subpart JJJJ is
December 5, 2005. In addition, new MACT standards, must
be incorporated into existing title V permits within 18 months
of the date of promulgation. We provide suggestions for
minimizing future permit revisions related to compliance with
subpart JJJJ.
3.4.3
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
Monitoring
What are the appropriate
monitoring parameters for catalytic
oxidizers, thermal oxidizers, carbon
adsorption systems, and capture
systems?
Where applicable, the basis for appropriate parameters are
contained in the compliance assurance monitoring (CAM)
protocols developed to cover capture systems and control
devices. For non-CAM sources, other monitoring may be
allowed (e.g., MACT subparts KK and JJJJ).
4.1
Appendix D
What monitoring may be available
to demonstrate compliance with a
PTE limit?
We recommend use of monitoring elements that will ensure
practical enforceability of PTE limits consistent with title V
major source requirements and PTE guidance that defines
practical enforceability [40 CFR §§ 70.2 and 70.3], and
"Guidance on Limiting Potential to Emit in New Source
Permitting" (EPA, 1989)). These elements may include
monitoring methods, indicator range, monitoring frequency,
averaging period, recordkeeping, and quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC) techniques.
4.2
How can materials monitoring be
used to demonstrate compliance
with subpart KK limits?
We describe general principles and examples for monitoring
material consumption, consistent with the requirements of 40
CFR § 63.829(b)(1).
4.3
Appendix E
Do we consider every deviation a
violation?
Whether and to what extent a deviation may constitute
noncompliance is determined by your individual State
authority. The provisions of the federal air operating permit
program 40 CFR Part 71 may be instructive for these
determinations.
4.3
What may be appropriate opacity
monitoring for clean burning
combustion sources?
Consistent with our authority to approve alternative monitoring
approaches, you may want to consider within your authority to
consider other approaches the applicant proposes, a proposal
to use clean fuel usage records for demonstrating compliance
with particulate matter or opacity requirements in the case of
clean burning combustion sources [see 40 CFR §§ 63.8(f)(2)
and 60.13 (i)].
4.4
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
When should CPMS and CEMS
performance specifications be
used?
EPA performance specifications (PS) exist for many types of
CEMS [see 40 CFR part 60, appendix B], Where sources rely
on CEMS with PS to provide compliance data, the PS should
be used. Note that CEMS with PS may be required by
regulation or by permitting authorities in permits. Also note
that for a percent removal efficiency calculation using CEMS,
sources should monitor not only inlet and outlet concentration
but also volumetric flow rate, meaning sources should use PS6,
as well as PS8 or PS9.
PS for CPMS are under development but do not exist now.
Sources subject to CAM must document in a monitoring
submittal how the following items as relevant are addressed:
indicator(s) of performance, measurement techniques -
including detector type, location and installation specifications,
inspection procedures, and QA/QC measures - monitoring
frequency, averaging time, and monitor out-of-control periods
[40 CFR § 64.3(b)]. You and the source owner should become
comfortable with a QC program required under § 63.8(d) for
facilities subject to MACT. Note that all elements of a CMS
QA/QC program may not be appropriate for CPMS. By way
of example, drift calibrations are not relevant for manual
recordkeeping and need not be addressed.
4.5
What are recommendations for
CPMS for subpart KK?
CPMS qualify as CMS under the MACT General Provisions
consistent with 40 CFR part 63, subpart A. All the elements
included in the CMS provisions apply to CPMS, but some
specific CMS provisions may need to be adapted to apply to
CPMS properly.
We are currently developing performance specifications and
QA/QC requirements for common types of CPMS. We have
included draft performance specifications and QA/QC
requirements in this section. Since the Agency has not yet
finalized these specifications and requirements, we therefore
are providing them only for your information.
4.5.1
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
How do subpart KK's CEMS
compliance options apply?
Where CEMS are required under subpart KK, facilities should
determine the percent removal efficiency for each month based
on monitoring the mass flow rate of total organic volatile
matter at the inlet and outlet of the control device. In order to
calculate the percent removal efficiency for each month, we
recommend facilities determine volumetric flow rate (perhaps
using a method such as PS6) as well monitor inlet and outlet
concentration. Facilities using the CEMS option for solvent
recovery systems may monitor volumetric flow rate at only one
point (inlet or outlet) provided that the facilities demonstrate
that this flow rate is essentially constant across the control
device and they implement a good operation and maintenance
(O&M) program to detect and repair any leaks in the system.
Methods other than CEMS can be used for sources using
liquid-liquid mass balance to determine the percent removal
efficiency [see 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i)].
4.5.2
Testing
What are sources of material
composition data?
Consistent with 40 CFR part 63, subpart KK, laboratory
measurements (using M24, M24A, or M311) or formulation
data [from certified product data sheets (CPDS) or material
safety data sheets (MSDS), if they contain the relevant
information] can be used.
5.1
Should printers always use M24A
for printing inks?
Consistent with our October 17, 2000 Federal Register Notice
at 65 FR 62043, M24A should be used only for publication
rotogravure inks and publication rotogravure coatings. EPA
changed the title of M24A to help clarify this.
5.2.1
How can M24 be adjusted for high
water content coatings and inks?
A precision adjustment can be made, per our February 3, 1986
policy memo, "Jefferson County APCD's Request for an
Opinion on the Suitability of M24 and M24A as Enforcement
Tools" [see 40 CFR 60, Appendix A],
5.2.2
Should printers use M24 for non-
ink and non-coating materials -
such as fountain solutions and
cleaning compounds?
No, since M24 applies to paints, varnishes, lacquers, or related
surface coatings that contain volatile matter, not to non-ink and
non-coating materials. For non-ink and non-coating materials,
formulation data from CPDS or MSDS can be used.
5.2.3
How is the VOC content to be
determined for thin-film radiation
cured coatings, and non-ink
products, such as fountain solutions
and cleaning compounds?
An American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) study
is underway to answer this question. Until then, you may want
to consider as one option allowing printers to use formulation
or supplier data for VOC content of thin-film radiation cured
inks and coatings, and non-ink and non-coating materials [see
40 CFR part 63, subpart KK],
5.2.3
What is the relationship between
material composition testing under
subpart KK and the General
Provisions on performance testing?
The facility is responsible for obtaining composition data that
meet the requirements of subpart KK [see 40 CFR
§§ 63.827(b)(l )-(2) and 63.827(c)(l)-(3)], and is liable if test
results do not match formulation data received from suppliers.
Section 63.7(f) applies if a facility wishes to rely on an
alternative test method for determining material composition.
5.2.4
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
Are non-lithographic processes
eligible for use of a retention factor
where low vapor pressure cleaning
solvents are used?
Yes. The 50 percent retention factor use is available for all
flexographic, rotogravure, letterpress, and screen printing
operations, consistent with our June 1994 guidance,
"Alternative Control Technique Document: Offset
Lithographic Printing.
5.3
Under what conditions can M25A
be used to determine the
destruction efficiency of an
oxidizer?
Consistent with the approach presented in EPA's April 4, 1995
guidance, "EPA's VOC Test Methods 25 and 25A" and
codified in subpart KK, M25A can be used for determining
outlet concentrations when: 1) an exhaust concentration of 50
or less parts per million by volume (ppmv) as carbon (CJ is
required to comply with the applicable standard; 2) the inlet
concentration and the required level of control results in an
exhaust concentration of 50 or less ppmv as C^ or 3) the high
efficiency of the control device alone results in an exhaust
concentration of 50 or less ppmv as C^ (See
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/guidlnd/gd-033.pdf.) In situations
where M25 is not viable, such as those described in section 1.1
of M25, we allow the use of M25A on both the inlet and outlet
[see 40 CFR 60, Appendix A and 40 CFR § 63.827(d)(l)(vi)].
5.4
What general principles are
relevant to performing capture
system and control device testing?
Under 40 CFR § 63.827, initial testing is required for both
capture systems and control devices. Depending on the type of
capture system and type of control device, ongoing testing may
be required under Subpart KK. We present general principles
relating to control and capture efficiency testing for various
scenarios, as well as examples to illustrate these principles for
your consideration.
5.5
When can alternative capture
efficiency testing be allowed?
Consistent with 40 CFR §63.825(f)(7), alternative capture
efficiency testing can be allowed if the source follows the Data
Quality Objective approach or the Lower Confidence Limit
approach [see 40 CFR 63, subpart KK, Appendix A], In
addition, for heatset offset lithographic presses can
demonstrate capture efficiency requirements by showing that
the dryer is operating at negative pressure relative to the
pressroom, consistent with the July 1997 letter from EPA's
J. Seitz (EPA, 1997), and with the September 1993 guidance,
"Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Offset Lithographic Printing" (EPA, 1993a).
5.5.2
What are the requirements for
capture efficiency testing under
subpart KK?
Capture efficiency testing is not required for sources using
liquid-liquid mass balance to verify compliance. Subpart KK
requires capture efficiency testing according to 40 CFR part
52.741 for sources required to demonstrate they meet the
permanent total enclosure requirements or that need to
establish a capture efficiency for sources not in total
enclosures. For additional guidance, we recommend
Guidelines for Determining Capture Efficiency, available at
the following address , as well as the Office of Enforcement's Issuance of
the Clean Air Act National Stack Testing Guidance, released
February 2, 2004.
5.6
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CATEGORY/ISSUES
APPROACH
SECTION
What are the appropriate
performance test conditions?
Consistent with subparts QQ and KK at 40 CFR
§§ 60.433(a)(8) and 63.827(d)(l)(vii), with the November
1993 guidance, "Draft Control Techniques Guideline for
Offset Lithography," and with the Office of Enforcement's
February 2, 2004 guidance "Issuance of the Clean Air Act
National Stack Testing Guidance," testing for MACT
compliance should be performed at normal operating
conditions.
5.7
How can destruction efficiency
requirements be met during low
flow/concentrations?
Consistent with an approach taken in the Paper and Other Web
Coating MACT, subpart JJJJ at 40 CFR § 63.3220(b)(4),
allow an outlet concentration of 20 ppmv as hexane (C6H14)
coupled with 100% capture efficiency to be a surrogate for
destruction efficiency.
5.8
Additional Permitting Techniques
How can multiple requirements
applying to same emissions unit be
streamlined in order to assure
compliance with all of the
applicable requirements (i.e.,
focusing compliance on the most
rigorous set of requirements)?
Multiple requirements can be streamlined as described in
White Paper Number 2 for Improved Implementation of the
part 70 Operating Permits Program (WPN2). Based on our
pilot permit experience, we believe that streamlining is
particularly appropriate where highly efficient add-on controls
are used.
6.2
How can existing permits which
contain short term limits (e.g., daily
that specifically limit the type and
amount of materials and/or
production) to assure compliance
with a PTE limit be changed to
allow more operational flexibility?
Where the operational limits were established in new source
review (NSR) permits for applicability purposes, many printers
(as well as other VOC emitters ) may be able to pursue a mass
balance based formula to reformat those permit conditions.
Before using the formula approach, the permitting authority
would, of course, have to approve a permit modification under
new source review to remove the prior permit terms and
replace them with the formula. Compliance with the formula
could then be achieved on an annual basis rolled monthly for
all inputs to the formula (i.e., by tracking material usage on a
monthly or job basis).
Where short-term limits were established in a permit to enforce
non-PTE limits, sources may be eligible to use the mass
formula-based approach over a longer time period.
Appropriate permit modification again would have to occur
prior to establishing the formula approach.
6.3
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CHAPTER 2
TITLE V PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
Chapter 2 discusses which printing facilities may be subject to the requirements for
obtaining a title V operating permit and how certain facilities can become exempt from these
requirements. This chapter also summarizes the different applicable requirements that apply to
different printing facilities and addresses the treatment of insignificant activities in a title V
operating permit.
2.1 WHAT ARE THE TITLE V APPLICABILITY CRITERIA THAT APPLY TO
PRINTING FACILITIES?
Owners or operators of major sources are required to obtain title V operating permits, per
40 CFR §§ 70.3(a)(1) and 70.5(a). Sources which have the PTE "major" quantities of regulated
pollutants, such as VOCs or HAPs, are major sources [see 40 CFR § 70.2], Owners and
operators of minor sources, i.e., those sources that emit or have the PTE less than major source
thresholds, can also be subject to title V if the units that comprise the facilities are subject to
federal emissions standards, including NSPS established under § 111 or NESHAP established
under § 112 of the CAA [see 40 CFR §§ 70.3(a)(2) and (a)(3)]. Once a major printing facility has
at least one unit that requires a title V permit, applicable requirements for all significant units
must be addressed in the title V permit. For printing facilities, title V applicability is generally
triggered by the major source criteria for potential emissions of VOCs or HAPs.
2.1.1 How Can Major Printing Facilities Estimate Potential to Emit?
As part of our Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP), we have established an
acceptable method (as well as alternative methods) for estimating facility-wide emissions for
emissions inventory purposes (EPA, 2002a). The method conservatively estimates actual
emissions, and provides a framework for estimating PTE. The method involves performing a
mass balance approach that accounts for materials used in all press operations in the facility and
for control efficiency and capture efficiency, as applicable. The method also provides guidance
for applying retention factors, where appropriate, that reflect the amount of VOC retained in the
substrate. An alternative method uses emissions factors (either site-specific or AP-42) applied to
solvent usage estimates. AP-42 emissions factors are developed as averages of reported test data
sets and, while useful in supporting a national emissions inventory, are generally not acceptable
for site-specific applicability determinations; site-specific developed emissions factors are best.
However, you may consider using adjusted AP-42 emissions factors where the adjustment would
take into consideration the differences between facilities, the uncertainty in test methods, and the
variability in operations.
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Calculating PTE for printing operations is not as straightforward as for sources that can
document maximum throughput capacities, (e.g., a boiler). Applying the EIIP approach to
calculating existing emissions requires the use of data on actual usage rates for individual
materials with known VOC/HAP contents. To calculate PTE, we recommend that you use
conservative assumptions to project maximum material usage rates and VOC/HAP content for
the PTE material balance. PTE represents the "maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit
under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the source to
emit an air pollutant, including air pollution control equipment and restrictions on hours of
operation, or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed shall be treated
as part of its design if the limitation is enforceable by the (EPA) Administrator" [see 40 CFR
§§ 52.21(b)(4), 51.165(a)(l)(iii), and 51.166(b)(4) see also 40 CFR § 63.2], Stated differently,
the PTE calculation should reflect the maximum hourly usage rate times the worst-case VOC/
HAP content times the maximum feasible hours of operation. The PTE would be reduced after
consideration of any enforceable limits on emissions, such as hours of operation and material
throughput. The maximum hours of operation, unless limited by permit, should be based on
round-the-clock press operation (8,760 hours/year), less time required for makeready/setup as
determined by a documented, conservative review of historical data for the facility. As discussed
below, there may be ways to constrain PTE reasonably through certain types of permit
conditions. .
2.1.2 What are the Major Source Thresholds?
Major source thresholds are established in the CAA and incorporated into our regulations
for both "criteria" pollutants and HAPs [see CAA §§ 110, 112, 40 CFR §§ 52.21(b)(4),
51.165(a)(l)(iii), 51.166(b)(4), and 63.2], The definition of "major source" for purposes of title
V is set forth in 40 CFR § 70.2. Major source thresholds for criteria pollutants vary depending
on the designated attainment status of the area that contains the sources with the National
Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). For VOC sources, such as printing facilities, the major
source applicability criteria are a function of the area's attainment status with respect to the
ozone NAAQS. The specific VOC emissions thresholds for defining major sources by ozone
NAAQS attainment area designation are set forth in sections 182 and 184 of the CAA and
summarized in Table 2-1.
Facilities that use one or more of the HAPs can also be major sources. For the original
listing of HAPs, see section 112(b) of the 1990 CAA Amendments, 42 USC § 7412(b). For
changes to the HAP list, see 40 CFR part 63 subpart C. For the definition of VOC see 40 CFR
part 51.100(s). The definition of VOC includes a listing of organic compounds which have been
determined to have negligible photochemical reactivity (exempt compounds) which are therefore
not VOC. The major source thresholds for HAPs are set at a PTE of 10 tons per year or more of
any individual HAP or 25 tons per year or more of any combination of HAPs (see 40 CFR
§ 63.2). For printing facilities, HAPs frequently used include toluene, hexane, methyl ethyl
ketone, and glycol ethers.
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It should be noted that major source thresholds have also been established for VOC
emissions for purposes of the NSR and prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) programs.
For printers, the PSD major source threshold is 250 tons/year potential VOC emissions [see 40
CFR § 51.166(b)(l)(i)(b)]. The CAA requires sources that are major for the NSR and PSD
programs to get title V permits.
Table 2-1. VOC Emissions Thresholds
Area Designation
Major Source Threshold
Potential VOC Emissions
tons/vear
Nonattainment Area Designation
Marginal or Moderate
100
Serious
50
Severe
25
Extreme
10
Attainment Area Designation
Ozone Transport Region
All Other Areas
50
100
2.1.3 How Does One Maintain Minor Source Status?
A facility is a minor source when it emits or has the potential to emit pollutants below the
applicable major source thresholds discussed above. Determining PTE for printers is not
straightforward. Several factors are considered in defining a facility PTE, including its
maximum annual operating capacity. These factors include such things as the maximum VOC
and/or HAP content in applied inks and coatings, the substrate(s) for printing and other coating
operations, the maximum substrate processing rates, the number of application points on each
press, the maximum feasible application rates for inks and coatings for each press, the
effectiveness of any control systems if the degree of control is federally enforceable, and the
maximum annual hours of operation that are expected to be 8,760 unless the case is made for
needed non-production hours to accommodate press maintenance and turnovers between printing
jobs. Ideally, these and other factors would allow you to determine a maximum short-term
emissions rate which would then be multiplied by the maximum number of feasible press
operating hours.
Printers, not unlike other batch-type industrial operations, may encounter difficulties in
determining PTE because often it is not feasible to actually operate a press with all factors
needed to define a facility PTE at their theoretical maximum. For example, it may not be
feasible for a press to be operated at its maximum substrate processing rate if all printing stations
are applying ink/coatings at their maximum application rate.
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There is no established policy for weighing the different factors used to determine PTE for
batch type operations such as printing. We expect you to work with printers on a case-by-case
basis to evaluate their PTE demonstrations against the applicable regulatory requirements when
title V applicability hinges on a PTE determination.
In fact, we fully expect there to be situations where differences in assumptions related to
what represents maximum capacity will result in PTE determinations that are either above or
below major source thresholds, leading to controversy on what defines PTE. To maintain minor
source status the source needs an annual limit on PTE to keep it below the major source
threshold. This PTE limit must be established through an enforceable mechanism, such as a
FESOP or a general permit. Where PTE limits are needed for multiple printers in the same
geographic area or jurisdiction and these printers operate the same printing process (e.g.,,
sheetfed lithographic operations in a nonattainment area), States may have the opportunity to
establish PTE limits for multiple printers at the same time by adopting a general permit,
consistent with 40 CFR § 70.6(d).
The PTE limit you develop should be enforceable as a practical matter [see "Release of
Interim Policy on Federal Enforceability of Limitations on Potential to Emit" (EPA, 1996b)]. As
discussed in our 2002 "Evaluation of Implementation Experiences With Innovative Air Permits -
Results of the U.S. EPA Flexible Permit Implementation Review," the mass-balance "formula"
approach is a simple, practically enforceable approach that is available to permit writers for use
in establishing compliance provisions with a PTE limit in a permit (EPA, 2002b). The mass-
balance approach is also consistent with the materials usage accounting requirements of 40 CFR
subpart KK.
With the formula approach, permit conditions are created in equation form, mathematically
relating material usage and emissions. The equations provide for the determination of actual
VOC and/or HAP emissions over a set time period based on the quantities of materials consumed
during that month, the properties of these materials, and other relevant factors needed to
complete the material balance. We recommend establishing the equations' use over month-long
time periods and summing consecutive 12-month periods to demonstrate compliance with the
annual PTE limit. We describe the formula approach in more detail in section 6.3.2 and provide
an example set of equations.
Some sources may rely on capture and control systems to limit emissions and maintain
exempt (minor source) status. Consideration of capture and control effectiveness can be included
in the formula approach for determining emissions (see section 6). However, if you account for
control capture and system effectiveness in the formula approach, you need to include
enforceable requirements that ensure that the effectiveness of the capture and control system is
maintained. This may be accomplished through monitoring provisions established by applicable
requirements.
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2.1.4 NESHAP Sources
A source may be a minor source for criteria pollutants, but a major source for HAPs. In
such cases, the entire facility would be a "major source." Thus, any NESHAP to which the
facility is subject, as well as any other applicable requirement, would be included in its title V
permit.
Printers that use publication rotogravure, product and packaging rotogravure, or WWF
printing presses may be subject to the NESHAP for the "Printing and Publishing Industry" [see
40 CFR part 63, subpart KK], Subpart KK sets forth the requirements for facilities that are major
HAP sources. Printers may also be subject to the NESHAP for the "Paper and Other Web
Coating" [see 40 CFR part 63, subpart JJJJ],
Facilities engaged solely in screen printing, offset lithography, letterpress or narrow-web
flexographic printing are not subject to the subpart KK or subpart JJJJ MACT standards.
2.1.4.1 How Can I Avoid Being a Major Source Under Subpart KK?
Subpart KK defines "area source" as any stationary source of HAPs that is not a "major
source," as defined in subpart KK [see 40 CFR 63.2], A source owner or operator may avoid
being subject to subpart KK via an area source designation [see 61 FR 27132, 27154 (Table 1 to
subpart KK Applicability of General Provisions to subpart KK) ("area sources are not subject to
subpart KK") (May 30, 1996)]. Subpart KK provides sources a choice in terms of obtaining area
source status.
First, a facility can establish area source status by committing to the HAP usage restrictions
in 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(2). Section 63.820(a)(2) provides that to establish area source status, the
facility must use less than 10 tons per each rolling 12-month period for each HAP, or 25 tons per
each rolling 12-month period of any combination of HAPs. The accounting of HAP usage
against these thresholds includes all materials used for printing and those used for other purposes
or processes at the facility. Sources that choose to establish area source status in this manner are
only subject to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements at 40 CFR 63.829(d) and
63.830(b)(1) (see 61 FR. 27134). None of the other provisions of subpart KK apply to such a
facility [see 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(2)],
In the preamble to the final subpart KK rule, EPA clarified that the provision in the
proposed subpart KK rule requiring owners or operators of affected sources to obtain part 70 or
part 71 operating permits was eliminated in the final rule because the provision could "have been
inadvertently interpreted to require these permits for sources which used the optional provisions
of the rule to establish area source status," which was not the intent (61 FR 27138). EPA further
explained in the preamble to the final subpart KK rule that sources that elect to establish area
source status under 40 CFR 63.820(a)(2) may be required to obtain title V permits if, for
example, they are a major source for a criteria pollutant, "but [they] are not required to obtain
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them as a result of using the optional provision" of § 63.820(a)(2) [see 61 FR 27138; see also 65
FR 49871 and our April 19, 1999 memorandum entitled "Title V Applicability of One-time
Reporting" Provisions for Nonmajor Sources" signed by Steven J. Hitte, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (EPA, 1999a)].
Second, subpart KK provides facilities the option of limiting their potential to emit HAP
through other appropriate mechanisms that may be available through the permitting authority
[see 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(7)]. For example, facilities can avoid being subject to subpart KK by
accepting enforceable permit conditions that limit HAP emissions to below the 10 and 25 ton
rolling 12-month HAP thresholds that are used to define a major source in the CAA and its
implementing regulations [see 42 USC 7412(a)(1), 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(7)]. Subpart A of part 63
defines these non-major sources as area sources. Remember that these enforceable permit
conditions were to be in place prior to the first compliance date for subpart KK (or any other
MACT standard), pursuant to our May 16, 1995 memorandum entitled "Potential to Emit for
MACT Standards - Guidance on Timing Issues" (EPA, 1995b). As the permitting authority, you
have the discretion to determine what a source owner or operator needs to do to demonstrate that
source emissions do not exceed the emissions limits specified in the permit. You also have the
discretion to specify - through practically enforceable permit terms and conditions - what
records must be maintained to support any demonstration that the source remains in compliance
with the emissions limits in its permit. In developing such terms and conditions, we recommend
that you consider the type of recordkeeping described at 40 CFR 63.829(d), which calls for an
accounting on a monthly basis.
Based on our permitting experience, we have found that the recordkeeping provisions in
permits related to compliance with emissions limits vary, and that the level of detail called for in
the records generally depends on the gap between the HAP emissions allowed under the permit
and the major source threshold. In crafting permit conditions, you may want to consider
requiring facilities with emissions limits that are close to the major source threshold and that rely
on operational constraints (e.g., a control device) to remain below that threshold (i.e., retain area
source status) to keep more detailed records on the operation of the process and control device,
perhaps through parameter or other monitoring. In any event, the records required under any
permit or other enforceable mechanism should be sufficient to ensure that the source is in
compliance with the specified emissions limit. If the facility is required to obtain a title V permit
for some reason (e.g., the facility is a major source of VOC), the requirements to demonstrate
area source status for HAPs should be specified in the title V permit.
2.1.4.2 What If an Owner or Operator has a Minor Source Subject to
Subpart N?
Printing facilities that are minor sources but include chrome plating operations for preparing
cylinders may be subject to title V based on applicability of the NESHAP for "Hard and
Decorative Chromium Electroplating and Chromium Anodizing Tanks" [see 40 CFR part 63,
subpart N]. Subpart N applies to chrome operations regardless of size. Subpart N includes a
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permanent exemption from title V for sources that are not major sources (i.e., area sources) that
are decorative chromium electroplating or chromium anodizing operations that use fume
suppressants as an emissions reduction technology or any decorative chromium electroplating
operation that uses trivalent chromium with a wetting agent [see 40 CFR § 63.340(e)(1)].
For all other non-major sources, the deferral of title V permitting requirements given in
subpart N [see 40 CFR § 63.340(e)(2)] expired on December 9, 2004. We are engaged in
rulemaking to promulgate either permanent exemptions for these sources from title V or to
require permitting for all area sources subject to subpart N that were previously deferred from
title V permitting. Because this rulemaking is not complete, sources that were previously
deferred are now subject to title V permitting; they have, however, until December 9, 2005 to
submit their title V permit applications.
2.1.5 NSPS Sources
Just as NESHAP requirements may trigger title V applicability, NSPS may also trigger the
applicability of title V to owners or operators of minor sources. One NSPS, the "Standard of
Performance for the Graphic Arts Industry: Publication Rotogravure Printing" [see 40 CFR
part 60, subpart QQ], applies to publication rotogravure printing. Since October 28, 1980, the
installation of any new, modified, or reconstructed publication rotogravure printing press,
regardless of size, triggers subpart QQ. A second NSPS that may apply to printing facilities is
"Standards of Performance for Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing" [see 40 CFR
part 60, subpart FFF], The installation of a new, modified, or reconstructed product rotogravure
printing line used to print or coat flexible vinyl or urethane products (e.g., vinyl wallpaper and
upholstery) since January 18, 1983 is subject to this standard.
2.2 HOW CAN OWNERS OR OPERATORS OF NEW SOURCES BE EXEMPT FROM
TITLE V?
Owners or operators of a new source can avoid triggering title V permitting requirements on
the basis of major source status by ensuring the source's potential emissions remain below major
source thresholds. The requirements that limit the emissions from the facility to minor source
status under title V must be enforceable [see EPA, 1996b]. Such enforceability can be achieved
through permit programs, including permits issued under FESOP or minor State NSR program as
approved in the SIP, or rulemaking under federally approved provisions of the SIP. Source, or
source category-specific rules may also serve as SIP revisions to limit potential emissions.
2.3 WHAT ARE THE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS?
As a permit writer, you are expected to incorporate all federally-enforceable requirements
that apply to each source for controlling air pollution into a title V operating permit, per 40 CFR
§ 70.6(a)(1). Applicable requirements are defined in 40 CFR § 70.2 and originate from various
CAA program areas, including:
19
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• Control of existing air pollution sources by SIPs, often requiring the use of RACT for
significant emitters;
• Preconstruction review of new and modified major sources to assure appropriate air
quality impacts and the use of best available control technology (BACT) in attainment
areas and lowest achievable emissions rate (LAER) technologies in nonattainment
areas;
• Federal NSPS for certain new or reconstructed emissions units (affected facilities); and
• CAM rule. [Note that, among other things, the CAM rule does not apply to standards
proposed by EPA under section 111 or 112 of the Act after November 15, 1990, see 40
CFR § 64.2(b)(l)(i).]
In addition, publication rotogravure, packaging rotogravure, and WWF printers may also be
subject to Federal NESHAPs requiring use of MACT at certain new and existing affected sources
to control hazardous air pollutants.
Applicable requirements, as defined in 40 CFR § 70.2, generally include provisions to
restrict emissions and to assure practical enforceability with such restrictions, such as:
• limits on emissions through maximum or minimum constraints on mass emissions
rates, a material throughput, input material properties, capture efficiency, and/or control
efficiency
• work practice standards that stipulate the use of control equipment, material handling
practices, employee training, etc.
• testing of performance of capture and control systems and the quality and composition
of materials consumed
• monitoring emissions or operating parameters representative of capture and control
efficiency
• recordkeeping of data on material usage, properties, and operating parameters
• reporting of results of performance tests and emissions
Facilities may be subject to requirements stemming from more than one program area. The
specific provisions in each program area can vary. It is important that you recognize the
commonalities and differences in the requirements of each program area in developing the title V
permit. As discussed below in Chapter 6, opportunities may exist for streamlining the different
20
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applicable requirements during permit development which could benefit both you and the permittee.
2.3.1 Summary of Applicable Requirements for the Major Printing
Technologies
To assist in understanding the differences in the applicable requirements that apply to the
printing industry, we present below an overview of some of the requirements for the major
printing technologies, which include publication rotogravure, packaging rotogravure, and WWF.
Tables 2-2, B-l, and B-2 (of Appendix B to this document) generally summarize the potentially
applicable requirements for packaging rotogravure and WWF sources that use oxiders
(incinerators), solvent recovery, and compliant inks/coatings, respectively. Table B-3 generally
summarizes the typical applicable requirements for publication rotogravure facilities that employ
solvent recovery. Note that these tables, in no way, modify or change the regulations that set
forth the applicable requirements. Thus, although you may refer to the following tables, the
tables are simply general summaries and are not controlling. The regulations are binding and
controlling.
The following summary is not intended to imply that all sources are subject to all of the
requirements noted below. The examples presented in the tables below were identified as the
most common scenarios by industry representatives. We do not summarize below applicable
requirements for heatset web offset lithography, non-heatset web offset lithography, sheetfed
offset lithography, digital printing, and screen printing. These printing sectors are not subject to
a federal MACT or NSPS standard, and RACT rules for these sectors may differ between States
or do not exist in certain States. You should check your regulations to verify the presence of any
State RACT rules or State-only requirements that apply to these printing processes.
21
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Example
Example
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements 1
(all subject sources)1
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart KK
Emissions /
• 90% VOC destruction
• Requirements
• No additional
• Applies to new
• New/reconstructed
• Applies to major sources
Operating Limits
efficiency
generally follow SIP-
requirements [40 CFR
product rotogravure
major sources must
of HAPs with product and
• 65% overall control
RACT requirements
60, subpart A],
printing and/or coating
submit application for
packaging rotogravure and
efficiency for
with same or greater
of flexible (sheet or
preconstruction review
WWF presses.
packaging rotogravure
stringency for control
web) vinyl or urethane
by EPA, or by State
• Applies to all roto./flexo.
and 60% for
of emissions
products (e.g., vinyl
program that has been
presses (together) plus
flexographic
• Ranging from 70% to
wallpaper, upholstery)
delegated MACT
other optional equipment
• Generally applies to
98% overall control
[§60.580(a)]
standard enforcement
[§63.821(a)(2)]
emissions from the
efficiency
• Packaging rotogravure
responsibilities [§63.5]
• Overall organic HAP
application of inks and
• May include mass
and wide web
control efficiency of at
coatings by each
VOC emissions limits
flexographic printing
least 95% each month, or
individual printing
and/or mass VOC
are NOT subject to
• Emissions rate of no more
press
usage limits to hold
subpart FFF
than 0.2 kg organic HAP
• May apply hourly or
potential emissions
• Applies to emissions
per kg. solids applied,
daily with compliance
below permitting
from the application of
monthly average, as-
based on performance
thresholds
inks and coatings by
applied basis,
test and monitoring of
• Generally applies to
each new rotogravure
or
control system
emissions from the
printing line
• Emissions rate of no more
temperature(s)
application of inks and
constructed after
than 0.04 kg organic HAP
• May require parameter
coatings by the
1/18/83 [§60.580(b)]
per kg material applied,
monitoring for capture
individual new or
85% overall VOC
monthly average, as-
and control systems
modified press or
control of each
applied basis
including development
collectively by a group
affected facility
• or option based on
and submittal of
of new/modified
[§60.582(a)(2)]
weighted calculations
compliance assurance
presses controlled by
between alternatives
monitoring (CAM)
the same oxidizer
[§63.825(7), (8), (9), or
plan with the initial
• Requirements
(10)]
and/or renewal title V
established through
application [§64.1 -
preconstruction review
§64.10]
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Example
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)1
Example
NSR Requirements 1
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart KK
Other - Work Practice
Standards
• Operation &
maintenance of control
devices and monitors
according to
manufacturer
recommendations
• Generally same as
SIP-RACT
requirements
• Operate and maintain
affected facility and
control equipment
consistent with good
air pollution control
practices
[§60.11(d)]
• Same as given in
subpart A
• Operate and maintain
source and control
equipment consistent
with good air pollution
control practices
[§63.6(e)(1)]
• Develop and
implement a written
start-up, shutdown,
and malfunction
(SSM) plan for
affected source and
control equipment
[§63.6(e)(3)]
Same as given in subpart A
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Example
Example
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements 1
(all subject sources)1
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(General Provisions)
(General Provisions)
Testing
• Initial compliance test
• Generally same as
• Conduct performance
• Performance test
• Initial performance
• Initial performance test
of oxidizer destruction
SIP-RACT
test 60 -180 days after
under, continuous
test required within
under normal operating
efficiency and capture
requirements
start-up in accordance
normal operating
180 days of the
conditions consisting of 3
efficiency
with test methods and
conditions consisting
effective date of
runs (1 hr. min. each)
• Preparation and
procedures in
of 3 runs of at least 30
standard or after initial
[§63.827(d)(l)(vii)]
approval of testing
applicable standard
minutes each
start-up of new unit
• VOC measurements for
protocol generally
• Provide at least 30
measuring destruction
[§63.7(a)]
destruction based on M25
required in advance of
days notice of
and capture efficiency
• Notification of test at
or 25A
test
scheduled test date
[§60.583(d)]
least 60 days in
[§63.827(d)(l)(vi)]
• Testing generally
[§60.8]
• VOC measurements
advance
• Capture efficiency
required at conditions
• Continuous
for destruction
[§63.7(b)]
determined by Procedure T
approaching maximum
monitoring systems
efficiency based on
• Development and, if
(M204)
operating rates
(CMS) must be subject
M25A
requested, submittal of
[§63.827(e)(1)]
• May require periodic
to a performance
[§60.583(a)]
site-specific test plan
• Thermal oxidizer test shall
re-testing
evaluation during
• All fugitive VOC
at least 60 days in
determine minimum
performance test
emissions shall be
advance of test
combustion temperature
[§60.13(c)]
captured and vented
[§63.7(c)]
[§63.827(d)(3)]
through stacks suitable
• Performance test shall
• Catalytic oxidizer test
for measurement
be conducted under
shall determine minimum
during test
normal operating
gas temperature upstream
[§60.583(d)(4)]
conditions
of the catalyst bed
• Thermal oxidizer test
[§63.7(e)]
[§63.827(d)(3)]
shall determine
• CMS Performance
average oxidizer
Evaluations for
exhaust temperature
temperature monitors
[§60.584(b)]
with initial test
• Catalytic oxidizer test
[§63.8(e)]
shall determine
average up- and down-
stream temperatures
for the catalyst bed
[§60.584(c)]
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Example
Example
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements 1
(all subject sources)1
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart KK
Monitoring
• Oxidizer temperature
• Oxidizer temperature
• Required CMS subject
• For thermal oxidizer,
• Operate and maintain
• For thermal oxidizer
to confirm destruction
to confirm destruction
to the applicable
install, operate,
CMS consistent with
install, operate, maintain,
efficiency
efficiency
performance
maintain, and calibrate
good air pollution
and calibrate every 3
• May require
specifications in
annually continuous
control practices, in
months continuous
monitoring of
Appendix B and
monitor and recorder
accordance with
monitor and recorder of
parameter for capture
quality assurance
of temperature of
manufacturer's
combustion zone
efficiency such as
procedures in
control device exhaust
specifications for
temperature; accuracy of
enclosure differential
Appendix F
gas; accuracy of
installation, operation
±1% of temperature
pressure
[§60.13(a)]
±0.75% of temperature
and calibration
measured or ±1°C,
• Monitors installed and
measured or ±2.5°C,
[§63.8(c)(1) -(c)(3)]
whichever is greater
operational prior to
whichever is greater
[§63.828(a)(2)(ii) &
time of performance
[§60.584(b)]
(a)(4)©]
test consistent with
• For catalytic oxidizer,
• For catalytic oxidizer,
manufacturer's
install, operate,
install, operate, maintain,
recommendations for
maintain, and calibrate
and calibrate every 3
installation, operation,
annually continuous
months continuous
and calibration
monitors and recorders
monitor and recorder of
[§60.13(b)]
of temperatures
the catalyst bed inlet
• Record four or more
upstream and
temperatures; accuracy of
data points equally
downstream of
±1% of temperature
spaced over each hour;
catalyst bed; accuracy
measured or ±1°C,
do not include data
of ±0.75% of
whichever is greater
recorded during
temperature measured
[§63.828(a)(2)(ii) &
breakdowns, repairs,
or ±2.5°C, whichever
(a)(4)(H)]
calibrations, etc.
is greater
• Monitor capture efficiency
[§60.13(h)]
[§60.584(c)]
parameter in accordance
with capture efficiency
monitoring plan
[§63.828(a)(5)]
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Example
Example
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements 1
(all subject sources)1
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(General Provisions)
(General Provisions)
Recordkeeping
• Oxidizer temperature
• Generally, same as
• Occurrence and
• For thermal oxidizer,
• Written SSM plan for
• Record of the operating
monitoring data
SIP-RACT
duration of any SSM
average exhaust gas
the source, control
conditions during the
• Manufacturer of
requirements
of the affected facility;
temperature during the
system, and
initial test including the
oxidizers
any malfunction of the
initial test; monitored
monitoring system
average of the minimum
recommended
control system; or any
temperature of the
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
temperature (exhaust for
operation and
periods inoperative
exhaust gas; 3-hour
• Records showing
thermal and catalyst bed
maintenance
continuous monitors
average temperature
consistency of actions
inlet for catalytic
procedures
[§60.7 (b)]
for periods when the
with SSM plan
oxidizers)
• Preventative
• Records of all CMS
exhaust temperature is
[§63.6(e)(3)(iii) &
[§63.827(d)(2) & (d)(3)]
maintenance and/or
and device
more than 28°C less
§63.10(b)(2)]
• Monthly records of
malfunction
measurements,
than the initial test
• Records showing any
measurements needed to
prevention and
performance
average temperature
actions inconsistent
demonstrate compliance
abatement plan
evaluations,
[§60.584(b)(2)]
with SSM Plan
including required
• Maintenance logs for
calibration checks, and
• For catalytic oxidizer,
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
parameter monitoring data
control, capture, and
adjustments and
the initial test average
• Written CMS quality
for both capture system
monitoring equipment
maintenance
catalyst bed upstream
control program
and oxidizer (i.e.,
• Material properties
performed
and downstream
[§63.8(d)]
temperature) for each 3-
and usage data, source
[§60.7(f)]
temperature; the
• Records of data from
hour period and applied
operation data, and
monitored
CMS measurements,
material and HAP usage
calculations to support
up stream/downstream
audits, calibrations,
data
compliance
temperature; periods
and malfunctions
[§63.829(b)(1)]
demonstrations
when 3-hour average
[§63.10(b)(2) &
• Performance test
temperature upstream
§63.10(c)]
• As well as items in
results
is more than 28°C less
• Records of all reports
subpart A
than the downstream
and notifications
temperature in the
[§63.10(b)]
initial or less than 80%
• Records of each
of the average initial
applicability
test temperature
determination
difference
[§63.10(b)(3)]
[§60.584(c)(2)]
• time periods of
affected facility
operation when the
oxidizer is not in use
[§60.584(d)]
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Table 2-2. SUMMARY OF POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic (WWF) with Oxidizer Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Example
SIP-RACT
Example
NSR Requirements 1
NSPS (part 60)
MACT (part 63)
(all subject sources)1
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
(General Provisions)
Subpart KK
Reporting
• Periodic Compliance
Reports
• Performance test
protocol
• Test notification
• Test results report
• Annual VOC emissions
statements
• Generally same as SIP-
RACT requirements
• Notification of:
commencement of
construction, start-up,
and CMS performance
evaluation [§60.7(a)]
• Semiannual excess
emissions and
monitoring system
performance report
[§60.7(c) & 7(d)]
• Initial performance test
report [§60.8(a)]
• CMS performance
evaluation report for
initial performance test
[§60.13(b)(2)]
• Performance test data
and results
[§60.585(a)]
• Semiannual reports of
recorded drops in
oxidizer temperature
below specified
recordkeeping range
[§60.585(b)]
• As well as items in
subpart A
• Initial notification of
standard applicability
[§63.9(b)]
• SSM plan submittal, if
requested
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
• Notification of initial
performance test and
submittal of site-specific
test plan if requested
[§63.7(b), 7(c) & 9(e)]
• Submittal of test report
[§63.7(g)]
• Semiannual SSM
reports [§63.10(d)(5)(I)]
• Reports on operation
inconsistencies with
SSM plan
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
• Notification of CMS
performance evaluation,
submittal of evaluation
plan and evaluation
results [§63.8(e), 9(g)(1)
& 10(e)(2)]
• Notification of
Compliance Status
Report [§63.9(h)]
• Semiannual excess
emissions and CMS
performance report
[§63.10(e)(3)]
• Capture Efficiency
Monitoring Plan for
submittal with the
Notification of Compliance
Status Report
[§63.9(h) &
§63.828(a)(5)(I)]
• As well as items in
subpart A
1 These columns present examples of typical NSR or SIP provisions.
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2.3.2 How Can Printing Equipment be Described in a Title V Permit?
The title V permit application must describe the emissions units in sufficient detail so that
you can determine the applicability of all requirements and provide the basis for calculating
emissions [see 40 CFR § 70.5]. The permit should then identify the applicable requirements and
include sufficient information on emissions units to allow your inspectors to match each
individual unit observed during a plant visit with the permit's description for that unit [see 40
CFR § 70.6]. All emissions units observed during an inspection should be either in the site's
permit or the insignificant activity list (unless added after permit issuance through a new source
construction permit or as an insignificant source). The language identifying the equipment may
be for descriptive purposes, i.e., not serve as enforceable in terms of defining source capacities
and design limitations, unless specifically required to determine an applicable requirement.
Permit applications can identify each operation with a unique emissions unit number. The
applications can include information that identifies the function of the emissions unit, the type of
equipment, the manufacturer of the equipment, a model number and/or serial number, raw
materials used, finished products produced, the design or maximum hourly throughput and/or
production rates, and actual expected annual throughput and or/production rates. If the operation
of the unit is associated with an air pollution control device, the application can identify the
control device in similar terms (type, function, manufacturer, model number, serial number,
flowrate, etc.). For printing, press terms can be included that define the throughput capability of
the press. These terms include web width or sheet size, number of stations for applying inks
and/or coatings, the maximum line speed (linear feet or sheets per minute) and/or impressions
per hour. If the press is vented to a control system, the capture and control device should be
included in the description.
Although information from the permit application provides the basis for describing the
emissions unit in the permit, the entire description in the permit application need not be repeated
in the permit. For printing facilities, example descriptions of printing equipment that might be
considered for use in a title V permit are presented below.
• Emissions Unit XX - 8-Station Rotogravure Press located in a permanent total
enclosure vented to a Catalytic Oxidizer with a 20,000 standard cubic feet per minute
(scfm) capacity.
• Emissions Unit YY - 10-Station Rotogravure Press applying radiation (ultraviolet light)
cured inks.
• Emissions Unit ZZ - 6-Station Heatset Web Offset Lithographic Press, with single
Dryer vented to 10,000 scfm Thermal Oxidizer.
In each of the above descriptions, the printing technology and the control system are identified.
Sufficient information must be provided to the permitting authority in the permit application
28
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process so it can determine whether all applicable requirements have been identified and whether
the permit contains terms and conditions to assure compliance with such requirements [see
generally 40 CFR §§ 70.5 and 70.6]. Again, the key principle is that equipment be described in
detail sufficient to be linked to applicable requirements and to allow for identification and
confirmation by an inspector.
2.3.3 Insignificant Units and Activities
It is likely that your title V program either generally or specifically identifies the activities it
considers "insignificant activities." Such activities generally include activities that are clearly
trivial, i.e., emissions units and activities without specific applicable requirements and with
extremely small emissions. Owners and operators of printing facilities in some jurisdictions have
expended considerable effort justifying that a few units or activities qualify as insignificant for
title V purposes. We are aware of confusion relative to the different contexts in which
insignificant activities have been defined. Moreover, we believe the term "insignificant activity"
has not always been used consistently, and may be subject to differing interpretations between
you and source owners or operators. We have provided guidance on addressing insignificant
activities in White Paper Number 1 (WPN1) and White Paper Number 2 (WPN2) (EPA, 1995a;
EPA, 1996a).
For insignificant activities identified by your part 70 program, unless otherwise stated by
your regulations, applicants may exclude from part 70 permit applications information that is not
needed to determine: (1) which applicable requirements apply, (2) whether the source is in
compliance with applicable requirements, or (3) whether the source is major. If insignificant
activities are excluded because they fall below a certain size or production rate, the application
must describe any such activities at the source which are included on the insignificant activity list
[see 40 CFR 70.5(c) and WPN1]. We suggest that the permit need only list these insignificant
activities as a class of activities and update the list at the time of permit renewal (i.e., every 5
years). The list could also be updated if the permit is reopened for another purpose before
renewal.
Examples of activities in the printing industry you may consider insignificant which do not
require emissions calculations include:
• Propane-powered fork trucks;
• Roof-top heating units;
• Natural-gas consumed in a process (e.g., dryers);
• Aerosol cans;
• Pad printing;
• Emergency generators;
• Pre-press equipment;
~ photoprocessing, typesetting, or imagesetting equipment;
29
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~ proofing systems utilizing water-based, ink jet, dry toner, or dye sublimation or
proof press designed to evaluate product quality;
~ platemaking equipment or screen preparation activities utilizing water-based
developing solutions;
~ equipment used to make blueprints;
Cold cleaning manual parts washers with less than 10 square feet of surface area;
Dry toner or other digital presses that apply water-based inks;
Substrate finishing activities which involve paper folding, cutting, folding, trimming,
die cutting, embossing, foil stamping, drilling, saddle stitching, sewing, perfect
binding, vacuum forming or other activities that do not generate VOCs and whose
particulate emissions are vented inside the facility;
Adhesive application activity involving hot melt, extrusion, catalyzed solventless, or
water-based adhesives; and
Pneumatic system for collecting paper/film/paperboard scrap from cutting operations.
30
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CHAPTER 3
MACT STANDARDS PERMITTING
As noted above, a printing facility may be subject to several different applicable
requirements. Emissions standards issued under CAA section 112 are applicable requirements
for purposes of title V. These standards are commonly referred to as MACT or NESHAP. A
printing facility may be subject to one or both of the following NESHAPs, depending on the
surface coating processes conducted at the facility:
• 40 CFR part 63, subpart KK, for the Printing and Publishing Industry
• 40 CFR part 63, subpart JJJJ, for the Paper and Other Web Coating Industry
Subpart KK establishes limits on organic HAP emissions from publication rotogravure,
product and packaging rotogravure, and WWF printing presses. Subpart JJJJ establishes limits
on organic HAP emissions from facilities that operate web-coating lines. Although it is possible
for subparts KK and JJJJ to apply to different equipment at the same facility, both rules should
not apply to the same piece of equipment.
Printing facilities that include chrome plating operations for preparing cylinders may also be
subject to the NESHAP for hard and decorative chromium electroplating and chromium
anodizing tanks (40 CFR part 63, subpart N).
This chapter primarily discusses permitting issues for subpart KK. We also have a section
devoted to subpart JJJJ. The chapter is organized into four sections:
• Section 3.1 provides an overview of subpart KK;
• Section 3.2 addresses maintaining the compliance flexibility of subpart KK in the
title V permit;
• Section 3.3 addresses the interface between subpart KK and the part 63 General
Provisions (40 CFR part 63, subpart A);
• Section 3.4 provides information on subpart JJJJ.
3.1 OVERVIEW OF SUBPART KK
3.1.1 What Facilities and Equipment Are Subject to Subpart KK?
Subpart KK applies to any facility that is a major source of HAPs, and that operates
publication rotogravure (PR), product and packaging rotogravure (PPR), or WWF printing
presses [40 CFR § 63.820(a)], Section 112(a)(1) of the CAA, 42 USC § 7412(a)(1), defines a
"major source" as "any stationary source or group of stationary sources located within a
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contiguous area and under common control that emits, or has the PTE considering controls, in
the aggregate, 10 tons per year (tpy) or more of any [single] HAP, or 25 tpy or more of any
combination of HAPs." Thus, for purposes of § 112, "major source" refers to the entire site, not
just the presses subject to the MACT standards.
At facilities subject to subpart KK, the standards apply to certain equipment, known in the
regulations as "affected sources." There are two types of affected sources designated by 40 CFR
§ 63.821(a)(l)-(2):
• A PR affected source includes all of the publication rotogravure presses at the facility
and all affiliated equipment, including proof presses, cylinder and parts cleaners, ink
and solvent mixing and storage equipment, and solvent recovery equipment.
• A PPR or WWF affected source includes all of the product and packaging rotogravure
and WWF printing presses at the facility.
In accordance with 40 CFR § 63.821(a)(3), the facility has the option of including "stand-alone
coating equipment" in the PPR or WWF printing affected source, if the coating equipment and at
least one press process a common substrate, apply a common "solids-containing material" (e.g., a
coating or ink), or use a common air pollution control device to control organic HAP emissions.
In addition, the following sections specify operations to which subpart KK does not apply,
or, as noted, has limited applicability:
• Synthetic minor facilities, [see 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(2) - (a)(7)],
• Research or lab equipment, [see 40 CFR § 63.820(b)],
• PR and WWF proof presses, [see 40 CFR § 63.821(a)(2)(i)],
• "Ancillary" printing, [see 40 CFR § 63.821(a)(2)(ii)] (limited applicability), and
• "Incidental" printing, [see 40 CFR § 63.821(b)] (limited applicability).
3.1.2 What Are the Applicable Requirements of Subpart KK?
Subpart KK's applicable requirements generally include HAP emissions limits, monthly
compliance demonstration procedures, and operation, maintenance, testing, monitoring,
recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. Table 3-1 summarizes the applicable MACT
requirements. Subpart KK's requirements are supplemented by the MACT General Provisions of
40 CFR part 63, subpart A, which were developed so that these common provisions would not
need to be repeated in every MACT standard. The General Provisions apply to every MACT
standard unless they are overridden by the standard, per 40 CFR § 63.1(a). Table 1 of
subpart KK summarizes which sections of the General Provisions apply and do not apply to
subpart KK.
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Table 3-1. Summary of Applicable Requirements for Subpart KK
Applicable Citations
Subpart KK Subpart A Notes
Emissions standards (new and existing sources): Publication rotogravure
§63.824(b) none An affected source must limit organic HAP emissions to <8% of the
total volatile matter (including water) used each month.
Emissions standards (new and existing sources): Product and packaging rotogravure or wide-web
flexographic (WWF) printing
§63.825(b) none An affected source must limit organic HAP emissions for each month to
one of the following:
(a) < 5 percent of the organic HAP applied
(b) <4 percent of the mass of all materials applied
(c) <20 percent of the mass of solids applied
(d) < a calculated equivalent allowable mass based on the HAP and
solids content of all materials applied
Compliance demonstration requirements
§63.824 none The facility must demonstrate compliance each month. There are 3
(b)(l)-(3) general compliance methods:
(a) Capture and control emissions using an add-on control device
§63.825 (b) Use compliant materials (those with a HAP content low enough to
(b)(l)-(10) achieve compliance without the use of an add-on control device)
(c) A combination of methods (a) and (b)
Operation & maintenance (O&M) requirements
§63.830 §63.6 Requirements include O&M in a manner consistent with good air
(b)(5) pollution control practices at all times, and the development and
implementation of a startup/shutdown/malfunction plan (if an add-on
control device is used).
Performance test methods and procedures
§63.827 §63.7 Subpart KK gives specific testing requirements, and it is supplemented
(b)-(f) by the General Provisions requirements.
Monitoring requirements
§63.828 §63.8 Subpart KK gives specific monitoring requirements, and it is
supplemented by the General Provisions requirements.
Recordkeeping requirements
§63.829 §63.10 Subpart KK relies heavily on the General Provisions for recordkeeping
(b)-(f) requirements, but adds specifics in some areas.
Reporting Requirements
§63.830(b) §63.9 Subpart KK specifies some requirements, but relies heavily on the
§63.10 General Provisions for notifications and reporting.
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Because the requirements of subpart KK and the General Provisions are applicable
requirements of the CAA, you must include these requirements in the facility's title V permit,
consistent with 40 CFR §§ 70.2 and 70.6(a)(1).
3.2 MAINTAINING COMPLIANCE FLEXIBILITY UNDER SUBPART KK
According to 40 CFR § 63.829(b)(1) of subpart KK, a facility must demonstrate compliance
with the applicable HAP emissions limits for each and every month. To provide compliance
flexibility, subpart KK includes several procedures for making this monthly compliance
demonstration. However, the flexibility built into subpart KK in terms of compliance options
may be lost if the facility is "locked into" a single compliance option by its title V permit. As a
means to avoid this potential problem, a permittee may apply for a permit that contains several of
the subpart KK compliance options. The permit would then identify the compliance options
authorized by subpart KK and include alternative terms and conditions for each option.
There are a variety of reasons that a facility may wish to build in the flexibility to switch
among compliance options identified in subpart KK without being required to revise its title V
permit. For example, a facility may seek this flexibility in the following instances:
• A facility currently uses an add-on control device to comply with subpart KK, but is
planning to switch to compliant coatings within the next 5 years (i.e., within the term of
its title V permit); or
• A PPR/WWF affected source that uses compliant coatings wishes to be able to switch
among the compliance options from month to month depending on the materials it
applies (e.g., HAPs <4% of total materials applied versus <20% of solids applied).
Appendix C provides a summary of the subpart KK compliance options for a facility that
operates WWF presses and uses compliant coatings. Examples of title V permit conditions are
also provided for your consideration in the Appendix.
3.3 INTERFACE OF SUBPART KK WITH THE MACT GENERAL PROVISIONS
The purpose of this section is to clarify the relationship between subpart KK and certain
portions of the MACT General Provisions. Section 3.3.1 discusses the requirement for a
Notification of Compliance Status, while section 3.3.2 discusses the requirement for Semi-
Annual Summary Reports. In section 3.3.3, we discuss the applicability of the General
Provisions on performance testing to material composition testing.
3.3.1 Who Should Submit a Notification of Compliance Status?
Consistent with 40 CFR § 63.830(b)(3), every facility subject to subpart KK's emissions
limits is required to submit a Notification of Compliance Status. The contents of the notification
must include the methods that were used to determine compliance, the methods that will be used
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to determine continuing compliance, the types and quantities of HAPs emitted by the source, a
description of the air pollution control equipment (or method) for each emissions point, and a
statement as to whether the source has complied with subpart KK [see 40 CFR 63.9(h)(2)], This
is important information that every facility should communicate to you, as intended by
subpart KK and the General Provisions. There is no other mechanism under subpart KK or the
General Provisions for the facility to transmit this information to you.
The Notification of Compliance Status is to be sent within 60 days following "the
completion of the relevant compliance demonstration activity specified in the relevant standard
[see 40 CFR § 63.9(h)(2)]." This is interpreted to be the first monthly compliance determination
that the facility is able to complete. For facilities using compliance options that do not require
performance tests (i.e., facilities using compliant inks and coatings or a liquid-liquid material
balance), the Notification of Compliance Status should be postmarked by the date 60 days after
the end of the first full calendar month that the facility is subject to subpart KK's emissions
limits. For facilities using compliance options that necessitate a performance test, the
Notification of Compliance Status should be postmarked by the date 60 days after the
performance test is completed (assuming that the performance test is conducted after the
compliance date).
Existing facilities not required to conduct a performance test should have submitted the
Notification of Compliance Status by the end of August 1999, based on the compliance
determination for June 1999 [see 40 CFR §§ 63.826(a) and 63.9(h)(2)],
The General Provisions indicate that the Notification of Compliance Status is to be
submitted to the Administrator before the facility has a title V permit and to the permitting
authority after the facility obtains its title V permit. However, the General Provisions define
"Administrator" to mean the Administrator of the EPA or his or her authorized representative.
Pursuant to 40 CFR § 63.2, the authorized representative can be a State that has been delegated
the authority to implement the provisions of part 63. Thus, before you have been delegated the
authority to implement and enforce subpart KK, the facility should send this notification to our
appropriate Regional Office. If the authority to implement the provisions of part 63 has been
delegated to you, the facility should send the notification to you and to our appropriate Regional
Office. If the entity in your State that receives delegation of subpart KK is different than the
designated title V permitting authority, the facility should send the notification to the appropriate
agency depending on whether it has received its title V permit when the notification is due.
3.3.2 Who Should Submit Semi-Annual Summary Reports, and When?
Every facility subject to subpart KK's emissions limits is required to submit the semi-annual
Summary Reports, according to 40 CFR § 63.830(b)(6). This is the only mechanism within
subpart KK and the General Provisions for the transmission of regular reports on a facility's
compliance status. If the facility is also subject to title V, this requirement should be contained in
the title V permit for the facility, per 40 CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(iii).
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Any facility that operates a continuous monitoring system (CMS) - which includes
continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) and continuous parametric monitoring system
(CPMS) - must submit both Summary Reports and, under some circumstances, full Excess
Emissions and Monitoring System Performance Reports, consistent with 40 CFR § 63.10(e)(3).
In some cases, more frequent reports may be required. You should apply these reporting
requirements in a manner appropriate for each monitoring system. For example, do not try to
force requirements intended for instrumental monitors onto manual recordkeeping systems.
The reporting period for semi-annual Summary Reports is each calendar half (i.e., reports
must address no more than a 6-month period). The schedule for submitting these reports may be
based on the 6-month period of January through June and July through December. Alternatively,
the source and the State may establish a different, mutually acceptable 6-month reporting period,
consistent with 40 CFR § 63.10(a)(5). Each Summary Report is to be postmarked within 30 days
following the end of the reporting period, consistent with 40 CFR § 63.10(e)(iii)(5).
In addition, the part 63 General Provisions provide for adjusting the reporting schedule by
mutual consent, between you and the facility, if desired [see 40 CFR § 63.9(i)]. If you agree to a
change in the reporting schedule, we recommend that the change be phased so that no reports are
skipped. That is, there should never be more than 6 months between reports, although there
might be one reporting period of less than 6 months during the phase-in.
These reports, like the Notification of Compliance Status discussed above, are to be
submitted to the Administrator. This means that until you have received delegation of
subpart KK, the facility should send the reports to our appropriate Regional Office. After
delegation, the reports should come to you and to our appropriate Regional Office. To determine
which States have received delegation of this MACT standard, sources should contact the
appropriate Regional Office.
3.4 SUBPART JJJJ
Subpart JJJJ for the Paper and Other Web Coating Industry is a final MACT standard that
establishes limits on organic HAP emissions from facilities that operate web-coating lines.
3.4.1 What Facilities and Equipment Are Subject to Subpart JJJJ?
A facility is subject to subpart JJJJ if it is a major source of HAP, and if it operates one or
more web-coating lines [see 40 CFR § 63.3290]. Printing presses subject to subpart KK are not
generally considered web-coating lines; therefore, no lines should be subject to both subparts.
However, a facility could have some lines subject to subpart KK and others subject to subpart
JJJJ, and therefore be required to demonstrate compliance with both subparts. In concert with 40
CFR §§ 63.3300(a) - (b), to avoid dual applicability, an owner or operator may include web-
coating lines that would otherwise be subject to subpart JJJJ in the subpart KK affected source,
and thereby avoid the application of subpart JJJJ.
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According to § 63.3300 of subpart JJJJ, the affected source is the collection of all web-
coating lines at a facility, except any of the following:
• Any web-coating lines designated as stand-alone coating equipment under subpart KK
if that line is included in the subpart KK compliance demonstration;
• Any web coating line that is a product and packaging rotogravure or WWF press which
is subject to the Printing and Publishing MACT Standard (regulated under 40 CFR part
63, subpart KK);
• Any web coating line that is subject to the Magnetic Tape Manufacturing MACT
Standard (regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart EE);
• Any web-coating line that is subject to the Metal Coil Coating MACT Standard
(regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart SSSS);
• Any web coating line that is subject to the Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabric and
Other Textiles MACT Standard (regulated under 40 CFR part 63, subpart OOOO);
• Any web coating line in lithography, screen-printing, letterpress, and narrow-web
flexographic printing processes; and
• Any web-coating line used as research or laboratory equipment, for which the primary
purpose is to conduct research and development into new processes and products.
In addition, lithographic, screen, letterpress and narrow-web flexographic printing presses are not
subject to subpart JJJJ, 40 CFR § 63.3300(c).
3.4.2 What Are the Emissions Limits and Compliance Options for Subpart
JJJJ?
An affected source may comply with any of the emissions limits specified in 40 CFR
§ 63.3320, and summarized in Table 3-2. These limits are in the same format as the emissions
limits for PPR/WWF affected sources under subpart KK. For existing sources, the emissions
limits are at the same level under subpart JJJJ and subpart KK. Subpart JJJJ includes more
stringent limits for new sources, while the limits for new and existing sources are identical under
subpart KK.
Table 3-2. Summary of Subpart JJJJ Emissions Limits
Existing sources must limit the emissions of organic
HAP from the affected source to no more than...
New sources must limit emissions of organic HAP
from the affected source to no more than...
Option 1
5% of the organic HAP applied for the month
2% of the organic HAP applied for the month
Option 2
4% of the mass of coating materials applied for the
month
1.6% of the mass of coating materials applied for
the month
Option 3
20% of the mass of solids applied for the month
8% of the mass of solids applied for the month
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According to 40 CFR § 63.3370(a), facilities may comply with the emissions limits
contained in subpart JJJJ by: (1) capture and control of HAP emissions using an add-on control
device, (2) use of compliant coatings, or (3) a combination of add-on control and lower-HAP
coatings. Facilities choosing to comply with Option 1 must comply by using a capture system
and control device that achieve the required overall control efficiency [§ 63.3370(e)]. Facilities
choosing to comply with Option 2 or 3 may comply in one of four ways:
• Using "as-purchased" compliant coatings;
• Using "as-applied" compliant coatings;
• Using "as-applied" coatings that keep HAP emissions below a calculated equivalent
allowable mass; or
• Using a combination of lower-HAP coatings and add-on control to achieve an
emissions rate equivalent to Option 2 or 3 or a calculated equivalent allowable mass
(see 40 CFR § 63.3370(a)(6)],
To ensure practical enforceability, subpart JJJJ also contains provisions for performance
tests, monthly compliance demonstrations, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting. In
addition, the part 63 General Provisions apply to the extent that they are not overridden by
subpart JJJJ.
3.4.3 What Is the Compliance Schedule for Subpart JJJJ?
The date on which a web-coating facility must achieve compliance with subpart JJJJ
depends on whether it is a new affected source or an existing affected source. The cutoff for this
determination is the day that the rule was proposed in the Federal Register, which was
September 13, 2000. If construction or reconstruction of the affected source began on or before
that day, it is an existing affected source; if after, it is a new affected source.
The compliance date for existing sources subject to subpart JJJJ is December 5, 2005. The
effective date of the rule is December 4, 2002. New and reconstructed affected sources must
comply upon startup or by the effective date, whichever is later.
Under the CAA and our implementing regulations, new standards, such as MACT
standards, must be incorporated into existing title V permits within 18 months of the date of
promulgation of the standards (if the source is a major source with a remaining permit term of
three or more years and the effective date of the standards is later than the date on which the
permit is due to expire) [see 42 USC § 502(b)(9) and 40 CFR § 70.7(f)(l)(i)]. If a permit
revision does not occur within 18 months, our part 70 regulations provide that the permit shall be
reopened for cause and revised [see 40 CFR § 70.7(f)(l)(i)].
Although the Act and our regulations contemplate an 18-month window for incorporating
new applicable requirements that apply to a major source with a remaining permit term of 3 or
more years, we recommend that sources consider initiating the title V permit revision process
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earlier, as opposed to later [see 40 CFR §§ 70.5 and 70.7(e)]. If this occurs, it should avoid any
need on your part to re-open the permit for cause based on a source's failure to timely incorporate
a new standard. In addition, even though a source may not have complete information shortly
after the new standard is promulgated, the absence of that information does not necessarily
preclude early issuance of the permit incorporating the new standard. For example, shortly after
promulgation of a new standard, it is likely that a source may not have decided which of the
compliance options outlined in the standard it will implement. In such cases, sources in their
permit revision application can identify different compliance options, as specified in the new
standard, and seek alternative terms and conditions for each option [see section 3.2], A permit
that includes different compliance options and appropriate terms and conditions provides the
source flexibility as it makes compliance decisions consistent with the new standard. Such a
permit may also obviate the need for additional permit revisions in the future, but the need for
such revisions depends, in large part, on the requirements of the new standard.
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CHAPTER 4
MONITORING AND PRACTICAL ENFORCEABILITY
Monitoring is defined by 40 CFR § 63.2 as the "collection and use of measurement data via
manual, automatic or instrumental means, including recordkeeping and testing to control the
operation of a process or pollution control device or to verify a work practice standard relative to
assuring compliance with applicable requirements." It is an essential part of establishing and
maintaining compliance with air pollution control requirements. Many questions have arisen
concerning the monitoring of VOC emissions in the context of meeting individual applicable
requirements related to CAM, PTE limits, SIPs, and MACT subpart KK. We believe the
approaches described below may provide useful ideas for implementing the applicable
requirements for the facilities in your jurisdiction. Of course, nothing in this TSD shall be
construed as limiting the use of any credible evidence to demonstrate compliance or non-
compliance, and sources are obligated to consider any credible evidence in their title V
compliance determinations [see 62 FR 8313 (February 24, 1997)].
4.1 WHAT MONITORING IS APPROPRIATE UNDER THE CAM RULE?
The CAM rule at 40 CFR part 64 was established to enhance monitoring for certain large
emissions units that rely on active control devices to meet applicable requirements and that are
subject to rules promulgated prior to November 15, 1990. For those emissions units subject to
the CAM rule, the CAM rule has applicable requirements that enable sources to demonstrate
compliance with applicable emissions limitations or standards, so the compliance assurance
monitoring meets the title V compliance certification requirements. In August 1998, our
Emissions Measurement Center (EMC) issued a CAM Technical Guidance Document (TGD),
available on our website at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/cam, to describe how to determine
whether the CAM rule applies to a source, and, if so, how to select and document monitoring that
satisfies CAM requirements.
Examples of CAM protocols are presented in Appendix D for those emissions units at major
sources subject to CAM requirements. We believe that in many cases these protocols may serve
as the basis for meeting CAM plan requirements. There are three ways in particular that these
protocols can be used in your State. First, if they are approved into your SIP, sources can then
rely upon the protocols as being presumptively acceptable monitoring for CAM compliance
purposes. Second, to the degree that the source is subject to the monitoring required by Federal
standards proposed by the Administrator after November 15, 1990, pursuant to §§ 111 or 112 of
the Act, or voluntarily adopts such monitoring requirements that apply to the relevant control
device of the source, this would also be presumptively acceptable for CAM compliance. Finally,
a source may use the monitoring protocols with a separate demonstration of how their alternative
monitoring approach would meet the CAM requirements [see 40 CFR §§ 63.8(f)(2) and
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60.13(i)]. While individual units may not meet the CAM rule applicability cutoffs for size, or
may not be subject to the CAM rule because they are subject to rules promulgated after
November 15, 1990, pursuant to 40 CFR § 64.2 (e.g., the Printing and Publishing MACT, the
Paper and Other Web Coating MACT), you may find these monitoring approaches useful even
when monitoring is required under an applicable requirement. The relevance of the approaches
would, of course, depend on the monitoring requirement at issue.
4.2 WHAT MONITORING MAY BE AVAILABLE TO DEMONSTRATE COMPLIANCE
WITH A PTE LIMIT?
As discussed in Chapter 2, title V permitting applies to major sources as defined by the
CAA title III air toxics requirements or title I nonattainment requirements, based on their PTE
[see 42 USC § 7661(2) and 40 CFR §§ 70.2 and 70.3]. Sources subject to a PTE limit must
demonstrate that their potential VOC emissions are less than major source thresholds. This
demonstration must rely on practicably enforceable limits [see 40 CFR § 70.6(b)]. In developing
these limits, we refer you to the following:
1) The June 13, 1989 memorandum entitled "Guidance on Limiting Potential to Emit in New
Source Permitting," signed by Terrell E. Hunt, Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Monitoring, and John Seitz, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (EPA, 1989);
2) The January 25, 1995 memorandum entitled "Options for Limiting the Potential to Emit
(PTE) of a Stationary Source Under Section 112 and Title V of the CAA (Act),"
memorandum from John S. Seitz, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Robert
I. Van Heuvelen, Office of Regulatory Enforcement (EPA, 1995c); and
3) The January 22, 1996 memorandum entitled "Release of Interim Policy on Federal
Enforceability of Limitations on Potential to Emit," memorandum from John S. Seitz,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Robert I. Van Heuvelen, Office of
Regulatory Enforcement (EPA, 1996b).
These memoranda provide guidance on establishing readily verifiable and enforceable
restrictions on PTE. Consistent with the principles of the above guidance, you may consider the
following items useful in establishing monitoring provisions that are practical in their
enforceability for each applicable requirement:
• The overall monitoring approach;
• The monitoring methods;
• Indicator range (if applicable);
• The monitoring frequency;
• The averaging period;
• Recordkeeping; and
• (quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC).
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We suggest that you review each of the items of the monitoring approach with the facility, prior
to permit issuance. For instance, with regard to the monitoring frequency, you may want to
establish how the source owner or operator intends to select the value to be reported for each
period that data are required. For example, since a thermocouple can provide near instantaneous
readings, you may expect to see a myriad of ways to compile the data. One source owner or
operator could average all the values obtained during the period while another source owner or
operator might provide the lowest value obtained during the period. If an applicable requirement
addresses this issue, you would, of course, follow that requirement. Absent a specific applicable
requirement, however, we suggest that you and the source owner or operator address, select, and
agree on the means to provide this information. Appendix D contains examples of capture and
control parametric monitoring approaches for VOC emissions units that are subject to the CAM
rule (i.e., those units whose potential uncontrolled VOC emissions are greater than the major
source threshold). These protocols may also be used for sources not subject to the CAM rule, but
subject to monitoring under minor NSR, provided that the use of such protocols is authorized by
the applicable SIP provisions. For non-CAM pollutant specific emissions units such as those
subject to minor NSR, but with no existing SIP monitoring, less frequent monitoring (e.g. each
shift or daily, rather than continuous) of some parameters (e.g., indicator of capture system flow
rate) may be appropriate.
See Table 4-1 for another example of a monitoring approach that may be applicable to a
facility you permit. A lithographic printing press is often subject to a PTE limit. Minor NSR
requirements can also apply and are typically based on the draft Control Technique Guideline
(CTG) for Offset Lithography and Alternative Control Technique (ACT) for Offset Lithography
(EPA, 1993a; EPA, 1994). The draft CTG and the ACT were developed by EPA as a basis for
State VOC RACT rules for meeting SIP requirements under 40 CFR part 52; several States have
formally adopted RACT rules that codify the draft CTG and ACT approaches. The actual
approach you may include in the permit may vary and generally will follow the historical
monitoring approach taken by the printer to the extent approved by you. Table 4-1 does not
contain actual permit language. Rather, the table presents possible approaches for you to
consider as you evaluate title V permit applications.
Table 4-1. Example Monitoring Components for a Lithographic Printing Press Subject to a
PTE Limit
Component
Example Description or Action
Applicable Requirements
NSR requirements typically based on draft CTG for Offset Lithography and
Alternative Control Technique (ACT) for Offset Lithography (EPA 453/R-94-054).
Requirements are specific to each facility; they may address:
Cleaning Solvents: limit on VOC content or composite vapor pressure
Fountain Solutions: limits on VOC and/or alcohol content and maximum temperature
in fountain
VOC Control for Heatset Litho Units Only, minimum overall VOC control device
efficiency applied to dryer exhaust (i.e., 90 % or maximum VOC concentration, i.e.,
20 ppmv)
Emissions: NSR limit on PTE.
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Table 4-1 (continued)
Component
Example Description or Action
Monitoring Approach
Determine VOC content or composite vapor pressure for all cleaning solvents.
Determine VOC and/or alcohol content for each fountain solution batch formulation.
Monitor temperature in the fountain for non-refrigerated fountain solutions.
Track usage of all VOC containing materials including fountain solution additives,
cleaning solvents, inks, and coatings.
For Heatset Units only demonstrate capture and control system effectiveness.
Monitor control system performance (i.e., oxidizer combustion temperature).
Confirm continued capture performance.
Monitoring Methods
Collect material composition data (i.e., CPDS or MSDS or other technical data
sheets, formulation data, or test results) for all cleaning solvents, fountain solution
additives, inks, coatings and diluent solvents used in appreciable quantities. Absent
supplier or formulation data, Method 24 can be used for determining VOC content of
inks and coatings but is not recommended for non-ink/coating materials. Method 311
can be used for determining HAP content (see section 5.1).
Determine/calculate cleaning solvent VOC content and/or composite vapor pressure.
Apply appropriate retention, emissions, and carryover factors where approved (see
draft CTG and ACT).
Monitor VOC/alcohol content in fountain solution by material balance, refractometer,
hydrometer, or other approved method.
Monitor temperature in the fountain for non-refrigerated fountain solutions.
Collect data at least monthly on the quantities of all materials used.
Determine compliance each month using mass balance and the appropriate retention,
emissions and carryover factors, and, if applicable, control system effectiveness.
For Fleatset Units only, conduct performance test to demonstrate capture (air flow
into dryer) and determine minimum oxidizer temperature that meets minimum
destruction efficiency or maximum exhaust VOC concentration. Monitor inlet
temperature for catalytic oxidizer or combustion zone temperature for thermal
oxidizer. Periodically inspect dryer and ductwork including check with airflow
indicator (i.e., smoke tubes, paper/foil strips, or pressure/airflow monitor) to confirm
capture conditions are maintained consistent with performance test.
Indicator Range
Compliance terms are generally maximum values not to be exceeded for cleaning
agents and fountain solutions including fountain solution temperature.
For Fleatset Units only, minimum operating oxidizer temperature based on
performance test.
Data Collection Frequency
Record of each compliance determination for each cleaning solvent used.
Record of VOC/alcohol content for each fountain solution batch; may include daily
measurement when VOC/alcohol added to fountains during printing.
Daily measurement or continuous monitoring of fountain solution temperature.
At least monthly accounting of material usage.
For Fleatset Units only, continuous monitoring and recording of oxidizer
temp erature.
Averaging Period
No averaging required for limits based on maximum or monthly emissions
determinations.
Minimum oxidizer temperature compliance based on block three-hour averages in
comparison to performance test value (test values generally based on average of three
one-hour test runs).
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Table 4-1 (continued)
Component
Example Description or Action
Recordkeeping
All material usage records and composition data including CPDS, MSDS,
formulation data or any Methods 24/311 test data for applied inks and coatings.
All compliance determinations for cleaning solvents and fountain solution limits.
All monthly emissions determinations and 12-month rolling summations for
compliance with any NSR emissions limit on PTE.
For Heatset Units only, performance test results including demonstrated operating
oxidizer temperature.
Oxidizer temperature monitoring data.
Records of periodic confirmation of capture conditions.
For title V sources, recordkeeping and reporting of summary information and
deviations are to be performed in accordance with State provisions pursuant to 40
CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(ii) and (iii).
QA/QC
Follow manufacturer's recommendations for monitoring equipment used to determine
VOC/alcohol content, fountain solution temperature, and,for Fleatset Units only,
oxidizer combustion temperature.
Periodic review of data collection, calculation, and recordkeeping procedures.
Periodic audit of material composition data including MSDS, CPDS and formulation
data. Follow M24/311 procedures when those methods are used. Compliance
determinations for each new cleaning solvent. Conduct initial performance test for
capture and destruction efficiency. For catalytic oxidizer, periodically conduct
analysis of catalyst activity in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
Periodic control system performance testing may be required by the permitting
agency, i.e., every five years.
4.3 HOW CAN MATERIALS MONITORING BE USED TO DEMONSTRATE
COMPLIANCE?
Printers and other VOC emitters may be required to demonstrate compliance with VOC and
HAP limits by monitoring materials usage and composition. Such requirements may exist in the
SIP or an NSR permit. In addition, subpart KK authorizes facilities to show compliance with the
relevant limits through materials monitoring [see e.g., 40 CFR § 63.829(b)(1)]. Materials
monitoring requirements may apply to different operations, including those relying on compliant
input materials, those using control systems, and those demonstrating compliance through a
combination of controls and application of specific coating formulations.
The general principles contained in this section are suggestions that we believe may be
helpful to you. We have also included examples of these principles. The general principles may
be considered to the extent that they are not inconsistent with applicable requirements.
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4.3.1 How Does a Printer Monitor or Track Material Consumption?
The printing industry uses a variety of materials including inks, coatings, solvents, and
additives to print on a number of substrates, such as paper and paperboard, plastic films, and foils.
Each material can have different properties (e.g., VOC content, density, etc.) which should be
accounted for in determining emissions. Printers receive and dispense materials from a variety of
containers, including pails, drums, totes, and bulk storage vessels. Press utilization is typically
tracked by the number of impressions printed, by the press operating rate, and/or by the duration
of press operation. Larger facilities generally track production by each individual press.
Printing facilities utilize different approaches to monitor material consumption. Usage of
individual materials may be tracked by press and by printing project or job, or by containers
issued or consumed, or by changes in periodic inventories. In some facilities, periodic meter
readings are used to track bulk material usage. Any one facility may use one or more of these
approaches to track material consumption. Certain materials (e.g., inks and overprint varnishes)
issued and returned from individual press jobs are generally accounted for by weight. Bulk
materials are generally accounted for by volume or weight.
4.3.2 What General Principles Are Relevant To Measuring Material Usage?
If you have a facility that you are permitting that is subject to an applicable requirement that
calls for measuring material usage, you may find the following general principles useful:
• Current practices for measuring usage are acceptable in many situations. It is likely
that in many situations you will be able to incorporate the facility's current practices for
measuring material usage into practically enforceable permit terms. For example,
subpart KK does not necessarily require new or more rigorous measurement techniques
than what facilities have used or are using. Frequent, short-term measurements are not
necessarily superior to simpler, broader measurement approaches. In recognition of this
principle, subpart KK was broadly structured to allow both types of measurement
approaches. Some SIPs and NSR permits may afford the same flexibility.
• Defining and documenting measurement procedures is important. We recommend
that you and the facility come to a common understanding of the specific measurement
procedures (e.g., monitoring methods, indicator range, data collection frequency,
averaging period) that the facility intends to use to show compliance with the relevant
emissions limit. We also recommend that such understanding be documented. That
documentation may occur in the permit itself, the statement of basis, or another
document, such as a QA/QC plan, depending on what the applicable requirement
provides. For example, where the CAM rule applies, sources may document
measurement procedures in a monitoring submittal.
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Another example concerns subpart KK and the General Provisions. Section 63.8(d) of
the General Provisions, which applies to subpart KK, requires the source to develop and
implement a continuous monitoring system QA/QC program [see 40 CFR §§
63.824(b)(1), 63.824(b)(2), 63.824(b)(3), or 63.825(b) (describing how to demonstrate
continuous compliance with the standards); 63.8(d) (QC program)]. Section 63.8(d)
also includes certain minimum elements to be included in the QC program. Those
elements reflect the importance of understanding the specific measurement procedures
that a facility intends to use to show compliance with the applicable requirements,
including the standards. Establishing these procedures as part of a QA/QC plan
provides important information for you and the public, and serves as an important
reminder to source owners and operators. Appendix E presents an example of the
components and contents of a QA/QC plan for a source that tracks material usage for
HAP coating operations subject to subpart KK.
The margin of compliance may be a relevant factor in approving a measurement
approach. "Margin of compliance" refers to the difference between a facility's
emissions limit and actual emissions. The margin of compliance is an appropriate factor
to consider when determining what additional data may be needed for compliance
purposes [see, for example, 40 CFR § 64.3(c); 67 FR 80186, 80221 (December 31,
2002)]. A large margin of compliance may support a facility proposal to use a less-
comprehensive measurement approach, while a narrow margin generally requires a more
comprehensive measurement approach. The measurement approach should be accurate
enough so that the compliance status for each compliance period is clearly known. The
margin of compliance also bears on the level of QA/QC that is necessary. A wide
compliance margin may call for less rigorous QA/QC. Tighter QA/QC is appropriate
where the compliance margin is slim.
Material usage measurements may be minimized to the level necessary to
demonstrate compliance. The facility need not perform material usage measurements
in excess of those necessary to demonstrate compliance, provided that the facility meets
all applicable requirements. For example, a number of HAP limitations, such as those
contained in the metal coil surface coating and paper and other web coating MACT rules
at 40 CFR §§ 63.5170(b)(2) and 63.3370(c)(3), respectively, allow a facility to comply
based on a weighted average of the HAP content of the materials used over each
compliance period. Normally, a facility will comply by tracking the amount of each
HAP-containing material used and the HAP content of each. However, for a facility that
uses many materials, only a few of which may exceed the limit, it may be unnecessarily
burdensome to track the usage of all these materials. Consistent with our authority to
approve alternative monitoring approaches under 40 CFR §§ 63.8(f)(2) and 60.13(i),
you and the facility may want to consider the following approach: The facility could
track a small number of materials to demonstrate that any usage of materials with HAP
content above the limit is offset by usage of materials with HAP content below the limit.
For the rest of the materials used during the compliance period, the facility could
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document that the HAP content was below the limit, without the need to track usage.
This offset approach could assure compliance with an average HAP limit, while
minimizing the accounting paperwork. Of course, any such approach must comply with
all applicable requirements, including any requirement to track usage for emissions
inventory reporting.
Account for all periods when emissions occur. Printers and other VOC emitters may
be subject to requirements, such as subpart KK, that require continuous compliance with
emissions limits. The applicable requirement will generally provide options on how to
demonstrate continuous compliance, such as authorizing use of a CEMS or through
monitoring material usage [see, for example, subpart KK], There is always a possibility
that the primary monitoring system on which the source relies to demonstrate
continuous compliance could malfunction or fail. We therefore recommend that you
consider discussing with sources the possibility of including a back-up mechanism in the
permit to ensure that the source can demonstrate continuous compliance should the
primary monitoring system malfunction or fail.
A deviation may not always be a violation. Whether and to what extent a deviation
constitutes noncompliance depends on your individual state statutory and regulatory
authority. Although a deviation may not always constitute noncompliance, part 70
highlights the importance of specifically stating your understanding of what constitutes a
deviation in the title V permit. Section 70.6(a)(6)(i) requires the permittee to comply
with "all conditions of the part 70 permit," and states that "any permit noncompliance
constitutes a violation of the [Clean Air] Act and is grounds for enforcement action."
In addition, each title V permit should include provisions that require ongoing, as well
as "prompt," reporting of all deviations, in accordance with 40 CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(iii)(B).
All deviations are to be reported according to the timelines established in your operating
permit program or the relevant applicable standard, whichever is more stringent. For
example, a printer's failure to conduct a weekly inspection as required by permit
conditions must be reported and certified as a deviation from the permit but, in general,
would not necessarily also indicate, by itself, an emissions limit was exceeded. You and
other permitting authorities make these kind of determinations for sources in your
jurisdiction in accordance with your enforcement authorities.
You should make the correct determination for your particular jurisdiction based on the
facts and circumstances at issue. You should also note that where 40 CFR part 71
applies, a deviation occurs in:
". . . any situation in which an emissions unit fails to meet a permit term or
condition. A deviation is not always a violation. A deviation can be determined by
observation or through review of data obtained from title V testing, monitoring, or
recordkeeping. For a situation lasting more than 24 hours which constitutes a
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deviation, each 24-hour period is considered a separate deviation. Included in the
meaning of deviation are any of the following [see 40 CFR § 71.6(a)(3)(iii)(c)]:
(1) A situation where emissions exceed an emissions limitation or standard;
(2) A situation where process or emissions control device parameter values
indicate that an emissions limitation or standard has not been met;
(3) A situation in which observations or data collected demonstrates
noncompliance with an emissions limitation or standard or any work
practice or operating condition required by the permit;
(4) A situation in which an exceedance or an excursion, as defined in part 64
of this chapter, occurs."
Consistent with the above principles, examples of the kinds of provisions that may appear in
a permit section addressing monitoring materials use under two separate MACT compliance
options are presented below. Table 4-2 provides an example monitoring approach for a wide web
flexographic press using compliant coatings to meet subpart KK HAP emissions limits. Table 4-3
provides an example of a publication rotogravure source complying with subpart KK, using a
monthly liquid-liquid mass balance (i.e., controlled with a solvent recovery device). It should be
noted that the examples provided in Tables 4-2 and 4-3 address only subpart KK. Other
applicable requirements, such as RACT rules, NSR permit limits, and VOC emissions caps should
be addressed separately. Where you choose to streamline applicable requirements, the monitoring
must support the streamlined limit, in accordance with 40 CFR § 70.6(a)(3)(i)(A). As mentioned
earlier, the following examples are not intended to represent actual permit language. Instead, the
examples are merely illustrative and present possible approaches for you to consider as you
evaluate title V permit applications.
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Table 4-2. Example Monitoring Components for Subpart KK HAP l imits -
Wide Web Flexographic Press Using Compliant Coatings
Component
Example Description or Action
Applicable Requirement
40 CFR part 63, subpart KK limit on organic HAP emissions from
product and packaging rotogravure or WWF printing presses [40 CFR
§ 63.825(b)]
Overall Monitoring Approach
Collect data for each month on the amount of each material purchased
and applied on the WWF press and on the HAP content of each material.
Determine compliance from these data for each month using one of six
options in subpart KK [40 CFR §§ 63.825(b)(l)-(6)].
Monitoring Methods
Collect data on current inventory of materials in storage at the facility.
Collect purchase records for the facility. Collect data on HAP and
solids content (such as certified product data sheets [CPDS] or
equivalent from the supplier or test data) for each material. Retain data
on HAP and solids content for at least 5 years [see 40 CFR § 63.10(b)].
Determine compliance for each month using any of six compliance
options in 40 CFR §§ 63.825(b)(1) through (6). We recommend that any
method relied on to make decisions concerning compliance should be
incorporated into the permit as a permit term or condition or
specifically referred to in the permit and attached as part of the QA/QC
plan.
Indicator Range
Not applicable; compliance determined directly for each month by one
of the six compliant coating compliance options in 40 CFR
§§ 63.825(b)(1) through (6). We recommend that the specific method
used should be identified in the permit.
Data Collection Frequency
At least monthly in accordance with 40 CFR § 63.825(b).
Averaging Period
Monthly for compliance options in 40 CFR §§ 63.825(b)(2) through (5).
Again, note that we recommend the specific method used be identified in
the permit. Also note that the compliant coating compliance options in
40 CFR §§ 63.825(b)(1) requires a compliance determination each
month, but does not involve averaging.
Recordkeeping
All materials usage measurements (including inventory data and
purchase records), all materials composition data (including M24/311
data and/or CPDS or equivalent from suppliers), and documentation of
all calculations and results. Perform record retention and reporting of
summary information and deviations pursuant to 40 CFR § 63.10(b).
QA/QC
Review data collection, calculation, and recordkeeping procedures every
six months. Perform Method 24/311 QA/QC procedures if those
methods are used [see 40 CFR § 63.8(d)].
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Table 4-3. Example Monitoring Components for Subpart KK HAP Limits - Publication
Rotogravure Source Complying by Monthly Liquid-Liquid Mass Balance
Component
Example Description or Action
Applicable Requirement
40 CFR part 63, subpart KK limit on HAP emissions from a
publication rotogravure source using a solvent recovery device
and monthly liquid-liquid mass balance [§ 63.824(b)(1)].
General Monitoring Approach
Collect data to support monthly liquid-liquid mass balance
equation in accordance with 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i).
Monitoring Methods/Plan
Collect data on the mass of each material used for the affected
source, including all of the publication rotogravure presses
and all affiliated equipment, including proof presses, cylinder
and parts cleaners, ink and solvent mixing and storage
equipment, and solvent recovery equipment at a facility,
Collect data on organic HAP content (such as CPDS, MSDS,
or equivalent from the supplier, or test data) of each material,
and the amount of volatile matter recovered for the month in
accordance with 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i)(A) through (C).
Retain data on HAP and volatile matter content and volatile
matter recovered in a permanent file [40 CFR § 63.10(b)].
Determine compliance for each month using the compliance
method in 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i)(D) through (G).
Indicator Range
Not applicable; compliance determined directly for each
month by the liquid-liquid mass balance approach in 40
CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i).
Data Collection Frequency
At least monthly in accordance with 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i).
Averaging Period
Monthly in accordance with 40 CFR § 63.824(b)(l)(i).
Recordkeeping
All materials usage measurements, all materials composition
data (including M24/311 data, formulation data, and/or
CPDS/MSDS from suppliers), all volatile matter recovery
data, and documentation of all calculations and results.
Record retention and reporting of summary information and
deviations are to be performed pursuant to 40 CFR § 63.10(b).
QA/QC
Periodic review of data collection, calculation, and
recordkeeping procedures. M24A/311 QA/QC procedures if
those methods are used. Annual calibration of measurement
unit (e.g., mass or volume meter) used to determine amount of
volatile matter recovered [see 40 CFR § 63.8(d)]. No specific
material testing required other than that specified in
accordance with 40 CFR § 63.827(b) and (c); i.e., M311 for
HAPs and M24A for VOC.
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4.4 WHAT MAY BE APPROPRIATE OPACITY MONITORING FOR CLEAN FUEL
COMBUSTION?
We recognize that opacity monitoring requirements vary significantly across the country,
based on the authorities and requirements of different SIP programs. One case which often
appears to be treated differently involves opacity monitoring requirements for clean fuel
combustion. Clean fuels, such as natural gas or propane, have little or no potential to contribute
to VE or particulate matter emissions when combusted properly. We have generally found that
records of clean fuel usage can be used to demonstrate compliance with opacity as well as
particulate matter standards, but of course this depends on the specific provisions of your SIP.
Subpart KK allows facility owners or operators to propose alternative monitoring approaches to
any monitoring methods or procedures set forth in subpart KK as long as it is done in accordance
with 40 CFR §§ 63.8(f)(2) [see also 40 CFR § 60.13(i)]. If a source proposes alternative
monitoring approaches for opacity monitoring and you can consider those alternatives consistent
with your SIP, you may want to consider whether the stringency of the opacity monitoring
approach should be based on consideration of each emissions unit's potential to cause VE, which
is a subset of particulate matter emissions.
For sources using back-up fuels that have the potential to contribute to VE or particulate
emissions, we believe that opacity monitoring should be required during time periods when these
fuels are combusted.
4.5 SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO MONITORING UNDER SUBPART KK
This section addresses certain specific subpart KK monitoring issues. Section 4.5.1
addresses CPMS used to demonstrate ongoing compliance and section 4.5.2 addresses CEMS
compliance options.
4.5.1 What Are Recommendations for Continuous Parameter Monitoring
Systems for Subpart KK?
This section discusses the relationship between the MACT General Provisions and subpart
KK-specific requirements concerning monitoring. CPMS include the temperature monitors and
capture system monitors required under some subpart KK compliance options. CPMS are defined
along with CEMS and COMS in the General Provisions as CMS. The General Provisions also
include provisions for CMS installation, operation, QC, performance evaluation, recordkeeping,
and reporting. According to Table 1 of subpart KK, most of these CMS provisions apply to
subpart KK.
A number of the General Provisions governing CMS were written with CEMS or COMS in
mind, with the result that it is sometimes practically difficult to apply them directly to CPMS.
Compliance demonstrations based on continuous monitoring of parameters are allowed under 40
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CFR §§ 60.834 and 60.835. Accordingly, you should apply the General Provisions to CPMS in
light of the following principles:
• All the of a complete monitoring program that are included in the General Provisions are
applicable to CPMS.
• It may be practically difficult to comply with some of the specific requirements included
in the General Provisions. For example, initial and subsequent calibration information
is not relevant for persons who collect and record data manually, rather than with
instruments. Likewise, determining and adjusting calibration drift for instruments is not
relevant for persons who collect and record data manually.
The General Provisions also include a requirement for a QC program [see 40 CFR § 63.8(d)].
That requirement applies to subpart KK. To ensure that the QC program is well thought-out and
complete and that you and the facility have a common understanding of what the facility is
required to do, we suggest that you have the facility include the following characteristics in its
QA/QC program [see 40 CFR§ 63.8(d)]:
• The indicator(s) of performance - i.e., the parameter, such as temperature, that will be
monitored;
• The measurement technique(s) - including detector type, location, and installation
specifications; inspection procedures; and QA/QC measures;
• The monitoring frequency;
• The averaging time;
• The definition of out-of-control periods; and
• The sequence of events that the source owner or operator will conduct should an out-of-
control period occur.
Some of the above elements are addressed in section 4.3.2. We encourage you and the source
owner or operator to be comfortable with the QC program.
We are currently developing performance specifications and QA/QC requirements for
common types of CPMS. We have included draft performance specifications and QA/QC
requirements in Figures 4-1 and 4-2. The Agency has not yet finalized these specifications and
requirements, and therefore we are providing them only for your information.
Figure 4-1 summarizes subpart KK specifications and requirements, as well as suggests QC
program characteristics for temperature monitoring devices. For temperature monitoring devices
on oxidizers, subpart KK includes specific requirements for some of the elements that should be
addressed. These specific requirements include accuracy specifications, location of the
temperature sensor, and calibration frequency for data recorders [see 40 CFR §§ 63.828(a)(2)(ii)
and (a)(4)]. Other characteristics may be important for a complete understanding of the QC
program required under § 63.8(d). Figure 4-2 summarizes characteristics that may be appropriate
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for a good understanding of the QC program required under 40 CFR § 63.8(d) with respect to
pressure monitoring devices for facilities that are required to monitor a capture efficiency
parameter.
TEMPERATURE MONITORING DEVICES
Temperature can be measured using devices such as thermocouples, resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs), and Infrared (IR) thermometers. Requirements for temperature monitoring
devices include the following:
(1) Collect at least 4 evenly-spaced temperature readings per hour of process operation in
order to have a valid hour of data.
(2) Locate the temperature sensor in the combustion chamber for noncatalytic oxidizers,
and in the inlet combustion chamber duct for catalytic oxidizers.
(3) Use a temperature sensor with a minimum measurement accuracy of 1 degrees Celsius
or 1% of the temperature value, whichever is greater.
(4) Perform an initial calibration according to the procedures in the manufacturer's owners
manual, and then conduct an initial temperature sensor validation check. Validation
checks, both initial or ongoing, include comparisons to redundant sensors, comparisons
to calibrated measurement devices, or separate sensor and system checks by electronic
simulation.
(5) Conduct calibrations and validation checks quarterly.
(6) Perform quarterly visual inspections of all components if redundant sensors are not
used.
(7) Record the results of the inspections, calibrations, and validation checks in a log.
(8) Record at least one temperature reading every 15 minutes while the process operates.
You and the facility should agree on what constitutes "continuous" recording of
temperature readings.
(9) Determine the 3-hour block average of all recorded temperature readings.
Figure 4-1. Example permit conditions for temperature monitoring devices.
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PRESSURE MONITORING DEVICES
Pressure can be measured using devices such as manometers, gauges, and transducers
(including strain gauges). Requirements for pressure monitoring devices include the following:
(1) Collect at least 4 evenly-spaced pressure readings per hour of process operation in order
to have a valid hour of data.
(2) Locate the pressure sensor(s) so that a representative pressure is provided.
(3) Use a device with a minimum measurement accuracy of 0.5 inch of water or a device
with a minimum measurement accuracy of 5 percent of the pressure range.
(4) Conduct an initial calibration according to the manufacturer's requirements, and then
conduct an initial pressure sensor check. Initial or ongoing pressure sensor checks
include comparisons to redundant sensors, comparisons to calibrated measurement
devices, separate sensor and system checks by calibrated pressure source simulation,
and separate sensor and system checks by pressure source and calibrated measurement
device simulation.
(5) Conduct monthly leak checks, in which pressure connections are to remain stable for 15
seconds after application of 1.0 inch of water.
(6) Conduct calibration and validation checks quarterly and following 24-hour excursions.
(7) Perform at least quarterly visual inspections if redundant sensors are not used.
(8) Record the results of the inspections and checks in a log.
(9) Record at least one pressure reading every 15 minutes while the process operates.
(10) Determine the 3-hour block average of all recorded pressure readings.
Figure 4-2. Example permit conditions for pressure monitoring devices.
4.5.2 What Is Our Interpretation of Subpart KK's CEMS Compliance
Options?
This section discusses the subpart KK compliance options that rely on the use of CEMS. The
CEMS compliance options require the facility to determine the mass flow rate of total organic
volatile matter at the inlet and outlet of the control device [see 40 CFR §§ 63.824(b)(l)(ii) and
63.825(c)(2)(iii)]. Generally, a monitoring system for mass flow rate includes a monitor for the
concentration of organic volatile matter and a monitor for the volumetric flow rate of the gas
stream. The monitoring section of subpart KK, however, only discusses the CEMS for organic
volatile matter concentration [see 40 CFR §§ 63.828(a)(2)(i) and (a)(3)].
Facilities that select the CEMS compliance option in subpart KK are required to operate
monitoring systems such that mass emissions, which are the product of pollutant concentration
and volumetric (air) flow rate, at the inlet and outlet of the control device (and, therefore, control
device efficiency) can be determined for each month [see 40 CFR 63.824(b)(l)(ii)(A)]. The
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volumetric flow that reaches the control device typically varies over time as print stations and
presses come on- and off-line. For this reason, volumetric flow rate monitoring is needed to
accurately calculate control device efficiency over each month. For a solvent recovery device, the
instantaneous inlet and outlet flow rates may be identical. The inlet or outlet flow rate value may
be used to represent both inlet and outlet flow for each time period. Thus, you may want to
consider approving single-point volumetric flow rate monitoring under Subpart KK provided that
the facility can demonstrate that flow is constant across the solvent recovery device and that the
facility implements a good operation and maintenance (O&M) program to detect and repair any
leaks in the system, as those leaks could shift the flow rate from constant to variable.
For a facility using an oxidizer, volumetric flow rate should be monitored at both the inlet
and the outlet of the oxidizer. This is necessary, since the flow rate typically differs at the inlet
and outlet, due to the natural gas (and combustion air) that may be introduced to maintain the
combustion temperature.
In situations where your rules or the applicable requirements cause the facility to monitor
volumetric flow rate, we recommend the use of Performance Specification 6 (PS6) of 40 CFR
part 60, appendix B, "Specifications and Test Procedures for Continuous Emission Rate
Monitoring Systems in Stationary Sources." As you may recall, we use performance
specifications to ensure that instruments used to calculate emissions are able to meet minimum
criteria. Should you allow the use of PS6, you may also consider allowing the use of appendix F
of 40 CFR part 60 for long term QA/QC.
Both Performance Specification 6 and Performance Specification 8 - which establishes
minimum criteria for instruments measuring VOC on a continuous basis, can be found in 40 CFR
part 60, appendix B, and may be used if the source owner or operator chooses VOC CEMS for
compliance purposes - rely in part on the "span value" specified in the applicable subpart. Since
subpart KK does not specify a span value, to understand the QC program required by 40 CFR
§ 63.8(d), the facility should propose a span value for each monitor. Based on our experience, we
recommend that you consider a span value of about 1.5 to 2 times the maximum level expected at
the point that is being monitored.
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CHAPTER 5
TESTING REQUIREMENTS
Chapter 5 describes several issues associated with testing requirements incorporated into
title V permits for printers and other types of VOC emitters. Test methods for determining
material composition or measuring emissions must be consistent with all applicable requirements.
Some applicable requirements addressing testing give facilities flexibility in, for example,
deciding which test method to use. To the extent the applicable requirement provides flexibility,
we recommend that you base your decisions concerning testing on an understanding of each
testing methodology relative to the materials in use and operating conditions.
It should be noted that some of the approaches presented in this chapter are associated with
CTG and ACT documents prepared for the printing industry by EPA. These CTGs were
developed as a basis for State VOC RACT rules to meet SIP requirements under 40 CFR part 52.
Many States subsequently adopted RACT rules that codify the approaches outlined in these
documents. RACT for rotogravure and flexographic presses was described in the November 1978
CTG, "Volume VII: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography," (EPA, 1978). For
lithographic printing, RACT requirements have been based on a September 1993 Draft CTG for
Offset Lithographic Printing (EPA, 1993 a) and the June 1994 ACT for Offset Lithography
Printing (EPA, 1994). In addition, often, NSR permits include provisions based on our CTG and
ACT documents for the printing industry.
5.1 WHAT ARE SOURCES OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION DATA?
Printers need VOC and HAP content data on all consumed materials in order to quantify their
emissions. Printers subject to subpart KK must determine the composition of each material by
testing or by formulation data [see 40 CFR §§ 63.827(b)(1) - (2) and 63.827(c)(1) - (3)]. Printers
may also be subject to SIPs and NSR permits that contain similar requirements.
Testing consists of laboratory measurements that use a recognized methodology, such as
through Method 24 or 24A tests for VOCs and Method 311 for HAPs, or an alternative technique
that has been approved by the Administrator [see 40 CFR part 60M, Appendix A (for test
methods)]. Both subpart KK and subpart JJJJ allow M24 and/or 24A to be used in lieu of M311.
As described in section 5.2, below, M24 and M24A may not be appropriate for all input materials
used in printing. Formulation data are data based on mixtures of known quantities of materials
with known compositions determined by testing or formulation data. For example, formulation
data would be reported when mixing a known quantity of a pure solvent with a known quantity of
a second material whose VOC composition was determined by testing. The testing and/or
formulation data may be provided by suppliers of these materials or determined by the printer
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through his own testing or monitoring of formulations. Testing may also be conducted by a third
party laboratory or contractor.
Many printers rely on their suppliers to provide testing and/or formulation data. Suppliers
provide these data through certified product data sheets (CPDS), sometimes called "EPA VOC
Data Sheets;" material safety data sheets (MSDS) (required by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's [OSHA] Hazard Communication Program); or other technical data formats that
identify the appropriate data on material properties and composition. Under subpart KK, certain
printers using a control device to comply with the standards must conduct initial performance
testing [see 40 CFR 63.827]. Such printers may rely on formulation data provided by the supplier
if that information, as provided on a CPDS, includes the items described in 40 CFR
63.827(b)(l)(iii). To the extent a SIP calls for analysis of composition data, you may want to
consider CPDS, MSDS or other technical data formats provided by the supplier if those
documents provide sufficient information to enable you to calculate emissions and determine
compliance and if the documents are consistent with the SIP requirements.
If an MSDS shows a VOC or HAP content range for an individual component or for the total
of all components, it may be acceptable for the owner or operator to use either the high end of the
range as the VOC or HAP content, to contact the vendor to obtain the specific content, to test the
material using M24, to test the material using M311, or in the case of solvent-borne inks and
related coatings used in publication rotogravure, to test the material using M24A. See section
2.1.2 for a discussion on the definition of VOC and HAP.
Regardless of the source and quality of the data used by the printer, if you are a delegated
authority you retain the right to require material testing by the facility, and to collect samples, and
to have tests conducted as needed to verify compliance [see 42 USC § 7414(a)(1) and 40 CFR
§ 63.7(a)(3)],
5.2 WHAT ARE THE ISSUES CONCERNING THE USE OF M24 AND M24A WITHIN
THE PRINTING INDUSTRY?
Method 24 and M24A are the two test methods used by the printing industry to determine the
VOC content of materials. Within this section we address the following issues related to the
applicability of M24 and M24A:
• For what printing materials does M24 and M24A apply?
• How can M24 be adjusted for high water content coatings and inks?
• How do you determine the VOC content of thin-film radiation cured coatings and non-
ink and coating printing products?
• What is the relationship between material composition testing under subpart KK and the
MACT rule general provisions on performance testing?
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5.2.1 For What Printing Materials Does M24 and M24A Apply?
Method 24 is used to determine the elements needed to calculate the VOC content of paints,
inks, varnishes, lacquers, or related surface coatings. Method 24 may not be appropriate for
determining the VOC content of other types of materials (e.g, cleaners, fountain solutions and
screen reclamation materials); however, it may be helpful in characterizing other aspects of these
materials (e.g., density, water content and exempt solvent content).
Method 24A only applies to solvent-borne inks and related coatings used in the publication
rotogravure industry. Industry has commented that M24A has been erroneously included in
permits for lithographic, screen printing, flexographic and product/packaging rotogravure printing
operations as the compliance demonstration method for inks and coatings due in large part to the
inclusion of the word "ink" in its original title. To clarify the use of these two testing
methodologies within the printing industry, a Federal Register notice containing corrections was
published on October 17, 2000 (65 FR 62043). This notice revised the title and scope of the
method to clarify that M24A only applies to solvent-borne publication rotogravure inks and
related publication rotogravure coatings. The revised title of M24A is "Determination of Volatile
Matter Content and Density of Publication Rotogravure Inks and Related Publication Rotogravure
Coatings."
5.2.2 How Can M24 Be Adjusted for High Water Content Coatings and Inks?
Currently, M24 includes a precision adjustment for use when determining the VOC content
of waterborne materials (i.e., materials with at least 5 percent water by weight in the volatile
fraction). This adjustment is based on confidence limits established for the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods referenced in M24 for measuring weight fraction volatile
matter content, weight fraction water content, and coating density. In the method, the weight
fraction VOC content of waterborne coatings is determined indirectly. The weight fraction VOC
of a waterborne coating equals the weight fraction of volatile matter minus the weight fraction
water. To express VOC content in pounds of VOC per gallon, the weight fraction VOC is
multiplied by the coating density. Because VOC content is determined indirectly, small errors in
the measurement of volatile content or water content can result in a relatively large error in the
calculated VOC content.
On February 3, 1986, we issued a policy memo, "Jefferson County APCD's Request for an
Opinion on the Suitability of M24 and M24A as Enforcement Tools," to provide clarification on
how to apply the precision adjustment referenced in M24, and on who should apply the
adjustment (EPA, 1986). The memo explains that the primary purpose of the precision
adjustment is to safeguard a source owner or source operator from a citation issued in error due to
the uncertainty inherent in measuring VOC content of waterborne materials. Consistent with the
memorandum, only an enforcement authority - not a source owner, source operator, or supplier -
is able to make a precision adjustment for waterborne materials.
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The precision adjustment cannot be used when a standard requires that a specific VOC
content not be exceeded, and a manufacturer formulates the material to be higher than the specific
VOC content limit. In addition, the precision adjustment cannot be used when a printer obtains
the VOC content from formulation data provided by the manufacturer.
5.2.3 How is the VOC Content to Be Determined for Thin-Film Radiation
Cured Inks and Coatings, and Non-Ink Products, Such as Fountain
Solutions and Cleaning Compounds?
NOTE: An ASTM study is underway to answer this question related to thin-film radiation
cured inks and coatings. We may issue future guidance following completion of the ASTM
study. In the meantime, the following general observations are worth noting.
The majority of radiation cured materials used within the printing industry are thin-film.
Method 24 is not intended to be used to determine the VOC content of thin-film radiation cured
inks and coatings [see 40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Method 24], Until appropriate testing
methodologies are developed for thin-film radiation cured inks and coatings, you may consider
allowing printers using these materials to rely on formulation or supplier data to obtain the VOC
content.
Section 11.1 of M24 addresses the method for determining the VOC content of non-thin-film
ultraviolet radiation cured coatings by referencing ASTM D-5403 and requiring the curing test
described in Note 2 of ASTM D-5403. This is consistent with the approach presented in a 1991
letter from EPA's Chemicals and Petroleum Branch Chief to the Graphic Arts Technical
Foundation in which we recommend the sample of coating be exposed to radiation cure prior to
heating consistent with M24 conditions (i.e., 1-hour bake at 110°C) (EPA, 1991).
Cleaning solutions, fountain solutions, and other non-coating materials are also not directly
addressed by M24. The testing which established the precision values for the ASTM test methods
referenced in M24 only addressed paints, inks, and coatings. Method 24 may not be appropriate
for determining the VOC content of other types of materials (e.g., cleaners, fountain solutions and
screen reclamation materials); however, parts of M24 may be helpful in characterizing certain
aspects of these other materials (e.g., density, water content and exempt solvent content). Until
appropriate testing methodologies are developed for non-ink and non-coating printing products,
you may consider allowing printers using these materials to rely on formulation or supplier data to
obtain the VOC content.
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5.2.4 What Is the Relationship Between Material Composition Testing
Under Subpart KK and the MACT Rule General Provisions on
Performance Testing?
Questions have arisen concerning the application of section 63.7 of the General Provisions
and the "Performance Test Methods" provision of Subpart KK, found at 40 CFR § 63.827. The
performance test methods provision of Subpart KK specifically includes procedures for
determining material composition. We do not intend for the testing that is performed to determine
the composition of inks and coatings under Subpart KK to be subject to the requirements such as
deadlines for conducting performance tests, advance notification of performance tests, and site-
specific test plans, contained in the MACT rule General Provisions at 40 CFR § 63.7
"Performance testing requirements." Those requirements are largely aimed at performance testing
of pollution control devices and capture systems, not material composition testing.
We believe you may find the following general principles regarding material composition
testing useful:
• Use Existing Data. Facilities are responsible for obtaining composition data that meet
the requirements of subpart KK as specified in 40 CFR §§ 63.827(b)(1) - (2) and
63.827(c)(1) - (3). As mentioned in section 5.1, facilities may rely on test or
formulation data provided by their suppliers, provided that the data provide a degree of
accuracy sufficient to calculate emissions and determine compliance and meets the
requirements of 40 CFR 63.827(b)(l)(iii). Of course, facilities remain liable for the
actual HAP content of their inks and coatings, regardless of the values provided to them
by their suppliers.
• Conduct Testing Using Existing Method. Audit samples of known composition are
available for M24 and M311 testing. These are the test methods for determining the
volatile matter and solids content of most inks and coatings. You may obtain these audit
samples from us and have the testing company analyze them simultaneously with
samples of inks or coatings used at the facility. The analysis results from the audit
samples provide a check of the testing company's accuracy. For information about
obtaining audit samples, visit our Emission Measurement Center web site at
http://www.epa. gov/ttn/ emc/email.html#audit
• Develop Alternative Test Method. 40 CFR § 63.7(f) outlines the procedures for using
alternative test methods for determining material composition.
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5.3 ARE NON-LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESSES ELIGIBLE FOR USE OF A RETENTION
FACTOR TO ESTIMATE EMISSIONS FROM MANUAL CLEANING ACTIVITIES
WHEN USING LOW VAPOR PRESSURE CLEANING SOLVENTS WITH SHOP
TOWELS?
Yes, non-lithographic processes are eligible for use of a retention factor to estimate emissions
from manual cleaning activities when using low vapor pressure cleaning solvents with shop
towels, in accordance with the ACT document for lithographic printing (EPA, 1994). To estimate
emissions from cleaning activities, consideration should be given not only to the quantities and
VOC content of materials consumed, but also to other factors that characterize the fate of the
VOC in the cleaning solvent. For example, for manual cleaning with low vapor pressure cleaning
materials, it may be assumed when estimating emissions, that 50 percent of the VOC applied
remains in the shop towel after use provided that the cleaning materials and used shop towels are
kept in closed containers. As discussed in this section, the application of this 50 percent retention
factor is available for all flexographic, rotogravure, letterpress, and screen printing operations.
As a means to reduce VOC emissions from printing facilities, alternative cleaning solvent
products have been formulated. The distinguishing characteristic of many of these alternative
products is low vapor pressure. We encourage the use of these low vapor pressure products to
reduce emissions at the source. We first became aware of low vapor pressure cleaning materials
in the context of lithographic printing, and provided a 50 percent retention factor for certain uses
of low vapor pressure cleaning materials. Low vapor pressure cleaning materials are now being
used by other types of printers. Consistent with our interpretation in the ACT document, we
recommend that you consider applying the 50 percent retention factor to manual cleaning with
shop towels for all print processes. The following characteristics are relevant to applying this
retention factor:
Use only solvent products with a VOC composite partial vapor pressure of less than 10
mm Hg at 20 degrees Celsius. The composite partial vapor pressure is calculated as
follows:
pp " (W)(VP)/MWi
^ J^ + J^+£
MWw MWe fr, MWj
where: PPC = VOC composite partial pressure at 20°C, in mm Hg
W, = Weight percent of the "i"th VOC compound, in grams
VP; = Vapor pressure of the "i"th VOC compound, in mm Hg
Ww = Weight percent of water in grams
We = Weight percent of exempt compound, in grams
MW; = Molecular weight of the "i"th VOC compound, in grams per gram-mole
MWw = Molecular weight of water, in grams per gram-mole
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MWe = Molecular weight of exempt compound, in grams per gram-mole
• Solvent products should be used in conjunction with shop towels and cleaning materials
and used shop towels should be stored in closed containers.
5.4 UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS CAN METHOD 25A (M25A) BE USED TO
DETERMINE THE DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY OF AN OXIDIZER?
Consistent with 40 CFR subpart KK, M25A can be used for determining the destruction
efficiency of an oxidizer (inlet and outlet concentrations) when:
• An exhaust concentration of 50 or less parts per million volume (ppmv) as carbon (C,)
is required to comply with the applicable standard;
• The inlet concentration and the required level of control results in an exhaust
concentration of 50 or less ppmv as or
• The high efficiency of the control device alone results in an exhaust concentration of 50
or less ppmv as Q.
In situations where M25 is not viable, such as those described in section 1.1 of M25, we allow the
use of M25A on both the inlet and outlet (EPA, 1995d) [see 40 CFR § 63.827(d)(l)(vi)].
5.5 WHAT GENERAL PRINCIPLES ARE RELEVANT TO PERFORMING CONTROL
DEVICE AND CAPTURE EFFICIENCY TESTING?
The overall control efficiency of a control system is the product of two factors: capture
efficiency (the portion of pollutants from the process which is delivered to a control device) and
control device efficiency (how well the control device destroys or removes pollutants).
Generally, control device efficiency testing is conducted initially and then repeated on some
routine basis or as a result of a specific circumstance. Further, depending on the type of capture
system or control device, capture efficiency testing may be conducted initially and may be
repeated on some routine basis or as a result of a specific circumstance. Some permitting
authorities have developed and implemented their own policies and regulations concerning the
frequency of control device efficiency testing (using Ml 8, M25, M25A) and of capture efficiency
testing (using M204). Others have not implemented such regulations. For those jurisdictions, we
note that although repeat testing may be warranted, there are some circumstances, such as when
the configuration of the presses has not changed since the previous test, when repeat testing may
not be warranted. Printers are also subject to other federal standards, including, for example,
subpart KK, which includes specific requirements on control device and capture efficiency testing.
Except where noted, the approaches described below contain general principles relating to control
and capture efficiency testing. Several examples of these principles are illustrated below. These
principles may be considered to the extent that they are not inconsistent with any applicable
requirement.
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5.5.1 Control Device Efficiency Testing
5.5.1.1 Initial Control Device Efficiency Testing
For those sources with control devices, we believe a source owner or operator should perform
initial control device efficiency testing and collect operating parameter data in order to set the
operating parameter value or range of values that demonstrate the control device efficiency is
maintained. For subpart KK, 40 CFR §§ 63.827(d) and 63.7(a) require initial control device
efficiency testing.
Concurrent with the initial control device efficiency testing, 40 CFR § 63.828(a)(5) requires
printers subject to the initial performance test requirement of subpart KK to collect operating
parameter data to set the operating parameter value or range of values that demonstrate that
capture efficiency is maintained [see 40 CFR § 63.828(a)(5)].
5.5.1.2 Ongoing Control Device Efficiency Testing
As long as a printer does not change operations in a way that could affect control device
efficiency, it is likely that the ongoing parameter monitoring, together with good operating,
maintenance, and QA/QC procedures will generate data in the operating range(s) that assure
compliance with applicable requirements. Therefore, we believe that periodic retesting for control
device efficiency - typically once per title V permit term may be sufficient, but this would depend
on the applicable requirement at issue.
5.5.2 Initial Capture Efficiency Testing
For those sources with control devices, we believe a source owner or operator should perform
initial capture efficiency testing and collect operating parameter data in order to set the operating
parameter value or range of values that demonstrate the capture efficiency is maintained.
Subpart KK addresses initial performance testing requirements, including capture testing that
you may find instructive. Under subpart KK, the need for and the procedures associated with
capture efficiency testing will vary depending upon whether add-on control devices are used and
whether the capture system is or is not a permanent total enclosure [see 40 CFR 63.827(e)].
In particular, 40 CFR § 63.827(e) provides that a performance test must be conducted to
determine the capture efficiency of each capture system that vents organic emissions to a control
device for the purpose of meeting certain requirements of subpart KK. In 40 CFR § 63.827(e)(1),
a source owner or operator subject to subpart KK can demonstrate that the capture system is a
permanent total enclosure and assume 100 percent capture efficiency by meeting the criteria for
permanent total enclosures given in Procedure T - Criteria for and Verification of a Permanent or
Temporary Total Enclosure in appendix B to 40 CFR § 52.741. Note the criteria for permanent
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total enclosures in M204 are essentially the same as those in Procedure T. Consistent with 40
CFR § 63.827(e)(1), any source owner or operator can demonstrate that a capture system is a
permanent total enclosure by meeting the criteria given in M204. Also, 40 CFR § 63.827(f)
provides that where capture efficiency testing is required, an owner or operator using a control
device may, as an alternative to the procedures in § 63.827(e), use any capture efficiency protocol
and test methods that satisfy the criteria of either the Data Quality Objective or the Lower
Confidence Limit approach described in Appendix A to subpart KK instead of using the test
methods prescribed in 40 CFR § 63.827(e).
Moreover, you may find our February 1995 policy memorandum from J. Seitz (EPA, 1995e)
and the "Guidelines for Determining Capture Efficiency" (EMC GD-035) (EPA, 1995f)), which
include recommended procedures for capture testing, instructive. These procedures are essentially
the same as those provided in subpart KK. They include demonstration of a permanent total
enclosure, testing with temporary total enclosures or building enclosures, and alternative capture
efficiency protocols meeting either the Data Quality Objective or the Lower Confidence Limit
approach.
5.5.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Material Balance (LLMB)
For sources which use a liquid-liquid material balance to determine the overall control
efficiency of a solvent recovery system, we believe no capture testing is required. In 40 CFR
§ 63.827(a)(3), for facilities subject to subpart KK, no capture efficiency testing is required when
sources use a solvent recovery system as the control device and comply by means of a liquid-
liquid material balance to determine the overall control efficiency of a solvent recovery system.
5.5.2.2 Heatset Web Offset Lithographic Printing Presses - Inks and
Coatings
For heatset web offset lithographic presses, we believe capture efficiency for VOC (ink oils)
from oil-based paste inks and oil-based paste varnishes (coatings) can be demonstrated by
showing that the dryer is operating at negative pressure relative to the surrounding pressroom. In
the September 1993 draft CTG for Offset Lithography (EPA, 1993b), and a letter written by John
Seitz to the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation in 1997 (EPA, 1997), we noted that as long as the
dryer is operated at negative pressure, the capture efficiency for VOC from the heatset
lithographic inks and varnishes (coatings) formulated with low volatility ink oils can be assumed
to be 100 percent of the VOC (ink oils) volatilized in the dryer. Conventional heatset lithographic
inks and varnishes are paste-type materials. The VOC in these materials are oils with high boiling
points, which volatilize only within the dryer. Some ink oils, nominally 20 percent, are not
volatilized and remain in the substrate. If other types (e.g., fluid) of coating materials are used on
a heatset lithographic press, then capture efficiency testing is required for the VOC from these
other materials.
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5.5.2.3 Automatic Blanket Wash Materials and Alcohol Substitutes in
Fountain Solution
We addressed values for dryer carryover (capture) of low vapor pressure automatic blanket
wash materials and alcohol substitute fountain solution materials used on heatset web offset
lithographic presses in the ACT document for lithographic printing (EPA, 1994). Under that
guidance, capture efficiency testing is not necessary for the VOC from low vapor pressure
automatic blanket wash materials or for alcohol substitutes in fountain solution.
We recommended 40 percent carryover (capture) for low vapor pressure automatic blanket
wash materials and 70 percent carryover (capture) for alcohol substitutes in fountain solutions.
5.5.2.4 Presses Without Add-on Control Devices
Most sheetfed and nonheatset web lithographic presses and screen printing presses operate
without control devices. These and any other presses operating without control devices would not
need to conduct capture efficiency testing, since they do not have control devices. For example,
subpart KK provides that the capture efficiency requirements of 40 CFR § 63.827(e) do not apply
in the absence of a control device [see 40 CFR § 63.827(e)].
5.5.3 Ongoing Capture Efficiency Testing
5.5.3.1 Permanent Total Enclosure
Provided that the conditions of M204 are shown by ongoing monitoring to continue to be
met, the capture efficiency of a permanent total enclosure is assumed to be 100 percent (see M204
at 40 CFR part 51, appendix M).
5.5.3.2 Other than Permanent Total Enclosure
For capture systems that are not permanent total enclosures, as long as the operating
parameters continue to be maintained in appropriate ranges, and as long as physical changes to the
air distribution system do not occur, we would expect any new capture efficiency testing would
show similar results to the initial testing. Accordingly, we suggest that you consider reserving
retesting for capture efficiency for those instances where operating parameters indicate that a
fundamental change has taken place in the operation or design of the equipment, unless more
frequent retesting is required under an applicable requirement. A fundamental change may
include any of the following:
• Adding print stations to a press;
• Increasing or decreasing the volumetric flow rate from the dryer (e.g., by changing the
size of press fans/motors or removal or derating of dryers); or
• Changing the static duct pressure.
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Note that we believe the operating parameter monitoring and recordkeeping approach should also
assure the structural and design integrity of the equipment. Approaches such as the ones outlined
below may be helpful in providing that assurance:
• Periodic inspection for integrity of all exhaust ductwork associated with affected
equipment;
• Periodic preventative maintenance of dryers and ductwork;
• Maintaining duct pressure established during initial capture efficiency test;
• Recording of capture system modifications and equipment changes (e.g., fan motors,
fans); and
• Monitoring exhaust system bypass damper(s).
5.5.3.3 Examples
For emissions units at major sources that are subject to the CAM requirements, we refer you
to Appendix D, which incorporates some of the principles noted above [see Protocols A through E
of Appendix D],
5.6 SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO PERFORMANCE TESTS UNDER
SUBPART KK
Section 63.827(d) of subpart KK presents the performance test requirements for determining
the destruction efficiency of a control device. We interpret these requirements as follows:
• Section 63.827(d)(l)(v) states that Methods 2, 2A, 3, and 4 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix
A are to be performed, as applicable, "at least twice during each test period." We
interpret this to mean that the methods are to be performed at least twice during each test
run, typically at the beginning and at the end of the run.
• Equation 20 in 40 CFR § 63.827(d)(l)(viii) is used to determine the organic volatile
matter mass flow rates at the inlet and outlet of an oxidizer.
~ Equation 20 requires measurements of concentration (C;) and volumetric flow rate
(Qsd) on a dry basis [see the symbol definitions in 40 CFR § 63.822(b)]. Since
Method 25A yields concentrations on a wet basis, the data must be transformed
using Method 4 to convert to a dry basis.
~ In keeping with recognized mathematical principles, the summation term in
Equation 20 reduces to just one organic volatile matter concentration (C;) and one
molecular weight (MW;) when only one compound in the vent gas exists.
• For determining control device destruction efficiency, the following principles apply:
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~ Testing for the mass flow rate of organic volatile matter should be conducted
concurrently at the inlet and outlet of the oxidizer.
~ The inlet mass flow rate (Mfl) and outlet mass flow rate (Mfo) should be computed
for each test run using Equation 20. These values should be used in Equation 21
[see 40 CFR § 63.827(d)(l)(ix)] to determine the control device destruction
efficiency (E) for each test run.
~ The overall control device destruction efficiency for the test should be computed as
the mean of the destruction efficiency values from all the test runs.
• Section 63.827(d)(3) specifies the oxidizer operating parameter that is to be monitored
to demonstrate continuous compliance, and specifies how the operating parameter limit
is to be determined. We interpret this section as follows:
~ The operating parameter to be monitored for oxidizers is temperature. For
catalytic oxidizers, the parameter is the gas temperature upstream of the catalyst
bed. For other oxidizers, the parameter is the combustion temperature.
~ The operating parameter limit is determined from the continuous parameter
monitoring system during the performance test. The limit is computed as the time-
weighted average of the temperature values recorded during the test. The facility
must maintain the oxidizer at or above this temperature (3-hour averages) to
demonstrate continuous compliance.
Sections 63.827(e) and (f), supplemented by appendix A to subpart KK, present the
requirements for capture efficiency testing. These sections cite the capture efficiency test
procedures of 40 CFR § 52.741, which is the Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) for the Chicago
area. Note that since subpart KK was finalized, we have codified the capture efficiency test
methods from the Chicago FIP (with minor revisions) at 40 CFR part 51, appendix M, Methods
204 through 204F. The methods are available online from our Emission Measurement Center at
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate.html.
The Method 204 series test methods present the methodology for evaluating the various VOC
streams needed for determining capture efficiency, but do not discuss how to use the test results to
calculate capture efficiency. The cited section of the Chicago FIP or the document Guidelines for
Determining Capture Efficiency (GD-035, dated January 9, 1995), which is available online in
PDF format at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/guidlnd/gd-035.pdf, describes how to calculate capture
efficiency. The guideline document discusses recommended capture efficiency testing protocols
and acceptable alternative test procedures. Note that capture efficiency testing is not required for
sources using a solvent recovery system and liquid-liquid mass balance to verify compliance.
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If the facility selects a compliance option that requires a capture efficiency test, continuous
monitoring of the capture system will be required, as well [see 40 CFR § 63.828(a)(5)].
Appendix D of this document presents some example capture efficiency monitoring protocols.
For purposes of subpart KK, the facility's monitoring protocol should include continuous
monitoring of one or more capture system operating parameters to demonstrate ongoing
compliance.
5.7 WHAT ARE THE APPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE TEST CONDITIONS?
Compliance testing for VOC and HAP emissions at printing facilities should be conducted
under normal or representative operating conditions, in accordance with 40 CFR 60 subpart QQ,
§60.433(a)(8); 40 CFR 63 subpart KK, §63.827(d)(l)(vii); the draft CTG for Offset Lithography
(EPA, 1993b); and our National Stack Testing Guidance (EPA, 2004). These sections require
compliance testing to be conducted under normal or representative operating conditions. We also
recognize that a pre-test meeting between the printing facility owner or operator and you may
provide a convenient opportunity to define normal, representative operation. During such a
meeting, the owner or operator may propose an operating scenario for testing that is representative
of actual operating conditions and the VOC/HAP input rate to the control device. Such operating
conditions should strive to minimize downtime while running as many presses as practicable,
when multiple presses are being served by a common control device. The proposed operating
scenario should also be reflective of a typical normal production schedule. As necessary,
proposed testing conditions should rely on historical production records for establishing average
coverage rates, press speeds, or ink and other input material consumption rates, run times, and
average time of intermittent events such as press cleaning, web breaks or similar shutdown
situations.
Because activities such as cycling of automatic blanket washing systems, press speed
variations, web breaks or other short-term events in which the print quality is being checked, may
be a part of normal, representative operations, we recommend that sampling continue during these
short-term events while the control device is being tested. All testing conditions should be
thoroughly discussed and approved by you prior to the actual test date.
Apart from your ability to require performance tests periodically as needed, we believe that
subsequent compliance testing should occur when different operating conditions (e.g., new usage
of materials with differing emissions characteristics or new or different equipment or control
devices) may adversely affect compliance with the emissions standards. Consistent with our
discussion provided in the Portland Cement MACT rule [67 FR 44766 (July 5, 2002)], while a
facility is not automatically required to conduct a performance test if the operating conditions vary
from those in place during the most recent performance test, the burden is on the facility to
demonstrate that it is able to comply with the emission limits when operating under the alternative
operating conditions. In other words, the facility has the ultimate burden of persuasion to
demonstrate that its performance testing conditions remain representative.
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5.8 HOW CAN DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS BE MET DURING
PERIODS WITH LOW CONTROL DEVICE INLET CONCENTRATIONS?
Consistent with the approach taken in the Paper and Other Web Coating MACT, subpart JJJJ
at 40 CFR § 63.3220(b)(4), achieving a specified control outlet VOC concentration is recognized
as an acceptable alternative to destruction efficiency for demonstrating compliance. The total
outlet concentration should be 20 ppmv or less by compound - or as hexane (C6H14) as a default
compound - on a dry basis, coupled with 100% capture efficiency (or operating a heatset web
offset dryer at negative pressure to assure ink oil capture), to serve as a surrogate for destruction
efficiency. This approach may eliminate the need to conduct extensive destruction efficiency tests
by focusing only on VOC outlet concentration. In many situations, VOC outlet concentration is
more indicative of overall control device operation. There are several instances where the only
option available to the printer is to measure the outlet concentration to demonstrate compliance,
such as sources utilizing combined dryers and control devices that do not have an inlet. Also,
where there is a consistently low VOC inlet concentration due to light coverage (e.g., book
manufacturing), sources may need to utilize this VOC outlet concentration approach.
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CHAPTER 6
ADDITIONAL PERMITTING APPROACHES - STREAMLINING
PERMIT CONTENT AND MINIMIZING UNNECESSARY
PERMIT REVISIONS
6.1 OVERVIEW
Operating permits issued to printing facilities under 40 CFR part 70 must be reviewed every
5 years [see 40 CFR § 70.3(b)(3)(iii)]. In addition, the part 70 regulations provide three different
types of modification procedures that may be triggered depending on the nature of the change at
the facility [see 40 CFR § 70.3(e) (addressing administrative, minor and significant permit
modifications)]. The part 70 regulations further provide that certain changes may be made off-
permit [see 40 CFR §§ 70.4(b)(12)-(15)]. In light of these provisions, many plant officials
evaluate operations and planning on an ongoing basis and therefore know well in advance whether
existing permit terms may constrain the source's ability to make certain plant changes at the
facility, and whether a permit revision will be required prior to initiating any plant changes.
Planning ahead by facilities is essential to taking advantage of the existing flexibility found in 40
CFR part 70 and the applicable requirements. Permits, by their design, strive to allow a source to
make changes as expeditiously as possible under part 70 and the applicable requirement(s) while
ensuring that all applicable requirements are enforceable as a practical matter.
Clearly written permits also provide greater certainty to the source, thereby eliminating the
need for time-intensive discussions between you and the source and avoiding misunderstandings
and the potential for contested enforcement actions. Permits can affirmatively structure the
required data collection terms (e.g., testing and monitoring required by the applicable
requirements ) to provide a clear basis for making annual compliance certifications.
We further believe permits can be structured to reduce unintended permit revision burdens on
you and sources and to satisfy the flexibility needs for many sources. Our first two White Papers,
which we issued in 1995 and 1996, respectively, describe many permitting techniques that could
improve permitting efficiency under title V in several different situations.1 This chapter suggests
some additional approaches you may wish to consider based on 40 CFR part 70 and the guidance
provided in the White Papers.
1 White Paper for Streamlined Development of part 70 Permit Applications, July 10, 1995 (White Paper Number 1) (EPA,
1995a) and, White Paper Number 2 for Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating Permits Program, March 5, 1996
(White Paper Number 2).
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In the first two White Papers, we described a number of ways to synthesize permit terms.
For example, these guidance documents addressed incorporating applicable requirements by
reference, insignificant activities and generally-applicable requirements, and "streamlining." As
described in section 6.2, when a unit is subject to multiple applicable requirements, you can
sometimes streamline those requirements into a single set of permit terms that will assure
compliance with all the subsumed applicable requirements.
6.2 STREAMLINING PERMITS FOR PRINTING FACILITIES
Streamlining is a process by which multiple overlapping applicable requirements are distilled
into one set of requirements that will assure compliance with all the applicable requirements [see
40 CFR § 70.6 and the second White Paper], Streamlining may be initiated by either the permit
applicant or by you, but ultimately you must choose to authorize it if the permit is to contain
streamlining. White Paper Number 2 outlines the streamlining process and explains that you
and/or the source would prepare the streamlining analysis during the permit development phase.
That analysis would determine whether there is an acceptable streamlining approach that could
serve as the basis for establishing a streamlined limit prior to the issuance of the draft permit. The
streamlining analysis focuses on identifying and comparing the stringency of all applicable
requirements. Streamlining does not relieve the source of its obligation to meet all applicable
requirements, but provides a means to identify one set of requirements that, if met, would assure
compliance with all applicable requirements. The permit would identify the streamlined set of
applicable requirements, as well as the subsumed streamlined requirements. All such
requirements are enforceable [see 40 CFR §§ 70.6(a)(l)(i)-(iii) and 70.6(a)(3)(i)(A)]. The permit
record should include the basis for the streamlined set of requirements, including streamlining
assumptions, calculations, data and any other support [see 40 CFR § 70.6]. White Paper Number
2 includes additional details on streamlining that you and the source should consider in preparing
any streamlining analysis.
For title V sources, streamlining has the potential to simplify compliance demonstrations.
Through streamlined permit conditions, you can eliminate potential confusion and inconsistencies
that may develop when demonstrating compliance when there are multiple overlapping
requirements. Streamlining can focus compliance assurance on one set of requirements (i.e.,
emissions limit, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting) that will fulfill all applicable
requirements. As shown in Chapter 4, many printing facilities are faced with demonstrating
compliance with multiple monitoring or testing applicable requirements, all of which must be
incorporated into their title V operating permits [see 40 CFR §§ 70.6(a)(1) and 70.6(a)(3)(A)],
6.2.1 What Principles Govern Streamlining?
This section provides a brief overview of the principles discussed in White Paper 2. In
developing streamlined permit conditions, including a streamlined emissions limit, the following
principles are relevant:
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• Determine Most Stringent Limit - Determine the most stringent limit of the multiple
emissions limits that apply for the specific regulated air pollutant and emissions unit
taking into account the different formats or units of measure, effective dates of
compliance, transfer or collection efficiencies, averaging times, and test methods.
• Combine Pollutants Where Appropriate - Limitations for specific pollutants may be
subsumed by limitations on a broader class of pollutants. Almost all of the organic HAP
used and emitted by printers are also VOC, so in some cases VOC limits may suffice for
limiting organic HAP. Many of the VOC used and emitted by printers are not HAP, so
it is less likely that a HAP limit will suffice for limiting VOC.
• Include Work Practices - Work practices that directly support an applicable emissions
limit should be considered as part of the limit for purposes of streamlining emissions
limits. Work practices that do not can be streamlined separately.
• Use Monitoring, Recordkeeping, and Reporting for Most Stringent Requirement -
Monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting should not be used to determine the relative
stringency of requirements. The monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements
associated with the most stringent emissions requirement are presumed appropriate for
use with the streamlined emissions limit, unless it can be shown that reliance on them
would diminish the ability to assure compliance with any limit to the same extent as
intended by any applicable requirement, and the monitoring, recordkeeping, and
reporting requirements for a subsumed limit would therefore be more appropriate.
• Provide Origin of Permit Limits - In the permit, the citations for any subsumed limits
must be included as part of the specifications for the permit conditions.
Based on these principles, a side-by side comparison of applicable requirements should be
prepared, the most stringent emissions limit identified, and a streamlined set of permit terms and
conditions proposed including appropriate monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements.
The source would need to be able to certify compliance with the set of streamlined requirements
or, if necessary, commit to a compliance schedule consistent with 40 CFR § 70.6(c).
6.2.2 Overlapping Requirements for Printing Facilities
Many printing facilities have older units subject to RACT regulations based on our CTGs and
ACTs. RACT for rotogravure and flexographic presses was described in the November 1978
CTG, "Volume VII: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography," (EPA, 1978). For
lithographic printing, RACT requirements have been based on the September 1993 draft CTG for
Offset Lithographic Printing and the ACT document for Offset Lithography (EPA, 1993 a; EPA,
1994). RACT requirements generally allow for compliance strategies based on capture and
control systems or through the use of compliant materials.
Newer units, in addition to complying with RACT, may also be subject to BACT or LAER
through a PSD or NSR permit. Some new printing facilities are also subject to NSPS
requirements. NSPS apply to publication rotogravure operations [40 CFR part 60 subpart QQ]
and vinyl and urethane printing and coating facilities [40 CFR part 60 subpart FFF], Finally, all
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new and existing publication rotogravure, product and package rotogravure, and WWF printing
facilities are subject to a MACT standard [40 CFR part 63, subpart KK]. The requirements in this
MACT standard have the greatest potential to overlap with RACT, NSR, or NSPS requirements.
For example, a printer subject to the monitoring requirements of subpart KK for HAPs may also
be subject to SIP monitoring requirements to implement RACT as well as the CAM rule for VOC
control systems. These requirements are discussed in Chapter 2.
6.2.3 How Do Control Strategies Influence Streamlining?
When assessing streamlining options, you necessarily will consider the applicable limits that
apply, including the approach that the printing facility uses to control its emissions. Requirements
that apply to capture and control systems may be more conducive to streamlining, and more
beneficial in terms of simplification, than streamlining different requirements that define
compliant materials. Some issues associated with streamlining for each control approach are
described below.
6.2.3.1 Capture and Control Systems
Assessing opportunities for streamlining overlapping requirements for capture and control
systems is the most straight forward. You should be able to identify and compare differences in
capture and control requirements easily. Control systems are generally equally effective in
controlling organic HAPs and controlling VOCs at printing facilities. For example, if there are
overlapping requirements for streamlining consideration at certain printing facilities subject to
subpart KK, the most stringent requirement is likely to require 100 percent capture and a control
efficiency of 95 percent or more. The required destruction efficiency for oxidizers in NSR
permits may be more stringent than the 95 percent required by subpart KK. Thus, the NSR
control efficiency requirement may dictate the stringency of control in streamlining, not the
MACT standard. There may be differences in testing requirements which also should be
considered in streamlining.
As with control requirements, streamlining of capture system requirements involves the
identification and comparison of both the degree of capture required and the test methods. RACT
and NSR requirements may only require a one-time capture test, while facilities subject to the
subpart KK MACT standard must continuously monitor and record an operating parameter for
capture efficiency.
For control approaches based on oxidizers, control effectiveness is generally based on an
initial performance test and parameter monitoring. Compliance is demonstrated by comparing
continuous combustion zone temperature monitoring data with temperature data recorded during
the most recent performance test. The temperature data serve to indicate whether or not
conditions associated with the destruction efficiency determined by the performance test are
maintained. The temperature data do not serve to indicate the degree of destruction achieved on a
continuous basis. If the temperature monitoring criteria are met, the destruction efficiency from
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the performance test serves to demonstrate compliance. For each set of applicable requirements,
different criteria may exist for conducting the performance test, recording temperature data, and
comparing the data on a continuous basis.
For example, typical RACT and NSR requirements generally provide that the performance
test be conducted with facilities operating at close to maximum solvent laydown conditions (see
Section 5.7, for alternative testing policy. The combustion zone temperature would be recorded
under those conditions during the test. The continuous monitoring and recording of temperature
data is generally also required under RACT/NSR provisions. The recorded data, usually on strip
charts or in a computer file with at least 15 minute values, are then compared to the performance
test value.
For packaging rotogravure facilities subject to the subpart KK MACT standard, an initial
performance test is required, but under representative operating conditions (rather than maximum)
[see 40 CFR § 63.827(d)(l)(vii)]. The test would be conducted such that the minimum
temperature would be recorded under which the oxidizer can achieve the required destruction
efficiency of 95 percent. Continuous monitoring of the combustion zone temperature is also
required, recording at least 15-minute values, and compiled as rolling three hour averages. To
demonstrate compliance, the three hour readings must not be lower than the average temperature,
as determined during the performance test [see 40 CFR § 63.825].
Both approaches to testing and temperature monitoring are designed to demonstrate that the
oxidizer achieves the destruction efficiency conditions established by the performance test.
Properly designed and sized oxidizers tend to perform better under high solvent load conditions.
Therefore, the subpart KK approach will often to be the more stringent monitoring approach
compared to the RACT/NSR monitoring requirements.
For solvent recovery systems used to control emissions, RACT, NSR, and MACT
requirements generally base compliance demonstration on one of two approaches. Facilities
either conduct (1) periodic LLMB around the printing operation including the solvent recovery
system , or (2) determine capture efficiency and continuously monitor the solvent recovery
system's air flow rate and VOC inlet and VOC outlet concentrations. Both approaches allow for
the calculation of recovery system control efficiencies.
For facilities relying on periodic material balances, differences in the frequency or time
period for conducting the LLMB may differ between requirements as well as the specificity of
data quality requirements for tracking material streams. Subpart KK requires monthly material
balances and defines the quality of data to be recorded. For example, subpart KK requires the
method used for monitoring the amount of solvent recovered be calibrated within +2 percent.
RACT and NSR requirements typically are not that specific. As a result, the subpart KK
procedures for conducting the LLMB will often be the most stringent for printing facilities subject
to the MACT.
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Facilities may be required by RACT or NSR requirements to conduct LLMBs over shorter
time periods than monthly. Shorter time periods are comparatively more stringent than longer
periods, i.e., the shorter the time period covered by the LLMB, the more stringent the requirement.
Some subpart KK facilities may have RACT/NSR requirements with less stringent control
efficiencies, but with LLMB demonstrations required for shorter time periods. Typically, the
RACT and NSR requirements for material balances are not specified to this detail in regulations
or permits. The longer the time period covered by the LLMB, generally the greater the accuracy
in the calculations. The impact of measurement errors are reduced. You should consider based
on all of the applicable requirements, which requirement is the more stringent one.
6.2.3.2 Use of Compliant Materials
Streamlining is more difficult for facilities whose compliance strategies are based on use of
compliant materials rather than add-on control devices. The difficulties result from trying to
structure a streamlining comparison considering requirements which apply to different pollutants,
use different units, and use different averaging times. For example, for rotogravure presses,
RACT requirements for compliant materials are based on limiting VOC content by volume
fraction based on daily averages by press. In contrast, subpart KK offers several compliance
options which limit HAP content based on mass fraction determined using monthly averages
considering all presses. To compare requirements expressed in different terms, as these are, you
may consider converting the relevant terms into a common unit of expression, or if this is not
possible, making certain supported assumptions, such as all HAPs will be VOCs. In this regard,
you should consider the differences associated with averaging times and press versus facility
accounting.
Many States adopted RACT limits for rotogravure and flexographic printing operations based
on EPA's CTG for Graphic Arts (Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary
Sources - Volume VIII: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography 12/1978). The CTG
includes compliant coating limits based on volume-based VOC limits (CTG recommended
volume-based limits for applied materials of 75 percent or more water or 25 percent or less VOC).
To simplify recordkeeping and compliance determination, a weight-based equivalency of 0.5
pound VOC per pound of ink solids was added to the CTG recommendations ("Alternative
Compliance for Graphic Arts RACT," Darryl Tyler, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS) September 9, 1987 memorandum). States have the option of authorizing the weight-
based option on a case-specific basis or by revising their RACT regulation. The use of the
weight-based alternative for volume-based RACT requirements may facilitate consideration of
streamlining options for compliant coatings. By comparison, in subpart KK, a compliant coating
option requires 0.2 pound HAP per pound of ink solids, as a monthly average across the facility.
For some facilities subject to both subpart KK HAP requirements and RACT or NSR
requirements for VOC, their compliance strategy may not lend itself to streamlining compliant
material requirements. Some facilities use materials with low HAP content and high VOC
content. Such a facility may use a compliant material approach to meet the HAP requirements of
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subpart KK and control equipment to comply with RACT or NSR requirements for VOC.
Facilities that use compliant materials to meet RACT/NSR requirements are also likely to meet
compliant material requirements for subpart KK for HAPs. Waterborne and/or radiation-cured
materials used by printers that comply with VOC limits are not likely to contain appreciable
quantities of HAPs.
6.2.4 Streamlining Example
This section provides an example of streamlining that you may consider when permitting a
printing facility. The example facility operates a rotogravure press. The press is located in a press
room. The press room is vented to an oxidizer. The press installation was authorized through
new source review. The press uses solvent based inks, some of the solvents are HAPs. In the
title V permit, the facility wishes to streamline three different applicable requirements that apply
to the press.
Comparison of Applicable Requirements - The applicable requirements that apply to our
example printing facility include the following:
• State SIP/RACT Requirement for Graphic Arts - at least 65% capture of VOC
emissions and 90% destruction by oxidizer. Compliance is determined by compliance
test using methods in State testing procedures manual. Continuous monitoring of
emissions is required in accordance with State monitoring procedures manual.
• NSR Permit - 100% capture of emissions based on use of a permanent total enclosure
and 96% destruction by oxidizer to control VOC, toluene, and hexane emissions. Initial
compliance test is required using Reference Methods including 25/25A. Capture test
based on Reference Method 204 is required. Continuous monitoring and recording of
combustion zone temperature is also required. Continuous monitoring of capture is
based on negative pressure or linear velocity. Daily record must be kept of negative
pressure or linear velocity reading. Compliance is determined based on the average
hourly temperature data.
• Subpart KK Requirements - Facility chose to comply with the standard by operating a
capture system and control device and demonstrating an overall organic HAP control
efficiency of at least 95 percent for each month [63.825(b)(7)]. Use of oxidizer requires
initial compliance test for both capture and control based on Reference Methods
including 25/25A and Method T (Method 204) [63.825(d)(l)(i) and (ii)]. Continuous
monitoring and recording of oxidizer temperature and a parameter for capture is required
[63.825(d)(l)(x)]. Capture monitoring is based on required capture efficiency monitoring
plan [63.828(a)(5)]. In this example the facility plan is based on monitoring negative
pressure. Compliance is based on the average temperature for each three-hour period
[63.825(d)(l)(xi)].
Determine Most Stringent Limit - In this example, the NSR limit and the subpart KK limit are
more stringent than the RACT limits. The NSR requirement for 100% capture and 96% control for
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VOC and the two HAPs is more stringent than the subpart KK requirement for 95% overall control
efficiency of HAPs. The test requirements are essentially the same. Maintaining the combustion
temperature based on a one-hour average as required by the NSR limit is more stringent than based
on a three-hour average under subpart KK.
Hypothetical Streamlined Set of Requirements
The streamlined set of requirements in this example could be:
• 100 percent capture and 96 percent control of VOC and HAP emissions (basis: NSR
Permit)
• Initial compliance test for capture and control efficiency using Reference Test Methods
(basis: NSR Permit and subpart KK)
• Compliance based on maintaining hourly average of temperature parameter value from
performance test (basis: NSR permit)
• Continuous monitoring and recording of permanent total enclosure negative pressure and
oxidizer combustion temperature (basis: subpart KK)
Conditions would be drafted for the title V permit that would prescribe the streamlined set of
requirements and include citations for each of the applicable requirements streamlined [see 40 CFR
§ 70.6(a)(1)], As explained in White Paper Number 2, by meeting the streamlined requirements,
all other subsumed applicable requirements would be met.
6.3 EXISTING PERMIT CONDITIONS RESTRICTING OPERATION
Since the 1970's, printing and other facility changes have been subject to NSR permitting
requirements in preconstruction review programs for new and modified sources established as part
of the SIPs. Permits issued under these provisions of SIPs are federally enforceable. NSR
programs dictate that sources demonstrate in advance of major source construction that their
capital projects will abide by all applicable air pollution control requirements. The requirements in
State NSR programs apply based on the ambient air quality status of the area and the magnitude of
the new or modified source relative to established permitting thresholds, generally based on annual
potential emissions. Major sources are subject to technology based permitting requirements under
§§111 (NSPS) and 112 (MACT) and to other permitting requirements under § 110 (BACT in
attainment areas) and § 173 (LAER in nonattainment areas).
Changes at sources with potential emissions levels below major source thresholds or changes
below the pollutant-specific significance levels at existing major stationary sources are often
subject to State minor NSR requirements. Frequently, sources agree to restrictions which limit
potential emissions of the source or of the change to below thresholds in order to eliminate
applicability of more stringent major source requirements. Where limits are taken to avoid
triggering major NSR, a minor NSR permit may include conditions to enforceably limit the
source's short-term and annual emissions rate. Some States have technology requirements for
minor sources. Both major and minor source permits specify the approved capture and control
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systems performance levels, and testing, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting procedures for
demonstrating compliance.
In developing permit terms which have practical enforceability, we refer you to our June 13,
1989 memorandum entitled "Guidance on Limiting Potential to Emit in New Source Permitting,"
signed by Terrell E. Hunt, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, and John Seitz,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (EPA, 1989). This guidance was specifically
formulated to prevent circumvention of major source NSR, and provides guidance on practical
enforceability for many types of purposes. Our guidance stresses the need for readily verifiable
and enforceable restrictions on actual emissions as outlined in the Louisiana-Pacific case, United
States v. Louisiana - Pacific Corporation, 682 F. Supp. 1122 (D. Colo., October 30, 1987) and 682
F. Supp. 1141 (D. Colo., March 22, 1988). The guidance identifies independently enforceable
production and operational limits as the preferred approach to assure the practical enforceability of
a PTE limit. The September 2, 1992 memo from John Rasnic, Director, SSCD, OAQPS to David
Kee, Director, ARD, R5 further clarified that the production and/or operational limits need not be
independently enforceable so long as the limits on VOC usage are supported by adequate
recordkeeping and compliance demonstration requirements sufficient to determine fthat usage but
must be independently evaluated (EPA, 1992a). This guidance further recommends that the time
periods for limiting production and operation be as short term as possible. In certain
circumstances, we recognized that rolling limits can be used as long as they are no more than
yearly, rolled no less frequently than monthly.
The need for operational flexibility has increased significantly for many sectors of U.S.
industry, including printers. The global marketplace now requires them to make quick responses to
rapidly changing market conditions. A facility may quickly need to begin production of a new
product, improve an existing product, shift production from one product to another, alter its
manufacturing process, or reformulate its input materials. Often there is a limited window of
opportunity, and constraints that prevent or delay such variations in operation can result in
significant opportunity costs.
Permit terms and conditions which limit production and/or operation to assure compliance
with PTE limits can constrain the operational flexibility of sources, particularly those with highly
variable operations. By highly variable, we mean those operations whose VOC emissions are a
function of multiple process parameters that often vary, and do so independently. For example, a
permit might contain restrictions on the type and amount of materials used. The use of VOC
containing materials can also vary significantly over time and across operations and can make
hourly or daily accounting of emissions difficult, if not impractical. The summing of multiple
short-term measurements can amplify inaccuracies, particularly when small quantities are
measured frequently.
The large number of variables impacting material usage and emissions rates associated with
printing and certain other VOC emitting operations conveys the clear need in many cases for a
flexible approach to ensuring compliance with a PTE limit. Consistent with our prior guidance on
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PTE enforceability, we believe that there are approaches that you may want to consider during a
permit modification process, such as the mass balance formula, as described below, which could
replace existing production or related limits, increase operational flexibility and assure
environmental protection. To the extent a facility's permit contains production or operational
limits included to assure compliance with a PTE limit, any changes to those limits can only occur
through the relevant permit process.2 In subsections 6.3.1 through 6.3.4 below, we discuss
constructing a new permit (and modifying an existing permit) consistent with the Agency's
guidance on enforceability of PTE limits, while maintaining operational flexibility.
6.3.1 Formula-Based Approaches
Limits on VOC emissions typically can be made enforceable as a practical matter. Where
technically feasible, we encourage consideration of CEMS, which provide a direct measurement of
the most critical parameter-emissions themselves. Where a CEMS is not appropriate, we have
found that a "formula approach" can be used to determine VOC emissions in a practical,
enforceable manner. In the December 2002 NSR improvement final rule, we addressed the mass-
balance formula approach in the context of the plantwide applicability limit monitoring system.
We explained in the preamble to that rule that our experience, through our flexible pilot permit
program, has shown that flexible permit provisions, such as emissions caps, are enforceable as a
practical matter by using a mixture of mass balance-based equations, CEMS, and parameter
monitoring [67 FR 80208]. We have also used a mass-balance formula approach in the subpart
KK standards [see 40 CFR §§ 63.824(b)(l)(i) and 63.824(b)(3)],
Consistent with the June 1989 guidance as clarified by the September 2, 1992 memo from John
Rasnic to David Kee, we believe that the formula approach e.g., mass balance approach, is a form
of a production or operational limit. The formula approach tracks the emissions and critical short
term production and/or operating parameters, documenting a relationship between the parameters
and emissions, and inputting the pertinent values into a formula to determine actual emissions from
the source. The actual emissions can then be compared directly to the applicable PTE limit. For a
source to qualify for the formula approach, its emissions should be capable of being accurately and
replicably determined by application of the relevant formula. Thus, the formula approach requires
establishing in the permit an explicit relationship between material usage, material properties,
capture and control system performance, and/or production data as the basis for calculating actual
emissions. Sources like printers that rely on a mass balance approach to determine emissions are
prime candidates for using this approach [see generally 67 FR 80211-80213].
2 EPA, 1999b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, letter from John S. Seitz,
Director to Messrs. Robert Hodanbosi and Charles Lagges, STAPPA/ALAPCO, May 20, 1999. In enclosure A of the letter, a
State or local permitting authority is reminded that if it "...does not want a SIP provision or a SIP-approved permit condition to
be listed on a Federal side of a title V permit, it must take appropriate steps in accordance with title I substantive and procedural
requirements to delete those conditions from its SIP or SIP-approved permit..." where the term 'SIP-approved permit' is used to
refer to permits issued pursuant to major or minor NSR or PSD permit programs approved into SIPs, as well as FESOPs issued
pursuant to SIP-approved operating permit programs.
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To implement the formula approach, you would need to coordinate with facility personnel to
document and account for the emissions from the materials consumed at the facility. For example,
for rotogravure presses, this might require one equation to address usage of inks, coatings, and
solvents, and a second equation for the usage of cleaning materials. For lithographic presses,
equations might also be needed for fountain solution additives, with separate equations for manual
and automatic blanket wash cleaning solvent usage. The equations would be expected to follow
essentially the same approach the facility has historically used to calculate emissions. The
equations and any appropriate terms and conditions would be incorporated into the facility's NSR
or PSD permit. One common term or condition is that the facility maintain records of data used to
determine each parameter established in each equation.
The formula approach includes the effect of capture systems and control devices, where these
efficiencies are known and can be reliably monitored. We expect continuous parameter monitoring
as an indicator of ongoing performance of these systems at the level established through
performance testing. In addition, where we have established values for retention of VOC in the
substrate or shop towels, or capture of VOC in a dryer (e.g., for heatset lithography), these values
may be integrated into the formula approach. Finally, the VOC content of waste materials can be
subtracted from emissions, if this quantity is accurately determined and well documented.
In order to ensure practical enforceability of the formula approach, its use should be entirely
nondiscretionary and replicable. That is, the formula necessarily yields a unique and repeatable
outcome when the required information is input. In addition, the formula(e) should be identified
and described in the NSR permit's terms and conditions. Any special cases also should be
established in advance. The source's monitoring and tracking methodology also should be
established and properly documented. That is, the inputs to the formula(e) should themselves be
obtained through replicable procedures, and the operation of the formula(e) should replicably
produce the emissions value that is to be compared to the source's emissions limit. The type (but
not necessarily the volume and/or amount) of VOC usage may be eligible for protection as
confidential business information.
Although you may consider the formula approach for any source, we believe it is well suited
to many printers and other source sectors with operations that are highly variable. For example,
VOC emissions from a printing press may depend on a combination of factors, including line
speed, the dimensions of the substrate, the percent of the surface area printed, the thickness of
material applied, the number of application stations in use, and the VOC content of the inks and
coatings. At many sources, any or all of these parameters may vary widely from job to job
depending on the product being produced and customer specifications, making it virtually
impossible, short of a formula approach, to relate emissions with one, or even a few, of the
parameters.
The potential benefits of using the formula approach include:
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• Provides a verifiable and enforceable approach to calculating actual emissions from the
facility so as to assure compliance with an existing PTE limit;
• Allows the facility flexibility to adjust its operations to meet customer demands and to
reformulate the process materials to reduce VOC content (and emissions), facilitate
possible pollution prevention and increased production; and
• Enables most facilities to utilize their existing material and production tracking systems
to verify the data needed to demonstrate compliance under a mass-balance equation-
based approach.
In addition, you may want to consider, if consistent with applicable requirements, using the
mass-balance equation-based approach, combined with a measure of production (hours of
operation, number of impressions, etc.) to determine the emissions from individual presses within a
group of similarly operated presses. For example, if a group of four presses is making the same
product the same way, the total emissions for the group of presses is calculated and the production
of a single press is 20% of the total production of the group of presses, it is reasonable to assume
that 20% of the emissions are attributable to that press. Use of such allocations may be particularly
appropriate where the group of presses share materials from a common source (e.g., multiple
presses receiving ink from a common set of ink totes or central distribution system, fountain
solution mixed and distributed to multiple presses by a single system, cleaning solvent dispensed
from a single source for an entire pressroom).
6.3.2 Averaging Periods
As noted previously, permit terms that involve short-term averaging or tracking periods also
can limit a source's operational flexibility. Two examples of such short-term limits are (1) those
voluntarily taken by a source to limit PTE and (2) those taken to meet an applicable requirement
with an undefined averaging period.
Short-term limits of the first type often have been included within permits in response to our
June 1989 guidance to prevent circumvention of major NSR, which indicated that on controlled
sources, a CEMS coupled with "...short term emissions limits (e.g., pounds per hour) would be
sufficient to limit potential to emit...". For uncontrolled VOC sources, the June 1989 guidance
clarified that record keeping of "...daily quantities and the VOC content of each coating used..." is
preferable because it is "...more easily enforceable..." than limitations on production and operation.
If limitations on production and operation are used they should be "...as short term as possible and
should generally not exceed one month...". In rare instances, annual limits could be rolled
monthly. The primary purpose of the 1989 guidance is to recommend adequate monitoring to
support timely correction of noncompliance by sources. This, in turn, would prevent you from
having to wait for long periods to establish a continuing violation before initiating an enforcement
action.
The February 24, 1992 memorandum from John Rasnic, Director, SSCD, OAQPS to David
Kee, Director, ARD, Region V, "Use of Long Term Rolling Averages to Limit Potential to Emit,"
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clarified our June 1989 guidance by recognizing that imposition of longer term limits (i.e., those
greater that one month) are possible, but not automatic (EPA, 1992b). The February 1992
Guidance provided guidelines for determination of whether to allow long term averages for nine
source categories, including printers. According to the February 1992 Guidance, "each case must
be independently evaluated...the availability of a twelve month rolling average...is not
automatic... it is the burden of the source to demonstrate the need for flexibility." In accordance
with the 1989 Guidance (pp. 9-10), the source should demonstrate a history of "substantial and
unpredictable" annual variation in their production. As suggested in the February 1992 Guidance,
should you allow use of a twelve month rolling average, we encourage you to include permit
conditions which provide for interim limits that ensure compliance and enforceability during the
first year. Longer averaging times (e.g., monthly) have also been recognized as being generally
appropriate in the MACT standards for several types of coating operations. The December 2002
NSR Improvement rulemaking further extends the availability of annual limits, rolled monthly,
(i.e., Plantwide Applicability Limitations (PALs)), provided several conditions are met, including
several for practical enforceability. In general, PALs, if properly established, provide continuous
data to determine ongoing compliance with the plant wide limit. The mass balance approach is
recognized in the NSR rulemaking as an example of a sufficient monitoring technique. Also note
that there may be potential enforcement consequences to consider in selecting such longer periods,
consistent with the approach described in the NSR Improvement rulemaking preamble at 67 FR
80190. You and the source should discuss the appropriate rolling period and you should set the
period in the permit consistent with all applicable requirements.
The second type of short-term tracking problem involves limits that by their design neither
constrain PTE nor assure compliance with an applicable requirement with a defined averaging time
(e.g., MACT standard, certain SIP limits). Rather these limits implement technology requirements
without preestablished averaging times (e.g., BACT) or safeguard ambient levels from exceedance.
In many instances, the averaging times for such limits have been set in existing permits on a daily
or shorter basis. However, in some cases, such as for sources with highly variable operations, it
may not be reasonable or accurate to track emissions this frequently. For example, many printing,
other coating, and batch chemical processes often conduct jobs or batches that extend across
multiple days, making daily tracking a problem. Our June 1989 guidance for PTE limits authorizes
the period for such tracking materials usage to extend up to a month in length. We believe,
therefore, where a VOC source can demonstrate to you that it is impractical to conduct short-term
tracking, you may consider modifying an existing permit, or issuing a permit, that allows the
source to determine emissions over a longer period that is more conducive to emissions tracking
(up to 1 month), provided that you can and first opt to modify any underlying permit condition.
Where an applicable standard or SIP does not already do so, you can define the averaging or
tracking period for these non-PTE emissions limits so as to be both reasonable and consistent with
the underlying purpose of the limit. If modeling or ambient monitoring has established a clear link
between short-term emissions from a specific source and prohibited short-term ambient impacts,
and you believe it is essential for your air quality planning to ensure that a source never exceed
such a short-term limit, you should include the limit in its title V permit, along with a practical
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means to track compliance. Where highly variable operations are subject to effects-based, short-
term limits, a CEMS may be the only practical method for determining continuous compliance.
6.3.3 What is an Example of a Mass-Balance Formula Approach?
The following example is based on existing permit terms for a heatset web offset lithographic
press with a regenerative afterburner. In this example, as shown in Figure 6-1, 22 separate limits
have been established to assure compliance with a PTE limit of 36.7 tpy determined on a rolling
12-month total. The existing limits are presented first, followed by the possible replacement terms
as shown in Figure 6-2 based on the formula approach. Note that this example includes only those
terms necessary to describe how a mass-balance formula approach could be constructed; actual
permit terms and conditions would need to include all relevant, applicable elements, including the
monitoring components to ensure practical enforceability
As with the current permit terms, any violation of replacement terms (mass balancing) are
potentially subject to enforcement action. The violation may trigger NSR in addition to other
enforcement actions consistent with the policy established in the Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance's "Guidance on the Appropriate Injunctive Relief for Violations of Major
New Source Review Requirements" memorandum, dated November 17, 1998 (EPA, 1998).
I. VOC emissions shall not exceed 36.7 tons per year and operation of equipment shall
comply with the following:
VOC Content
Usagea
VOC Emissions11
Material
% by weight
lb/hr
tons/month
tons/yr
lb/hr
tons/month
tons/yr
Ink
39
195
70
634
6.1
2.2
19.8
Fountain Solution VOC Additives
7.8
2.8
25.4
2.9
1.1
9.4
Blanket Wash
100
4.1
1.5
13.3
2.3
0.9
7.5
Total
4.2
36.7
a Annual VOC emissions limit based on materials consumption listed, VOC content, and 90% control device efficiency.
bAssumes 20% of ink solvent retention in web, 50% retention of manual blanket wash in cleaning wipers, 30% of fountain solution is
evaporated prior to dryer, none of manual blanket wash and 40% of automatic blanket wash is vented to afterburner system and 90% control by
the afterburner system.
II. The afterburner system shall be operated to reduce captured emissions by 90%.
III. Compliance with annual limits shall be determined from a running total of 12 months of
data.
Figure 6-1. Sample Existing Permit Limits In an NSR Permit for A Heatset Web Offset
Lithographic Press
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Using the mass-balance equation-based approach, the above NSR permit terms could be
reformatted using three equations as follows:
I. To determine compliance with the annual emissions limit of 36.7 tpy, VOC emissions
shall be calculated using the following formulas:
Equation 1.
EM = E1+E2 + E3 + e4
Where:
Em = Total VOC Emissions (tons/month) as summed from VOC emissions for
individual materials (e.g., ink, fountain solution, etc.)
Equation 2.a
/ \
f
/ \
1 ~~ Rh\
x 11 -
n„
x
~
( 100 J
I
I 100 J
l 100 J
Where:
En = VOC emissions from an individual material
Un = Total usage of the individual material
Vn = Actual VOC content averaged over the collection period, e.g., 30 days
E, = Control Device Efficiency (90%)
Rn = Amount of VOC retained and not emitted
r) = Capture efficiency for individual material emitted
Ink (n = 1):
Ej = Ink VOC Emissions (tons/month)
Uj = Ink Usage (tons/month)
V! = Weighted Average Ink VOC Content (wt%) b
Rj = Ink VOC Retained in Paper (20%) c'd
T], = Ink VOC Capture Efficiency (100%) c
Figure 6-2. Example Permit Terms Setting Forth the Formula Approach In an NSR Permit
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Fountain Solution (n
= 2):e
e2 =
Fountain Solution VOC Emissions (tons/month)
U2 =
Fountain Solution Usage (tons/month)
V2 =
Weighted Average Fountain Solution VOC Content (wt%) b
r2 =
Fountain Solution VOC Retained in Paper (0%) c
Tl2
Fountain Solution VOC Capture Efficiency (70%) c,f
Manual Cleaning Solvent (Blanket Wash) (n = 3):
E3 =
Manual Cleaning Solvent VOC Emissions (tons/month)
u3 =
Manual Cleaning Solvent Usage (tons/month)
V3 =
Weighted Average Manual Cleaning Solvent VOC Content (wt%) b
r3 =
Manual Cleaning Solvent VOC Retained in Shop Towels (50%) c,g
Tls
Manual Cleaning Solvent Capture Efficiency (0%) c
Automatic Cleaning Solvent (Blanket Wash) (Lithography) (n = 4):
e4 =
Automatic Cleaning Solvent VOC Emissions (tons/month)
u4 =
Automatic Cleaning Solvent Usage (tons/month)
V4 =
Weighted Average Automatic Cleaning Solvent VOC Content (wt%)b
r4 =
Automatic Cleaning Solvent VOC Retained (0%) c,h
Tl4
Automatic Cleaning Solvent Capture Efficiency (40%) c
Equation 3.
EA - EMI + EM2 +
EMS + EM4 + EMS + EM6 + EM7 + EM8 + EM9 + EM 10 + EM 11 + EMI 2
Where:
EA = Total VOC emissions (tpy) for the previous 12 months
EMI through M12 = Total VOC emissions per month (tons/month)
II. For each month, the facility shall record materials usage and VOC content, and calculate
VOC emissions, to establish the monthly and rolling 12-month summations of total
emissions.
III. The afterburner system shall be operated to reduce captured emissions by 90%.
Figure 6-2 (continued)
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Notes:
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g-
h.
For purposes of simplicity, the emissions from each of the process materials (En) are shown as being based on the
total usage (Un) and average VOC content (Vn) of the material, when in fact, the total VOC consumption would be
based on the sum of the usage and actual VOC contents of each of the (potentially) multiple materials used as in:
Where Cn = total VOC consumption of a category of material n (i.e., ink) and j represents each of the various
materials within n
Additionally, the capture and control efficiency for all pollution control devices is assumed to be equal. For a facility
with multiple control devices, it is possible that various presses would have differing control device efficiencies, such
Where k represents each of the product of an individual capture and control device pair.
Based on Alternative Control Techniques Document and Control Techniques Document for Offset Lithography.
Includes all paste inks and varnishes formulated with low volatility ink oils (e.g., Magee Oil).
Records of fountain solution concentrate will provide more accurate VOC content and usage figures than press-ready
fountain solution data.
Records of fountain solution concentrate will provide more accurate VOC content and usage figures than press-ready
fountain solution data.
Assumes the use of low-volatility alcohol substitutes such as selected glycol ethers or ethylene glycol.
Based on the use of low-volatility cleaning solvents (vapor pressure less than or equal to 10 mm Hg at 20°C) and
storage of used shop towels containing cleaning solvent in covered containers.
Based on the use of low-volatility cleaning solvents (vapor pressure less than or equal to 10 mm Hg at 20°C).
m
c = y u * v.
n nj nj
j = 1
that:
Figure 6-2 (continued)
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6.3.4 Are There Any Limitations to Using Replacement Conditions for the
Mass Balance Equation-Based Approach?
The replacement permit conditions developed in a parallel NSR permitting activity and
described in the above example offer a more flexible approach in the form of limitations on
operation and production that can be verified monthly through review of records of materials
consumption and VOC content. There are some limitations on using replacement conditions. As
appropriate, these conditions as included in the permit should:
• contain the previously established annual emissions limitation which can easily and
readily be verified on a no longer than monthly basis;
• set out the methodology (formula-based) by which emissions from various process
materials will be determined;
• be supplemented, in many locations, by additional limitations on control efficiency, ink
and coating VOC content, fountain solution VOC content, and cleaning solvent VOC
content or vapor pressure;
• link which types and amounts of materials are applied to each press, in cases where the
formula is applied to quantify emissions for multiple presses with separate capture and
control equipment with different efficiencies; and
• ensure that no emissions rate exceeds the level allowed by any applicable requirement,
including:
~ SIP emissions regulations established to meet NSR control requirements;
~ RACT requirements for sources in ozone nonattainment areas that may necessitate
recordkeeping on a more frequent basis than monthly.
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CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
65 FR 62043, 2000: Federal Register, "Method 24 A—Determination of Volatile Matter Content
and Density of Publication Rotogravure Inks and Related Publication Rotogravure Coatings"
Vol. 65, No. 201. October 17, 2000.
67 FR 44766, 2002: Federal Register, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
From the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry" Vol. 67, No. 129. July 5, 2002.
EPA, 1978: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Control Technique Guidelines: Volume VII:
Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography." December 1978.
EPA, 1986: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Jefferson County APCD's Request for an
Opinion on the Suitability of M24 and M24A as Enforcement Tools," policy memorandum
from J.R. Farmer, Emission Standards and Engineering Division to E. Reich, Stationary
Source Compliance Division. February 3, 1986.
EPA, 1989: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Guidance on Limiting Potential to Emit in
New Source Permitting," policy memorandum signed by Terrell E. Hunt, Office of
Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, and John Seitz, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. June 13, 1989.
EPA, 1991: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chemicals and Petroleum Branch, letter from
J. Berry to G. Jones, Graphic Arts Technical Foundation. August 8, 1991.
EPA, 1992a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Stationary Source Compliance Division, "Applicability of Policy on Limiting
Potential to Emit to General Motors Morrain Assembly Plant, Dayton, Ohio," memorandum
from John Rasnic, Stationary Source Compliance Division. September 2, 1992.
EPA, 1992b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning And
Standards, Stationary Source Compliance Division, "Use of Long Term Rolling Averages to
Limit Potential to Emit," memorandum from John Rasnic, Stationary Source Compliance
Division. February 24, 1992. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/nsr/gen/u3-5.txt
EPA, 1993a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Control Techniques Guideline for
Offset Lithography, "Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Offset
Lithographic Printing." September 1993.
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EPA, 1993b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Control Techniques Guideline for
Offset Lithography, Appendix D. November 1993.
EPA, 1994: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Alternative Control Techniques Document:
Offset Lithographic Printing. Supplemental Information Based on Public Comment on Draft
Control Techniques Guideline Announced in Federal Register on November 8, 1993."
EPA/453-R-94-054. June 1994.
EPA, 1995a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "White Paper for Streamlined Development of part 70 Permit Applications,"
memorandum from LydiaN. Wegman, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to EPA
Regional Office Directors. July 10, 1995.
EPA, 1995b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "Potential to Emit for MACT Standards - Guidance on Timing Issues,"
memorandum from J. Seitz, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. May 16, 1995.
EPA, 1995c: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "Options for Limiting the Potential to Emit (PTE) of a Stationary Source Under
Section 112 and Title V of the Clean Air Act (Act)," memorandum from J. Seitz, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards and R.I. Van Heuvelen, Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance. January 25, 1995.
EPA, 1995d: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emission Monitoring and Analysis Division, "EPA's VOC Test Methods 25 and
25A" (EMC GD-033), memorandum from John Rasnic, Stationary Source Compliance
Division. April 4, 1995. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/guidlnd/gd-033.pdf
EPA, 1995e: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Revised Capture Efficiency Guidance for
Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions," policy memorandum from John S. Seitz,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards to EPA Regional Office Directors. February
1995.
EPA, 1995f: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emission Monitoring and Analysis Division, "Guidelines for Determining Capture
Efficiency" (EMC GD-035), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. January 9, 1995.
http://www.epa. gov/ttn/ emc/guidlnd/ gd-03 5 .pdf
EPA, 1996a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "White Paper Number 2 for Improved Implementation of the part 70 Operating
Permits Program." March 5, 1996.
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EPA, 1996b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "Release of Interim Policy on Federal Enforceability of Limitations on Potential to
Emit," memorandum from J. Seitz, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and R.I.
Van Heuvelen, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. January 22, 1996.
EPA, 1997: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
letter from J. Seitz to G. Jones, Graphic Arts Technical Foundation. July 9, 1997.
EPA, 1998: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance's "Guidance on the Appropriate Injunctive Relief for Violation of Major New
Source Review Requirements," memorandum. November 17, 1998.
EPA, 1999a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, "Title V Applicability of One-time Reporting Provisions for Nonmajor Sources,"
memorandum from Steven J. Hitte to Gerald C. Potamis, P.E., Manager, Air Permit Program
Unit, Region I. April 19, 1999.
EPA, 1999b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, letter from John S. Seitz, Director to Messrs. Robert Hodanbosi and Charles
Lagges, STAPPA/ALAPCO. May 20, 1999
EPA, 2002a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Preferred and Alternative Methods for
Estimating Air Emissions from the Printing, Packaging, and Graphic Arts Industry,"
Volume II, Chapter 15. May 2002.
EPA, 2002b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation, "Evaluation of Implementation
Experiences With Innovative Air Permits - Results of the U.S. EPA Flexible Permit
Implementation Review," Summary Report, available at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t5/memoranda/iap_eier.pdf. December 19, 2002.
EPA, 2004: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Stack Testing Guidance,"
memorandum from Michael M. Stahl, Office of Compliance in the Office of Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance. February 2, 2004.
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APPENDIX A
PRINTING INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION AND
RELATIONSHIP TO GUIDANCE
A-l
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Introduction
Printing facilities present unique challenges in the air permitting arena, and they have often been
viewed as a complex source to permit. The diverse applications that exist within the industry, as
well as within facilities, cause this complexity. Printing is a manufacturing process used to
create such diverse items as decals, labels, books, pamphlets, potato chip bags, candy bar
wrappers, soft drink cans, fleet markings, and imprinted textiles. Facilities engaged in the
production of these products have chosen printing as their manufacturing technology and often
do not consider themselves "printers," but converters, packagers, or manufacturers.
The following discussion provides background on the various printing processes including: 1)
offset lithography; 2) flexography; 3) publication rotogravure and product rotogravure; and
4) screen printing. The manufacturing of printed matter and packaging can be broken into three
distinct steps - prepress, press, and postpress activities. These steps, in relation to the various
printing processes are explained in detail below. In addition, Table A-l provides a crosswalk
between the guidance provided in the different subsections of this document and the different
printing technologies.
Prepress Activities
There are several preparatory steps that have to be conducted prior to printing. The goal of the
steps in the prepress area is to produce a plate or similar image carrier such as a screen. The
steps involve the preparation of text and images by typesetting and scanning. The separate text
and image(s) can then be output onto black and white film negatives. The separate negatives are
then mounted together on a common material referred to as a stripping flat. This assembled
image is then used to make another photographic black and white film negative. This negative is
then used to make the plate or image carrier.
With the advent of computers and new software, many printers are now able to prepare the
images and text together and expose the combined text and images directly onto a film negative.
In some instances, the entire procedure of imaging to film and then to a plate or other image
carrier is eliminated and the plate is directly exposed.
In commercial and other types of printing, it is common practice to produce a proof of the job to
be printed prior to the actual printing. This proof is used to check image quality, placement of
text and images, and color contrast. Proofs are generated from a variety of output devices and
many of them now are digital or computer driven.
Film processors, used to make film negatives, are self-contained units that run at or slightly
above room temperature. The VOC emissions from film processors are not significant. The
principal reason why the VOC contained in film processing chemistry is not completely released
is because these chemistries are water-based and are not designed to work by evaporation. The
main source of chemical release from these processors is wastewater discharges.
Typically, the wastewater discharges are high in biological or chemical oxygen demand. This is
a clear indicator that the effluent contains a large amount of organic material that is
A-2
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biodegradable. The composition of the discharges from film processors include the dissolved
unhardened emulsions, silver in the form of silver thiosulfate, and processing chemicals, some of
which are considered VOC. Many printers utilize state of the art silver recovery technology to
reduce silver discharges.
All of the organic-based chemicals in film processing chemistries have specific functions and
must stay in solution in order for the chemistry to perform its intended function. It is important
to note that the chemicals listed on an MSDS are not the ones that are always present in solution.
For example, hydroquinone is used to initiate the development process and actually is consumed
in the process. Sodium acetate is used as a buffer and is not lost to the atmosphere.
It is also interesting to note that all of these photochemistries are available in a dry crystalline
form. Many of the chemicals considered VOCs would be solids at room temperature.
The only releases of VOC containing material from the film processors would be the result of
evaporation and the drying process in which the film is passed under to evaporate the wash
water. This moist warm air would contain a trace amount of material. For this and the above
reasons, it is assumed that a one percent or less emissions factor for VOCs would be appropriate.
The one percent emissions factor translates into a 10,000-ppm concentration. Since most work
place exposure monitoring usually shows employee exposures to chemicals like acetic acid to be
below 10 ppm, the one percent emissions factor often overstates VOC emissions.
Likewise, the vast majority of lithographic plate developing systems are water-based and not
solvent-based. In essence, they work by removing the unhardened image area from the plate
surface. In the plate imaging process, the image area is hardened by exposure to UV light. Plate
development systems, like photo processing units, are enclosed and the effluent is discharged to
the sewer.
The VOCs contained in plate chemistry tend to occur in low concentrations ranging from about
five to ten percent and are usually alcohols. Alcohols are completely miscible in water, and very
little is lost to evaporation. There are no elevated temperatures used in plate developing. The
same one percent or less emissions factor as presented in the film chemistry section would also
apply.
Some of the new direct-to-plate systems require a baking step to further harden the image area
after development. This baking step is performed on the dry imaged plate and no solvents are
used in this step.
In screen printing prepress, the screen, a porous polyester mesh that has been attached to a metal
frame, is coated with a photochemically reactive emulsion. A film positive is adhered to the
screen, and the screen is then placed on a vacuum table. While in the vacuum table, the screen is
exposed to ultra violet light. The emulsion hardens, except in the image area. The screen is then
placed in a washout tank, and water is used to rinse the screen. Similar to other print processes,
the chemicals used in screen preparation contain negligible amounts of VOCs, and the
wastewater discharges tend to contain a large amount of organic material that is biodegradable.
A-3
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Similar to other industry sectors, screen printing is moving towards the use of digital pre-press
technology that will allow the screen to be pre-imaged with the use of little or no chemistry.
Digital pre-press technology is used quite a bit to produce the film positives.
Modern proofing systems have now moved away from using solvents to develop the images.
Typically, output devices fall into three categories of dry toner, ink jet, and dye sublimation. In
the case of dry toners and dye sublimation system, there are no solvents used in the process. Ink
jet inks are usually water-based and use vegetable dyes. They are virtually identical to ink jet
printers that are commonly found in offices and home.
Conventional proofing systems have moved away from solvent-based developers to water-based
ones, dramatically reducing the amount of VOC emissions. Older proofing systems could use a
developing solution of up to fifty percent solvent. New systems are water-based and contain very
little solvent, about five percent. The solvents are usually alcohol based and, like plate and photo
processors, do not work by evaporation. Their principal discharge is wastewater that is
discharged to the local sewer.
Proof presses are usually small presses that are only set up and run to produce a limited number
of proofs. Proofing systems are used to evaluate product quality and to show the customer what
a final version of the product will look like. There may be VOC emissions associated with some
of these operations, but they are typically expected to be minor and insignificant.
While not necessarily all that common, another prepress technology used in printing is blueprint
making systems. Blueprinting operations are occasionally performed at printing facilities. These
systems are water-based and the principal air byproduct is a small amount of ammonia.
Press Activities
The pressroom accounts for the vast majority of emissions released from any printing operation.
The pressroom is where most inks and coatings, as well as other input materials, are applied to
the substrate. The differences between the various print processes is evident in the press area.
The processes vary in the type of input materials and equipment used. It is important to
understand that the differences are so distinct that the input materials and equipment, as well as
the control approaches, are not interchangeable. For example, inks used for offset lithographic
operations cannot be used in screen printing applications.
Offset lithography is a planographic printing system where the image and nonimage areas are
chemically differentiated; the image area is oil receptive and nonimage area is water receptive.
In printing, a thin film of aqueous solution (fountain or dampening solution) is applied to the
plate and wets the nonimage area. Then ink is applied to the plate, where it adheres to the image
area. On modern lithographic presses, the printing plate is attached to a cylinder and the ink on
the plate is transferred, or offset, to a rubber-covered blanket, which in turn transfers the ink to
the paper. Thus, the term "offset" is used to describe these types of presses. One revolution of
the printing plate cylinder is referred to as an impression.
A-4
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Offset lithographic ink drying is divided into two categories-heatset or non-heatset. Heatset ink,
as the name implies, is dried by the evaporation of ink oil at an elevated temperature. The
heatset process is a web (i.e., a continuous roll of substrate) printing process where heat is used
to evaporate ink oils from the printing ink. Heatset dryers (typically hot air) are used to deliver
the heat to the printed web.
In non-heatset lithographic printing operations, the printing inks are set without the use of heat.
Traditional non-heatset inks set and dry by absorption and/or oxidation of the ink oils. For the
purposes of this document, ultraviolet-cured and electron beam-cured inks are considered non-
heatset, although radiant energy is required to cure these inks. Both sheetfed (i.e., individual
sheets printed sequentially) and web fed presses are utilized with non-heatset ink systems.
Flexography utilizes a flexible rubber or elastomeric image carrier in which the image area is
raised relative to the nonimage area. The image is transferred to the substrate through first
applying ink to a smooth roller, which in turn rolls the ink onto the raised pattern of a rubber or
elastomeric pad fastened around a second roller, which then rolls the ink onto the substrate.
Inks and coatings can either be solvent or water based. Ink is metered through a series of rollers
and transferred to the plate from the anilox roller. The anilox roller is engraved or etched with
micro cells and is scraped with a doctor blade to control ink and coating application. The inked
image is transferred directly to the substrate from the plate. Most flexographic printing presses
are web fed.
Rotogravure utilizes a chrome-plated cylinder where the image area is recessed relative to the
nonimage area. Images are transferred onto a substrate through first applying ink to a cylinder
into the surface of which small, shallow cells have been etched forming a pattern, then wiping
the lands between the cells free of ink with a doctor blade, and finally rolling the substrate over
the cylinder so that the surface of the substrate is pressed into the cells, transferring the ink to the
substrate.
Inks and coatings can either be solvent or water-based. The inked image is transferred directly to
the substrate from the cylinder.
Screen printing utilizes a web or fabric to which a refined form of stencil has been applied and
the printing ink is forced through onto the substrate. The stencil openings determine the form
and dimensions of the imprint. This method is known for its ability to impart relatively heavy
deposits of ink onto practically any type of surface, in a controlled pattern.
Inks and coatings can either be solvent or water-based. The inked image is transferred directly to
the substrate through the screen.
After printing on one particular job is completed, the press needs to be set up for the next one.
This preparatory phase is often referred to as "makeready" and during this phase, the plates are
removed and replaced with new ones, the press cleaned, inks changed, and new substrate is
loaded into the equipment.
A-5
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Postpress Activities
The postpress activities is a term used to describe those activities associated with the final stage
of the manufacturing process where the printed sheet or other printed substrate is subjected to
one or more binding and/or finishing steps. These steps include, but are not limited to, cutting,
folding, trimming, die cutting, embossing, foil stamping, drilling, saddle stitching, sewing,
perfect binding, vacuum forming, and gluing. The gluing steps range from the application of a
hot melt adhesive to the back of a book or magazine, to layering of a laminate to the printed
substrate.
In the cutting, folding, trimming, die cutting, embossing, foil stamping, drilling, saddle stitching,
vacuum forming, and sewing operations, no VOC-containing materials are utilized. The only
emissions would be particulate matter from the paper dust. Most of these pieces of equipment do
not have any direct exhaust associated with them. They are "vented" into the facility. Some of
the larger printing operations use cyclones and/or vacuum pumps to create a vacuum for a
centralized trim collection system. Occasionally, a bag house can be attached to the exhaust of
cyclones. These systems can either be vented outside or back into the building.
In perfect binding lines, the cut and gathered printed pages are "sanded" with rotary sanding discs
to increase the surface area of the portion to be bound. After sanding or roughing, hot melt
adhesive is applied in a thin strip and the cover is attached. The particulate matter generated by
this operation is typically vented to a baghouse, which is in turn vented inside the facility.
In lithographic printing, adhesives are used in the production of products ranging from books,
magazines, direct mail pieces, advertisements, business forms, folding paper boxes such as food
packaging, inserts, to letterhead and envelopes. Substrate, function, application methods and
other production drive the specific type of adhesive that is used. As each of these products is
unique, the physical and chemical characteristics of the adhesives used in their manufacture are
also different. For example, some adhesive application activities occur after the actual printing
process with separate equipment or integrated lines that can fold, cut, trim, emboss, foil stamp,
coat, laminate, and glue.
The other common type of adhesive application is performed in-line during the actual printing
production step, where the adhesive is generally applied after the desired images and text has
been applied or "printed" to the substrate. Generally, in-line application of adhesives will occur
on web presses and not sheetfed presses. An adhesive used in-line must have properties
compatible with the line speeds that are common on today's modern printing presses. They need
to be able to be both applied and dried quickly.
The specific adhesives that are used for a given application depend upon the product's end use
and substrate characteristics. The critical substrate characteristics include surface area, surface
structure, and surface energy. For example, an adhesive used to bind the spine of a book,
magazine, or telephone directory must be flexible and pliable as these products will be opened
and closed multiple times. The adhesive must be capable of withstanding multiple flexing
without allowing the pages to fall out. Conversely, applying a glassine or other similar clear
window to an envelope requires an adhesive that can wet the surface of the window material
A-6
-------
allowing the adhesive to spread and eventually bind to the envelope's substrate. The ability to
wet the substrate is very important when the substrate is nonporous and only certain technologies
can be used to accomplish this goal.
Likewise, the selection of adhesives in the flexographic, rotogravure, and screen printing
industries are driven by the unique demands of their processes, substrates, and end use. For
example, some flexible food packages are composed of multiple layers of foil, polymer, and
paper substrates. The demands of adhesives for these types of substrates are vastly different than
those for products produced via the lithographic process. The adhesive properties required for
these products are not the same as those produced via the lithographic printing operations.
The range of adhesives used in printing operations fall into three broad categories: hot melts,
water-based, and solvent-based adhesives. Many of the adhesives used in the gluing steps
contain little or no VOCs. For example, hot melt adhesives are solid at room temperature and
must be heated to allow them to become "fluid" enough so they can be applied. Attempts at
measuring the VOC content of these adhesives using Method 24 have been challenging.
Nevertheless, the data indicate they have an extremely minimal VOC content.
Many water-based glues also contain little or no VOCs. Such glues are derived from animal
rendering operations and are comparable to Elmers Glue® commonly found in homes and
schools. They routinely test, via Method 24, as having no VOC content.
The third type of adhesive is a more traditional solvent-based one. Some of these adhesives are
used to prepare pads and multi-part business forms. Some laminates can also be solvent-based.
In some applications, newer low (or no) VOC adhesives have been introduced that allow for a
reduction in VOC emissions.
Approaches for Printing Technologies
Table A-l identifies which printing technologies are addressed by the TSD approaches provided
in each chapter.
A-7
-------
Table A-l. Applicability of TSD Approaches to Each Printing Technology
Topic (Section)
Offset
Lithography
Screen
Printing
Flexography
Packaging
Rotogravure
Publication
Rotogravure
Chapter 2 Applicability of Title VPermit Requirements
Applicability of Title V
(2.1 & 2.2)
X
X
X
X
X
Applicable Requirements Overview
(2.3)
X
X
X
X
X
Example Requirements
(2.3, App. B)
X
X
X
Insignificant Sources
(2.3.3)
X
X
X
X
X
Chapter 3 MACTStandards Permitting
Subpart KK Printing MACT
Overview
(3.1)
X
X
X
Compliance Flexibility Under
Subpart KK
(3.2)
X
X
X
MACT General Provisions and
Subpart KK
(3.3)
X
X
X
Subpart JJJJ Web Coating MACT
(3.4)
X
Applies to any
X
web coating uni
X
t at a major HAj
process
X
P source regard
X
less ofprinting
Chapter 4 Monitoring and Practical Enforceability
Compliance Assurance Monitoring
(4.1)
X
X
X
X
X
Monitoring for PTE Limit
(4.2)
X
X
X
X
X
Materials Monitoring for Subpart
KK
(4.3)
X
X
X
Monitoring for Visible Emissions
(4.4)
X
X
X
X
X
Monitoring Under Subpart KK
(4.5)
X
X
X
Monitoring Examples
X
(Table 4-1)
X
(Table 4-2)
X
(Table 4-2)
X
(Table 4-3)
Example Monitoring Permit
Conditions for Subpart KK
(Figures 4-1 & 4-2)
X
X
X
Chapter 5 Testing Requirements
Material Composition Data Sources
(5.1)
X
X
X
X
X
Material Testing Methods
(5.2)
X
X
X
X
X
Cleaning Solvent Retention Factor
(5.3)
X
X
X
X
X
A-8
-------
Table A-l (continued)
Topic (Section)
Offset
Lithography
Screen
Printing
Flexography
Packaging
Rotogravure
Publication
Rotogravure
Use of Method 25 A in VOC Tests
(5.4)
X
X
X
X
X
Testing Frequency for Capture &
Control
(5.)
X
X
X
X
X
Performance Tests Under Subpart
KK
(5.6)
X
X
X
Capture & Control Performance
Test Conditions
(5.7)
X
X
X
X
X
Low Concentration in Control
Device Exhaust
(5.8)
X
X
X
X
X
Chapter 6 Additional Permitting Approaches
Overview
(6.1)
X
X
X
X
X
Streamlining Permits
(6.2)
X
X
X
X
X
Modifying NSR Permit Terms
(6.3)
X
X
X
X
X
Formula Approach Permit Example
(6.3.3)
X
Appendices
Printing Industry Description
(Appendix A)
X
X
X
X
X
Example Applicable Requirements
(Appendix B)
X
X
X
MACT Compliance Options
(Appendix C)
X
X
X
Monitoring Protocols
(Appendix D)
X
X
X
X
X
Monitoring Material Usage
(Appendix E)
X
X
X
A-9
-------
APPENDIX B
EXAMPLE APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
B-1. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control
Strategy B-2
B-2. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Compliant Inks/Coatings
Control Strategy B-8
B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy B-l 1
B-l
-------
Table B-l. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Representative
Example
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(all subject sources)
Emission/
• 90% recovery efficiency of
• Requirements generally
• No additional
• Applies to each product
• New/reconstructed
• Applies collectively to
Operating Limits
VOCs entering system
follow SIP-RACT
requirements
rotogravure printing
major sources must
major sources of HAPs with
• 75% overall control
requirements with same
line used to print or
submit application for
rotogravure and wide-web
efficiency for combined
or greater stringency for
coat flexible (sheet or
preconstruction review
flexographic presses if
capture and recovery
control of emissions
web) vinyl or urethane
by EPA, or by State
presses apply greater than
systems
• Ranging from 70% to
products (e.g., vinyl
program that has been
500 kg/month of inks &
• Generally applies to
98% overall control
wallpaper, upholstery)
delegated MACT
coatings or 400 kg/month of
emissions from the
efficiency
[§60.580(a)]
standard enforcement
organic HAPs
application of inks and
• May include mass VOC
• Packaging rotogravure
responsibilities [§63.5]
[§63.820(a)(1) &
coatings by each individual
emission limits and/or
and wide web
§63.821(b)]
press
mass VOC usage limits
flexographic printing
• Applies to all roto./flexo.
• Compliance options
to hold potential
are NOT subject to
presses (together) plus other
include: liquid-liquid
emissions below
subpart FFF
optional equipment
material balance (LLMB)
permitting thresholds
• Applies to emissions
[§63.821(a)(2)]
or performance test and
• Generally applies to
from the application of
• Overall organic HAP
parameter monitoring such
emissions from the
inks and coatings by
control efficiency of at least
as VOC inlet/outlet
application of inks and
each new rotogravure
95% each month
(referred to as
coatings by the
printing line
[§63.825(b)(7)], or
Test/Monitor approach).
individual new/
modified press, or
collectively by a group
of new/modified
presses controlled by
the same solvent
recovery system
• Requirements
established through
preconstruction review
constructed after
1/18/83 [§60.580(b)]
• 85% overall VOC
control of each affected
facility
[§60.582(a)(2)]
• Emission rate of no more
than 0.2 kg organic HAP
per kg. solids applied,
monthly average, as-applied
basis [§63.825(b)(8)], or
• Emission rate of no more
than 0.04 kg organic HAP
per kg material applied,
monthly average, as-applied
basis [§63.825(b)(9)], or
• Option based on weighted
calculations between
alternatives
[§63.825(b)(10)]
B-2
-------
Table B-1. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Other - Work
Practice Standards
• Operation & maintenance
of control devices and
monitors according to
manufacturer
recommendations
• Material handling and
good housekeeping
practices may also apply
• Similar to SIP-RACT
requirements
• Operate and maintain
affected facility and
control equipment
consistent with good air
pollution control
practices
[§60.11(d)]
• See subpart A
• Operate and maintain
source and control
equipment consistent
with good air pollution
control practices
[§63.6(e)(1)]
• Develop and implement
a written start-up,
shutdown, and
malfunction (SSM) plan
for affected source and
control equipment
[§63.6(e)(3)]
• See subpart A
B-3
-------
Table B-1. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Testing
• LLMB Approach:
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Conduct performance
• Performance test under,
• If required, initial
• LLMB Approach: Conduct
Conduct LLMB study over
requirements
test 60 -180 days after
continuous normal
performance test
monthly LLMB; no
extended time period (i.e.,
start-up in accordance
operating conditions
required within 180
performance test required
month) to determine
with test methods and
consisting of 3 runs
days of the effective
[§63.825(c)(1) and
recovery efficiency
procedures in
(minimum of 30
date of standard or after
§63.827(a)(3)]
or
applicable standard
minutes each)
initial start-up of new
• Determine volatile matter
• Test/Monitor Approach:
[§60.8(a)]
measuring recovery
unit
content and other properties
Initial compliance test of
• Provide at least 30 days
system VOC inlet and
[§63.7(a)]
required to conduct LLMB
solvent recovery device
notice of scheduled test
outlet concentrations
• Notification of test at
based on M24 or
efficiency including
date
simultaneously and
least 60 days in advance
formulation data
verification of VOC
[§60.8(d)]
volumetric flowrate;
[§63.7(b)]
[§63.827(c)(2) & (c)(3)]
continuous emission
• Test/Monitor
capture efficiency must
• Development, and if
• Test/Monitor Approach: If
monitors and capture
Approach: continuous
also be determined
requested, submittal of
compliance based on
efficiency
monitoring systems
[§60.583(d)]
site-specific test plan at
monitoring VOC inlet &
(CMS) must be subject
• VOC measurements
least 60 days in advance
outlet mass rates, conduct
• VOC content of materials
to a performance
based on M25A
of test [§63.7(c)]
initial performance for
based on M24, of 40 CFR
evaluation during
[§60.583(a)(2)]
• Performance test shall
capture efficiency using
part 60, Appendix A)
performance test
• All fugitive VOC
be conducted under
Procedure T (M204)
and/or supplier
[§60.13(a)]
emissions shall be
normal operating
[§63.825(c)(2) &
formulation data
captured and vented
conditions
§63.827(e)]
• May require periodic re-
through stacks suitable
[§63.7(e)]
• Operate monitoring system
testing
for measurement during
• Test/Monitor
for capture efficiency
test
Approach: CMS
operating parameter
[§60.583(d)(4)]
Performance
measured during initial test
• Performance test
Evaluations for VOC
[§63.828(a)(5)]
determines the average
inlet/outlet mass rate
• Conduct quarterly audits of
exhaust vent VOC
monitoring system with
CMS in accordance with
concentration
initial test
Appendix F of 40 CFR part
[§60.584(a)(2)]
[§63.8(e)(4)]
60
[§63.828(a)(2)(i)]
• See subpart A
B-4
-------
Table B-l. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Representative
Example
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(all subject sources)
Monitoring
• LLMB Approach: track
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Required CMS subject
• Install, calibrate,
• Operate and maintain
• LLMB Approach: measure
VOC usage and VOC
requirements
to the applicable
operate, and maintain
CMS consistent with
cumulative amount of
recovered over specified
performance
system for continuously
good air pollution
volatile matter and HAP
time period
specifications in
measuring and
control practices, in
material applied and amount
• Test/Monitor Approach:
Appendix B and quality
recording VOC
accordance with
of volatile matter recovered
VOC monitoring, inlet and
assurance procedures in
concentration of
manufacturer's
by the solvent recovery
outlet VOC concentration
Appendix F
exhaust stream
specifications for
device [§63.825(c)(l)]
and/or mass rate
[§60.13(a)]
[§60.584(a)]
installation, operation
• Install, calibrate, maintain,
• VOC monitoring approach
• Monitors required to be
and calibration
and operate device, certified
may require parameter
installed and
[§63.8(c)(1) -(c)(3)]
to within ±2.0 percent to
monitoring for capture
operational prior to
• Conduct daily zero and
measure the cumulative
monitoring (i.e.,
time of performance
span (or high-level)
amount of volatile matter
differential pressure if
test, consistent with
calibration drift checks
recovered
permanent total enclosure)
manufacturer's
at least once daily
[§63.825(c)(l)(v)]
• May require parameter
recommendations for
[§63.8(c)(6)]
• Test/Monitor Approach:
monitoring for capture and
installation, operation,
continuously measure and
control systems including
and calibration
record inlet and outlet VOC
development and submittal
[§60.13(b)]
concentrations and
of compliance assurance
• Record four or more
volumetric flow rates
monitoring (CAM) plan
data points equally
[§63.828(a)(2)]
with the initial and/or
spaced over each hour;
• Test/Monitor Approach:
renewal title V application
do not include data
monitor capture efficiency
[§64.1 - §64.10]
recorded during
parameter in accordance
• Exempt from CAM rule if
breakdowns, repairs,
with capture efficiency
subject to subpart KK
calibrations, etc.
monitoring plan
MACT standard or if
[§60.13(h)]
[§63.828(a)(5)]
recovery system qualifies
• Conduct daily CMS
as "inherent process
zero, span, and drift
equipment" rather than
calibration
"control device." operating
[§60.13(d)]
conditions [§64.1]
B-5
-------
Table B-l. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Representative
Example
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(all subject sources)
Recordkeeping
• Solvent recovery system
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Occurrence and
• Average exhaust gas
• Written SSM plan for
• LLMB Approach: amount
operation and maintenance
requirements
duration of any SSM of
VOC concentration
the source, control
of volatile matter and HAP
procedures
the affected facility; any
measured during initial
system, and monitoring
consumed and amount of
• Preventative maintenance
malfunction of the
test [§60.584(a)(2)]
system
volatile matter recovered for
and/or malfunction
control system; or any
• Record for each 3-hour
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
each month
prevention and abatement
periods inoperative
clock period that the
• Records showing
[§63.829(c)]
plan
continuous monitors
average exhaust vent
consistency of actions
• Test/Monitor Approach:
• Maintenance logs for
[§60.7 (b)]
VOC concentration is
with SSM plan
monthly summaries of
control, capture, and
• Records of all CMS and
greater than 50 ppm and
[§63.6(e)(3)(iii) &
continuous monitoring data,
monitoring equipment
device measurements,
more than 20% greater
§63.10(b)(2)]
capture efficiency parameter
• material properties and
performance
than the average
• Records showing any
data, and control efficiency
usage data, source
evaluations, calibration
concentration
actions inconsistent
calculations as rolling 3-
operation data, and
checks, and adjustments
demonstrated during the
with SSM plan
hour averages
calculations to support
and maintenance
most recent
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
• Calculations for monthly:
compliance demonstration
performed
performance test
• Test/Monitor
overall control efficiency,
• LLMB Approach: records
[§60.7(f)]
[§60.584(a)(2)]
Approach: written
or HAP emission rate per
of periodic material
• Time periods of
CMS quality control
solids applied, or HAP
balance calculations
operation when control
program
emission rate per material
• Test/Monitor Approach:
device not in use
[§63.8(d)]
applied
VOC inlet/outlet
• [§60.584(d)]
• Test/Monitor
[§63.825(c)(2) &
concentration and mass
• See subpart A
Approach: records of
§63.829(b)]
flowrate data, recovery
data from CMS
• See subpart A
system efficiency
measurements, audits,
calculations for specified
calibrations, and
time period
malfunctions
• Results from performance
[§63.10(b)(2) &
tests
§63.10(c)]
• Records of all reports
and notifications
[§63.10(b)]
• Records of each
applicability
determination
[§63.10(b)(3)]
B-6
-------
Table B-1. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Reporting
• Periodic Compliance
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Notification of:
• Performance test data
• Initial notification of
• Capture Compliance
Reports
requirements
commencement of
and results
standard applicability
Monitoring Plan with the
• Performance test protocol
construction, start-up,
[§60.585(a)]
[§63.9(b)]
Notification of Compliance
(if test required)
and CMS performance
• Semiannual reports of
• SSM plan submittal, if
Status Report (not
• Test notification
evaluation
exceedances of the
requested
applicable to LLMB)
• Test results report
[§60.7(a)]
average value of
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
[§63.827(a)(3)]
• Annual VOC emission
• Semiannual excess
exhaust vent VOC
• Notification of initial
• See subpart A
statements
emissions and
concentration
performance test and
monitoring system
[§60.585(b)]
submittal of site-
performance report
• See subpart A
specific test plan if
[§60.7(c) & 7(d)]
requested
• Initial performance test
[§63.7(b), 7(c) & 9(e)]
report
• Submittal of test report
[§60.8(a)]
[§63.7(g)]
• CMS performance
• Semiannual SSM
evaluation report for
reports
initial performance test
[§63.10(d)(5)(I)]
[§60.13(b)(2)]
• Reports on operation
inconsistencies with
SSM plan
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
• Notification of CMS
performance evaluation,
submittal of evaluation
plan and evaluation
results
[§63.8(e), 9(g)(1) &
10(e)(2)]
• Notification of
Compliance Status
Report
[§63.9(h)]
• Semiannual excess
emissions and CMS
performance report
[§63.10(e)(3)]
B-7
-------
Table B-2. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Compliant Inks/Coatings Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Emission/
Operating Limits
• The volatile fraction of
ink, as it is applied to
the substrate, contains
25% by volume or less
of VOC and 75% by
volume or more of
water;
or
• The ink, as it is applied
to the substrate, less
water, contains 60% by
volume or more
nonvolatile material
• Generally applies based
on daily average of
volume fractions for all
inks/coatings applied by
each individual press
• Requirements generally
follow SIP-RACT
requirements with same
or greater stringency for
compliant coating
specifications
• May include mass VOC
emission limits and/or
mass VOC usage limits
to hold potential
emissions below
permitting thresholds
• Generally applies based
on daily average of
volume fractions for all
inks/coatings applied by
each individual new or
modified press
• No additional
requirements
• Applies to new product
rotogravure printing
and/or coating of
flexible (sheet or web)
vinyl or urethane
products (e.g., vinyl
wallpaper, upholstery)
[§60.580(a)]
• Packaging rotogravure
and wide web
flexographic printing
are NOT subject to
subpart FFF
• Applies to weighted
average of all inks and
coatings applied by
each individual new
rotogravure printing
line constructed after
1/18/83 [§60.580(b)]
• Use inks with a
weighted average VOC
content less than 1.0
kilogram VOC per
kilogram ink solids
[§60.582(a)(1)]
• Weighted over period of
no more than a month
for subject printing line
[§60.583(a)(3)]
• New/reconstructed
major sources must
submit application for
preconstruction review
by EPA, or by State
program that has been
delegated MACT
standard enforcement
responsibilities [§63.5]
• Applies to major sources
of HAPs with rotogravure
and wide-web
flexographic presses if
presses apply greater than
500 kg/month of inks &
coatings or 400 kg/month
of organic HAPs
[§63.820(a)(2) &
§63.821(b)]
• Applies to all roto./flexo.
presses (together) plus
other optional equipment
[§63.821(a)(2)]
• Complying without
controls requires organic
HAP emissions no more
than 4% of the mass of
inks applied for the month,
[§63.825(b)]
or
• No more than 20% of the
mass of solids applied for
the month [§63.825(b)]
or
• Calculated equivalent
allowable mass based on
the organic HAP and
solids contents
[§63.825(b)]
• Averaged over month
across affected facility
[§63.825(b)]
Other - Work Practice
Standards
• Material handling and
good housekeeping
practices may apply
• No additional
requirements
• Operate and maintain
affected facility
consistent with good air
pollution control
practices
[§60.11(d)]
• See subpart A
• Operate and maintain
source consistent with
good air pollution
control practices
[§63.6(e)(1)]
• See subpart A
B-8
-------
Table B-2. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Compliant Inks/Coatings Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Testing
• For each applied
material, determine
VOC, exempt solvent
and water content,
density, and volume and
weight fraction solids,
based on M24 (40 CFR
part 60, Appendix A)
and/or supplier
formulation data
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• No additional
requirements
• Determination of
weighted VOC content
of the inks calculated
for periods not
exceeding a calendar
month (considered as
performance test)
[§60.583(b)(3)]
• Determination based on
manufacturers'
formulation data for
purchased materials,
facility blending
records, and/or M24
analyses of the applied
materials
[§60.583(b)(4)]
• Only M24 data can be
used to determine VOC
content of inks to be
discarded
[§60.583(c)(3)]
• No additional
requirements
• Determination of organic
HAP content of applied
materials based on data
from M311 (40 CFR part
63, Appendix A) and/or
manufacturers'
formulation data on
certified product data
sheets (CPDSs), or use
volatile matter content
data to represent organic
HAP content
[§63.827(b)(2)]
• Determination of volatile
matter content of applied
materials based on M24
data and/or manufacturers'
formulation data
[§63.827(c)(2)]
Monitoring
• Applied material usage
and VOC, water,
exempt solvents, and
solids content data
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• No additional
requirements
• Applied material usage
and VOC content data
for each affected facility
to determine weighted
average VOC content
[§60.583(b)(1) &
(b)(2)]
• May determine
weighted average VOC
content based on
inventory tracking
system for each affected
facility for each
averaging period
[§60.583(c)(1)]
• No additional
requirements
• Applied material usage
and HAP and VOC
content and solids content
data needed to
demonstrate compliance
[§63.829(b)(1)]
B-9
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Table B-2. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Product and Packaging Rotogravure or Wide-Web Flexographic with Compliant Inks/Coatings Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart FFF
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Recordkeeping
• Applied material usage
and property data and
calculations
demonstrating
compliance for each
averaging time and
applicable unit
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• No additional
requirements
• Applied material usage
and property data and
calculations
demonstrating
compliance for each
averaging time and
affected unit
[§60.583(b) & (c)]
• Records of all reports
and notifications
[§63.10(b)]
• Records of each
applicability
determination
[§63.10(b)(3)]
• Mass of each applied
material consumed each
month and the Organic
HAP and/or volatile
material content of each
applied material
[§63.829(b)(1)]
• Monthly calculations
demonstrating compliance
with appropriate limit
[§63.829(b)(1)]
• See subpart A
Reporting
• Periodic Compliance
Reports
• Annual VOC emission
statements
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• Notification of:
commencement of
construction and start-
up
[§60.7(a)]
• Initial performance test
report
[§60.8(a)]
• Initial performance test
data and report
[§60.583(b)(4)]
• Semiannual report of
exceedances of the
weighted average VOC
content limit
[§60.585(b)(1)]
• See subpart A
• Initial notification of
standard applicability
[§63.9(b)]
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
• Notification of
Compliance Status
Report
[§63.9(h)]
• Semiannual excess
emissions report
[§63.10(e)(3)]
• See subpart A
B-10
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Representative
Example
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(all subject sources)
Emission/
• 90% recovery efficiency of
• Requirements generally
• No additional
• Applies to rotogravure
• New/reconstructed
• Applies collectively to all
Operating Limits
VOC's entering system
follow SIP-RACT
requirements
production presses
major sources must
publication press and
• 75% overall control
requirements with same
installed after
submit application for
affiliated equipment
efficiency for combined
or greater stringency for
October 28, 1980
preconstruction review
[§63.821(a)]
capture and recovery
control of emissions
[§60.430]
by EPA, or by State
• Emit no more organic
systems
• Ranging from 75% to
• Applies to emissions
program that has been
HAP than 8% of the total
• Generally applies to
98% overall control
from the application of
delegated MACT
volatile matter (including
emissions from the
efficiency
inks and coatings by the
standard enforcement
water) used each month
application of inks and
• May include mass VOC
individual new or
responsibilities [§63.5]
[§63.824(b)]
coatings by each
emission limits and/or
modified press or
individual printing press
mass VOC usage limits
collectively by a group
• Compliance options
to hold potential
of new/modified presses
include: liquid-liquid
emissions below
controlled by the same
material balance (LLMB)
permitting thresholds
solvent recovery system
or performance test and
• Generally applies to
[§60.430(a) &
parameter monitoring such
emissions from the
§60.4330(d)]
as VOC inlet/outlet
application of inks and
• Emit no more than 16%
(referred to as
coatings by the
of the total mass of
Test/Monitor approach).
individual new or
modified press or
collectively by a group
of new/modified presses
controlled by the same
solvent recovery system
• Requirements
established through
preconstruction review
VOC solvent and water
used during any one
performance period
(4 weeks or 1 month)
[§60.432]
B-ll
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Other - Work
Practice Standards
• Operation & maintenance
of control devices and
monitors according to
manufacturer
recommendations
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• Operate and maintain
affected facility and
control equipment
consistent with good air
pollution control
practices
[§60.11(d)]
• See subpart A
• Operate and maintain
source and control
equipment consistent
with good air pollution
control practices
[§63.6(e)(1)]
• Develop and implement
a written start-up,
shutdown, and
malfunction (SSM) plan
for affected source and
control equipment
[§63.6(e)(3)]
• See subpart A
B-12
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Testing
• LLMB Approach:
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Conduct performance
• LLMB Approach: Initial
• If required, initial
• LLMB Approach: Conduct
Conduct LLMB study over
requirements
test 60 -180 days after
performance test over 30
performance test required
monthly LLMB; no
extended time period (i.e.,
start-up in accordance
calendar days measuring
within 180 days of the
performance test required
month) to determine
with test methods and
LLMB including
effective date of standard
[§63.824(b)(l)(I) and
recovery efficiency
procedures in applicable
temperature and liquid
or after initial start-up of
§63.827(a)(3)]
or
standard [§60.8(a)]
densities of solvent and
new unit
• Test/Monitor Approach: If
• Test/Monitor Approach:
• Provide at least 30 days
water-based materials
[§63.7(a)]
compliance based on
Initial compliance test of
notice of scheduled test
[§60.433]
• Notification of test at
monitoring VOC inlet &
solvent recovery device
date
• Solvent-borne ink
least 60 days in advance
outlet mass rates, conduct
efficiency including
[§60.8(d)]
systems - determine VOC
[§63.7(b)]
initial performance for
verification of VOC
• Test/Monitor Approach:
content from M24A each
• Development and, if
capture efficiency using
continuous emission
continuous monitoring
week or per shipment, or
requested, submittal of
Procedure T (M204)
monitors and capture
system (CMS) must be
from formulation data
site-specific test plan at
[§63.824(b)(l)(ii) &
efficiency
subject to a performance
per shipment
least 60 days in advance
§63.827(e)]
evaluation during
[§60.435(a)]
of test
• Operate monitoring system
• VOC content of materials
performance test
• Water-borne ink systems
[§63.7(c)]
for capture efficiency
based on M24A (40 CFR
[§60.13(c)]
- determine the VOC and
• Performance test shall be
operating parameter during
part 60, Appendix A)
water content from the
conducted under normal
initial test
and/or supplier
formulation data with
operating conditions
[§63.828(a)(5)]
formulation data
each shipment; or
[§63.7(e)]
• Conduct quarterly audits of
• May require periodic re-
analysis of samples of
• Test/Monitor Approach:
CMS in accordance with
testing
each shipment
CMS Performance
Appendix F of 40 CFR part
[§60.435(c)]
Evaluations for VOC
60
• Determine the density of
inlet/outlet mass rate
[§63.828(a)(2)(I)]
raw inks, related
monitoring system with
• See subpart A
coatings, and VOC
initial test
solvent by making a total
[§63.8(e)]
of three determinations
for each liquid at
specified temperatures
using ASTMD 1475-60;
or using literature values
acceptable to the
Administrator
[§60.435(d)]
B-13
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Monitoring
• LLMB Approach: track
VOC usage and VOC
recovered over specified
time period
• Test/Monitor Approach:
VOC monitoring, inlet and
outlet VOC concentration
and/or mass rate
• VOC monitoring approach
may require parameter
monitoring for capture
monitoring (i.e., differential
pressure if permanent total
enclosure)
• May require parameter
monitoring for capture and
control systems including
development and submittal
of compliance assurance
monitoring (CAM) plan
with the initial and/or
renewal title V application
[§64.1 - §64.10]
• Exempt from CAM rule if
subject to subpart KK
MACT standard or if
recovery system qualifies as
"inherent process
equipment" rather than
"control device." [§64.1]
• Same as SIP-RACT
requirements
• Required monitors
installed and operational
prior to time of
performance test
consistent with
manufacturer's
recommendations for
installation, operation,
and calibration
[§60.13(b)]
• Amount of solvent and
water used and solvent
recovered for either each
calendar month or 4
consecutive weeks
[§60.434(a)]
• Liquid temperature
(optional, if owner
chooses not to use values
determined in the
performance test)
[§60.434(a)(4)]
• Operate and maintain
CMS consistent with
good air pollution control
practices, in accordance
with manufacturer's
specifications for
installation, operation
and calibration
[§63.8(c)(1) -(c)(3)]
• Conduct daily zero and
span calibration checks
[§63.8(c)(6)]
• LLMB Approach: measure
cumulative amount of
volatile matter and HAP
consumed and amount of
volatile matter recovered by
the solvent recovery device
[§63.824(b)(1)]
• LLMB Approach: install,
calibrate, maintain, and
operate device, certified to
within ±2.0 percent to
measure the cumulative
amount of volatile matter
recovered
[§63.824(b)(l)(i)(D)]
• Test/Monitor Approach:
continuously measure and
record inlet and outlet VOC
concentrations and
volumetric flow rates
[§63.824(b)(l)(ii)(A)]
• Test/Monitor Approach:
monitor capture efficiency
parameter in accordance
with capture efficiency
monitoring plan
[§63.824(b)(l)(ii)(D) &
§63.828(a)(5)]
B-14
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Representative
Example
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Requirement
SIP-RACT
NSR Requirements
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
(all subject sources)
Recordkeeping
• Solvent recovery system
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Occurrence and duration
• Record for each
• Written SSM plan for the
• LLMB Approach: amount
operation and maintenance
requirements
of any SSM of the
performance period of
source, control system,
of volatile matter and HAP
procedures
affected facility and any
the amount of solvent
and monitoring system
consumed and amount of
• Preventative maintenance
malfunction of the
and water used, solvent
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
volatile matter recovered
and/or malfunction
control system
recovered, and estimated
• Records showing
for each month
prevention and abatement
[§60.7(b)]
emissions percentage for
consistency of actions
[§63.829(c)]
plan
• All measurements,
each averaging period
with SSM plan
• Test/Monitor Approach:
• Maintenance logs for
testing results, and other
maintained for 2 years
[§63,6(e)(3)(iii) &
monthly summaries of
control, capture, and
records required for
[§60.434(a)]
§63.10(b)(2)]
continuous monitoring data,
monitoring equipment
compliance
• Record of temperature
• Records showing any
capture efficiency
• material properties and
demonstration
for determining actual
actions inconsistent with
parameter data, and control
usage data, source operation
maintained for 2 years
liquid densities during
SSM Plan
efficiency calculations as
data, and calculations to
[§60.7(f)]
the performance test,
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
rolling 3-hour averages
support compliance
and, at the sources option
• Test/Monitor Approach:
[§63.824 & §63.829]
demonstration
each performance
written CMS quality
• Calculations for monthly:
• LLMB Approach: records
averaging period
control program
overall control efficiency,
of periodic material balance
[§60.434(a)(3) & (a)(4)]
[§63.8(d)]
[§63.824(b)(l)(ii) &
calculations
• See subpart A
• Test/Monitor Approach:
§63.829(b)]
• Test/Monitor Approach:
records of data from
• See subpart A
VOC inlet/outlet
CMS measurements,
concentration and mass
audits, calibrations, and
flowrate data, recovery
malfunctions
system efficiency
[§63.10(b)(2) &
calculations for specified
§63.10(c)]
time period
• Records of all reports and
• Results from performance
notifications
tests
[§63.10(b)]
• Records of each
applicability
determination
[§63.10(b)(3)]
B-15
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Table B-3. POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE REQUIREMENTS
Publication Rotogravure with Solvent Recovery Control Strategy
Applicable
Requirement
Representative
SIP-RACT
(all subject sources)
Example
NSR Requirements
NSPS (Part 60)
MACT (Part 63)
Subpart A
Subpart QQ
Subpart A
Subpart KK
Reporting
• Periodic Compliance
• Same as SIP-RACT
• Notification of:
• See subpart A
• Initial notification of
• Capture Compliance
Reports
requirements
commencement of
standard applicability
Monitoring Plan with the
• Performance test protocol
construction, and start-
[§63.9(b)]
Notification of
(if test required)
up [§60.7(a)]
• SSM plan submittal, if
Compliance Status Report
• Test notification
• Semiannual excess
requested
[§63.828(a)(5)]
• Test results report
emissions report
[§63.6(e)(3)(v)]
• Reporting requirements in
• Annual VOC emission
[§60.7(c) & 7(d)]
• Notification of initial
subpart A related to SSM
statements
• Initial performance test
performance test and
plan, CMS performance
report
submittal of site-
evaluation, capture
[§60.8(a)]
specific test plan if
monitoring plan, and an
requested [§63.7(b),
initial performance test do
7(c) & 9(e)]
not apply if compliance
• Submittal of test report
strategy is based on
[§63.7(g)]
LLMB
• Semiannual SSM
[§63.830(b)(5)]
reports [§63.10(d)(5)(I)]
• See subpart A
• Reports on operation
inconsistencies with
SSM plan
[§63.6(e)(3)(iv)]
• Notification of CMS
performance evaluation,
submittal of evaluation
plan and evaluation
results [§63.8(e),
9(g)(1) & 10(e)(2)]
• Notification of
Compliance Status
Report [§63.9(h)]
• Semiannual excess
emissions and CMS
performance report
[§63.10(e)(3)]
B-16
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APPENDIX C
MACT COMPLIANCE OPTIONS FOR
COMPLIANT COATINGS APPROACH
This Appendix provides a summary of the subpart KK compliance options for a facility that
operates wide-web flexographic presses and uses compliant coatings. It also provides a table illustrating
the types of corresponding permit terms that you might consider.
C-l
-------
EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
Example Facility
The facility is assumed to be an existing major source of HAP that operates six wide-web
flexographic printing presses, designated as WWF01 through WWF06. The facility has opted
to meet subpart KK through the use of compliant materials (low-HAP inks, solvents, etc.).
Applicability
Under the definitions in 40 CFR §63.822, the presses at this facility are considered "wide-
web flexographic presses." Because the facility is a major source of HAP that operates such a
press, subpart KK applies to the facility [see 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(1)],
The "affected source" under subpart KK consists of all six presses combined. None of the
presses qualify for the exemptions for proof presses [see 40 CFR § 63.821 (a)(2)(i)]; for
"ancillary printing" [presses primarily used for coating, laminating, or other operations; see 40
CFR § 63.821 (a)(2)(ii)]; or for "incidental printing" [low usage presses; see 40 CFR
§ 63.821(b)(1) and (2)]. Further, the facility has not elected to include in the affected source
any stand-alone coating equipment that would be eligible for inclusion under 40 CFR
§ 63.821(a)(3).
Method of Compliance Determination
For this example, the facility has a wide margin of compliance because most inks,
solvents, etc., have very low (or zero) HAP content, although a few low-use materials are not
compliant as purchased. The facility will demonstrate compliance based on purchase records,
treating all materials as if they were used on the day they were delivered to the facility. This
approach, which minimizes tracking procedures, is possible because of the wide margin of
compliance.
Desired Compliance Flexibility
For the permit conditions that follow, the facility wishes to maintain the flexibility to
demonstrate monthly compliance using any of the six options in the rule that are based on
compliant materials.
C-2
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
Example Permit Conditions for subpart KK
APPLICABILITY OF 40 CFR PART 63, SUBPART KK
1. The facility is subject to the provisions of 40 CFR part 63, subpart KK-National
Emission Standards for the Printing and Publishing Industry (hereinafter "subpart KK").
[see 40 CFR § 63.820(a)(1)] In addition, the facility is subject to the provisions of
40 CFR part 63, subpart A-General Provisions (hereinafter "the General Provisions"), to
the extent specified in Table 1 of subpart KK [see 40 CFR § 63.823]. For convenience,
Table 1 of subpart KK is attached to this permit. Subsequent conditions of this permit
specify how the applicable General Provisions sections related to performance tests and
monitoring are to be applied to this facility.
2. The affected source consists of the six wide-web flexographic presses designated by the
facility as WWF01 through WWF06. [§63.821(a)(2)] Each wide-web flexographic press
included in the affected source consists of the unwind or feed section; the series of work
stations; the dryers associated with the work stations (including any interstage dryers and
overhead tunnel dryers); and the rewind, stack, or collection station. The work stations
may be oriented vertically, horizontally, or around the circumference of a single large
impression cylinder. Inboard and outboard work stations (including those employing any
other technology, such as rotogravure) are included if they are capable of printing or
coating on the same substrate [see 40 CFR § 63.822(a)],
EMISSIONS LIMITATION
3. Beginning on May 30, 1999, the facility shall limit organic HAP emissions from the
affected source (1) to no more than 5 percent of the organic HAP applied for the month;
or (2) to no more than 4 percent of the mass of inks, coatings, varnishes, adhesives,
primers, solvents, reducers, thinners, and other materials applied for the month; or (3) to
no more than 20 percent of the mass of solids applied for the month; or (4) to a calculated
equivalent allowable mass based on the organic HAP and solids contents of the inks,
coatings, varnishes, adhesives, primers, solvents, reducers, thinners, and other materials
applied for the month [see 40 CFR §§ 63.825(b) and 63.826(a)],
For the purposes of this permit, a "month" means a calendar month [see 40 CFR §
63.822(a)],
[For this example, it is assumed that the facility did not establish an alternative
"prespecifiedperiod of 28 days to 35 days " as allowed by §63.822(a). As appropriate,
C-3
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
an alternative "month " may be specified during initial permit issuance, when the permit
is reopened to incorporate the MACT standard, or with a minor permit modification
(MPM).J
COMPLIANCE DETERMINATIONS
4. The facility shall demonstrate compliance for each month by one of the methods indicated
in Table C-l of this permit, beginning with June 1999 [see 40 CFR § 63.825(b)(1) - (6)].
[Condition No. 4 is based on the facility being an existing source with a compliance date of
May 30, 1999. The date should be adjusted as appropriate for new or reconstructed affected
sources with different applicable compliance dates. Including the date reinforces that
compliance demonstrations using compliant coating options begin immediately upon the
compliance date and that the General Provisions' allowance for later performance tests does
not apply.]
The compliance demonstration methods are summarized below (see the cited sections of
the rule for the full requirements):
A. §63.825(b)(1)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Show that the organic HAP weight fraction of each material is <0.04.
B. §63.825(b)(2)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Measure the mass of each solids-containing material (e.g., ink) applied during
the month, on an as-purchased basis. (See Condition No. 6 for material usage
tracking procedures.)
iii. For each individual solids-containing material, measure the mass of each non-
solids-containing material (e.g., thinner) added to the solids-containing material
during the month, on an as-purchased basis. (See Condition No. 6 for material
usage tracking procedures.)
iv. Calculate the monthly average as-applied organic HAP weight fraction for each
solids-containing material using Equation 3 of subpart KK.
v. Show that the monthly average as-applied organic HAP weight fraction of each
solids-containing material is <0.04.
C-4
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
C. §63.825(b)(3)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Use the procedures of Condition No. 4B to determine which solids-containing
materials achieve a monthly average as-applied organic HAP weight fraction
<0.04.
iii. For solids-containing materials that do not achieve a monthly average as-applied
organic HAP weight fraction <0.04, determine the as-purchased weight fraction
of solids (See Condition No. 5 for solids content determination procedures.)
iv. For each of these other solids-containing materials, calculate the monthly
average as-applied solids content using Equation 4 of subpart KK.
v. For each of these other solids-containing materials, calculate the average
monthly as-applied organic HAP-to-solids ratio using Equation 5 of subpart KK.
vi. Show that for each solids-containing material either (1) the monthly average as-
applied organic HAP weight fraction is <0.04 or (2) the monthly average as-
applied organic HAP-to-solids ratio is <0.20.
D. §63.825(b)(4)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Measure the mass of each material applied during the month, on an as-purchased
basis. (See Condition No. 6 for material usage tracking procedures.)
iii. Calculate the monthly average as-applied organic HAP content of all materials
applied using Equation 6 of subpart KK.
iv. Show that the monthly average as-applied organic HAP weight fraction of all
materials applied is <0.04.
E. §63.825(b)(5)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Determine the as-purchased weight fraction of solids in each solids-containing
material applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for solids content
determination procedures.)
iii. Measure the mass of each material applied during the month, on an as-purchased
basis. (See Condition No. 6 for material usage tracking procedures.)
iv. Calculate the monthly average as-applied organic HAP-to-solids ratio using
Equation 7 of subpart KK.
v. Show that the monthly as-applied organic HAP-to-solids ratio is <0.20.
C-5
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
F. §§63.825(b)(6) and 63.825(e)
i. Determine the organic HAP content, on an as-purchased basis, of each material
applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for HAP content determination
procedures.)
ii. Measure the mass of each material applied during the month, on an as-purchased
basis. (See Condition No. 6 for material usage tracking procedures.)
iii. Calculate the total mass of organic HAP applied during the month using
Equation 8 of subpart KK.
iv. Determine the as-purchased weight fraction of solids in each solids-containing
material applied during the month. (See Condition No. 5 for solids content
determination procedures.)
v. For the month, determine the as-purchased mass fraction of each solids-
containing material which was applied at 20 weight-percent or greater solids
content, on an as-applied basis.
vi. Determine the total mass of non-solids-containing materials added during the
month to solids-containing materials which were applied at less than 20 weight-
percent solids content, on an as-applied basis.
vii. Calculate the monthly allowable organic HAP emissions using Equation 17 of
subpart KK.
viii. Show that the total mass of organic HAP applied during the month (from
Equation 8) is less than the allowable organic HAP emissions for the month
(from Equation 17).
[These monthly compliance determinations are not considered "performance testing, or
another form of compliance demonstration "for purposes of §63.7(a)(1) of the General
Provisions. Accordingly, §63.7 of the General Provisions, with its requirements for
advance notifications, site-specific test plans, and test reports, does not apply to the
monthly compliance determinations.]
PERFORMANCE TEST METHODS
5. As necessary according to Table C-l of this permit for the selected compliance
demonstration option, the facility shall determine the organic HAP, volatile matter,
and/or solids weight fraction of each ink, coating, varnish, adhesive, primer, solvent,
thinner, reducer, diluent, and other material applied, using the procedures indicated in
Table C-l [see 40 CFR §§ 63.827(b)(2), (c)(2), and (c)(3)].
C-6
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
The material composition determination methods are summarized below (see the cited
sections of the rule for the full requirements):
A. Organic HAP Content [§63.827(b)(2)], Determine organic HAP content according
to i, ii, or iii below, subject to the provisions of iv:
i. Use Method 311 (40 CFR part 63, appendix A).
ii. Determine volatile matter content and use this value for the organic HAP content
for all compliance purposes.
iii. Use formulation data provided on a Certified Product Data Sheet.
iv. If a Method 311 test value is higher than formulation data, the Method 311 test
data govern.
B. Volatile Matter and Solids Content [§63.827(c)(2) and (3)]. Determine volatile
matter and solids content according to i or ii below, subject to the provisions of iii:
i. Use Method 24 (40 CFR part 60, appendix A).
ii. Use formulation data.
iii. If there is any inconsistency between the formulation data and the results of
Method 24, the Method 24 data govern.
[Section 63.7(f) applies if the facility wants to rely on an alternative test method for
determining material composition. However, the material composition determinations
required in § 63.827 generally are not considered "performance tests" for purposes of
the General Provisions. Accordingly, the rest of §63.7 and other related provisions of
the General Provisions do not apply to these composition determinations. See
Section 5.4.3 for additional guidance.]
MONITORING AND MATERIAL USAGE TRACKING REQUIREMENTS
As discussed in Chapter 4 of the TSD, we believe that it is important for you and the facility to
come to a common understanding of the measurement procedures that will be used to
demonstrate compliance. (See Appendix D for more on this topic.)
In this example, to achieve this end, we have included a summary of the measurement
procedures in the permit. As mentioned in Chapter 4 of the TSD, we believe that this is one
approach can clarify the measurement expectations on both sides and may be appropriate for
inclusion in the QA / QC plan required by subpart KK. When you and the facility have agreed
on specific procedures, facility inspections and file reviews, as well as MACT and Title V
compliance certifications, are straightforward and unambiguous.
C-7
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
Another approach that can bring focus to material usage tracking systems is to classify such
systems as continuous monitoring systems (CMS) that are subject to the CMS provisions of the
MACT General Provisions. We have not taken this approach in this example, but we do not
object to your doing so in your jurisdiction. However, should you do so, be aware that the
MACT General Provisions are written to apply most directly to CEMS, COMS, and CPMS. If
you take this approach, you should take care to interpret the General Provisions reasonably
for the types of instruments and recordkeeping systems that make up each material usage
tracking system.
6. The measurement, recordkeeping, and calculation procedures used by the facility to
demonstrate compliance on a monthly basis are summarized in the following conditions:
A. General approach: The facility shall collect data for each month on the amount of
each material applied on the wide-web flexographic printing affected source, and on
the composition of each material applied (HAP, solids, and/or volatile matter
content, depending on the compliance option used). Using these data, the facility
shall determine its compliance status for each month using one of six options in
subpart KK (see Condition No. 4).
B. Material usage tracking methods and location: The facility shall collect purchase
records for each month on the inks, coatings, varnishes, adhesives, primers, solvents,
reducers, thinners, diluents, and other materials used on the affected source. For
purposes of demonstrating compliance, the facility shall treat each material
purchased as if it were all applied on the day it was delivered to the facility. The
facility shall collect data on the composition of each material, such as test data or
Certified Product Data Sheets (CPDS) from the supplier. The facility shall retain
material composition data in a permanent file. The facility shall determine
compliance for each month using any of the six compliance options in 40 CFR
63.825(b)(1) through (6).
C. Indicator range: This parameter is not applicable to this monitoring approach. The
facility determines compliance directly for each month by one of the six compliant
coating options in 40 CFR 63.825(b)(1) through (6).
D. Data collection frequency: At least monthly.
E. Averaging period: For the compliance options in 40 CFR 63.825(b)(2), (3), (4), and
(5), the facility shall average the data for each monthly compliance demonstration.
For the compliance options in 40 CFR 63.825(b)(1) and (6), the facility shall
demonstrate compliance monthly, but will not average the data.
C-8
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
F. Recordkeeping: The facility shall keep records of data on HAP and solids content in
a permanent file. The facility shall keep records of all material usage measurements
(including inventory data and purchase records), and all material composition data
(including Method 24/311 data and/or CPDS from suppliers) pursuant to [insert the
provisions of your title V program that implement 40 CFR 70.6(a)(3)(ii) and (iii)].
G. QA/QC: The facility shall review data collection, calculation, and recordkeeping
procedures at least annually to ensure that they are adequate to determine
compliance conclusively and that they are being implemented properly by facility
personnel. The facility shall also use Method 24/311 QA/QC procedures if those
methods are used.
RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
7. The facility shall maintain files of all information (including all reports and
notifications) required under this permit recorded in a form suitable and readily
available for expeditious inspection and review. The files shall be retained for at least
5 years following the date of each occurrence, measurement, maintenance, corrective
action, report, or record. At a minimum, the most recent 2 years of data shall be retained
on site. The remaining 3 years of data may be retained off site. Such files may be
maintained on microfilm, on a computer, on computer floppy disks, on magnetic tape
disks, or on microfiche [see 40 CFR §§ 63.829(b) and 63.10(b)(1)].
8. The facility shall maintain records maintain records as indicated in Table C-l of this
permit. Additional detail regarding these requirements, as well as additional
recordkeeping requirements not related to compliance, follows:
A. The facility shall maintain records on a monthly basis of all measurements needed to
demonstrate compliance, such as material usage, HAP usage, solids usage, and
material composition [see 40 CFR §§ 63.829(b)(1) and 63.10(b)(2)(vii)].
B. The facility shall maintain records of all documentation supporting the initial
notification [previously submitted by the facility pursuant to 40 CFR 63.830(b)(1)]
and the notification of compliance status [previously submitted by the facility
pursuant to 40 CFR 63.830(b)(3)] [see 40 CFR § 63.10(b)(2)(xiv)].
C. The facility shall maintain records of each applicability determination performed by
the facility in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR 63.820(a) [see 40 CFR
§§ 63.829(b)(2) and 63.10(b)(3)],
C-9
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
D. The following recordkeeping requirements are not applicable to this facility at this
time:
i. Sections 63.10(b)(2)(i) - (vi) and (viii) - (xiii) and 63.10(c) do not apply because
the facility does not operate an add-on control device (and consequently, startup,
shutdown, and malfunction provisions do not apply) and the facility's material
usage tracking system is not classified as a CMS.
ii. Section 63.829(c) does not apply because the facility does not comply through
liquid-liquid material balance.
iii. Sections 63.829(d), (e), and (f) do not apply because the facility is not utilizing
any of the exemptions with which these records are associated.
iv. Section 63.10(b)(2)(xii) does not apply because the facility has not obtained a
waiver of recordkeeping and reporting requirements pursuant to §63.10(f).
[For this example, the facility does not have a recordkeeping and reporting waiver. If
the facility had a recordkeeping and reporting waiver, §63.10(b)(2)(xii) would apply, as
well as any requirements related to the waiver (such as conditions for the waiver or
alternative recordkeeping and reporting requirements). These requirements should be
detailed in the permit.]
REPORTING AND NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
9. The facility shall submit the reports and notifications indicated in Table C-l of this
permit and specified below. In addition to the reporting and notification requirements of
subpart KK, the facility is subject to the general reporting provisions of the General
Provisions at 40 CFR 63.10(d), to the extent indicated by Table 1 to subpart KK. Based
on the monitoring system described in Condition No. 6 above (which is not classified as
a CMS), these provisions are interpreted and applied as indicated in the following
conditions:
A. Summary reports [§63.830(b)(6) and 63.10(e)(3)] shall be submitted on a semi-
annual basis. Summary reports shall cover the periods from January 1 through
June 30, and from July 1 to December 31, and shall be submitted within 30 days
after the end of each period. Summary reports shall include the following
information:
i. The company name and address of the affected source
ii. An identification of each hazardous air pollutant
iii. The beginning and ending dates of the reporting period
iv. A brief description of the process unit
v. The applicable emissions limitations specified in §63.825
C-10
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EXAMPLE
Compliance Options for a Wide-Web Flexographic Facility Using Compliant Coatings
vi. The dates of any periodic QA/QC reviews (see Condition No. 6G) that were
conducted during the reporting period, and the results of these reviews
vii. An emissions data summary identifying any months in which the affected source
did not comply with the applicable emissions limitations specified in §63.825
viii. A description of any changes in processes or controls since last reporting period
(if applicable)
ix. The name, title, and signature of the responsible official who is certifying the
accuracy of the report
x. The date of the report
The schedule for submitting reports can be changed per §63.10(a)(5), (6) and (7).
B. A report of any change in information already provided in the Notification of
Compliance Status or the Initial Notification shall be provided in writing within
15 calendar days after the change. [§63.9(j)]
C. The following reporting requirements are not applicable to this facility at this time:
i. Sections 63.830(b)(2), (4), and (5) and 63.10(d)(2) and (5) do not apply because
the facility does not operate an add-on control device (and consequently, the
performance test provisions and the startup, shutdown, and malfunction
provisions do not apply)
ii. Sections 63.830(b)(6)(ii) - (iv) do not apply because the facility is not utilizing
any of the exemptions with which this information is associated
iii. Section 63.10(d)(4) does not apply because the facility has not received an
extension of compliance and is not required to submit the associated progress
reports
iv. Sections 63.10(e) does not apply, except to the extent indicated in §63.830(b)(6),
because the facility's material usage tracking system is not classified as a CMS.
For this example, it is assumed that the facility has already submitted the Initial
Notification and the Notification of Compliance Status (NOCS).
C-ll
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TABLE 1 TO 40 CFR PART 63, SUBPART KK
General
Applicable
Provisions
to
Comment
Reference
Subpart KK
§63.1(a)(l)-(a)(4)
Yes
§63.1(a)(5)
No
Section reserved
§63.1(a)(6)-(a)(8)
No
§63.1(a)(9)
No
Section reserved
§63.1(a)(10)-(a)(14)
Yes
§63.1(b)(1)
No
Subpart KK specifies applicability
§63.1(b)(2)-(b)(3)
Yes
§63.1(c)(1)
Yes
§63.1(c)(2)
No
Area sources are not subject to subpart KK
§63.1(c)(3)
No
Section reserved
§63.1(c)(4)
Yes
§63.1(c)(5)
No
§63.1(d)
No
Section reserved
§63.1(e)
Yes
§63.2
Yes
Additional definitions in subpart KK
§63.3(a)-(c)
Yes
§63.4(a)(l)-(a)(3)
Yes
§63.4(a)(4)
No
Section reserved
§63.4(a)(5)
Yes
§63.4(b-c)
Yes
§63.5(a)(l)-(a)(2)
Yes
§63.5(b)(1)
Yes
§63.5(b)(2)
No
Section reserved
§63.5(b)(3)-(b)(6)
Yes
§63.5(c)
No
Section reserved
§63.5(d)
Yes
§63.5(e)
Yes
§63.5(f)
Yes
§63.6(a)
Yes
§63.6(b)(l)-(b)(5)
Yes
C-12
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General
Provisions
Reference
Applicable
to
Subpart KK
Comment
§63.6(b)(6)
No
Section reserved
§63.6(b)(7)
Yes
§63.6(c)(l)-(c)(2)
Yes
§63.6(c)(3)-(c)(4)
No
Sections reserved
§63.6(c)(5)
Yes
§63.6(d)
No
Section reserved
§63.6(e)
Yes
Provisions pertaining to start-ups, shutdowns,
malfunctions, and CMS do not apply unless an add-on
control system is used
§63.6(f)
Yes
§63.6(g)
Yes
§63.6(h)
No
Subpart KK does not require
COMS
§63.6(i)(l)-(i)(14)
Yes
§63.6(i)(15)
No
Section reserved
§63.6(i)(16)
Yes
§63.60)
Yes
§63.7
Yes
§63.8(a)(l)-(a)(2)
Yes
§63.8(a)(3)
No
Section reserved
§63.8(a)(4)
No
Subpart KK specifies the use of solvent recovery
devices or oxidizers
§63.8(b)
Yes
§63.8(c)(l)-(3)
Yes
§63.8(c)(4)
No
Subpart KK specifies CMS sampling requirements
§63.8(c)(5)
No
Subpart KK does not require COMS
§63.8(c)(6)-(c)(8)
Yes
Provisions for COMS are not applicable
§63.8(d)-(f)
Yes
§63.8(g)
No
Subpart KK specifies CMS data reduction
requirements
§63.9(a)
Yes
§63.9(b)(1)
Yes
§63.9(b)(2)
Yes
Initial notification submission date extended
C-13
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General
Provisions
Reference
Applicable
to
Subpart KK
Comment
§63.9(b)(3)-(b)(5)
Yes
§63.9(c)-(e)
Yes
§63.9(f)
No
Subpart KK does not require opacity and visible
emissions observations
§63.9(g)
Yes
Provisions for COMS are not applicable
§63.9(h)(l)-(h)(3)
Yes
§63.9(h)(4)
No
Section reserved
§63.9(h)(5)-(h)(6)
Yes
§63.9(1)
Yes
§ 63.9(j)
Yes
§63.10(a)
Yes
§63.10 (b) (1)-(b)(3)
Yes
§63.10(c)(1)
Yes
§63.10(c)(2)-(c)(4)
No
Sections reserved
§63.10(c)(5)-(c)(8)
Yes
§63.10(c)(9)
No
Section reserved
§63.10(c)(10)-(c)(15)
Yes
§63.10(d)(l)-(d)(2)
Yes
§63.10(d)(3)
No
Subpart KK does not require opacity and visible
emissions observations
§6 3.10 (d)(4)-(d)(5)
Yes
§63.10(e)
Yes
Provisions for COMS are not applicable
§63.10(f)
Yes
§63.11
No
Subpart KK specifies the use of solvent recovery
devices or oxidizers
§63.12
Yes
§63.13
Yes
§63.14
Yes
§63.15
Yes
C-14
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TABLE C-l. COMPLIANCE OPTIONS FOR WWF01 THROUGH WWF06 UNDER SUBPART KK
Affected Source: Wide-web flexographic presses WWF01 through WWF06; all emission points combined [§63.821(a)(2)]
Emission Limits: Limit emissions for the month to <5% of the organic HAP applied; or to <4% of the mass of materials applied; or to <20% of the mass of
solids applied; or to a calculated equivalent allowable mass. [§63.825(b)]
Compliance Options: The facility may use any of the six compliance options based on compliant coatings, as detailed in the table below.
Compliant Materials
Compliance Option
Performance Testing/ Compliance
Demonstration
Recordkeeping
Notifications and Reporting a
A. §63.825(b)(1)
Each material used
contains <0.04 weight
fraction organic HAP, as
purchased
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(1)]; see Condition 4A
HAP content analysis[§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
B. §63.825(b)(2)
Each solids-containing
material used contains
<0.04 weight fraction
organic HAP, monthly
average as-applied basis
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(2)]; see Condition 4B
HAP content analysis[§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Material usage measurements
[§63.825 (b)(2)(ii)]
(implied by Eq. 3)
See Condition 6
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
C-15
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Compliant Materials
Compliance Option
Performance Testing/ Compliance
Demonstration
Recordkeeping
Notifications and Reporting a
C. §63.825(b)(3)
Each solids-containing
material used contains
<0.04 weight fraction
organic HAP or
<0.20kg HAP per kg
solids, monthly average
as-applied basis
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(3)]; see Condition 4C
HAP content analysis [§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Solids content analysis [§63.827(c)(2)];
see Condition 5B
Material usage measurements
[§63.825 (b)(3)(ii)]
(implied by Eqs. 3 and 4)
See Condition 6
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
D. §63.825(b)(4)
Average HAP content of
materials applied
<0.04 kg HAP per kg
material, as applied
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(4)]; see Condition 4D
HAP content analysis [§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Material usage measurements
[§63.825(b)(4)]
(implied by Eq. 6)
See Condition 6
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
C-16
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Compliant Materials
Compliance Option
Performance Testing/ Compliance
Demonstration
Recordkeeping
Notifications and Reporting a
E. §63.825(b)(5)
Average HAP content of
materials applied
<0.20 kg HAP per kg
solids, as applied
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(5)]; see Condition 4E
HAP content analysis [§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Solids content analysis [§63.827(c)(2)];
see Condition 5B
Material usage measurements
[§63.825(b)(5)]
(implied by Eq. 7)
See Condition 6
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
F. §63.825(b)(6)
Total HAP applied less
than equivalent
allowable HAP
Compliance demonstration (monthly)
[§63.825(b)(6) and (e)]; see Condition 4F
HAP content analysis [§63.827(b)(2)]; see
Condition 5A
Solids content analysis [§63.827(c)(2)];
see Condition 5B
Calculation of monthly allowable HAP
emissions [§ 63.825(e)(1) - (5)]
Material usage measurements
[§63.825(b)(6)]
(implied by Eq. 8)
See Condition 6
Measurements needed to demonstrate
compliance [§§63.829(b)(1) and
63.10(b)(2)(vii)]
General recordkeeping [§63.10(b)]
See Conditions 7 and 8
Semiannual reports [§§63.830(b)(6)
and 63.10(e)(3)]
See Condition 9
a The Notification of Compliance Status (NOCS) was required of all facilities (see Section 3.3.1 of this document). For this example, it is assumed that the
facility already submitted the NOCS and the Initial Notification.
C-17
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APPENDIX D
MONITORING PROTOCOLS FOR THE PRINTING AND
FLEXIBLE PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
This Appendix contains monitoring protocols that may serve as the basis for meeting
compliance assurance monitoring (CAM) plan requirements, outlined in 40 CFR part 64, for
emissions sources that utilize air pollution control systems. There are three ways in particular
that these protocols can be used in your State. First, if you adopt them into your State
Implementation Plan, sources can then rely upon the protocols as being presumptively acceptable
monitoring for CAM compliance purposes [see 40 CFR § 64.4(b)(1)]. Second, to the degree that
the source is subject to the monitoring required by Federal standards proposed after November
15, 1990, pursuant to section 111 or 112 of the Act or voluntarily adopts such monitoring
requirements that apply to the relevant control device of the source, this would also be
presumptively acceptable for CAM compliance [see 40 CFR § 64.4(b)(4)]. Finally, a source may
use the monitoring protocols with a separate demonstration of how the alternative monitoring
approach would meet the CAM requirements [see 40 CFR §64.4(a)].
In 40 CFR § 64.3, the CAM rule set forth criteria for compliance assurance monitoring.
Owners or operators of affected pollutant specific emissions units are able to design monitoring
systems as they wish (and you approve) as long as the monitoring systems are consistent with the
CAM rule. This Appendix sets forth protocols we believe are consistent with the CAM rule.
You may consider allowing source owners or operators to use these protocols, but these protocols
are simply one means of meeting CAM rule requirements. Nothing in this Appendix or the TSD
precludes you or source owners or operators from developing other monitoring systems, provided
the monitoring systems are consistent with the CAM rule.
While continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) may be appropriate for
monitoring outlet concentrations in order to demonstrate compliance with the CAM rule, other
monitoring means are also valid. These protocols address monitoring for both the capture
systems and air pollution control devices (i.e., the capture and control systems) for identified
emissions sources. These protocols are consistent with the criteria of the CAM rule [see 40 CFR
§ 64.3(a)] and performance criteria [see 40 CFR § 64.3(b)]. The criteria set guidelines for:
1. Designing an appropriate monitoring system, and
2. Setting the appropriate parameter range(s).
The performance criteria require:
1. Data representativeness,
2. A method to confirm the operational status of the equipment (for new or modified
equipment only),
3. Quality assurance and quality control procedures, and
D-2
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4. Specifications for the monitoring frequency and data collection procedure, including
recordkeeping and reporting.
Table D-l lists the protocols presented in this appendix. Note that separate protocols are
presented for capture systems (A - F) and add-on control devices (1 - 4). Also note that the
protocols given here may not be applicable for emissions units subject to regulations
promulgated after November 1990 (such as subpart KK), since the monitoring required by those
rules already provides a reasonable assurance of compliance with the regulations. While
individual units may not meet the CAM rule applicability cutoffs for size, or may not be subject
to the CAM rule because they are subject to rules promulgated after November 15, 1990,
pursuant to 40 CFR § 64.2 (e.g., the Printing and Publishing MACT, the Paper and Other Web
Coating MACT), you may find these monitoring protocols useful even when monitoring is
required under an applicable requirement. The relevance of the approaches would, of course,
depend on the monitoring requirement at issue.
D-3
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TABLE D-l. LIST OF MONITORING PROTOCOLS INCLUDED IN APPENDIX
Protocol
Type
Source
Key Parameters
A
Capture system
inherent to design of
operation
Unenclosed flexographic or
rotogravure printing press
1. Ductwork integrity and inspections
2. Interlocks on system airflow
B
Capture system
inherent to design of
operation
Unenclosed flexographic or
rotogravure presses; unenclosed
coater; unenclosed laminator
1. Ductwork integrity and inspections
2. Monitoring (recording) of indicator
of exhaust flow rate (e.g., static
pressure)
C
Permanent total
enclosure
Press, coater, laminator
1. Enclosure pressure differential
2. Ductwork integrity and inspections
D
Permanent total
enclosure or
permanent non-total
(partial) enclosure
Press, coater, laminator
1. Ductwork integrity and inspections
2. Interlocks on doors, inspections
3. Monitoring (recording) of indicator
of exhaust flow rate (e.g., static
pressure)
E
Permanent total
enclosure or
permanent non-total
(partial) enclosure
Press, coater, laminator;
Controlled emissions less than
CAM major source threshold
(MST)
1. Ductwork integrity and inspections
2. Self-closing doors & inspections
3. Monitoring (recording) of indicator
of exhaust flow rate (e.g., static
pressure) or interlock on exhaust
flow rate
F
Bypass
Press, coater, laminator
1. Interlock with process, or
2. Indicator of valve position, or
3. Indicator of flow, or
4. Car-seal or lock, and
5. Periodic inspection of integrity
1
Thermal oxidizer
Press, coater, laminator
1. Combustion Chamber temperature
2. Inspections
3. Performance testing once every
5 years
4. Assessment of valve leakage
(regenerative units only)
2
Catalytic oxidizer
Press, coater, laminator
1. Catalyst bed inlet temperature
2. Annual assessment of catalyst
activity
3. Inspections
4. Performance testing once every
5 years
5. Assessment of valve leakage
(regenerative units only)
3
Solvent Recovery
Press, coater, laminator
1. Inlet and outlet solvent
concentration
2. Air flow rate
4
Solvent Recovery
Printing operation, coater,
laminator
Liquid-liquid material balance
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1.2 How Do I Use The Monitoring Protocols?
If a protocol is applicable to a type of source, capture system, or add-on control device used
by an owner or operator in your jurisdiction, with your approval, he or she may propose to use
the monitoring protocol(s), if the CAM rule applies [see 40 CFR § 64.4(a)], However, for new
or modified monitoring systems, he or she also must submit information on the method to be
used to confirm the operational status of the monitoring equipment when it is put into service
[see 40 CFR § 64.4(e)],
Should you choose to allow a source owner or operator to select one of the protocols,
which are one means of complying with CAM rule requirements, then you should expect that
source owner's or operator's CAM submission to mirror the appropriate protocol description
given later in this Appendix.
1.3 What if the Process Uses Compliant Inks or Coatings or Intermittently Uses
Compliant and Non-compliant Inks and Coatings?
The capture system and air pollution control device monitoring protocols only apply when
operating with materials that require control. However, if the process sometimes operates with
materials that require control and sometimes with materials that do not require control, and if the
control device is bypassed when materials that do not require control are used, we recommend
that the position of the bypass valve (damper) that diverts the process exhaust flow away from
the air pollution control system be monitored and documented to assure that the air pollution
control device is not bypassed while operating with materials that require control.
1.4 What Are the Types of Sources to Which These Monitoring Protocols Apply?
The types of equipment or sources to which these protocols apply are presented in
Table D-2.
1.5 How Do I Know If a Protocol Is Applicable to a Certain Source Type, Capture
System, and Add-On Control Device?
Table D-2 presents a list of source types and shows the protocols that are applicable for
each source type.
1.6 Must Owners or Operators in My Jurisdiction Always Use the Monitoring Protocols
Presented in This Appendix?
No. The monitoring protocols presented in this appendix are not mandatory. Pursuant to
40 CFR § 64.4(b)(5), owners and operators in your jurisdiction may choose to use these
monitoring protocols. With appropriate justification, other monitoring approaches may be
pursued as long as they ultimately meet all of the monitoring criteria for the requirements
applicable to their source.
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TABLE D-2. SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE MONITORING EXAMPLES FOR VOC AND HAP SOURCES
Source
Controlled Potential to Emit
Capture system type
Monitoring Protocol1
Comments
Less than major
source threshold
Greater than major
source threshold
Capture
system
Control
device
Bypass
Unenclosed
flexographic or
rotogravure press
X
X
Exhaust system
inherent to the design
of an unenclosed press
and dryer
A
1, 2, or 3
F
Capture efficiency
inherent to design and
operation of press
Unenclosed
flexographic or
rotogravure press;
unenclosed coater;
unenclosed laminator
X
X
Exhaust system
inherent to the design
of an unenclosed
coater, unenclosed
laminator, or
unenclosed press and
dryer
B
1, 2, or 3
F
Capture efficiency
inherent to design and
operation of press,
laminator, or coater
Heatset web offset
lithographic press
X
X
Exhaust system
inherent to the design
of an unenclosed press
and dryer
Not
applicable
1, 2, 3, or
4
F
(Not
applicable
if using
Protocol 4)
Only an initial
validation of negative
flow into the dryer is
required to
demonstrate capture.
Press, coater, laminator
X
Enclosure
C, D, or E
1, 2, or 3
F
Press, coater, laminator
X
Enclosure
CorD
1, 2, or 3
F
Press, coater, laminator
X
X
Unenclosed or
enclosed
Not
applicable
4
Not
applicable
Solvent recovery
mass balance
addresses overall
capture and control.
1 See Table D-l.
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2.0 CAPTURE SYSTEMS
2.1 What Is Capture Efficiency?
Capture efficiency refers to the weight per unit of time of an air contaminant entering a
capture system and delivered to a control device divided by the weight per unit time of the air
contaminant generated by the source, expressed as a percentage. Various systems may be used to
capture emissions and direct them to a control device. For purposes of this appendix, capture
systems are classified into three distinct categories. These are:
1. Permanent total enclosure,
2. Permanent non-total enclosure (i.e., hoods and enclosures not meeting permanent
total enclosure criteria), and
3. Exhaust system inherent to the design of unenclosed process operations (e.g., the
dryer and exhaust system on a central impression (CI) flexographic press).
2.2 What Is a Permanent Total Enclosure?
A permanent total enclosure is an enclosure that completely encompasses a source such
that all volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are contained and directed to a control
device. We have established a set of criteria that must be met for an enclosure to qualify as a
permanent total enclosure; these criteria are contained in Reference Method 204 - Criteria For
and Verification of a Permanent or Temporary Total Enclosure, 40 CFR part 51, Appendix M. If
the criteria set forth in this method are met, the capture efficiency may be assumed to be
100 percent and need not be determined. Table C-3 summarizes the permanent total enclosure
criteria contained within this rule.
TABLE D-3. PERMANENT TOTAL ENCLOSURE CRITERIA
1.
Any natural draft opening (NDO) shall be at least four equivalent opening diameters from each
VOC emitting point;
2.
The total area of all NDOs shall not exceed 5 percent of the surface area of the enclosures four
walls, floor, and ceiling;
3.
The average face velocity (FV) of air through all NDOs shall be at least 3,600 m/hr (200 ft/min)
(note: a pressure drop of 0.013 mm Hg (0.007 in. w.c) corresponds to a FV of 3,600 m/hr). The
direction of flow through all NDOs shall be "into" the enclosure.
4.
All access doors and windows whose areas are not included in the calculation in item No. 2 shall
be closed during routine operation of the process; and
5.
All VOC emissions must be captured and contained for discharge through a control device.
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2.3 What Is a "Permanent Non-Total (or Partial) Enclosure"?
Enclosures that encompass all or part of a source, but that are not designed to meet
permanent total enclosure criteria, and local ventilation hoods or systems (including floor
sweeps) that are not inherent to the design of the process, but are installed to improve the capture
efficiency of the system, are considered "non-total (partial) enclosures" for the purposes of the
protocols outlined in this Appendix. Because of their design, the capture efficiency of a non-total
(or partial) enclosures cannot be assumed to be 100 percent. Therefore, their capture efficiency is
determined by measurement.
2.4 What Is an "Exhaust System Inherent to the Design of Unenclosed Process
Operations?"
In addition to the two types of systems discussed above, a third type of control measure
may be used to capture emissions and vent them to a control device. This type of system applies
to exhaust ventilation systems inherent to the design of the process equipment. In the printing
industry, exhaust systems typically consists of the dryer(s) and associated ductwork that are an
integral part of the printers and coaters. Equipment not contained in a permanent total enclosure
or a non-total permanent enclosure, that relies solely on the dryer exhaust systems inherent to the
process equipment for capture of emissions, is referred to as an "unenclosed" process. The
capture efficiency of an unenclosed process cannot be assumed to be 100 percent. Therefore, the
capture efficiency is determined by measurement.
2.5 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring an Unenclosed Process?
Multicolor in-line and common impression (CI) cylinder presses used in the rotogravure,
flexographic, and lithographic industries utilize dryers following the application of each ink, or
coating, and/or tunnel dryers. The system of dryer(s), and associated ductwork (dryer system), as
well as the airflow through the system, is an integral part of the process as designed by the
manufacturer. The dryer systems are designed to operate under negative pressure and once
installed do not change significantly. A poorly performing dryer system may not allow proper
drying of inks, coatings, primers or adhesives, thereby resulting in performance problems for the
applied materials. Furthermore, a properly balanced air system must be maintained in order to
assure that the concentration of flammable materials in the exhaust gas is maintained below the
lower explosive limit (LEL). We understand that in order to meet fire insurance requirements, it
is industry practice for all exhaust ducts that will exceed 25 percent of the LEL level to be fitted
with LEL sensors and alarms and with flow sensors that will trigger a shutdown if the flow falls
below a minimum value.
Because the dryer system is an integral part of the process design and operation, the key
parameters which can be monitored as indicators of performance include:
1. Exhaust system air flow interlocks,
2. Indicators of exhaust system air flow (e.g., duct static pressure), and
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3. Integrity of the duct system from the process to the control device.
Monitoring some or all of these parameters will assure that capture integrity will continue
to be maintained as initially verified at installation. Verification of the operational condition of
the exhaust system air flow, and inspection of the duct system are key factors to consider for
monitoring.
An additional method that may be used to check the proper balance of airflow is the
"smoke test." A smoke test utilizes a device that generates visible "smoke;" the smoke will be
drawn into the exhaust and captured if the exhaust system is operating properly. For example,
this method may be used to check the proper balance of the airflow after replacing dryers that
have been removed for maintenance.
2.6 What Indicators of Performance Are Included in the Monitoring Protocols for
Unenclosed Processes?
Two monitoring protocols for capture systems inherent to the design of unenclosed
processes are included in this appendix. Protocol A addresses monitoring unenclosed presses.
The protocol relies on:
1. Inspecting the integrity of the ductwork between the process and control device;
2. Verifying the operational condition of the exhaust system air flow interlocks; and
3. Verifying negative flow by smoke test, as necessary, after maintenance operations.
Protocol B addresses monitoring of the capture system for unenclosed coaters and
unenclosed laminators. This protocol also may be used for unenclosed presses. The protocol is
similar to Protocol A; however, instead of relying on verification of the operational condition of
an exhaust system air flow interlock, an indicator of the exhaust air flow rate is monitored
continuously:
1. Inspecting the integrity of the ductwork between the process and control device;
2. Continuously monitoring and recording an indicator of exhaust gas flow (e.g., static
pressure) from the process; and
3. Verifying negative flow by smoke test, as necessary, after maintenance operations.
Continuously monitoring and recording an indicator of exhaust gas flow is included to
provide an increased level of confidence that the proper airflow rate through the system is being
maintained. For the printing processes, maintenance of the proper airflow in each print/dryer
station is critical to maintaining print quality. Although maintaining the proper airflow for the
dryers associated with the coating and laminating processes is important, such maintenance is not
as critical to the quality of the product because multicolor applications are not being applied in
rapid succession.
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2.7 What Do We Recommend for Capture Efficiency Testing for Heatset Web Offset
Lithographic Printing Presses Using Add-on Controls?
An unenclosed heatset web offset lithographic printing press is an example of an
unenclosed process operation, but because of the unique properties of heatset lithographic inks,
an alternative approach to demonstrating initial capture efficiency and to monitoring capture is
provided. As discussed in section 5.5.2.2 of this document, to demonstrate capture efficiency for
this type of press, the printer may demonstrate that the dryer is operating at negative pressure
relative to the surrounding pressroom. As long as the dryer is operated at negative pressure, the
capture efficiency for VOC from the heatset lithographic inks and varnishes (coatings)
formulated with low volatility ink oils is assumed to be 100 percent of the VOC (ink oils)
volatilized in the dryer. Therefore, no VOC capture efficiency testing need be performed. If
negative pressure is not maintained in the oven, the resulting emissions into the press room will
be visible smoke. Therefore, no continuous monitoring of a capture system parameter is required
for this kind of press. Periodic (e.g., after maintenance) verification of negative flow into the
oven is recommended. Conventional heatset lithographic inks and varnishes are paste-type
materials. The VOC in these materials are oils with high boiling points, which volatilize only
within the dryer. Some ink oils, nominally 20 percent, are not volatilized and remain in the
substrate. If other types of coating materials (e.g., fluid) are used on a heatset lithographic press,
then capture efficiency testing may be required for the VOC from these materials depending upon
the properties of the components.
2.8 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Permanent Total
Enclosure?
Maintaining the integrity of the enclosure and the airflow (ventilation) through the system
and the control device are critical to maintaining the performance of a capture system for a
permanent total enclosure. The indicators of performance for permanent total enclosures relate
to these two factors. For purposes of this discussion, monitoring approaches can be divided into
two subcategories:
1. Direct indicators of capture performance by the enclosure (e.g., enclosure differential
pressure, natural draft opening (NDO) velocity); and
2. Indicators of system air flow (e.g., duct static pressure) measured downstream of the
capture device combined with verifications of system integrity (e.g., self closing
doors, various system interlocks, and periodic inspections).
The first approach is straightforward. Monitoring the differential pressure of the enclosure
provides a direct indicator of performance. It is the key parameter typically selected as the
indicator of performance. Alternatively, linear velocity of airflow through selected NDOs could
be monitored.
The second approach relies on monitoring the integrity of the enclosure (including whether
doors to the enclosure are properly closed) and the airflow through the system. Techniques to
monitor the integrity of the enclosure include periodic inspections, and use of interlocks and/or
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self-closing mechanisms on doors. Techniques to monitor the system airflow include the use of
indicators such as interlocks, duct static pressure, fan amperage, or fan RPM.
The design and construction of an enclosure and its durability vary. Permanent total
enclosures typically have personnel doors and equipment access doors. Designs include
automated doors with sensors that trigger openings when personnel or equipment approach.
Other doors are fitted with "self-closing" devices that cause the door to automatically close after
it has been opened. Manually operated doors with no special features also might be used. These
types of doors might include alarms to alert the operator if they remain open or might include
interlocks resulting in an operation shut down if they remain open for an extended time period.
Another design sometimes used for access to the equipment is close-fitting or overlapping plastic
strips to cover the access opening.
The design and construction of the enclosure and its durability are factors to consider when
selecting the inspection parameters and frequency. For example, an enclosure designed and built
in conjunction with the installation of a new process line might essentially consist of a small
building around the line with the necessary personnel and equipment access doors. In this case,
the doors may be fitted with automatic doors with interlocks that will shut down the process if
the doors remain open for more than a specified time period (e.g., five minutes). The integrity
and durability of this kind of enclosure is high and only infrequent inspections (e.g.,
semiannually) should be necessary.
On the other hand, an enclosure built as a retrofit to an existing process line might require
use of materials such as plastic strips to fit around overhead piping and electrical wiring. Also,
self-closing doors without interlocks or alarms might be used and sections of the wall might be
constructed of hanging plastic strips to allow ready access to the machine. This kind of enclosure
is more susceptible to degradation (e.g., plastic strips breaking or getting knocked off;
malfunction of self-closing door mechanisms going unnoticed or unrepaired), and may warrant
more frequent inspection (e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly). The objective is to assure the
conditions that establish the enclosure as a permanent total enclosure according to Method 204
are maintained.
Verification of the integrity of the duct between the enclosure and the add-on control
device are key elements to monitor for all permanent total enclosures.
2.9 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Monitoring Protocols for
Permanent Total Enclosures?
Three monitoring protocols for permanent total enclosures are included in this Appendix.
Protocols C and D are applicable to enclosures for any process; Protocol E is applicable only to
enclosures for processes with emissions less than the major source threshold (MST) (e.g., 100
tons per year for VOC).
1. Protocol C relies on:
(a) Continuously monitoring the pressure differential of the enclosure,
D-ll
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(b) Inspecting the operational condition of the bypass damper and verifying bypass
operation per one of the procedures presented in the Bypass Monitoring
Protocol (Protocol F), and
(c) Inspecting the ductwork integrity between the enclosure and add-on control
device.
2. Protocol D relies on:
(a) Continuously monitoring an indicator of exhaust air flow rate (e.g., static
pressure),
(b) Verifying the operational status of interlocks on enclosure doors,
(c) Inspecting the enclosure integrity,
(d) Inspecting the operational condition of the bypass damper and verifying bypass
operation per one of the procedures presented in the Bypass Monitoring
Protocol (Protocol F), and
(e) Inspecting the ductwork integrity between the enclosure and add-on control
device.
3. Protocol E is applicable only to processes with controlled emissions less than the
MST. The protocol relies on:
(a) Continuously monitoring an indicator of exhaust air flow rate (e.g., static
pressure), or using an air flow interlock to assure a minimum airflow is
maintained;
(b) Using self closing door mechanisms;
(c) Inspecting the enclosure integrity;
(d) Inspecting the operational condition of the bypass damper and verifying bypass
operation per one of the procedures presented in the Bypass Monitoring
Protocol (Protocol F); and
(e) Inspecting the ductwork integrity between the enclosure and add-on control
device.
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2.10 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Permanent Non-total
(Partial) Enclosure?
The key factors to consider when monitoring a permanent non-total enclosure are the same
as those considered for monitoring a permanent total enclosure: the air flow through the system,
the integrity of the enclosure, and the integrity of the ductwork between the enclosure and the
control device. The primary difference between the two is not in the monitoring, but in the fact
that the enclosure has not been designed to capture all the emissions and a capture efficiency of
100 percent cannot be claimed. However, as discussed above for permanent total enclosures, the
design and construction of enclosures can vary significantly, and, consequently, so can the
susceptibility of the integrity of the enclosure. Because non-total enclosures do not meet the
minimum design criteria to qualify as permanent total enclosures, the design and construction of
permanent non-total enclosures can vary even more widely than for permanent total enclosures.
Consequently, more frequent inspections of the integrity of the enclosure are recommended.
Furthermore, some permanent non-total enclosures (as defined for this Appendix) may be
comprised of simple local exhaust systems (e.g., hoods and floor sweeps) which have been added
to the process and are therefore not inherent to the press or coater design. In these cases,
depending on the design of the system, monitoring an indicator of flow (e.g., static pressure or
damper position) to the individual local exhaust system may be warranted.
2.11 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Monitoring Protocols for a
Permanent Non-total Enclosure?
The protocols for non-total enclosures included in this Appendix are Protocols D and E for
enclosures.
2.12 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Bypass Damper or Valve?
Most controlled presses, coaters, or laminators employ a damper that directs process line
exhaust to the control device or to the atmosphere (bypass). Typically these "bypass" dampers
are monitored to verify that the exhaust gases are being sent to the control device when the
process is in operation, or have an interlock which allows the process to operate only when the
exhaust gases are being sent to the control device. In general, process line exhausts are sent to
the atmosphere only when the web is disengaged, during startup and shutdown of the process, or
when the process is running materials that do not require emissions control. The exhaust system
may also be isolated from the control device when the process line is not operating. Since a
control device commonly processes emissions from multiple process lines, an isolation damper
may be necessary to eliminate bleed-in air from any non-operating lines. Any bypass dampers
and isolation dampers must work in concert so that when the exhaust from a process is directed
to the control device, the isolation damper is open to receive the flow.
Verification of the operational condition of the bypass damper and verification that the
bypass damper or valve is properly positioned to direct the flow to the control device when the
process is operating with inks and coatings that must be controlled are key elements to monitor
for all permanent total enclosures.
D-13
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2.13 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocols for a Bypass
Damper or Valve?
Protocol F is the protocol for bypass dampers or valves and provides several monitoring
options, including:
1. An interlock with the process,
2. An indicator of valve position,
3. An indicator of flow, and
4. A car-seal or lock.
Any of these options may be used in conjunction with a periodic (at least annual) inspection of
the integrity of the bypass damper or valve.
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3.0 ADD-ON CONTROLS
3.1 What Is an Oxidizer?
Oxidizers are combustion systems that control VOC and organic HAP by combusting them
to carbon dioxide (C02) and water. The design of an oxidation system is dependent on the
pollutant concentration in the waste gas stream, type of pollutant, presence of other gases, level
of oxygen, and stability of processes vented to the system. Important design factors include
residence time (sufficient time for the combustion reaction to occur), temperature (a temperature
high enough to ignite the waste-auxiliary fuel mixture), and turbulence (turbulent mixing of the
air and waste-fuel). Residence time, temperature, turbulence, and sufficient oxygen
concentration govern the completeness of the combustion reaction. Of these, only temperature
and oxygen can be significantly controlled after construction. Residence time and turbulence are
fixed by oxidizer design.
The efficiency at which VOC and HAP compounds are oxidized is greatly affected by
temperature. Because inlet exhaust gas concentrations are well below the LEL to prevent pre-
ignition explosions, the exhaust gas must be heated with auxiliary fuel and/or primary oxidizer
heat recovery above the auto-ignition temperature. Thermal destruction of organic materials will
vary depending on the chemical structure of the solvent. For organic solvents used in this
industry, thermal destruction will be effected at combustion temperatures between 400 and
1800 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) depending on the oxidation technology used and the solvent types.
Residence time is equal to the oxidizer chamber volume divided by the total flow of flue gases
(waste gas flow, added air, and products of combustion). A residence time of 0.2 to 2.0 seconds
is common. Turbulence is necessary to ensure that all waste and fuel come in contact with
oxygen. In the printing industry, oxidizer systems operate with excess air/oxygen from the
process exhaust (above stoichiometric or theoretical amounts) to ensure complete combustion.
Normal operation of an oxidizer should include a controlled operating temperature.
Monitoring and controlling the oxidizer operating temperature will provide a good method of
ensuring VOC and HAP destruction efficiency.
3.2 What Is the Difference Between a Thermal Oxidizer and a Catalytic Oxidizer?
A catalytic oxidizer is a thermal oxidation system that uses a catalyst to lower the
activation temperature of the VOCs in the exhaust stream. By use of a catalyst the oxidation
process can be completed in the range of 400 to 700°F, while un-catalyzed thermal oxidizers
operate in the range of 1,200 to 1800°F.
Catalytic oxidation control devices are widely used in the surface coating and printing
industries to control both VOC and HAP. The following process variables should be considered
when applying a catalytic oxidation system: exhaust flow rate of the process being controlled,
type and concentration of the pollutants, temperature and oxygen levels of the exhaust stream,
and the presence of other gases, poisons, or masking agents.
D-15
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Catalytic oxidation systems can be designed to accommodate wide ranges of exhaust rates.
The system size is dictated by the maximum exhaust rate of the source to be controlled. The
concentration of VOC in the exhaust stream can impact the sizing of the catalytic oxidation
system. As the concentration of VOC in the exhaust stream increases, the heat released from the
oxidation of these VOC also increases. This heat release increases the temperature rise across
the catalyst bed. At some point this heat release can cause the exhaust air temperature to exceed
the safe operating limits of the catalyst material being used. If this occurs, dilution air can be
introduced into the stream to control temperature up to the airflow limit of the system. In most
printing and coating applications the desired maximum airflow from the printing and coating
operation, not the maximum expected solvent load to the control system, is the factor that
determines the unit sizing.
Residence time for catalytic oxidation systems is normally expressed in terms of gas hourly
space velocity (GHSV), which is calculated by dividing the cubic feet of exhaust gas per hour
processed by the cubic feet of catalyst in the system. Typical GHSVs range from 8,000 to more
than 50,000. The lower the GHSV, the greater the surface area of catalyst sites available to
promote the oxidation of the VOC in the exhaust stream. As in thermal oxidation systems,
residence time, or in this case GHSV, in conjunction with operating temperature impacts the
oxidation efficiency. In thermal oxidizers, lower residence times may require higher operating
temperatures to achieve the desired oxidation of the VOC. The same can be true for catalytic
oxidation systems; higher GHSVs require higher operating temperatures to achieve the desired
oxidation levels.
Catalyst activation temperatures can range from 300°F to 1300°F. Catalyst activation
temperature is impacted by a wide variety of factors. These factors include the type of catalyst
(i.e., base metal, precious metal, hybrid), surface area and density, type of supporting structure
(i.e., bead, extruded material, metal or monolith structure), type or species of VOC to be
controlled, and the accumulation level of poisons or masking agents. Oxygenated solvents such
as alcohols and acetates typically used in the printing and surface coating industries are easily
oxidized at relatively low temperatures. Other solvents may require higher temperatures. In some
cases, the catalyst operating temperature can be adjusted to compensate for decreases in activity.
Poisons and masking agents in the exhaust stream can contaminate the catalyst and reduce
its effectiveness. Poisons and masking agents can be carried into the system with the exhaust
gases being treated. Catalyst poisons are defined as contaminants that chemically affect the active
catalyst materials rendering them inactive. Catalyst masking agents deactivate a catalyst by
coating the active catalyst material thus preventing the VOC from contact with the active catalyst
sites. Poisoning and masking of catalyst normally develops over extended periods of operation.
Over the many years that catalytic systems have been used, the source of poisons and masking
agents have been largely identified and either eliminated or compensated for in the catalytic
oxidation system design. Catalyst testing can provide valuable information as to the activity level
of the catalyst and help predict the useful life of the catalyst.
Thermal degradation of catalyst is exacerbated as temperatures in the catalyst beds are
increased. Most manufacturers of catalytic oxidation systems address this issue by monitoring
the catalyst bed outlet temperature. The physical breakdown or attrition of catalyst can occur as a
D-16
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result of loosely packed material abrading against itself or the catalyst containment system. In
the case of structured monolith catalyst, vibration or the normal expansion and contraction of the
catalyst containment system may cause physical damage.
3.3 What Is the Difference Between a Recuperative Oxidizer and a Regenerative
Oxidizer?
Recuperative oxidation systems utilize heat recovery devices configured as either plate or
shell and tube type metallic heat exchangers. In a recuperative oxidation system, the increase in
heat content of the gases exiting the oxidation process are used to preheat the process exhaust
gases prior to entering the oxidation chamber. This type of system can recover from 50 percent
to 80 percent of the energy in the system.
Regenerative oxidation systems are designed with a heat recovery device utilizing two or
more towers of a ceramic media or other heat exchange media that store and release heat. A
valve mechanism is used to alternate the exhaust stream between two or more towers. Energy is
recovered by reversing the direction of gas flow through the towers allowing for up to 95 percent
recovery of process energy. The ceramic media in these systems may be coated with a catalyst
material.
Unlike a recuperative oxidizer, which has a fixed combustion chamber, a regenerative unit
has a combustion "zone" in which oxidation occurs. The combustion zone of the unit varies with
the VOC loading to the device and the location within the media bed or inter-bed chamber where
combustion occurs. The operating temperature is set by establishing a minimum temperature in
the media beds or inter-bed chamber that triggers the operation of the auxiliary burner or gas
injection system when the temperature reaches the minimum value. Through the use of an array
of temperature sensors, the temperature profile of the unit is monitored to verify that the
minimum temperature is maintained at some point within the unit. Depending upon flow, VOC
loading, and other operating parameters, the highest measured temperature may be at some point
within the media beds or in the inter-bed chamber. Because of the complexity of the system,
establishing a minimum operating temperature based on a single point within the combustion
zone may be difficult or overly restrictive. The owner/operator may elect to monitor multiple
temperatures to assure that a minimum temperature is maintained within the combustion zone, or
may propose to monitor several temperatures and maintain a minimum average temperature.
Some flexibility in defining the operating temperature(s) to be measured and monitored is
appropriate for regenerative units.
3.4 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Thermal Oxidizer?
The key factors to consider are:
1. Operating temperature, and
2. System integrity.
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Normal operation of a thermal oxidizer should include a minimum operating temperature.
Monitoring and controlling the oxidizer operating temperature will provide a good method of
ensuring VOC and HAP destruction efficiency.
3.5 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocol for a Thermal
Oxidizer?
Protocol 1 addresses monitoring of thermal oxidizers. The monitoring protocol relies on:
1. Continuously monitoring the oxidizer operating temperature (at least one
measurement taken and recorded every 15 minutes),
2. Periodic inspection of the oxidizer, and
3. Performance testing once every 5 years.
3.6 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Catalytic Oxidizer?
The key factors to consider are:
1. Operating temperature (minimum catalyst bed temperature),
2. Catalyst activity (life), and
3. System integrity.
Typically, the temperature at the inlet to the catalyst chamber (bed) is used to monitor and
control the oxidizer operation. Most catalytic oxidation systems are set up to measure both the
inlet and outlet temperatures of the catalyst chamber. While the differential temperature across
the catalyst does provide an indication of catalyst activity, it does not provide a quantifiable
indication of the efficiency of the system for operations subject to variable VOC loading, as in
some elements of the printing/flexible packaging industry. The primary purpose of the outlet
temperature measurement is for protection of the catalyst from overheating. Inlet operating
temperatures are based on catalyst manufacturer's recommendations and are proven through
compliance emissions testing.
The life of catalyst materials are impacted by poisons, masking agents, thermal degradation
and in some cases physical degradation. Poisons and masking agents can be carried into the
system with the process exhaust gases. Over the long term, these poisons and masking agents
can build up in the catalyst bed and slowly reduce the catalyst activity. Over the many years that
catalytic systems have been used, the source of poisons and masking agents have been largely
identified and either eliminated or compensated for in the catalytic oxidation system design.
Thermal degradation of catalyst is exacerbated as temperatures in the catalyst beds are increased.
Most manufacturers of catalytic oxidation systems address this issue by monitoring the catalyst
bed outlet temperature. Physical breakdown or attrition of catalyst can occur as a result of
loosely packed material abrading against itself or the catalyst containment system. In the case of
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structured monolith catalyst, vibration or the normal expansion and contraction of the catalyst
containment system may also cause physical damage. Periodic catalyst sampling and testing can
be conducted to assure that the catalyst activity remains satisfactory. Some manufacturers
provide catalyst "core samples" installed in the bed to facilitate removal of a sample for testing.
Also, it is important to monitor the operation of any bypass valve installed as a safety
measure which, when activated, would vent emissions directly to the atmosphere.
3.7 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocols for a Catalytic
Oxidizer?
Protocol 2 addresses monitoring of catalytic oxidizers. The monitoring protocol relies on:
1. Continuously monitoring the catalyst bed inlet temperature (at least one measurement
taken and recorded every 15 minutes),
2. Annual assessment (e.g., sampling and testing) of the catalyst activity,
3. Periodic inspection of the oxidizer, and
4. Performance testing once every 5 years.
As discussed in section 3.3 of this appendix, flexibility in defining the temperature(s) to be
measured and monitored is appropriate for a regenerative catalytic unit. A regenerative catalytic
unit will include more than one catalyst bed and the direction of flow though the beds will be
changing as a normal part of operation. Because of the complexity of the system, establishing a
minimum operating temperature based on a single measurement point within the combustion
zone may be difficult or overly restrictive. The owner/operator may elect to monitor multiple
temperatures to assure that a minimum temperature is maintained within the catalytic combustion
zone, or may propose to monitor several temperatures and maintain a minimum average
temperature. Some flexibility in defining the temperature(s) to be measured and monitored is
appropriate for regenerative catalytic units.
3.8 What Are Additional Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Regenerative
Oxidizer?
An additional key operating factor to consider for regenerative oxidizers is the valve
mechanism used to reverse the flow of gases through the towers. It is important to assure that the
valves controlling the flow to and from the towers do not leak; leaking valves will allow
untreated gases to bypass the oxidizing bed and will result in a reduced control efficiency. Also,
the valve timing (the period of time between the combustion and regeneration cycle of a tower)
can have a small impact on the overall control device efficiency. Each time the valves reverse
flow through the tower, a small portion of untreated gases are back-purged (i.e., bypass
treatment). As a result, one expects a small reduction in control efficiency as the valve timing
(number of cycles per hour) is increased; or conversely, an increase in efficiency as the valve
timing (number of cycles per hour) decreases. Valve timing is part of the process design.
D-19
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Modern oxidizers incorporate systems which automatically control (change) valve timing in
order to assist with maintaining the proper regenerative bed/combustion chamber temperature.
Consequently, it is not practical, nor is it necessary, to establish and monitor a strict set valve
timing. Rather, the valve timing control system should be documented and understood upon
installation of the system, and the integrity of the valve system should be verified periodically.
Ongoing monitoring of the valve operating system should be conducted. Activities which
could be used to assess valve operation include routine inspection of key parameters of the valve
operating system (e.g., solenoid valve operation, air pressure, hydraulic pressure), visual
inspection of the valves during internal inspections, and testing of the emissions stream for
leakage.
3.9 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocols for Regenerative
Oxidizers?
The monitoring protocols for thermal and catalytic oxidizers include the following
additional monitoring parameters for regenerative units:
1. Assessment of proper closure of valves through periodic (at least annual) inspection
or testing, and
2. Periodic (at least annual) documentation of valve timing control system parameters
(e.g., minimum and maximum set points) and documentation of any changes made.
3.10 What Are Additional Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Recuperative
Oxidizer?
An additional key operating factor to consider for recuperative oxidizers is the potential for
leakage in the heat exchanger. If the heat exchanger develops leaks, untreated emissions can pass
through the heat exchanger to the oxidizer exhaust. The heat exchanger should be inspected or
tested for leaks per the manufacturer's recommendations.
3.11 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocols for Recuperative
Oxidizers?
The monitoring protocols for thermal and catalytic oxidizers include the following
additional monitoring parameter for recuperative units:
• Periodic (at least annual) inspection or testing of the heat exchanger to assess leakage
per manufacturer's recommendations.
3.12 What Is a Solvent Recovery System?
Solvent recovery systems, as used in the printing and flexible packaging industry, consist
of two or more adsorber vessels that contain activated carbon. Solvent laden air (SLA) from the
manufacturing process is passed through one or more adsorbers. The solvent from the air stream
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is retained or adsorbed by the carbon as it passes through the bed(s). Cleansed air is released to
atmosphere. Once the carbon in an adsorber becomes saturated with solvents, the solvent laden
air is routed to an alternate adsorber and the saturated adsorber is regenerated (i.e., the adsorbed
solvent is stripped from the carbon). Different mechanisms may be used to regenerate the
carbon. In one method, the carbon is heated with steam, which causes the carbon to release the
solvent vapors. The steam and solvent vapors from the regenerating adsorber are condensed.
Many carbon adsorbers have mechanisms to treat the condensate to separate the solvent from the
water. After a period of time regeneration is stopped and the adsorber goes idle while waiting to
go back on line. Two or more adsorbers are used to enable continuous operation with one or
more vessels adsorbing while another is being regenerated. There are other methods to
regenerate the carbon beds; such methods include the use of heated nitrogen as the regeneration
gas or vacuum regeneration (placing the adsorber under vacuum to desorb the solvent). These
alternate methods are most often used with water-miscible solvents.
3.13 What Are the Key Factors to Consider When Monitoring a Solvent Recovery System?
The key factors to consider when monitoring a solvent recovery system are either:
1. The quantity of solvent recovered, or
2. System operating parameters, including
(a) System integrity,
(b) Inlet and outlet solvent concentrations,
(c) Inlet and outlet air flow rates, and
(d) Regeneration criteria.
Because the solvent is recovered (and not destroyed as in a thermal incinerator), it is
possible to conduct a material balance to determine if emissions limits are being met (simply
stated: emissions equal solvent used in the process less solvent recovered). One monitoring
approach is to conduct a periodic material balance; typically monthly.
Another approach relies on monitoring the inlet and outlet concentrations and air flows of
the adsorber system to provide the information necessary to calculate the control efficiency of the
device. If the flow rate to the control device is steady and does not vary significantly,
continuously monitoring the air flow rates may not be necessary.
A third monitoring approach is to monitor key operating parameters of the adsorber. For
example, a rise in outlet solvent concentration indicates that the adsorption capacity of a bed has
been reached. Continuously monitoring the solvent concentration of the treated air exhaust
stream can be used to detect the increase in concentration and initiate the switch from the
adsorbing to the regenerating phase. An instrument used in this approach is typically referred to
as a "breakthrough detector." A fourth approach is to establish regeneration criteria based on
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design and performance results and monitor these regeneration criteria. For example,
establishing a maximum time between regeneration cycles, as well as the minimum quantity and
temperature of the steam used for regeneration during each cycle are parameters that could be
monitored. Because this parameter monitoring approach does not rely on a direct measure of the
solvent concentration in the treated air exhaust stream, it does not provide as high a level of
confidence as the use of a breakthrough detector.
3.14 What Are the Indicators of Performance Included in the Protocols for a Solvent
Recovery System?
Two protocols for solvent recovery systems are included in this appendix. Protocol 3
addresses monitoring of solvent recovery system concentrations to determine control device
efficiency. Protocol 4 relies on measurement of the solvent recovered and material balance
calculation (liquid-liquid mass balance (LLMB)) and serves as both a capture system and control
device monitoring protocol (i.e., it addresses the overall capture and control efficiency of the
system).
Protocol 3 includes:
1. Adsorption system inspection for component integrity,
2. Continuously monitoring solvent concentration in the inlet and outlet of the carbon
adsorption system, and
3. Continuously monitoring air flow rate in the inlet or outlet of the carbon adsorption
system.
Protocol 4 references the liquid-liquid material balance procedures of 40 CFR
§§ 63.824(b)(l)(i) and 63.825(c)(1). If this liquid-liquid material balance procedure is used, no
additional monitoring of the capture system, control device, or bypass damper is required.
Parameter monitoring of regeneration cycle criteria has not been included in this Appendix
as a protocol. The CAM rule, 40 CFR part 64, and the Appendix A of the Compliance
Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document (CAM TGD) includes several examples of
parameter monitoring for carbon adsorbers; one example relies on the use of a breakthrough
detector, while another relies on monitoring the vacuum regeneration operating parameters. You
should refer to the CAM rule and the CAM TGD if you are interested in reviewing parameter
monitoring options for solvent recovery systems.
D-22
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PROTOCOL A
Capture System for VOC Control: Unenclosed Presses
I. Applicability
A. Emissions Unit
This monitoring protocol is applicable to the following types of emissions units:
• Unenclosed flexographic and rotogravure printing presses.
B. Minimum Design Criteria for Emissions Unit and Capture System
This monitoring protocol may be acceptable if the emissions unit and capture system
meet the minimum design criteria identified in this section.
1. Emissions Unit
(a) Utilizes dryers following the application of each ink and/or tunnel dryers,
(b) Has air flow into dryers,
(c) Is maintained and operated as designed by the manufacturer and as tested, and
(d) Has flow sensor(s) (e.g., static pressure) in dryer air flow system with interlock
to press.
2. Capture System
Has drying system inherent to the design of the press that is maintained and
operated as designed by the manufacturer and as tested.
II. Monitoring Approach
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria are presented in Table A.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
Presses used in the rotogravure and flexographic industries utilize dryers. These dryers are
designed to operate under negative pressure and comprise the capture system. The dryer
system and the airflow through the system is an integral part of the process designed by the
manufacturer. A properly balanced air system must be maintained in order to assure proper
drying of the inks and coatings and product quality. Furthermore, a properly balanced air
system must be maintained in order to assure that the exhaust gas is maintained well below
the LEL. In order to meet fire insurance requirements, most exhaust ducts typically are
fitted with LEL sensors (required if LEL goes above 25 percent) and alarms and with flow
sensors that will trigger a shutdown if the flow falls below a minimum value, typically a
fraction of the LEL. Assuring the flow sensor interlocks are properly set and operating will
D-23
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assure the airflow through the system is properly maintained, the press is operating as
designed, and the design capture efficiency is achieved.
Inspections of the ductwork and dampers will ensure their integrity.
When necessary after equipment maintenance, or adjustment, a smoke test will verify
capture (negative flow from the atmosphere into the exhaust system) at the test location.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
An initial performance test is conducted on the unenclosed press to demonstrate
compliance with the capture efficiency required in the air pollution permit or as guaranteed
by the manufacturer. The low-flow sensor interlock setting is documented during the
capture efficiency test. The exhaust system flow rate also is documented during the capture
efficiency test.
The level at which the low-flow sensor interlock activates is established by the
manufacturer at the time of installation. It is set at a level to assure proper operation of the
press and to maintain operation of the exhaust system. Maintaining airflow above this level
assures the press is properly operating and provides a reasonable assurance that the capture
efficiency is being maintained.
D-24
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TABLE A. MONITORING APPROACH FOR EMISSIONS CAPTURE
FOR UNENCLOSED PRESSES
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3a
I. Indicator
Measurement
Approach
Work Practice
Work Practice
Work Practice
Inspect the integrity of the
exhaust system from the
process to the control
device.
Inspect operational
condition of all interlocks,
including:
• between color dryer
flow; and
• tunnel oven flow.
Use a smoke stick or
equivalent approach to
assure that the dryer is
negative to the
surrounding atmosphere.
II. Indicator Range
Corrective Action
An excursion is defined as
any finding that the
integrity of the exhaust
system has been
compromised.
Establish the interlock set-
point at the time of
installation Document the
setting during the capture
efficiency test. An
excursion is defined as
any finding that any
interlocks are inoperative.
Case-by-case
determination of
appropriate compliance
demonstration technique.
An excursion is defined as
any operation of the press
without proper placement
of dryer cans being
demonstrated.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the
problem, corrective action
and a reporting
requirement.
Any excursion shall
require that the process be
immediately shut down
and remain down until the
problem can be corrected.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the
problem, corrective action
and a reporting
requirement.
Press shall not be operated
until proper placement of
dryer cans is
demonstrated. Each
excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
and corrective action.
III. Performance Criteria
A. Data
Rep re sentativene s s
B. Verification of
Operational Status
C. QA/QC Practices
and Criteria
Properly positioned
dampers and leak free
ductwork will assure that
all of the normally
captured exhaust will
reach the control device.
Inspections will identify
problems.
Properly operating
interlocks will assure that
dampers are correctly
positioned. Inspections
will identify problems.
Monitoring approach will
assure the dryer is set to
properly contain supply
air.
Inspection records.
Inspection records.
Not applicable.
Validate set-point of
between color dryer and
tunnel oven exhaust flow
sensors by measuring
static pressure (or flow),
as appropriate, annually.
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TABLE A. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3a
D. Monitoring
Frequency
Semiannually.
Annually.
Whenever the location of
the dryer is disrupted.
(This may not be
necessary for two piece
dryers.)
Data Collection
Procedure
Record results of
inspections and
observations.
Record results of
inspections and
observations
Not applicable
Averaging Period
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
E. Recordkeeping
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken in
response to excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken in
response to excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken in
response to excursions.
F. Reporting
Number, duration, cause
of any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause
of any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause
of any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
a Indicator #3 is only necessary for unenclosed presses with variable placement settings for the between color dryer
cans.
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PROTOCOL B
Capture System for VOC Control:
Unenclosed Presses, Coaters, and Laminators
I. Applicability
A. Emissions Unit
This monitoring protocol is applicable to the following types of emissions units:
• Unenclosed flexographic or rotogravure presses; unenclosed coaters, and
unenclosed laminators.
B. Minimum Design Criteria for Emissions Unit and Capture System
This monitoring protocol may be acceptable if the emissions unit and capture system
meet the minimum design criteria identified in this section.
1. Emissions Unit
(a) Has air flow into dryers,
(b) Is maintained and operated as designed by the manufacturer and as tested, and
(c) Has flow sensor(s) (e.g., static pressure) in dryer air flow system.
2. Capture System
Has drying system inherent to design of the process line (press, coater, and or
laminator) that is maintained and operated as designed by the manufacturer and as
tested.
II. Monitoring Approach
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria are presented in Table B.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
Presses used in the rotogravure and flexographic industries utilize dryers. These dryers are
designed to operate under negative pressure and comprise the capture system. The dryer
system and the airflow through the system are integral parts of the process designed by the
manufacturer. A properly balanced air system must be maintained in order to assure proper
drying of the inks and coatings and product quality. Furthermore, a properly balanced air
system must be maintained in order to assure that the exhaust gas is maintained below the
lower LEL.
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Unenclosed coaters and laminators are designed with a capture system for the application
area and dryers which operate under negative pressure; these components comprise the
capture system for an unenclosed laminator or coater. The capture, dryer and exhaust
system and the airflow through the system are parts of the process designed by the
manufacturer. A properly balanced air system must be maintained in order to assure that
the exhaust gas is maintained below the LEL of the inks or coatings.
Continuously monitoring an indicator of flow (e.g., static pressure) and maintaining the
flow at the proper level provides a reasonable assurance that the capture efficiency is being
maintained.
Inspections of the ductwork and dampers will ensure their integrity.
When necessary after equipment maintenance, or adjustment, a smoke test will verify
capture (negative flow from the atmosphere into the exhaust system) at the test location.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
An initial performance test is conducted on the unenclosed press, laminator, or coater to
demonstrate compliance with the capture efficiency required in the air pollution permit or
as guaranteed by the manufacturer. The exhaust system flow rate is measured and
documented during the capture efficiency test. An indicator of the flow is monitored during
the performance test.
The selected indicator range for the indicator of flow is greater than 85 percent of the value
measured during the performance test.
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TABLE B. MONITORING APPROACH FOR EMISSIONS CAPTURE
FOR UNENCLOSED COATERS AND LAMINATORS
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
I. Indicator
Work Practice
Exhaust flow
Work Practice
Measurement Approach
Inspect the integrity of
the exhaust system
from the process to the
control device.
Continuously monitor an
indicator of flow of the
process line exhaust system.
Monitor either the static
pressure, or a direct measure
of flow.
Use a smoke stick or
equivalent approach to
assure that the dryer is
negative to the
surrounding
atmosphere.
II. Indicator Range
An excursion is defined
as any finding that the
integrity of the exhaust
system has been
compromised.
Establish the indicator range
at a value greater than 85
percent of the average value
measured during the most
recent capture efficiency
performance test Establish
the indicator range based
upon the test data, historical
data, and engineering
judgment.
Case-by-case
determination of
appropriate compliance
demonstration
technique. An
excursion is defined as
any operation of the
process without
demonstration of
negative flow into the
dryer or application
area capture system
after the exhaust system
is disrupted.
Corrective Action
Each excursion triggers
an inspection,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion triggers an
inspection, corrective action
and a reporting requirement.
Process shall not be
operated until negative
flow into the dryer
system or application
area capture system is
demonstrated. Each
excursion triggers an
assessment of the
problem, corrective
action and a reporting
requirement.
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TABLE B. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
III.
Performance Criteria
A.
Data Representativeness
Properly positioned
dampers and leak free
ductwork will assure
that all of the normally
captured exhaust will
reach the control
device. Inspections
will identify problems.
Continuously monitoring an
indicator of flow will assure
that adequate flow to achieve
the designed capture rate is
maintained.
Monitoring approach
will assure the dryer is
set to properly contain
supply air, and that the
airflow is into the
application area capture
system.
B.
Verification of
Operational Status
Inspection records.
Upon installation, compare
to measured flow using a
standard flow measurement
technique (e.g., EPA Method
2) per manufacturer's
instructions.
Not applicable.
C.
QA/QC Practices and
Criteria
Not applicable.
Confirm proper operation
and calibration of sensor
annually.
• Static pressure: compare to
calibrated meter or
manometer, or
• Flow sensor: compare to a
measured value using a
standard method (e.g.,
EPA Method 2).
Not applicable.
D.
Monitoring Frequency
Semiannually.
At least 4 times per hour.
Whenever the
application area capture
system or dryer exhaust
system is disrupted.
Data Collection
Procedure
Record results of
inspections and
observations.
Data acquisition system or
strip chart or circular
recorder.
Not applicable.
Averaging Period
Not applicable.
1-hr.
Not applicable.
E.
Recordkeeping
Maintain for a period
of 5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of corrective
actions taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period
of 5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
F.
Reporting
Number, duration,
cause of any excursion
and the corrective
action taken.
Number, duration, cause of
any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration,
cause of any excursion
and the corrective
action taken.
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TABLE B. (CONTINUED)
Frequency
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
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PROTOCOL C
Capture System for VOC Control: Permanent Total Enclosures
I. Applicability
A. Emissions Unit
This protocol is applicable to the following types of emissions units:
1. Printing presses, and
2. Coating and laminating operations.
B. Minimum Design Criteria for Emissions Unit and Capture System
This monitoring protocol may be acceptable if the emissions unit and capture system
meet the minimum design criteria identified in this section.
1. Emissions Unit
The VOC emitting portions of the process unit are contained within the enclosure.
2. Capture System
Permanent Total Enclosure: a permanently installed enclosure that completely
surrounds a source of emissions such that all VOC emissions are captured and
contained for discharge to a control device. The enclosure shall be designed and
operated in accordance with the criteria in USEPA Method 204. A capture
efficiency of 100 percent is assumed for a permanent total enclosure.
II. Monitoring Approach
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria are presented in Table C.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
Maintaining the enclosure under sufficient negative pressure at all times assures that the
capture efficiency is maintained; therefore, monitoring the differential pressure across the
enclosure provides an indicator of performance.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
The selected indicator range is a differential pressure of less than 0.007 inches of water
column (in. w.c.). This indicator range is based upon Method 204 criteria. A differential
pressure of - 0.007 in. w.c. is considered equivalent to a face velocity of 200 feet per
minute (ft/min) for natural draft openings (NDO). Alternatively, the differential pressure
can be established at a value demonstrated during a certification test as sufficient to meet
the 200 ft/min face velocity at all NDOs.
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TABLE C. MONITORING APPROACH FOR PERMANENT TOTAL ENCLOSURES
UTILIZING PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
Indicator # 1
Indicator #2
I. Indicator
Measurement Approach
Pressure differential
Work Practice
Monitor pressure differential
across the enclosure wall and the
surrounding atmosphere.
Inspect the integrity of the exhaust
system from the process to the
control device, and the integrity of
the enclosure.
II. Indicator Range
Corrective Action
An excursion is defined as a
pressure differential of less than
-0.007 in. w.c. for 5 consecutive
minutes; alternatively, a smaller
differential (i.e., less than -0.007
in. w.c.) can be used as the
indicator if such a differential is
demonstrated as adequate to
qualify the permanent total
enclosure with Method 204
criteria.
Alternatively, a three hour
average value can be used as the
indicator range.
An excursion is identified as any
finding that the integrity of the
exhaust system ductwork, or the
enclosure have been compromised.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
corrective action and a reporting
requirement.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem, corrective
action and a reporting requirement.
III. Performance Criteria
A. Data Representativeness
B. Verification of Operational
Status
C. QA/QC Practices and Criteria
A measure of the pressure
differential at the interface
between the wall of the enclosure
and surrounding atmosphere
assures that the permanent total
enclosure is maintained under
negative pressure.
Properly positioned dampers, leak-
free ductwork and a leak-free
enclosure will assure that all of the
exhaust will reach the control device.
Inspections will identify problems.
Not applicable.
Inspection records.
Validation of instrument
calibration conducted annually.
Compare to calibrated meter, or
calibrate using pressure standard,
or according to manufacturer's
instructions.
Not applicable.
D-33
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TABLE C. (CONTINUED)
Indicator # 1
Indicator #2
D. Monitoring Frequency
Monitor continuously.
Semiannually
Data Collection Procedure
Record continuously on a chart or
electronic media.
Record results of inspections and
observations.
Averaging Period
Not applicable if using any
measured value as the indicator;
Three hours if using 3-hour
average as the indicator.
Not applicable.
E. Recordkeeping
Maintain for a period of 5 years
records of data and of corrective
actions taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of 5 years
records of inspections and of
corrective actions taken in response
to excursions.
F. Reporting
Number, duration, cause of any
excursion and the corrective
action taken.
Number, duration, cause of any
excursion and the corrective action
taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
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PROTOCOL D
Capture System for VOC Control: Enclosures
I. Applicability
A. Emissions Unit
This protocol is applicable to the following types of emissions units:
1. Printing presses, and
2. Coating and laminating operations.
B. Minimum Design Criteria for Emissions Unit and Capture System
This monitoring protocol may be acceptable if the emissions unit and capture system
meet the minimum design criteria identified in this section.
1. Emissions Unit
The VOC emitting portions of the process unit are contained within the permanent
enclosure.
2. Capture System
Permanent Total Enclosure: a permanently installed enclosure that completely
surrounds a source of emissions such that all VOC emissions are captured and
contained for discharge to a control device. A capture efficiency of 100 percent is
assumed for a permanent total enclosure.
(a) The enclosure shall be designed and operated in accordance with the criteria in
USEPA Method 204,
(b) Any doors on the enclosure shall be equipped with sensors that are interlocked
to the process operation, and
(c) The capture system shall include an indicator of flow exhausted from the
permanent total enclosure (e.g., static pressure).
Permanent non-total enclosure: a permanently installed enclosure that does not meet
permanent total enclosure criteria. An enclosure that does not meet permanent total
enclosure criteria must be tested to determine the capture efficiency.
(a) Any doors on the enclosure shall be equipped with sensors that are interlocked
to the process operation, and
(b) The capture system shall include an indicator of flow exhausted from the
enclosure (e.g., static pressure).
D-35
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II. Monitoring Approach
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria are presented in Table D.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
If the integrity of the enclosure and exhaust flow are maintained, the capture system will
achieve the design capture efficiency. The selected parameters assure the integrity of the
enclosure is maintained and that the exhaust flow is maintained.
Inspections of the enclosure will provide the necessary information to assure the integrity of
the enclosure is maintained. Interlocks on all doors will assure that doors remain in a
closed position during process operation
An indicator of flow in the enclosure exhaust system will assure the airflow through the
system is (1) maintained at the minimum level necessary to meet permanent total enclosure
criteria or (2) maintained at the level demonstrated during the capture system performance
test of enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
The indicator range established for the permanent total enclosure flow is selected based
upon design criteria (minimum flow necessary to maintain required average face velocity at
natural draft openings) and historical data during normal operation. The indicator range for
enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria is selected based upon the airflow
demonstrated during the required capture system performance test.
The selected indicator for the door interlocks is 5 minutes. Five minutes is sufficient time
for ingress/egress to allow necessary activities to occur; a door remaining open for longer
than 5 minutes during normal operation is indicative of a problem requiring corrective
action.
The design and construction of enclosures can vary significantly and, consequently, so can
the susceptibility of the integrity of the enclosure. The design and construction of
enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria can vary even more widely than
for permanent total enclosures; consequently, for enclosures that do not meet permanent
total enclosure criteria, more frequent monitoring of the capture system integrity is
recommended.
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TABLE D. MONITORING APPROACH FOR ENCLOSURES
UTILIZING AN INDICATOR OF FLOW, DOOR INTERLOCKS,
AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
I. Indicator
Measurement Approach
Enclosure Exhaust Flow
Door Position Interlocks
Work Practice
A flow sensor (e.g., flow
meter, static pressure
measurement) is used as an
indicator to monitor the
total exhaust flow rate from
the enclosure.
Doors shall be fitted with a
door position monitor with
a timer and interlock to the
process.
Inspect the integrity of
the exhaust system from
the process to the control
device, and the integrity
of the enclosure.
II. Indicator Range
Corrective Action
Permanent total enclosure:
The indicator range is
established at, or above, the
level representative of the
minimum flow necessary to
meet permanent total
enclosure criteria
(minimum average NDO
flow rate).
Enclosure not meeting
permanent total enclosure
criteria: The indicator range
is established at, or above,
the level demonstrated
during the required capture
system performance test.
An excursion is identified
as any finding that an
interlock is inoperative.
The process shall shutdown
after five minutes of the
enclosure door being open.
An excursion is
identified as any finding
that the integrity of the
exhaust system
ductwork, or the
enclosure have been
compromised.
Any excursion triggers
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Any excursion shall require
that the process be
immediately shut down
until the problem can be
corrected.
Each excursion triggers
an inspection, corrective
action and a reporting
requirement.
III. Performance Criteria
A. Data Representativeness
Continuously monitoring an
indicator of flow assures
the minimum required flow
rate from the enclosure is
maintained and the
enclosure is maintained
under negative pressure.
Properly operating door
interlocks will assure that
the doors are closed during
process operation.
Properly positioned
dampers, leak free
ductwork and enclosure
will assure that all of the
exhaust will reach the
control device.
Inspections will identify
problems.
B. Verification of
Operational Status
The instrument is installed
and calibrated according to
the manufacturer's
instructions. EPA
Method 2a is used to verify
the flow rate at (or near) the
established indicator range.
Not applicable.
Inspection records.
D-37
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TABLED. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
C. QA/QC Practices and
Criteria
Annually verify that the
instrument used is reading
accurately. Use Method 2a
to verify the flow rate and
relationship of the flow
indicator to flow rate.
Check operation of
interlocks semiannually.
Not applicable.
D. Monitoring Frequency
Measured continuously.
Measured continuously.
Semiannually.11
Data Collection
Procedure
Record on strip chart or
electronic data system
Record results of any
excursion
Record results of
inspections and
observations
Averaging Period
Not applicable
(1-hr average also may be
used)
Not applicable
Not applicable
E. Recordkeeping
Maintain for a period of 5
years records of inspections
and of corrective actions
taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of 5
years records of inspections
and of corrective actions
taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
F. Reporting
Number, duration, cause of
any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause of
any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause
of any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
a Method 2 may be acceptable; however, other flow measurement methods may be used to verify flow rates and
sensor operation upon agreement by the permitting agency
b For enclosures that do not meet permanent total enclosure criteria, more frequent inspections of the integrity of the
capture system are required. The minimum frequency is quarterly.
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PROTOCOL E
Capture System for VOC Control: Enclosures
I. Applicability
A. Emissions Unit
This protocol is applicable to the following types of emissions units:
1. Printing presses with a controlled potential to emit less than the major source
threshold of the pollutant (VOC or HAP), and
2. Coating and laminating operations with a controlled potential to emit less than the
major source threshold of the pollutant (VOC or HAP).
B. Minimum Design Criteria for Emissions Unit and Capture System
This protocol may be acceptable if the emissions unit and capture system meet the
minimum design criteria identified in this section.
1. Emissions Unit
The VOC emitting portions of the process unit are contained within the permanent
enclosure.
2. Capture System
Permanent Total Enclosure: a permanently installed enclosure that completely
surrounds a source of emissions such that all VOC emissions are captured and
contained for discharge to a control device. A capture efficiency of 100 percent is
assumed for a permanent total enclosure.
(a) The enclosure shall be designed and operated in accordance with the criteria in
USEPA Method 204,
(b) All doors on the enclosure shall be equipped with self-closing doors or sensors
that are interlocked to the process operation, and
(c) The capture system shall include an indicator of flow exhausted from the
permanent total enclosure (e.g., static pressure).
Permanent non-total enclosure: a permanently installed enclosure that does not meet
permanent total enclosure criteria. An enclosure that does not meet permanent total
enclosure criteria must be tested to determine the capture efficiency.
(a) All doors on the enclosure shall be equipped with self-closing doors or sensors
that are interlocked to the process operation, and
D-39
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(b) The capture system shall include an indicator of flow exhausted from the
enclosure (e.g., static pressure).
II. Monitoring Approach
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria are presented in Table E.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
If the integrity of the enclosure and exhaust flow are maintained, the enclosure will achieve
the design capture efficiency. The selected parameters provide a reasonable assurance that
the integrity of the enclosure is maintained and that the exhaust flow is maintained.
Inspections of the enclosure will provide the necessary information to assure the integrity of
the enclosure is maintained. Self-closing mechanisms on all doors will provide a
reasonable assurance that doors will remain in a closed position during process operation.
Self-closing doors provide a lower level of confidence than door interlocks (see
Protocol D). However, because this protocol is applicable only to sources with post control
emissions of less than the major source threshold, the level of confidence is considered
acceptable.
An indicator of flow in the enclosure exhaust system will assure the airflow through the
system is (1) maintained at the minimum level necessary to meet permanent total enclosure
criteria or (2) maintained at the level demonstrated during the capture system performance
test of enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria. Flow sensor interlocks
may be used, in lieu of continuously recording an indicator of flow, to assure the airflow
through the system is properly maintained at a minimum level.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
The indicator range established for the permanent total enclosure flow is selected based
upon design criteria (minimum flow necessary to maintain required average face velocity at
natural draft openings) and historical data during normal operation. The indicator range for
enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria is selected based upon the airflow
demonstrated during the required capture system performance test.
The design and construction of enclosures can vary significantly and, consequently, so can
the susceptibility of the integrity of the enclosure. The design and construction of
enclosures not meeting permanent total enclosure criteria can vary even more widely than
for permanent total enclosures; consequently, for enclosures that do not meet permanent
total enclosure criteria, more frequent monitoring of the capture system integrity is
recommended.
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TABLE E. MONITORING APPROACH FOR ENCLOSURE UTILIZING
AN INDICATOR OF FLOW, AND ROUTINE INSPECTIONS
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
I. Indicator
Measurement
Approach
Enclosure Exhaust Flow
Door Position
Work Practice
A flow sensor (e.g., flow meter,
static pressure measurement) is
used to monitor the total exhaust
flow rate from the enclosure. The
indicator of flow is continuously
recorded or, alternatively, a "low
flow" value is established and a
process interlock is set at this
value.
Door position and
operation are
periodically inspected,
or
doors are fitted with a
door position monitor
with a timer and
interlock to the
process.b
Inspect the integrity of
the exhaust system from
the process to the
control device, and the
integrity of the
enclosure.
II. Indicator Range
Corrective Action
Permanent total enclosure: The
indicator range is established at,
or above, the level representative
of the minimum flow necessary to
meet permanent total enclosure
criteria (minimum average NDO
flow rate).
Enclosure not meeting permanent
total enclosure criteria: The
indicator range is established at,
or above, the level demonstrated
during the required capture
system performance test
Door interlocks: An
excursion is identified
as any finding where
the interlocks are
inoperative.
Self-closing doors: An
excursion is identified
as any finding where
self closing doors are
inoperative.
An excursion is
identified as any finding
that the integrity of the
ductwork or the
enclosure have been
compromised.
Any excursion triggers corrective
action and a reporting
requirement.
Any excursion shall
require that the process
be immediately shut
down until the problem
can be corrected.
Each excursion triggers
an inspection,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
III. Performance
Criteria
A. Data
Rep re sentativene s s
Continuously monitoring an
indicator of flow assures the
minimum required flow rate from
the enclosure is maintained and
the enclosure is maintained under
negative pressure.
Properly operating self-
closing doors, or door
interlocks will ensure
that the doors are closed
during process
operation.
Properly positioned
dampers, leak free
ductwork and
enclosure will assure
that all of the exhaust
will reach the control
device. Inspections will
identify problems.
D-41
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TABLE E. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
B. Verification of
Operational Status
The instrument is installed and
calibrated according to the
manufacturer's instructions. EPA
Method 2a is used to verify the
flow rate at (or near) the
established indicator range.
Not applicable.
Inspection records.
C. QA/QC Practices
and Criteria
Annually verify that the
instrument used is reading
accurately. Use Method 2a to
verify the flow rate and
relationship of flow indicator to
flow rate.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
D. Monitoring
Frequency
Measured continuously.
Interlocks: Measured
continuously.
Self-closing doors:
weekly inspection.11
Semiannually.0
Data Collection
Procedure
Record on strip chart or electronic
data system; or
if flow interlock is used, record
results of any excursion, (i.e.
when low flow interlock is
activated)
Record results of any
excursion.
Record results of
inspections and
observations.
Averaging Period
Not applicable for interlock;
1 -hr average may be used for
continuously recorded value.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
E. Recordkeeping
Maintain for a period of 5 years
records of inspections and of
corrective actions taken in
response to excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and of
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
F. Reporting
Number, duration, cause of any
excursion and the corrective
action taken.
Number, duration,
cause of any excursion
and the corrective
action taken.
Number, duration,
cause of any excursion
and the corrective
action taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
a Method 2 may be acceptable; however, other flow measurement methods may be used to verify flow rates and
sensor operation upon agreement by the permitting agency
b If self-closing doors (or doors with an interlock sensor) are not used on the enclosure, more frequent inspections
are required. The recommended inspection frequency is daily. An excursion is any inspection identifying doors
D-42
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TABLE E. (CONTINUED)
remaining in the open position except during periods of egress and ingress while the source is in operation. For
access openings utilizing close fitting plastic strips, weekly inspections are required. An excursion is any
inspection identifying access areas with missing or damaged strips.
c For enclosures that do not meet permanent total enclosure criteria, more frequent inspections of the integrity of the
capture system are required. The minimum frequency is quarterly.
D-43
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PROTOCOL F
Bypass Indication
I. Applicability
This protocol is applicable to all emissions units (i.e., printing, coating or laminating lines)
with a bypass damper (or valve) installed in the exhaust gas capture system that allows the
exhaust gas to be diverted away from the air pollution control device to atmosphere.
This protocol also is applicable to any bypass damper or valve installed at the air pollution
control device, proper; i.e., an emergency bypass.
This protocol does not apply to emissions units (i.e., printing, coating, or laminating) that
never are required to utilize the air pollution control system (i.e., emissions units processing
compliant coatings or uncontrolled emissions units).
II. Monitoring Approach
Each bypass damper located in the exhaust gas capture system between the process unit
(work station) and the air pollution control device is monitored using one of the following
procedures:
A. Install, calibrate, maintain and operate a flow control position indicator that provides a
record indicating whether the exhaust stream from the dryer was directed to the control
device or was diverted from the control device. The time and control position should
be recorded at least once per hour, as well as every time the flow direction is changed.
Install at the entrance to any bypass line.
B. Ensure that any bypass line valve or damper is in the closed position through
continuous monitoring of valve position. The monitoring system shall be inspected at
least once every month to ensure that it is functioning properly.
C. Use an automatic shutdown system in which the press is idled and printing is ceased
when flow is diverted away from the control device to any bypass line. The automatic
system shall be inspected at least once every month to ensure proper functioning.
D. Secure a bypass line valve in the closed position with a car-seal or a lock-and-key type
configuration; a visible inspection of the seal or closure mechanism shall be performed
at least once every month to ensure that the valve or damper is maintained in the closed
position and the exhaust stream is not diverted through the bypass line.
Each bypass damper or valve is inspected at least annually to ensure proper operation of
the valve or damper.
D-44
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III. Rationale for Selection of Monitoring Approach
The CAM rule (64.3 (a)(2)) requires that "unless stated otherwise, by an applicable
requirement, the owner or operator shall monitor indicators to detect bypass of the control
device (or capture system) to the atmosphere, if such bypass of the control device can occur
based on the design of the pollutant-specific emissions unit." Most controlled presses,
coaters, or laminators employ a damper that directs process line exhaust to the control
device or to the atmosphere (bypass). These "bypass" dampers need to be monitored to
verify that the exhaust gases are being sent to the control device when the process is in
operation, or to determine when the emissions are being exhausted to the control device for
intermittently controlled work stations.
IV. Indicator Range and Excursion
An excursion is defined as a finding that the bypass monitoring procedure has not been
followed, the monitoring system is not operable, or that a required bypass damper or
monitoring system inspection has not been conducted. Excursions trigger corrective action
and a reporting requirement.
D-45
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PROTOCOL 1
Thermal Oxidizers
I. Applicability
This monitoring protocol is applicable to thermal oxidizers controlling VOC and organic
HAP emissions from presses, coating operations, and laminating operations in the printing
and publishing and flexible packaging industries.
This monitoring protocol addresses monitoring of the control device operation, only, and
does not address monitoring required of capture systems associated with the individual
process units. (See associated protocols for capture systems.)
II. Monitoring Approach
A. The monitoring approach is comprised of:
1. Continuous monitoring and recording of combustion zone temperature with a
thermocouple system,
2. Periodic internal and external inspection of the structural integrity of the control
devices, and
3. Periodic emissions performance tests.
B. For regenerative thermal oxidizers, the monitoring approach includes the following
additional items:
1. Periodic assessment of valves for leakage, and
2. Documentation of the valve timing system design at the time of performance testing
and documentation of any changes made to the design or operation of the system.
C. For recuperative thermal oxidizers, the monitoring approach includes the following
additional item:
• Periodic assessment of the heat exchanger for leakage.
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria, are presented in Table 1.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
The oxidizer operating temperature was selected because it is indicative of the thermal
oxidizer's operation. By maintaining the operating temperature at or above a minimum
value, a desired level of control efficiency can be expected to be maintained. If the
operating temperature decreases significantly, complete combustion may not occur.
D-46
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To further ensure consistent VOC oxidation, the structural integrity of the oxidizer should
be checked periodically. This will indicate any problems with oxidizer integrity that could
result in decreased oxidizer performance or efficiency.
For regenerative units, the chamber sequencing valves will be checked periodically to be
sure that they are properly positioned during each heat recovery heating and cooling cycle.
This will avoid the leakage of VOC to the oxidizer stack if the valves are not functioning
properly. The design and operation of the chamber sequencing valves timing system will
be documented during the performance test and verified during periodic inspections. This
will identify changes in operation that might impact control efficiency.
An emissions performance test on the oxidizer is conducted once every 5 years to
demonstrate compliance with permit conditions (i.e., percent destruction efficiency).
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
The selected indicator range for the oxidizer operating temperature is established based
upon demonstrated performance during a performance test.
The minimum required operating temperature of the oxidizer is established at the operating
temperature maintained during a performance test. The thermal oxidation system includes
a temperature controller that maintains the desired operating temperature by using an
auxiliary burner or natural gas injection system. The temperature controller is set to
maintain a temperature at or above the established indicator range.
A regenerative thermal oxidizer does not have a single combustion chamber; it has a
combustion "zone" (comprised of the media beds and inter-bed chamber) in which
oxidation occurs. The combustion zone of the unit varies with the VOC loading to the
device and where within the media bed or inter-bed chamber combustion occurs. The
operating temperature is set by establishing a minimum temperature in the media beds or
inter-bed chamber that triggers the operation of the auxiliary burner or gas injection system
when the temperature reaches the minimum value. Through the use of an array of
temperature sensors, the temperature profile of the unit is monitored to verify that the
minimum temperature is maintained at some point within the unit. Depending upon flow,
VOC loading, and other operating parameters, the highest measured temperature may be at
some point within the media beds or in the inter-bed chamber. Because of the complexity
of the system, establishing a minimum operating temperature based on a single point within
the combustion zone may be difficult or overly restrictive. The owner/operator may elect to
monitor multiple temperatures to assure that a minimum temperature is maintained within
the combustion zone, or may propose to monitor several temperatures and maintain a
minimum average temperature. Some flexibility in defining the operating temperature(s) to
be measured and monitored as the indicator of performance is appropriate for regenerative
units.
D-47
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TABLE 1. MONITORING APPROACH FOR THERMAL OXIDIZER
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
I. Indicator
Measurement
Approach
Oxidizer operating
temp erature.
Work practice/inspection.
Performance test
Continuously record the
operating temperature of the
oxidizer combustion zone.
Inspect internal and
external structural integrity
of oxidizer to ensure
proper operation.11'c
Conduct emissions test to
demonstrate compliance
with permitted destruction
efficiency.
II. Indicator Range
Corrective Action
An excursion is identified as
a measurement of 50°F less
than the average
temperature demonstrated
during the most recent
compliance demonstration,
or
as any three-hour period
when the average
temperature is 50°F less
than the average
temperature demonstrated
during the most recent
compliance demonstration.
An excursion is identified
as any finding that the
structural integrity of the
oxidizer has been
jeopardized and it no
longer operates as
designed.
An excursion is identified
as any finding that the
oxidizer does not meet the
permitted destruction
efficiency.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
III. Performance Criteria
A. Data
Rep re sentativene s s
B. Verification of
Operational Status
C. QA/QC Practices and
Criteria
Any temp erature -
monitoring device
employed to measure the
oxidizer combustion zone
temperature shall be
accurate to within 0.5% of
temperature measured or
+ 5°F°, whichever is greater.
Inspections of the oxidizer
system will identify
problems.
A test protocol shall be
prepared and approved by
the regulatory Agency
prior to conducting the
performance test.
Temperatures recorded on
chart paper or electronic
media.
Inspection records.
Not applicable.
Validation of temperature
system conducted annually.
Acceptance criteria + 20F°.a
Not applicable.
EPA test methods
approved in protocol.
D-48
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TABLE 1. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
D.
Monitoring
Frequency
Measured continuously
• External inspection -
quarterly.
• Internal inspection -
annually b'c'd
Once every 5 years.
Data Collection
Procedure
Recorded at least every
15-minutes on a chart or
electronic media.
Record results of
inspections and
observations.
Per approved test method.
Averaging Period
Not applicable if using any
measured value as indicator;
Three hours if using 3-hour
average as indicator.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
E.
Record Keeping
Maintain for a period of 5
years records of chart
recorder paper or electronic
media and corrective
actions taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of
inspections and corrective
actions taken in response
to excursions.
Maintain a copy of the test
report for 5 years or until
another test is conducted.
Maintain records of
corrective actions taken in
response to excursions.
F.
Reporting
Number, duration, cause of
any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause of
any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Submit test protocol and
notification of testing to
Agency 30 days prior to
test date. Submit test
report 60 days after
conducting a performance
test.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
For each performance test
conducted.
a Facility to maintain Standard Operating Procedure on-site for verifying accuracy of system.
b Internal inspection of regenerative units should include annual assessment of valves for leakage; this assessment
may be comprised of an internal inspection, or other method of assessment for leakage.
c Internal inspection of recuperative units should include annual assessment of heat exchanger for leakage (this
assessment may be comprised of an internal inspection, or other method of assessment for leakage.)
d Evaluation of thermal oxidizer's VOC destruction efficiency using a flame ionization analyzer (FIA) for three 20-
minute runs, will serve in lieu of an internal inspection. This evaluation does not require submittal of a test
protocol to the regulatory agency (or approval by the regulatory agency) or submittal of test reports.
D-49
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PROTOCOL 2
Catalytic Oxidizers
I. Applicability
This monitoring protocol is applicable to catalytic oxidizers controlling VOC and organic
HAP emissions from presses, coating operations, and laminating operations in the printing
and publishing and flexible packaging industries.
This monitoring protocol addresses monitoring of the control device operation, only, and
does not address monitoring required of capture systems associated with the individual
process units. (See associated protocols for capture systems.)
II. Monitoring Approach
A. The monitoring approach is comprised of:
1. Continuous monitoring and recording of the catalyst bed inlet temperature with a
thermocouple system,
2. Periodic internal and external inspection of the structural integrity of the control
device,
3. Periodic emissions performance tests, and
4. Periodic assessment of catalyst activity.
B. For regenerative catalytic oxidizers, the monitoring approach includes the following
additional items:
1. Periodic assessment of valves for leakage, and
2. Documentation of the valve timing system design at the time of performance testing
and documentation of any changes made to the design or operation of the system.
C. For recuperative catalytic oxidizers, the monitoring approach includes the following
additional item:
• Periodic assessment of the heat exchanger for leakage.
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria, are presented in Table 2.
D-50
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III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
The catalyst bed inlet temperature was selected because it is indicative of the effective
operation of the catalytic oxidation system. It has been demonstrated that the control
efficiency achieved by a catalytic oxidation system is a function of the catalyst temperature
and associated catalyst activity. By maintaining the temperature at or above a minimum
level, a predetermined control efficiency can be expected.
Some flexibility in defining the temperature(s) to be measured and monitored as the
indicator of performance is appropriate for a regenerative catalytic unit. A regenerative
catalytic unit will include more than one catalyst bed and the direction of flow though the
beds will be changing as a normal part of operation. Because of the complexity of the
system, establishing a minimum operating temperature based on a single measurement
point within the combustion zone may be difficult or overly restrictive. The owner/operator
may elect to monitor multiple temperatures to assure that a minimum temperature is
maintained within the catalytic combustion zone, or may propose to monitor several
temperatures and maintain a minimum average temperature.
Periodically assessing the catalyst activity will assure that the catalyst will function properly
when the minimum bed temperature is maintained. Taking a sample of the catalyst and
testing the catalyst conversion efficiency is one method of assessing the catalyst activity
and is the approach presented in this protocol. The catalyst activity of the sample is
evaluated and compared to typical values for fresh catalyst. The facility may propose to use
other procedures for periodically assessing catalyst performance. For example, an
alternative procedure might include an assessment of oxidizer VOC destruction efficiency
using a flame ionization analyzer (FIA) or other VOC analyzer for three 20-minute runs
may be proposed by the facility. This evaluation would not require submittal of a test
protocol to the regulatory agency (or approval by the regulatory agency) or submittal of test
reports and would not serve as an official performance test of the oxidizer destruction and
removal efficiency (DRE). If the facility expects to use this type of assessment, it is
recommended that the instruments and procedures to be used for the assessment are
evaluated (i.e., used) concurrently with the initial performance test to establish a baseline.
Another example of a basic approach to assess catalyst activity is to periodically monitor
the temperature differential across the catalyst and maintaining a control chart of
temperature differential versus VOC loading to the incinerator. A significant change in
temperature differential for a particular VOC loading would indicate a change in potential
change in catalyst activity warranting further investigation.
To further ensure consistent VOC oxidation, the structural integrity of the oxidizer should
be checked periodically. This will indicate any problems with oxidizer integrity that could
result in decreased oxidizer performance or efficiency.
For regenerative units, the chamber sequencing valves will be checked periodically to be
sure that they are properly positioned during each heat recovery heating and cooling cycle.
This will avoid the leakage of VOC to the oxidizer stack if the valves are not functioning
D-51
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properly. The design and operation of the chamber sequencing valves timing system will
be documented during the performance test and verified during periodic inspections. This
will identify changes in operation that might impact control efficiency.
An emissions performance test on the oxidizer is conducted once every 5 years to
demonstrate compliance with permit conditions (i.e., percent destruction efficiency).
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
The selected indicator range for the catalyst inlet bed control temperature is established
based upon demonstrated performance during a performance test.
The minimum required operating temperature of the catalyst bed is established at the
operating temperature maintained during a performance test. The catalytic oxidation
system includes a temperature controller that maintains the desired catalyst bed temperature
by using an auxiliary burner. The temperature controller is set to maintain a temperature at
or above the established indicator range. As noted in Section II, above some flexibility in
defining the temperature(s) to be measured and monitored as the indicator of performance
is appropriate for a regenerative catalytic unit. Because of the complexity of the
regenerative system, establishing a minimum operating temperature based on a single
measurement point within the combustion zone may be difficult or overly restrictive. The
owner/operator may elect to monitor multiple temperatures to assure that a minimum
temperature is maintained within the catalytic combustion zone, or may propose to monitor
several temperatures and maintain a minimum average temperature.
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TABLE 2. MONITORING APPROACH FOR CATALYTIC OXIDIZER
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
Indicator #4
I. Indicator
Catalyst bed (Inlet)
temp erature.a
Work
practice/inspection.
Performance test
Catalyst activity
assessment.
Measurement
Approach
Continuously record the
operating temperature of
the oxidizer catalyst bed.
Inspect internal and
external structural
integrity of oxidizer to
ensure proper
operation. 'c
Conduct emissions
test to demonstrate
compliance with
permitted destruction
efficiency.
Determine the
catalyst activity
level by evaluating
the conversion
efficiency.
II. Indicator
Range
An excursion is
identified as a
measurement of 50°F
less than the average
temperature
demonstrated during the
most recent compliance
demonstration, or
as any 3-hour period
when the average
temperature is 50°F less
than the average
temperature
demonstrated during the
most recent compliance
demonstration.
An excursion is
identified as any
finding that the
structural integrity of
the oxidizer has been
jeopardized and it no
longer operates as
designed.
An excursion is
identified as any
finding that the
oxidizer does not meet
the permitted
destruction efficiency.
The conversion
efficiency is
compared to the
typical values for
fresh catalyst. An
excursion is
identified as a
finding that the
conversion
efficiency is
beyond the
operational range
of the catalyst as
defined by the
manufacturer.
Corrective
Action
Each excursion triggers
an assessment of the
problem, corrective
action and a reporting
requirement.
Each excursion
triggers an assessment
of the problem,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion
triggers an assessment
of the problem,
corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion
triggers an
inspection,
correction action
and a reporting
requirement.
III. Performance
Criteria
A. Data
Representa-
tiveness
Any temperature-
monitoring device
employed to measure the
oxidizer chamber
temperature shall be
accurate to within 0.5%
of temperature measured
or +5°F, whichever is
greater.
Inspections of the
oxidizer system will
identify problems.
A test protocol shall
be prepared and
approved by the
regulatory Agency
prior to conducting the
performance test.
Analysis will
determine the
conversion
efficiency of the
catalyst.
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
Indicator #3
Indicator #4
B.
Verification
of
Operational
Status
Temperatures recorded
on chart paper or
electronic media.
Inspection records.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
C.
QA/QC
Practices
and Criteria
Validation of
temperature system
conducted annually.
Acceptance criteria
+ 20F°.a
Not applicable.
EPA test methods
approved in protocol.
Not applicable.
D.
Monitoring
Frequency
Measured continuously
• External inspection
- monthly.
• Internal inspection
- annually.b'c'd
Once every 5 years.
Annually.
Data
Collection
Procedure
Recorded at least every
15-minutes on a chart or
electronic media.
Record results of
inspections and
observations.
Per approved test
method.
Record results of
catalyst sample
analyses.
Averaging
Period
Not applicable if using
any measured value as
indicator; Three hours if
using 3-hour average as
indicator.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
E.
Record
Keeping
Maintain for a period of
5 years records of chart
recorder paper or
electronic media and
corrective actions taken
in response to
excursions.
Maintain for a period
of 5 years records of
inspections and
corrective actions
taken in response to
excursions.
Maintain a copy of the
test report for 5 years
or until another test is
conducted. Maintain
records of corrective
actions taken in
response to
excursions.
Maintain for a
period of 5 years
records of catalyst
analyses and
corrective actions
taken in response
to excursions.
F.
Reporting
Number, duration, cause
of any excursion and the
corrective action taken.
Number, duration,
cause of any excursion
and the corrective
action taken.
Submit test protocol
and notification of
testing to Agency 30
days prior to test date.
Submit test report 60
days after conducting
a performance test.
Number, duration,
cause of any
excursion and the
corrective action
taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually.
For each performance
test conducted.
Semiannually.
a Facility to maintain Standard Operating Procedure on-site for verifying accuracy of system.
b Internal inspection of regenerative units should include annual assessment of valves for leakage; this assessment
may be comprised of an internal inspection, or other method of assessing for leakage.
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
c Internal inspection of recuperative units should include annual assessment of heat exchanger for leakage (this
assessment may be comprised of an internal inspection, or other method of assessing for leakage.)
d Evaluation of catalytic oxidizer's VOC destruction efficiency using a flame ionization analyzer (FIA) for three 20-
minute runs, will serve in lieu of an internal inspection. This evaluation does not require submittal of a test
protocol to the regulatory agency (or approval by the regulatory agency) or submittal of test reports.
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PROTOCOL 3
Solvent Recovery Systems
Inlet and Outlet Mass Flow Rate
I. Applicability
This monitoring protocol is applicable to solvent recovery systems controlling VOC and
organic HAP emissions from presses, coating operations and laminating operations in the in
the printing and publishing and flexible packaging industries.
This monitoring protocol addresses monitoring of the control device operation, only, and
does not address required of emissions capture systems associated with the individual
process units. (See associated protocols for capture systems.)
II. Monitoring Approach
A continuous emissions monitoring system measures the concentration of VOC at the inlet
and outlet of the adsorber and air flow rate at one of the locations (inlet or outlet) to
determine the removal efficiency of the adsorber on a real time basis.
The elements of the monitoring approach, including indicators to be monitored, indicator
ranges, and performance criteria, are presented in Table 3.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
Solvent concentration in the adsorber inlet and exhaust air stream is the true indication of
the systems adsorption activity and, therefore, removal efficiency. As a batch process, the
adsorber loading increases over time to saturation. Furthermore, in conditions of low inlet
concentrations, the adsorber outlet concentration will be a larger proportion of the inlet
concentration (i.e., lower percent removal efficiency. Therefore, removal efficiency is
never constant and must be averaged over time. If volumetric flow rate from the process to
the adsorber varies significantly, determining an average removal efficiency using only the
average inlet and outlet concentration will be biased. Such conditions require the use of the
mass flow rate of VOC to determine the average removal efficiency. This requires
measuring the inlet and outlet VOC concentrations, as well as the air flow rate at the inlet
or outlet of the system to calculate solvent removal efficiency. If the flow rate to the
control device does not vary significantly, continuously monitoring the air flow rate may
not be necessary and the control efficiency may be determined based on concentrations,
alone. Sources desiring to monitor inlet and outlet concentrations, alone, should provide
information (historical data or engineering analyses) to support the lack of a need to
monitor flow rate through the system. However, 40 CFR 63, Subpart KK requires
monitoring the flow rate to determine efficiency on a mass basis (when using the alternative
continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) approach for solvent recovery units);
consequently sources subject to Subpart KK must monitor flow rate.
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IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
Using this protocol the monitoring data are used to calculate an actual control device
efficiency. The calculated control device efficiency is used to determine compliance. An
indicator range is not selected. However, outlet solvent concentration as compared to the
inlet concentration provides an indication of the adsorber efficiency. As saturation of the
adsorber is reached, a breakthrough condition will occur, signaling the need to switch to a
regenerated adsorber. Outlet concentration will range from very low, to concentrations
approaching the inlet concentration at the point of breakthrough. As a practical matter, to
properly operate the control device, the facility is likely to select an outlet concentration
that will initiate bed switching and regeneration. However, this value need not be
considered an indicator range for purposes of reporting excursions.
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TABLE 3. MONITORING APPROACH FOR SOLVENT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
Indicator #1
Indicator #2
I.
Indicator
Percent removal efficiency
Work practice
Measurement Approach
A CEMS is used to measure the VOC
concentration at the inlet and outlet, and
the air flow rate at either the inlet or outlet
of the adsorber system.
Inspect structural, mechanical and
electrical integrity of the system.
II. Indicator Range
An excursion is defined as a measured
average (mass) recovery efficiency for the
month less than regulatory requirements.
An excursion is identified as any
finding that the integrity of the
system has been jeopardized and it
no longer operates as designed.
Corrective Action
Each excursion triggers an assessment of
the problem, corrective action and a
reporting requirement.
Each excursion triggers an
assessment of the problem,
corrective action and a reporting
requirement.
III.
Performance Criteria
A.
Data Representativeness
Any monitoring device employed to
measure the solvent concentration in air
stream at accuracy of, +/- 3% of full scale.
Inspections will adequately identify
problems.
B.
Verification of
Operational Status
Concentrations and air flow rate recorded
on paper or electronic media.
Inspection records.
C.
QA/QC Practices and
Criteria
Validation of instrument accuracy
conducted quarterly. Daily calibration drift
checks.
Not applicable.
D.
Monitoring Frequency
Measurement of inlet and outlet
concentration and inlet or outlet air flow
rate once every 15 minutes.
• Internal adsorber inspection -
annually.
• External system inspection -
monthly.
Data Collection
Procedure
Record on paper or electronic media.
Record results of inspections and
observations.
Averaging Period
1 month (period may differ depending
upon applicable requirement).
Not applicable.
E.
Record Keeping
Maintain for a period of 5 years paper or
electronic media and corrective actions
taken in response to excursions.
Maintain for a period of 5 years
records of inspections and corrective
actions taken in response to
excursions.
F.
Reporting
Number, duration, cause of any excursion
and the corrective action taken.
Number, duration, cause of any
excursion and the corrective action
taken.
Frequency
Semiannually.
Semiannually
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PROTOCOL 4
Solvent Recovery Systems
Liquid-Liquid Material Balance
I. Applicability
This monitoring protocol is applicable to solvent recovery systems controlling VOC and
organic HAP emissions from presses, coating operations and laminating operations in the
printing and publishing and flexible packaging industries.
This monitoring approach (protocol) addresses monitoring of the overall capture and
control system. Because this approach addresses the combined capture and control
efficiency, additional monitoring of the control device or capture systems associated with
individual process units is not required.
However, additional monitoring of the control device (e.g., operating parameters) maybe
required if specific monitoring is required under an applicable requirement, PSD provision,
or SIP requirement, and the additional monitoring is not (or cannot be) subsumed via
streamlining.
II. Monitoring Approach
The solvent recovered is quantified and a liquid-liquid material balance is conducted.
III. Rationale for Selection of Performance Indicators
Use of the liquid-liquid material balance is an accepted compliance determination method
for determining VOC and HAP emissions from solvent recovery systems.
IV. Rationale for Selection of Indicator Ranges
Not applicable
V. Procedures
Perform a liquid-liquid material balance for each month. Follow the liquid-liquid material
balance procedures of 40 CFR 63, subpart KK, section 63.824(b)(l)(i) or 63.825 (c)(1).
Note: The material balance can include consideration of the amount of HAP and VOC
recovered in waste streams provided the volume of waste and VOC and HAP content in the
waste is determined by appropriate methods.
VI. QA/QC
Provide a plan that briefly describes the general method to be used for calibrating the mass
and/or volume measuring devices required for the LLMB measurements, and the frequency
of calibration (e.g., annually).
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APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE QA/QC PLAN FOR A SOURCE THAT
MONITORS MATERIAL USAGE
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This Appendix presents one example of a QA/QC plan that addresses monitoring material
usage. Specifically, the example concerns a wide-web flexographic press affected source using
compliant coating options to comply with 40 CFR part 63, subpart KK. However, this approach
may be appropriate for other situations that involve tracking materials.
Because § 63.825 of subpart KK specifies the procedures for determining material
composition and the equations used to determine compliance status for each month, these
procedures and equations are not addressed further in the material below. Nevertheless, we
recommend these procedures and equations be incorporated into the permit and included in the
QA/QC plan called for by 40 CFR § 63.8(d).
Subpart KK does not specify how the mass of materials used each month is to be
determined. By leaving the method of mass measurement up to the discretion of the facility, the
facility has the freedom to use any reasonable procedure, subject to your approval, as long as
compliance with the standard can be determined reliably each month. However, in the absence
of rule-specified measurement methods, we recommend the facility specify the mass monitoring
procedures in its quality control plan.
We recommend that a complete description be provided for each mass measurement system
used at the facility, along with the type(s) of materials for which the system is used. For
example, different measurement systems might be used for inks, coatings, solvents, etc.
Similarly, different systems might be used for materials dispensed from totes, bulk storage tanks,
etc.
Note that we expect the description of each mass measurement system to be based on
procedures that the facility is already using (or intends to use). Except for the instances where
QA/QC procedures have not been developed, we believe that generally no new procedures
should be needed. Each measurement system should identify how the facility ensures the
accuracy of the initial and ongoing measurements.
I. CONTENT OF THE QA/QC PLAN
We believe the content of a QA/QC plan is important, and the elements of a plan for
monitoring material usage you may find useful are discussed in paragraphs A through E below.
Paragraph F contains an example QA/QC plan for your consideration.
A. Mass Measurement Approach
Subpart KK has been structured to allow for simple inventory measurement
approaches, and we expect that these approaches will be used most frequently. Subpart
KK has also been structured to give sources the flexibility to use instrumental and
manual approaches that can collect more project specific data over a shorter time
period. We discuss these measurement approaches primarily to assist facilities that
must address other, short-term applicable requirements (e.g., daily, line-by-line VOC
compliance) that involve similar approaches to measuring data. Such facilities may
wish to demonstrate compliance with subpart KK using these measurement approaches
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since they are already in place for purposes of these other applicable requirements. By
including this material, we do not intend to suggest that frequent, short-term
measurements are required or are superior for purposes of implementing subpart KK.
1. Inventory (such as tracking usage through drums in storage and deliveries). May
be used alone or in combination with instrumental or manual methods.
a. Approach used. Describe what is tracked and how the inventory system is
used to determine usage over the appropriate period, e.g., the usage
determination is based on the unopened drums in storage at the beginning of
the month, plus the drums delivered, minus the unopened drums in storage at
the end of the month.
b. Location. Describe where the materials are inventoried (e.g., storage areas) or
which department maintains the purchase or delivery records used to
determine compliance.
2. Instrumental (such as scales and totalizing volumetric flow meters)
a. Type of instrument. Identify what is measured and the measurement
principle, e.g., totalizing volumetric flow meter measuring cumulative
volume using positive displacement. For flexibility, the facility can list more
than one type of instrument, provided all are acceptable for the purpose.
b. Specifications. Identify the minimum accuracy and precision to be achieved
by the instrument, with the range within which the specifications are to be
achieved, e.g., scale accurate to within ±1% with precision of ±0.5% between
0 lb and 1000 lb). Note that the accuracy and precision to be specified only
when suppliers of the instrument typically provide these values.
c. Measurement span. Identify the minimum and maximum values that can be
measured with the instrument, e.g., scale with span from 0 to 800 lb.
d. Scaling. Identify the smallest units that can be read from the instrument, e.g.,
totalizing volumetric flow meter with a digital readout to 0.1 gallon.
e. Location in the process. Identify where in the process the measurement is
taken, e.g., a scale is used to determine the mass of each tote before the tote is
taken to the press and when the tote is returned from the press.
3. Manual (such as "sticking" drums and measuring out solvent with a pitcher)
a. Approach used. Identify what is measured and how it is measured, e.g., the
depth of material remaining in 55-gallon drum is measured by inserting a
measuring stick into the drum.
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b. Location in the process. Identify where in the process the measurement is
taken, e.g., thinning solvent is measured out as it is added to each ink/coating.
B. Measurement Frequency
Specify when each measurement is to be performed. Depending on the measurement
system, this may be at the beginning and end of each month, at the beginning and end
of each job, or each time solvent is added to an ink or coating, etc.
Note that the compliance options in 40 CFR § 63.825(b)(2) and (3) require tracking of
the as-applied composition of each "solids-containing material" (e.g., ink or coating).
This means that solvent (or other material) usage should be tracked for each of the
specific solids-containing material to which it is added. A facility that wishes to
maintain these options should describe how measurements will be performed to allow
the as-applied composition of each solids-containing material to be calculated for each
month.
C. Calculations
Show how collected data are transformed via calculations to determine compliance
status. The monitoring plan should include the equations provided in subpart KK and
each equation used to determine the material usage values that are inserted into
subpart KK's equations. Include sample calculations for initial data entry and monthly
usage.
D. Recordkeeping
Consistent with subpart KK and the applicable MACT General Provisions on
recordkeeping, the facility must maintain records of the data collected and the
procedures used to determine compliance with the standard. Thus, for monthly
material usage, the facility must record each measurement and should document the
equations used to determine usage and the results. These records must be retained for
5 years as specified in the MACT General Provisions and title V [see 40 CFR
§§ 63.10(b) and 70.6(a)(2)],
In addition to the recordkeeping requirements above, the facility may choose to have
the plan identify the following items:
1. Responsible Individual. Specify who is responsible for making and recording each
measurement. This identification may be by job title, such as "press operator" or
"mix room operator."
2. Data Entry Procedures. Specify when each measurement is to be entered. For
example, the readings on a bank of solvent volumetric flow meters may be entered
into a log on the first operating day of the month, or the amount of solvent added
to a mixing vessel may be entered into a computer at the time the batch is mixed.
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Each data entry should be initialed by the individual making the entry and
accompanied by the date and (if pertinent to compliance) the time of the entry.
3. Data Aggregation Procedures. If applicable, specify any additional steps where
data are transferred or aggregated prior to performing calculations. For example,
if the material tracking system uses a label affixed to each ink drum in storage on
which the current weight of the contents is maintained, the plan might specify that
these data are transferred to a log book during the final shift on the last operating
day of each month in preparation for a materials inventory at the end of each
month. As with initial data entry, any transferred data should be accompanied by
the date of the transfer and the initials of the individual making the transfer.
4. Calculations. Specify who is responsible for making and recording each
calculation. Again, this identification may be by job title. Indicate when
calculations and results are to be recorded. As above, calculations and results
should be accompanied by the date performed and the initials of the individual
doing the calculations.
E. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures
Each measurement system should have associated QA/QC activities to ensure that the
data continue to meet compliance demonstration needs. This section presents the
elements that should be addressed in the plan.
Foremost, the QA/QC procedures should make sense for the particular usage
measurement systems in use. These procedures may be more extensive and detailed for
instrumental systems, and where many short-term measurements are made. In contrast,
a less extensive procedure may be appropriate for a facility that uses a long-term
inventory approach that coincides with the materials tracking that the facility conducts
for business purposes.
Quality assurance and quality control are concepts that were developed primarily for
instrumental measurement systems. Consequently, the elements presented below are,
in many cases, applicable primarily to such systems. Many QA/QC procedures will not
need to address all the elements presented below. See the example plan in Section F
below for an example of QA/QC procedures for the long term inventory approaches
expected to be used typically for subpart KK compliance demonstrations.
1. Initial Installation and Calibration Procedures. The plan should specify these
procedures for instruments and associated automated recording systems. These
procedures are expected to be provided by instrument suppliers.
2. Preventive Maintenance Procedures. The plan should detail regularly-scheduled
preventive maintenance procedures for instruments and automated recording and
information storage system. Preventive maintenance for records maintained on a
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computer may include periodic back-up procedures. The preventive maintenance
procedures may also include a list of parts kept in inventory.
The plan should also anticipate routine or otherwise predictable instrument
failures. The plan should include procedures for corrective action and a list of
parts kept in inventory for this purpose.
3. Frequent QC Checks. The plan should include periodic checks to ensure that the
measurement approach is functioning properly. At a minimum, verify that
instruments are operating and giving reasonable numbers. Make additional checks
as appropriate, e.g., verify the calibration of a scale using a Class F weight; verify
the calibration of liquid flow meters. The plan should specify what constitutes
unacceptable performance and how to identify the beginning and end of any
invalid data periods.
You and the facility should come to an agreement on the frequency of these
checks. For instruments, the initial frequency should be based on the vendor's
recommendations. The plan should provide for increasing the frequency if
problems are discovered. The plan may also allow for the frequency to be
decreased if experience shows that less frequent checks are justified.
4. Periodic Data Accuracy Assessments. The plan should designate the frequency of
these assessments (e.g., semi-annually, annually) and specify what constitutes
unacceptable performance. In addition, the plan should specify how to identify the
beginning and end of any invalid data periods.
a. Periodic accuracy audits. The plan should specify procedures for
recalibration and determination of calibration error of instruments and
automated recording systems, as appropriate. In addition, the plan should
provide for assessments of manual measurement devices and replacement, if
necessary (markings wearing off, etc.). If an audit determines that the
instrument is outside the acceptable range, then shorten the period between
accuracy audits.
b. Independent verification of usage data. Where short-term measurements
(e.g., per job) are made and summed for the month, check against long-term
inventory records, or vice versa. These comparisons should not be expected
to result in exact agreement. However, failure to agree within reasonable
expectations can be a signal of a short-coming in the tracking system. In
accordance with subpart KK reporting requirements, we would expect the
facility to conduct this verification semi-annually.
c. Periodic reviews. The plan should provide for a periodic review of
measurement and recordkeeping procedures to verify that they are being
properly followed. During this process, the facility should provide you with
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an opportunity for on-site evaluation of the usage measurement systems and
QA/QC procedures.
d. Periodic calculation checks. The plan should provide for periodic verification
that the calculations are performed correctly, whether carried out manually or
by computer.
5. Data Validity. The plan should specify the requirements for usage data to be
considered valid. These requirements typically will be based on the parameters
that are evaluated for the frequent and periodic checks in III.E.3 and 4 above.
Consequently, data validity is primarily applicable to instrumental measurement
approaches.
As mentioned in section 4.3.2, the source may request, and you may allow, a back-
up mechanism to be used in the event of primary monitoring system malfunction
or failure. If such a back-up mechanism exists, we recommend it be included in
the plan.
6. Data Availability. The facility must provide a compliance determination (by one
of the compliance options) for every month. Failure to provide a determination
would be a violation of the rule and the permit.
The plan should specify minimum data availability requirements for each
measurement needed for the compliance determination.
7. Recordkeeping. The plan should specify recordkeeping procedures to document
that the QA/QC program has been carried out properly. The facility should retain
records of the results of QA/QC activities (e.g., checklists and forms on which to
record routine actions and outcomes) as required for other compliance activity
records.
8. Miscellaneous. The following miscellaneous materials should be included in the
plan:
a. QA/QC responsibilities (which departments, groups, or individuals are
responsible for each aspect of the plan).
b. Schedules for frequent checks, periodic audits/reviews, and PM activities.
c. Checklists, data sheets, preventive maintenance procedures specified by
instrument manufacturers, and the spare parts inventory.
d. Description of medium, format, and location of all records and of the reports
that the facility submits to you.
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9. Annual Review. At least annually, review the monitoring program, results, and
the plan. Revise the plan, if necessary.
F. Example Plan
The following plan serves as an example for a facility with a wide margin of compliance,
e.g., a facility with HAP emissions well below the subpart KK limits, and that uses a very simple
inventory system as its compliance method. As mentioned earlier, the margin of compliance is a
significant factor in selecting the measurement approach. A large margin of compliance allows a
facility to use a less comprehensive measurement approach and less rigorous QA/QC, while a
narrow margin requires a more comprehensive measurement approach and tighter, or more
rigorous, QA/QC. In any event, the measurement approach should be accurate enough for each
month's compliance status to be clearly known.
In this example, a facility named WWFCo operates wide-web flexographic presses and, like
many other similar facilities, has a very wide margin of compliance, since it uses hundreds of
thousands of pounds of materials with little or no HAP content each month, but only hundreds of
pounds (or less) of materials with HAP contents above the subpart KK limits.
A facility such as WWFCo can demonstrate compliance easily using the options in 40 CFR
§ 63.825(b)(4) or (5) (monthly average as-applied organic HAP content) and a very simple
inventory system based on purchase records alone. Generally, this kind of measurement system
is applicable to facilities whose regulated emissions are at a level of 50 percent or less of the
standard. However, the appropriateness of the measurement system depends on the facility's
particular ratio of compliant to noncompliant materials, HAP content of each type of material,
and pattern and size of deliveries.
Note that this kind of measurement system may also be appropriate for facilities tracking a
rolling 12-month total VOC emissions cap established as part of the permitting process,
particularly after 12 months of data have been accumulated. Again, the suitability depends on the
particular situation at a facility.
a. Measurement approach. WWFCo operates several wide-web flexographic presses
and is subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart KK. WWFCo has chosen to
demonstrate compliance with subpart KK for each month using the procedures of
40 CFR § 63.825(b)(4) or (5).
HAP content (Chi and Chj) and solids content (Csi) of materials applied:
WWFCo will use the values from the most recent certified product data sheet
(CPDS) obtained from each material's supplier. Information from these data
sheets are kept on file in WWFCo's offices.
Quantity of materials applied for the month (M; and Mj): WWFCo has chosen
to calculate the quantity of each material used for the month by summing the
amount of the material purchased during the month, based on purchase records.
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The purchase records are maintained in the facility's Purchasing Department (PD)
computing system. All purchases are transacted in terms of pounds delivered.
This method implicitly assumes that all purchased materials are applied during the
month, and that no other materials (i.e., materials on hand at the beginning of the
month) are applied.
b. Measurement frequency.
Material composition: WWFCo's suppliers provide a CPDS each time it
purchases a new product or the supplier changes the formulation of the material.
New CPDSs replace any outdated versions immediately upon receipt.
Material usage: Each purchase record is a "measurement." Purchase records are
entered into the WWFCo system within 5 working days after the delivery.
c. Calculations.
Material composition: None. Values supplied on CPDSs.
Material usage: For each material, all purchases during the month are summed to
approximate total usage for the month. Purchases are all conducted in terms of
pounds of material, so no conversions are required. For example, if three
shipments of Material A are received during a month, the calculation might look
like:
Material A = Shipment 1 + Shipment 2 + Shipment 3
= 2,410 lb + 2JL16 lb+ 1,966 lb
= 6,492 lb
Monthly compliance: WWFCo has chosen to use Equation 6 or 7 from
subpart KK.
d. Recordkeeping. WWFCo will maintain hard copies of each current CPDS in its
files. New and replacement CPDS are transmitted to WWFCo by the supplier
upon delivery and routed to a WWFCo environmental engineer. The engineer
enters each pertinent CPDS value into the WWFCo material compliance
spreadsheet prior to performing the compliance calculations at the end of the
month. The CPDSs are filed by the WWFCo clerical staff after being entered into
the compliance spreadsheet.
Purchase records are created at the time of material delivery. These records
typically are entered into the PD computer within 5 working days after the
delivery.
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After the last day of each month, WWFCo performs the compliance calculation
using both Equations 6 and 7 from subpart KK and verifies that the results
demonstrate compliance for the month. Records of each monthly calculation are
kept on file.
For semi-annual reports, a spreadsheet macro extracts the data for each month and
prepares appropriate tables. A WWFCo environmental engineer prepares the
appropriate text for the report, and a responsible official signs and submits the
report. The reports are maintained as electronic computer files and in hard copy.
e. QA/QC procedures. All computer data and records are backed up every Friday
evening.
Every 6 months, WWFCo will review purchase records (i.e., the records uploaded
into the compliance spreadsheet) against summary records received from the
material suppliers. If these records fail to agree within 10 percent, WWFCo will
evaluate the probable sources of error and, if necessary, revise the plan to correct
any shortcomings.
Every year, WWFCo will perform a comprehensive review of the QA/QC
program, including spot-checking the material composition values in the
spreadsheet against CPDS hard copies and reviewing spreadsheet macros and
equations to verify that they are correct. For any errors that are identified, the past
year's compliance calculations will be redone, and the results reported to the
permitting authority. The corrected calculations will replace the erroneous ones.
If any errors are identified, the plan will be revised to minimize their recurrence.
Records of all QA/QC activities, audits, and reviews will be maintained in the
files.
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