U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) 2000 Annual Report Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) Research Triangle Park, NC EPA Contract No. 68-D-98-112 Prepared by A MACTEC COMPANY January 2002 ------- Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) 2000 Annual Report Contributing Authors: Thomas F. Lavery Christopher M. Rogers H. Kemp Howell Mary C. Burnett Carol A. Wanta Prepared by: #Harding ESE A MACTEC Company Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) Research Triangle Park, NC EPA Contract No. 68-D-98-112 January 2002 ------- ------- CASTNet Annual Report-2000 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 CASTNet Overview 1 Network Description 3 Methods I Field Operations 5 Laboratory Operations 5 Methods of Data Analysis 6 Modeling Dry Deposition 6 Deposition Flux Calculations and Aggregations 6 Reference Sites Used in Trend Analyses 7 CASTNet Database 7 SO, and NOx Emissions 8 Chapter 2: Concentrations of Sulfur and Nitrogen Species and Cations 11 Sulfur Species 11 Sulfur Dioxide I I Particulate Sulfate 12 Nitric Species 13 Nitrogen Acid 13 Particulate Nitrate 13 Total Nitrate 13 Particulate Ammonium 14 Cations I I Chapter 3: Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen 39 Sulfur Deposition 40 Nitrogen Deposition 41 Chapter 4: Ozone Concentrations 51 One-Hour Concentrations 51 Eight-Hour Concentrations 52 SUM06 52 Eleven Year Trends 52 Chapter 5: Fine Mass (PM25) Concentrations 63 Chapter 6: Data Quality 81 Precision 81 Accuracy 84 Completeness 84 Summary 85 References Appendices Appendix A: Locational and Operational Characteristics of CASTNet Sites Appendix B: Maps of Quarterly Mean Concentrations Table of Contents li ------- CASTNet Annual Report-2000 List of Figures and Tables Chapter 1: Introduction Figure 1 -1. Locations of CASTNet Sites as of December 2000 Figure 1 -2. Diagram of Three-Stage Filter Pack Figure 1-3. Reference Sites Figure 1-4. Annual SO, Emissions for 2000 Figure 1-5. Annual NOx Emissions for 2000 Figure 1-6. Trend in SO, Emissions for the Eastern United States Figure 1-7. Trend in NOx Emissions for the Eastern United States Table 1 -1. Significant Operational Events During 2000 Chapter 2: Concentrations of Sulfur and Nitrogen Species and Cations Figure 2-1. Annual Mean SO, Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-2. Trend in Annual SO, Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-3. Differences in 3-Year Mean SO, Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-4. Annual Mean Particulate SO4 Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-5. Annual Mean Particulate SO4 Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 1991 Figure 2-6. Trend in Annual SO4 Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-7. Differences in 3-Year Mean SOj~ Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-8. Fraction of SO4 as S in Total Sulfur (SO4 + SO,, as S) - Annual Values - Eastern United States Figure 2-9. Annual Mean HN03 Concentrations (|jg/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-10. Trend in Annual HN03 Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-11. Differences in 3-Year Mean HN03 Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-12. Annual Mean Particulate NO", Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-13. Trend in Annual NO", Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-14. Differences in 3-Year Mean NO", Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-15. Annual Mean Total NO", Concentration (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-16. Trend in Annual Total NO", Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-17. Differences in 3-Year Mean Total NO", Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-18. Ratio of Nitrogen to Sulfur Concentrations (molar weights) - Eastern United States Figure 2-19. Annual Mean Particulate NTC Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-20. Trend in Annual NTC Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 2-21. Differences in 3 -Year Mean NTC Concentrations (1990-1992 versus 1998-2000) Figure 2-22. Annual Mean Particulate Ca"+ Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-23. Annual Mean Particulate K+ Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-24. Annual Mean Particulate Mg"+ Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 2-25. Annual Mean Particulate Na+ Concentrations (|ag/m3) for 2000 Chapter 3: Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen Figure 3-1. 2000 Total Dry Sulfur (SO, + SO^) Deposition (as S) (kg/ha) Figure 3-2. 2000 Percentage of Total Dry Sulfur Deposition from SO, Figure 3-3. 2000 Dry SO, Deposition (as S) (kg/ha) Figure 3-4. 2000 Dry SOj~ Deposition (as S) (kg/ha) Table of Contents iii ------- CASTNet Annual Report-2000 List of Figures and Tables (continued) Figure 3-5. 2000 Wet SO4 Deposition (as S) (kg/ha) Figure 3-6. 2000 Total (Dry + Wet) Sulfur Deposition (as S) (kg/ha) Figure 3-7. Total Sulfur Deposition for the Year 2000 - Eastern United States Figure 3-8. Trend in Annual Total Sulfur Deposition - Eastern United States Figure 3-9. 2000 Total Dry Nitrogen (HN03 + NO", + NHj) Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-10. 2000 Dry HN03 Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-11. 2000 Dry NO", Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-12. 2000 Dry NTC Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-13. 2000 Wet NO", Plus NTC Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-14. 2000 Total (Dry + Wet) Nitrogen Deposition (as N) (kg/ha) Figure 3-15. Total Nitrogen Deposition (as N) for the Year 2000 - Eastern United States Figure 3-16. Trend in Annual Total Nitrogen Deposition (as N) - Eastern United States Chapter 4: Ozone Concentrations Figure 4-1. Number of Days with Hourly 03 Concentrations Greater Than or Equal to 125 ppb for 2000 Figure 4-2. Second Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour 03 Concentrations (ppb) for 2000 Figure 4-3. Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour 03 Concentrations (ppb) for 2000 Figure 4-4. Peak SUM06 Values (ppm-hr) for 2000 Figure 4-5. Trend in Second Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour 03 Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 4-6. Trend in Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour 03 Concentrations - Eastern United States Figure 4-7. Trend in Peak SUM06 Values (ppm-hr) - Eastern United States Figure 4-8. Trend in Temperature - Eastern United States Figure 4-9. Trend in Solar Radiation - Eastern United States Chapter 5: Fine Mass (PM2J) Concentrations Figure 5-1. Locations of CASTNet Visibility Monitoring Sites Figure 5-2. Aerosol Sampling System Figure 5-3. Annual and Quarterly Mean Concentrations (|ag/m3) of Fine Particle Mass for 2000 Figure 5-4. Annual and Quarterly Peak Concentrations (|ag/m3) of Fine Particle Mass for 2000 Figure 5-5. Annual Mean of Reconstructed Fine Mass (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 5-6. Quarterly Mean of Reconstructed Fine Mass (|ag/m3) for 2000 Figure 5-7. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site CTH510 Figure 5-8. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site ARE528 Figure 5-9. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site MKG513 Figure 5-10. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site QAK572 Figure 5-11. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site LIV573 Table of Contents ------- CASTNet Annual Report-2000 List of Figures and Tables (continued) Figure 5-12. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site BVL530 Figure 5-13. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site CDZ571 Figure 5-14. Time Series of Quarterly Mean, Annual Mean, and Peak 24-hour Reconstructed Fine Mass Concentrations (|ag/m3) at Site SIK570 Figure 5-15. Annual Composite (8 Sites) Mean Fine Mass (|ag/m3) and its Major Constituents Figure 5-16. Annual Composite (8 Sites) Mean Trace Metal Concentrations (ng/m3) Chapter 6: Data Quality Figure 6-1. Historical and 2000 Precision Data Figure 6-2. Laboratory Precision Data for 2000 Figure 6-3. Scattergram of Replicate versus Original Values for 2000 Figure 6-4. Laboratory Accuracy Data for 2000 (Percent Recovery of Reference Samples) Figure 6-5. Laboratory Accuracy Data for 2000 (Percent Recovery of CVS) Figure 6-6. Historical Percent Completeness Figure 6-7. Number of Site-Quarters with Data Completeness Less Than 90 Percent for Selected Measurements (1990 through 2000) Figure 6-8. Percent Completeness of Continuous Measurements for 2000 Figure 6-9. Percent Completeness of Concentration Measurements by Filter Type for 2000 Figure 6-10. Percent Completeness of Concentrations Measured on Aerosol (Visibility) Filters for 2000 Figure 6-11. Percent Completeness of Hourly Dry Flux Estimates for 2000 Table 6-1. Data Quality Indicators for CASTNet Laboratory Measurements Table of Contents ------- ARS As Be °C Ca:+ CAAA CAPMoN CASTNet Cd CFR CLASS™ cm/sec Co Cr CVS DQI EPA HAP Harding ESE Hg hno3 IC ICAP-AE K+ K2C03 kg/ha km LAI Lpm m MARPD MFC Mg:+ MLM mm Mn N Na+ NAAQS NADP/NLN CASTNet Annual Report-2000 List of Acronyms & Abbreviations Air Resource Specialists, Inc. arsenic beryllium degrees Celsius particulate calcium ion Clean Air Act Amendments Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network Clean Air Status and Lrends Network cadmium Code of Federal Regulations Chemical Laboratory Analysis and Scheduling System centimeters per second cobalt chromium continuing verification samples data quality indicator U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Hazardous Air Pollutants Harding ESE, Inc. mercury nitric acid ion chromatography inductively coupled argon plasma - atomic emission particulate potassium ion potassium carbonate kilograms per hectare kilometer leaf area index liters per minute meter mean absolute relative percent difference mass flow controller particulate magnesium ion Multi-Layer Model millimeter manganese nitrogen particulate sodium ion National Ambient Air Quality Standard National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Lrends Network Table of Contents VI ------- CASTNet Annual Report-2000 List of Acronyms & Abbreviations (continued) NDDN National Dry Deposition Network NEI National Emission Inventory ng/m3 nanograms per cubic meter NH4 particulate ammonium Ni nickel NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NO", particulate nitrate NOx nitrogen oxides NPS National Park Service 03 ozone Pb lead PM2 5 mass of particles with a mean diameter of less than 2.5 |am ppb parts per billion ppm-hr parts per million-hours QA quality assurance QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan Ra aerodynamic resistance Rb boundary layer resistance Rc canopy or surface uptake resistance Sb antimony Se selenium SLAMS State and Local Monitoring Stations SO4 particulate sulfate SO, sulfur dioxide TOA thermal optical analysis USGS U.S. Geological Survey |ag/m3 micrograms per cubic meter UV ultraviolet Vd deposition velocities Watts/m2 watts per square meter XRF X-ray florescence Table of Contents Vll ------- |