Best Practices for Solid Waste Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Developing Countries {Vietnamese}


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to

SEPA

Quy trinh quart ly chat
thai ran kieu mau:

Himng dan danh cho ngird'i ra quyet
dinh a cac nwac dang phat trien

Thang8 nam 2020
EPA-530-R-20-002-V

%

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Quy trinh quan ly chit thai rin kieu miu:

HiForig din danh cho ngiFai ra quyit djnh o> cac niFO'c

dang phat triin

C
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Muc luc
¦ ¦

Danh sach truang hgp diln hlnh iii

Danh sach truang hgp lien quan iv

Danh sach muc dilm chfnh v

Bang chO va ti> vilt tat vi

Lai cam an vii

1. Giai thieu 1

1.1. Phin noi dung chfnh trong Huang din 4

1.2. Cac chuyen muc chfnh trong Huang din 5

2. Tim hilu v§ nhu clu quan ly chit thai ran 7

2.1. Tai sao cin phai quan ly chit thai ran? 9

3. Giai phap 15

3.1. Tai sao cln phai sip dung thap phan clp giai phap quan ly chit thai ran? 17

3.2. Phan tfch giai phap trong thap phan clp quan ly chit thai ran 17

4. Su tham gia cua cac ben lien quan 19

4.1. Tai sao cln co su tham gia cua cac ben lien quan? 21

4.2. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 22

5. Lap k§ hoach triln khai he th6ng 29

5.1. Tai sao cln phai lap k§ hoach triln khai he th6ng quan ly chit thai ran? 31

5.2. Cac buac chfnh trong quy trlnh lap k§ hoach 31

6. Xem xet y§u t6 kinh t§ 35

6.1. Chi phf quan ly chit thai ran 37

6.2. Huy dong v6n noi bo 38

6.3. Huy dong v6n ben ngoai 39

6.4. Ky hgp d6ng vai khu vuc ty nhan 42

6.5. Gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xult 43

7. Xac djnh dac tfnh 47

7.1. Tai sao cln xac djnh dac tfnh chit thai? 49

7.2. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 50

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8. Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac 59

8.1. Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac la gl? 61

8.2. Tai sao cin tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac? 61

8.3. Dua giai phap tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac vao chyong trlnh

quan ly chit thai ran 62

9. Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyln rac 65

9.1. Tai sao phai thu gom rac? 67

9.2. Khokhan 68

9.3. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 68

9.4. Rac thai biln 77

10. Quan ly chit thai hOu co 81

10.1. Chit thai hOu co la gl? 83

10.2. Tai sao phai tap trung vao chit thai hOu co? 83

10.3. Phyong an xip ly 84

10.4. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 86

11. Tai chl 93

11.1. Taichllagl? 95

11.2. Khokhan 96

11.3. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 98

11.4. Tai chl khu vltc phi chlnh thi>c 103

12. Quan ly bai rac 107

12.1. Tai sao phai chu trong din bai rac lo thien? 109

12.2. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 111

13. Bai chon lip hop ve sinh 115

13.1. Bai chon lip hop ve sinh la gl? 117

13.2. Cac quy trlnh kilu miu 118

14. Thu h6i nang lugng 127

14.1. Tai sao cin can nhac viec thu h6i nang lugng? 129

14.2. Cac hlnh thi>c thu h6i nang lugng 129

14.3. Khokhan 130

15. Danh muc 133

Phu luc A - Bang ting hop tai lieu tham khao chlnh 147

Phu luc B - Tai lieu tham khao v! quan ly chit thai ran theo khu vltc 151

Phu luc C - Cong cu trao dli thong tin/tuong tac cong ding 152

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iii

Danh sach truing hap dien hinh

Phu luc s6

Tieu d§

S 6 trang I

4.3

Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan a Battambang, Campuchia

4.4

Vai tro cua quan he doi tac trong quan ly chat thai rln tai Thanh pho
Cebu, Philippines

5.1

Lap ke hoach xCk ly rac sau thien tai tai Nepal

6.2

Quan he doi tac cong-tip tai khu vlpc Bey Tay va Dai Gaza

7.2

Quy trinh xac djnh dac tinh chat thai tai Naucalpan, Mexico

8.1

Tranh thai bo chat thai thyc pham tai Hong Kong

9.7

Ke hoach thu gom rac da phan loai tai nha a Santos, Brazil

10.5

Phan loai va tai che chat thai hCm cctai La Pintana, Chile

11.2

SCr dung bai rac thai de xlk ly phe lieu co the tai che tai Indonesia

101

11.3

Cc s& tai che rac doc lap tai Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam

102

11.5

Bira khu vlpc phi chinh thipc tham gia hoat dong quan ly chat thai rln tai
Bangalore, An Do

106

12.2

Cai tao bai rac tai Dong Delhi, An Do

114

13.4

Hoach djnh lo trinh chuyen tiep sang bai chon lap co thiet ke hap ve sinh
tai San Cristobal, Cong hoa Dominica

125

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Danh sach truing hap lien quan

1 Tieu di

S 6 trang 1

Phoi hop vol khu vlpc phi chinh thupc tai Peru

Bira hoat dong quan ly chat thai rln vao chLFong trinh tieu hoc tai Campuchia

Vi du tieu bieu ve nghien clpu tinh kha thi

Quy djnh phi thu gom rac linh hoat tuy thuoc tlnh trang kinh te xa hoi

Ap dung trai phieu khi hau trong quan ly chat thai rln

Gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xuat tai Nam Phi

Nghien clpu xac dinh dac tinh chat thai tai Kampala, Uganda

Tic cong

§1

Chipcng trinh thu gom rac tai nha a Trichy, An Do

Chipcng trinh thu gom rac toan cong dong tai Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Xe dien thu gom rac tai Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Chipong trinh thu gom rac da phan loai tai nguon a Santa Juana, Chile

Quy tic quan ly chat thai rln cua An Do

Chien lirac quan ly chat thai hCm cc a Sao Paulo, Brazil

Chirong trinh u phan tai Dhaka, Bangladesh

Chipong trinh tai che cua Tunisia

Chinh sach chat thai rln quoc gia cua Brazil

Dira khu vlpc phi chinh thCpc vao tham gia hoat dong quan ly chat thai rln tai Dakar, Senegal

105

Dong cCra bai rac lo thien tai Oman

112

San xuat dien tCp khi bai rac tai Sao Paulo, Brazil

121

Quan he doi tac cong-tLP tai Trung Quoc

130

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Danh sach muc diem chinh

Rac thai bien va moi trirang

Thanh pho co the tim den cac trung tarn dien hlnh tien tien de xay dyng nang Ilpc 13

5P trong quan ly chat thai rln

Cac hlnh thipc thoa thuan vol khu vlpc tip nhan 42

Rui ro lien quan den cc s& xlk ly chat thai qua kho

NhCpng kho khan khi trien khai chinh sach tranh thai bo va giam thieu rac 62

So sanh pham vi thu gom rac va hieu qua thu gom rac

Bai rac lo thien, bai rac co kiem soat va bai chon lap hop ve sinh 109

Chien djch dong cCra bai rac

XCk ly chat thai dac biet 118.

Yeu to can can nhlc khi quyet djnh chi phi xay dung bai chon lap

Quy trinh thu gom va xCr ly nirac chiet 122

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Bang chip va tip viet tat

Anaerobic Digestion - Phan huy ky khi

CBI

Climate Bonds Initiative - Sang kien trai phieu khi hau

CCAC

Climate and Clean Air Coalition - Lien Minh Bao Ve Khi Hau va Khong Khi Sach

CEC

Commission for Environmental Cooperation - Uy Ban Hap Tac Bao Ve Moi Trirong

EPA Hoa Ky

United States Environmental Protection Agency - Cc quan Bao ve Moi trirong Hoa Ky

EPR

Extended Producer Responsibility - Gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xuat

e-waste

Electronic Waste - Rac thai dien tCr

GMI

Global Methane Initiative - Sang kien giam phat thai khi me-tan toan cau

Hiporig din

Best Practices for Solid Waste Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Developing
Countries Quy trinh quan ly chit thai rSn kiSu m§u: Hw&ng din danh cho ngw&i ra quySt dinh
& cac nw&c dang phat triSn

ISWA

International Solid Waste Association - Hiep Hoi Quan Ly Chat Thai Rln QuocTe

JSC-H&B

Joint Services Council for Hebron and Bethlehem - Lien Hoi Quan Ly Chung cho Hebron va
Bethlehem

LFG

Landfill Gas - Khi bai rac

MRF

Material Recovery Facility - Cc s& thu hoi vat lieu

NGO

Nongovernmental Organization - To chipc phi chinh phu

PET

Polyethylene Terephthalate - Polyethylen terephthalat

PETCO

PET Recycling Company NPC - PET Recycling Company NPC

PPP

Public-Private Partnership - Quan he doi tac cong-tir

Quick Response - Ma QR

S.M.A.R.T.

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely - Cu the, co the do lirang, kha thi, thyc
te, kjp thai

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme - Cc Quan Dieu Phoi Hoat Dong Bao Ve Moi Tripcyng
cua Lien Hop Quoc

WtE

Waste-to-Energy - XCr ly rac thanh nang lipgng

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VII

Lcri cam en

Van phong Bao t6n va Phuc h6i Tai nguyen (Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery) tare
thuoc Co quan Bao ve Moi trirong Hoa Ky (EPA Hoa Ky) da xay dung Quy trinh quan ly chit thai ran
kilu miu: Huong din danh cho nguoi ra quy§t djnh 6 cac nuoc dang phat triln (Huong din) dira tren
qua trlnh h6 trp chinh sach va quy trlnh quan ly chit thai ran nham bao ve slpc khoe con nguoi va moi
trirong ma EPA Hoa Ky da thirc hien trong thoi gian dai.

EPA Hoa Ky cung nhan dirpc sir h6 trp cuaAbt Associates theo hop d6ng EP-W-10-054, cung sir h6
trp dac lye cua c6 vln doc lap, Nimmi Damodaran, trong qua trlnh xay dirng noi dung, hlnh anh, bien
tap va san xult In phlm nay.

Dyoi day la cac ca nhan
Keith Alverson

Anja Schwetje
Sandra Mazo-Nix

Aditi Ramola
Ricardo Cepeda
Silpa Kaza

Asa Bergerus Rensvik
Sourabh Manuja
Gabriela Otero

Gerardo Canales
Goran Vujic

Premakumara Jagath
Dickella Gamaralalage
Kuo Tian
Krystal Krejcik
Lia Yohannes
Brandon Bray
Chris Cariseullo
Swarupa Ganguli
Tom Frankiewicz
Stephanie Adrian
Andrew Horan
Janice Sims
Al Korgi
Laura McMillan
Pam Swingle
Chris Newman
Paul Reusch

va to chCrc da h6 trp EPA Hoa Ky trong viec xay dyng Huong din nay:

Trung tam Cong nghe Moi trirong Qu6c tl (International Environmental Technology
Centre) thuoc Chirong trinh Moi trirong Lien Hop Qu6c
Ca quan Moi trirong Dire (German Environment Agency)

United Nations Environment Programme - Ca Quan Dilu Ph6i Hoat Dong Bao Ve
Moi Trirong cua Lien Hgp Qu6c

International Solid Waste Association - Hiep Hoi Quan Ly Chit Thai Rin Qu6c Tl
C40 Cities

Ngan hang Thl giai (World Bank)

Ca quan Bao ve Moi trirong Thuy Diln (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency)
Vien Nang lirgng va Tai nguyen (Energy and Resources Institute)

Hiep hoi cac Cong ty Ve sinh va Xir ly Chit thai Dac biet Brazil (Brazilian Association
of Sanitation & Special Waste Companies)

Trung tam Chinh sach Khong khi Sach (Center for Clean Air Policy)

Trung tam Phat triln Kinh tl Tuln hoan va UVig pho vai Biln d6i Khi hau
(Center for Circular Economy and Climate Change)

Vien Phat triln Chiln lirgc Bao ve Moi trirong Toan clu (Institute for Global

Environmental Strategies)

Dai hoc George Mason

EPA Hoa Ky

00d@®@®9®G®9®©00

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1 GIOI THIEU

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1

Gioi thieu

PhSn 1

G\&\ thieu

Quan ly chat thai ran tuy la van de mang tinh dja
phipang, nhu'ng co tac dong den toan cau. Dan so
the gidi tang len keo theo lu!ong chat thai cung tang
len. Vao nam 2015, the gidi da phat thai 2 ty tan chat
thai ran. Theo dy kiln, con so nay se tang len 3,4 ty
tan vao nam 2050. O nh&ng quoc gia co thu nhap
thap, licgng chat thai du-gc dy bao tang han ba Ian
vao nam 2050 (Kaza cung cong sy, 2018). Khi iiFO'ng
rac thai gia tang, thl viec ap dung he thong quan ly
chat thai ran hieu qua trd nen hit su e cap thilt. Tuy
nhien, thanh pho va chinh quyln dja phu-ong gap
phai khong ft kho khan trong viec quan ly chat thai
ran sao cho hieu qua. Do do, udc tinh co it nhat 2 ty
ngu-o'i phai song d nhu'ng noi khong co he thong thu
gom rac thai va phai d6 rac 6' nhCmg bai rac khong
dirge kiim soat (UNEP va ISWA2015). Su-c khoe
con ngirai, moi trirang va hoat dpng sinh ke a nhieu
thanh pho co nguy co' phai ganh chiu hau qua nang
ne do thieu he thong quan ly chat thai ran.

Quy trinh quan ly chit thai tin kieu miu: Huwig
din danh cho ngifai ra quyet dinh 6> cac nwc
dang phat trien (Hu-ong din) trinh bay cac quy
trinh quan ly chat thai ran kilu miu danh cho cac
trung tarn do thi vi>a va Ian 6' cac nu'oc dang phat
triln (thu'dng du'gc goi la "thanh pho" trong Hicang
din nay), vi day la nhu ng no'i phai gap nhieu kho
khan nhit trong quy trinh quan ly chat thai ran. Voi
nhOng con so dy bao ve phat sinh chat thai nhir vay,
thl trong tu'ong lai, nhu'ng kho khan tren se ngay
cang nguy cap va nhOng ngu-ai ra quyet djnh phai
triln khai hoat dong xu' ly co trong tam va hieu qua.
Hirang din nay cung gom nhieu phan co thl ap
dung cho cac thj tran, lang xom nong thon hay cac
khu vice phap ly nho le khac. Chinh quyen khu vyc
va dja phuong tai cac thanh pho tren la doi tuong
chinh ma Huong din nay hu-dng tai. Cac ca quan
chinh quyen nay thircmg bao gom ngu'ai ra quyet
djnh, nha hoach djnh chinh sach va cac can bo tham
gia vao hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran. Cac ben lien
quan khac, chang han nhip to chu*c phi chinh phu,

chu thl khu vyc tic nhan hoac ngu'ai dan co thl ap
dung mot so khia canh trong Hu'dng din nay.

Hu'dng din nay khong phai la cim nang hu'dng din
each triln khai tu ng bu'dc, ma gidi thieu nhieu cim
nang nhu8 vay, cung nhilu tai lieu khac giupchinh
quyln dja phu-ong va ngu'di ra quylt djnh co thl
tham khao d! bilt du'dng loi chuyen mon cu thl.
Cac giai phap dipgc ap dung thanh cong d thanh
pho hay vung miln nay khong co nghTa se thanh
cong d bat cir dau, do vay, Hu'dng din nay chi cung
cap thong tin va tai lieu tham khao giup nhu'ng ngu'di
ra quylt djnh dya vao do dl cai thien quy trinh quan
ly chat thai trong boi canh dac trung cua dja phu'ong
minh. Trang tilp theo ting hgp cac phan noi dung
trong Hu'dng din nay.

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Giai thieu

Phan noi dung chinh trong Huwig din

urn

L@J

Tim hieu ve nhu cau quart Iv chat thai
ran. Phin 2 mo ta Igi fch khi nang dp
quy trinh chit thai ran va neu ra mot si
kho khan chfnh ma cac qu6c gia dang
phat triln gap phai khi xip ly chit
thai ran.

Giai ohao. Phin 3 giai thieu thap phan
clp quan ly chit thai ran va giai thfch ly
do sip dung.

Sw tham gia cua cac ben lien quart.

Phln 4 mo ta cac quy trlnh kilu miu vl
hoat dong tlm kilm va thu hut cac ben
lien quan h6 trg dl he th6ng quan ly chit
thai ran hoat dong hieu qua.

Lao ke hoach then khai he thong.

Phin 5 dya ra cac khai niem chfnh lien
quan din viec lap k§ hoach triln khai he
th6ng quan ly chit thai ran hieu qua.

Xem xet veu to kinh te. Phln 6 mo ta
mot s6 phyang an ma cac thanh ph6 co
thl ap dung dl huy dong v6n cho cac
du> an va chyang trlnh quan ly chit thai
ran, bao g6m phyang an sip dung ngu6n
thu§ noi bo va ti§p can ngu6n tai chfnh
h6 trg ty ben ngoai.

Xac dinh dac tinh chat thai. Phin 7
trlnh bay thong tin v§ cac loai rac cln lyu
y, thong tin cin thu thap va each dam
bao chit lygng cua dy lieu.

Tranh thai bo va qiam thieu rac. Phin
8 giai thieu cac chi§n lygc giam thilu
rac thai ty nhi§u ngu6n khac nhau.

Phan loai. thu qom va van chuven rac.
Phln 9 trlnh bay quy trlnh thu gom sa
clp (vf du: ty ho gia dlnh) va thi> clp
thong qua he th6ng tram trung chuyln
(con goi la trung tam thu gom rac; day
la nhyng ca sa hoat dong phi tap trung,
chuyen phan loai va trung chuyln rac).

Quan Iv chat thai hCru cc xip ly (vf du: u
phan va phan huy ky khf), cung nhy cac
chfnh sach va chyang trlnh h6 trg chiln
lygc chuyln d6i.

Tai che. Phin 11 mo ta cac loai vat lieu
co thl tai chl, cac chiln lygc thuc dly
hoat dong tai chl, cung nhy nhyng vln
dl cln can nhac lien quan din chfnh
sach va ca sa ha ting.

Quan Iv bai rac. Phin 12 trlnh bay cac
giai phap nang clp bai rac lo thien thanh
cac bai rac quy cu va cu6i cung la
dong cipa.

Bai chon lap ho>o ve sinh. Phin 13
trlnh bay cac giai phap va khfa canh
chfnh trong qua trlnh lap kl hoach, thilt
kl, van hanh va dong cipa bai chon lip
hgp ve sinh. Phin nay cung dl cap din
vln dl tan dung va thu hli nang lygng
khf bai rac, mot dac dilm chfnh cua bai
chon lip hgp ve sinh.

Thu hoi nang Iwo'nq. Phln 14 trlnh bay
thong tin vl quy trlnh d6t rac va tai tao
nang lygng.

Danh muc

Phu luc A - Bang ting hgp tai lieu tham
khao chfnh

Phu luc B - Tai lieu tham khao vl quan
ly chit thai ran theo khu vyc

Phu luc C - Cong cu trao dli thong tin/
tyang tac cong ding

Ban co thl sip dung bilu tygng hlnh
ngoi nha dl chuyln din trang "Phln noi
dung chfnh trong Hyang din" nay vao
bit ky luc nao.

Ban cung co thl sip dung bilu tygng
quay lai dl tra lai trang ban vya xem.

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GicH thieu

Cac chuyen muc chinh trong Hyong din

EXHIBIT 4.3 CASE STUDY

Qtf=l

Trufimg ho'p dien hlnh

Cac trifdng hap dien hlnh cung
cap mo ta chi tiet han ve cac dif
an hoac hoat cfong tu" cac thanh
pho tren toan the gidi

TrUdtig hop lien quan

Muc trifdng hop lien quan cung
cap cac vi du ngan gon ttt cac
thanh pho tren toan the gi6i

o ® ©®©oo©s©

Cac quy trlnh kieu mau

Cac quy trlnh kieu mau neu
bat cac giai phap va loi ich
cua viec quan ly chat thai ran

"»Cau hoi

• Cac cau hoi danh cho
ngUdi ra quyet dinh xem
xet khi danh gia cac
phuong an cai thien quy
trlnh quan ly chat thai ran

Stakeholder Engagement

waste management activities encourages the use
of collection services and participation in recycling
and organic waste diversion programs. Engaging
with local and national policy makers can lead to
adoption of solid waste management regulations and
increased funding for programs [CCAC Undated(c)J.

Traditional awareness-raising programs can include
media campaigns, door-to-door visits to discuss solid
waste management activities with stakeholders,
and community clean up events. Competitions
among neighborhoods and communities can help
raise awareness for solid waste management and
encourage behavior change. Education campaigns
can be integrated into school and university
curriculums to reach the youth population and
encourage good waste management practices.

Appendix C includes a variety of public engagement
and communication tools.

Questions for Decision-Makers

What are the key issues or areas of

interest for the project?

Who are the key stakeholder groups?

• What might be their level of interest?
Who are the key contacts for the groups?

¦ What are the best mechanisms for
engaging with these groups?

• Are there groups that would oppose, or
might be affected by, changes to solid
waste management?

¦ How will stakeh olders be engaged
throughout the life of the project?

Stakeholder Engagement in Battambang, Cambodia

In 2011, the City of Battambang. Cambodia, launched an effort to overhaul its solid waste management system.
The city, which is home to more than 150.000 people, was facing several common solid waste management
challenge, including an insufficient operating budget low collection coverage, waste burning, and associated
environmental and public health concerns. Battambang partnered with NGOs, the Cambodian Education and
Waste Management Organization, and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies to scope their solid waste
management challenges, engage multiple stakeholder groups, and design strategies for effective solid waste
management

Battambang engaged a variety of stakeholder groups as a part of this process, including:

Local government staff took part in a dty-to-city information exchange with Phitsanulok, Thailand. This exchange
helped local government staff form a preliminary strategy for solid waste management, with the benefit of the
experiences and hindsight of their Thai counterparts.

Commercial waste generators, including several markets, agreed to participate in anorganic waste segregation
pilot project with the Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization and CINTRI.

Residential waste generators were engaged through the installation
of new waste bins and signage, the distribution of brochures, voice
announcements, community workshops, and a pilot project Reasonable
fees linked to improved collection services were intended to reduce
waste burning. The pilot project identified a need for more education and
outreach on waste segregation.

Informal recycling workers operated at the local dumpsite in unsafe
conditions, including waste fires. Workers participated in a voluntary
training session on the health and environmental impacts of waste fires,
and how to extinguish them. Additionally, several informal recycling
workers are now employed at the organic waste separation facility.

Stakeholder Engagement

NGOs. particularly the Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization, assisted in facilitaong the
process and supporting the local government

Private sector waste collectors CINTRI and Leap Lim were critical partners in the engagement effort since
Battambang does not operate any collection services itself. For reasonable fees the city committed to better
collection services. CINTRI also owns and operates the city"5 dumpsite.

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Gioi thieu

ifllUlltlH

DRAFT. DO NOT CITE, QUOTE, OR JISTRIBUTE

Tai lieu tham
khao chirih

Muc tai lieu tham
khao chinh cung
cap cac tai lieu
hu'dng din, cong
cu va cac nghien
clfu hOu ich

Understanding the Need for Solid Waste Management

Understanding the Need for Solid Waste
Management

Solid waste management systems are designed to
protect the environment and improve conditions in
cities worldwide.

This section reviews the key benefits of effective
solid waste management systems, and common
challenges that prevent cities from establishing and
effectively implementing those systems.

Why Is Solid Waste Management
Important?

Inadequate solid waste management can impact cities
and their residents in myriad ways.These impacts can
generally be categorized into three categories:

• Human health. The improper handling of waste
can impact human health (e.g.. decomposing
organic waste attracts rodents, insects, and stray
animals). In some cities, human fecal matter and
urine are not separated from solid waste which
attract insects and germs that spread disease
(eg, typhoid, cholera). Mosquitos also pose a
concern when they breed in solid waste (e.g.
used tires); mosquitos can be vectors for diseases
such as malaria, dengue and the Zika virus.

it a ~

Mismanaged solid waste and open dumpsites can
lead to environmental contamination of surface
and groundwater, which are common sources of
drinking water. Uncontrolled burning of waste
may result in emissions of air pollutants including
dioxins, furans. black carbon, heavy metals, and
particulate matter, many of which can be toxic
for human health {ISWA 2015). For populations
living in direct contact with or close proxi mity to
waste disposal sites, these health effects can be
particularly severe For more information on the
health risks to informal sector workers who are
exposed to inadequately managed waste streams,
see the Informal Sector Recycling section.

Environmental. Inadequate control of leachate
water that filters through waste and draws
out chemicals, at disposal sites can lead to
environmental contamination of soils and
water bodies, impacting local ecosystems (US. EPA
2018d). Mismanaged waste is also a th reat to
stray animals and wildlife as animals may try to
consume waste that contains food residue or
scraps. Open burning of waste produces emissions
of black carbon, a component of particulate matter
that has a significant impact on regional air quality

Marine Litter and the Environment

Inadequate solid waste management contributes
to the global marine Stter challenge. In fact stuctes
suggest that as much as 80 percent of marine
fitter comes from land-based sources. For more
information on sources, impacts, and strategies for
reducing marine litter, see the Marine Litter section.

DRAFT. DO NOT CITE, QUOTE, OR t

Bieu tu'O'ng i H|
dieu hipong

Cac bieu tipo-ng
co the nhap
giup ban dl
dang dieu
hirong giu'a
cac chu de

Muc diem chinh

Muc diem chinh nhan manh
nhfrng khai niem, van de
quan trong hoac cac thong tin
chi tiet khac can xem xet khi
danh gia co hoi cai hien he
thong quan ly chat thai ran

-------

Ow6 © ® © © O©®©©©@ 0

-------
Br

Tai lieu tham khao chfnh

Solid Waste Management (UNEP 2005a)

The Weight of Nations: Material Outflows
from Industrial Economies (Matthews cung
cong sir, 2000)

Sustainable Materials Management: The
Road Ahead (EPA Hoa Ky 2009)

What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of
Solid Waste Management to 2050 (Kaza
cung cong sir, 2018)

Global Waste Management Outlook (UNEP
va ISWA2015)

PUS

111

-------
Tim hieu ve nhu cau quan ly chat thai ran

PhSn 2

Tim hieu ve nhu cau quan ly chit
thai ran

He thong quan ly chat thai ran du'oc thilt kl nham
bao ve moi tru'dng va cai thien tlnh trang d cac
thanh pho tren the gidi.

Phan nay trlnh bay cac Igi ich chinh thu dirge khi
slp dung he thong quan ly chat thai ran hieu qua va
nhCmg kho khan thu'dng gap khien cac thanh pho
khong thl xay du'ng va trien khai hieu qua cac he
thong nay.

Tai sao cin phai quan ly chit
thai rln?

Cong tac quan ly chat thai ran ylu kem co thl tac
dong den thanh pho va ngu-di dan theo nhieu each
thu'c khac nhau. Dipdi day la ba yeu to thu'dng phai
chiu tac dong tren:

• Su>c khoe con ngupd'i. Xi> ly rac thai khong
dung each co thl tac dong din sire khoe con
ngipdi (vi du: chat thai hfru ca khi phan huy se
thu hut cac loai gam nham, con trung va dong
vat di lac). O mot so thanh pho, phan va nicdc
tilu con nguoi do lin chat thai ran, do do, thu
hut con trung va vi trung lay benh (vi du: thu-ong
han, ta). Mudi cung la loai vat dang lo ngai khi
chung sinh san trong chat thai ran (chang han
nhip trong l6p xe da qua slk dung); mu5i co thl
la vat trung gian lay truyln cac can benh nhu'
sot ret, sot xuat huylt va vi-rut Zika. Nlu khong

du-gc quan ly tot, chat thai ran va bai rac lo
thien co thl gay 6 nhilm moi tripdng, cu thl la
o nhilm nu!dc mat va nude ngam von la nguon
nude uong thong dung. Dot rac khong kilm soat
cung co thl la nguyen nhan phat thai cac chat
gay o nhilm khong khi, bao gom dioxin, furan,
muoi than, kim loai nang va hat vat chat, nhilu
chat trong so do co thl gay doc hai cho sure
khoe con ngirdi (ISWA2015). Nhimg ngipdi dan
tilp xuc tripe tilp hoac d gin bai rac co thl gap
van dl vl slfc khoe dac biet nghiem trong. Dl
bilt them thong tin vl rui ro doi vdi slfc khoe cua
ngudi lao dong khu vu'c phi chinh thu'c tilp xuc
vdi nguon rac thai chica qua xlp ly thoa dang,
hay tham khao phan Tai che khu vuv phi chinh
thu>c.

• Moi triporig. Nlu khong kilm soat hieu qua
nu'dc chilt, ntpdc loc qua rac va rut ra tip hoa
chat, tai bai tieu huy co thl din din 6 nhilm moi
truing dat va nguon nu'dc, gay anh hipdng din
he sinh thai tai dja phu'ong (EPA Hoa Ky 2018d).
Rac thai, nlu khong dipgc quan ly dung each,
cung co thl trd thanh moi de doa doi vdi cac loai
dong vat di lac va dong vat hoang da vi dong
vat co thl an thu'c an thupa hoac phi lieu trong
rac. Dot rac ngoai trdi co thl sinh ra muoi than,
mot thanh phan cua hat vat chat, gay anh hu'dng
nghiem trong din chat lipgng khong khi trong

DIEM CHINH CI

Rac thai biin va moi tru'O'ng

Quan ly chat thai rSn yeu kem gop phan gay kho
khan cho cong tac quan ly rac thai bien tren toan
cau. Cac nghien clfu chi ra ring, tren thyc te, co
tdi 80% rac thai bien co nguon goctu' dat lien.
Be biet them thong tin ve nguon thai, tac dong
va chien lipgc giam rac thai bien, hay tham khao
phan Rac thai biin.

O®0 © ®®O©O0®0©OO

-------
2

Tim hiiu vi nhu ciiu quan ly chit thai rln

vung va khf hau toan cau. Bai rac giai phong khf
me-tan, chat gop phan hlnh thanh tang ozon mat
dat. Ngoai ra, me-tan con la khf nha kfnh gop
phan lam biln dli khf hau. Bl bilt them thong
tin vl tac dong cua viec khong quan ly chat thai
ran hieu qua den chat limng khong khf va bien
dli khf hau, hay truy cap trang web Sana kien xCr
Iv chat thai ran thanh thi cua Lien minh Bao ve
Khf hau va Khong khf Sach).

• Kinh tl xa hoi. Quan ly chat thai ran ylu kem co
thi gay ton kem, ca ve chi phf trim tilp va chi phf
gian tiep. Neu khong quan ly tot he thong xip chat
thai ran, khu vipc se mat di 0? hoi phat triln kinh
tl, bao gom ca ca hoi tang gia trj bat dong san va
tilm nang du Ijch khi co bai biln va dimng pho
sach dep. Cac chimng trinh giam thilu rac thai
co thi giup tilt kiem chi phf nhien lieu, chi phf van
chuyln, dong thai thu hoi chi phf neu dime triln
khai dung himng. Neu nang cao hieu qua quan ly
chat thai ran, nhom doi tipo'ng yeu the co thi tiet
kiem dime chi phf chi vao cac he thong cham soc
sipc khoe cong dong, do khong con gap phai cac
van de ve ho hap, benh da lilu va cac benh tat
khac lien quan den viec quan ly chat thai ran yeu
kem (ISWA2015). Dl biet them thong tin ve giam
thilu rac, hay doc phan Tranh thai bo va aiam
thiiu rac.

Ap dung giai phap dl nang cao hieu qua quan ly chat
thai ran gop phan giam thilu nhOng tac dong nay.
Cac phan giai thieu quy trinh quan ly chat thai ran
kilu mlu trong tai lieu nay se cung cap thong tin chi
tilt ho^ vl nhOng Ion fch cu thi cua tung quy trinh.

Kho khan thipdng gap

Cac thanh pho nhan thay ro nhilu he luy doi voi
sipc khoe, moi tripong va nhOng moi lo ngai khac
phat sinh do ylu kem trong quan ly chat thai ran, tuy
nhien, hp doi mat voi khong ft kho khan trong viec
quan ly hieu qua loai chat thai nay. Cac kho khan
thipong gap bao gom:

• Nang lire va ngudn lire tai chinh han hep.

Nhilu thanh pho khong du nang Iipc dl cap von
In djnh va lau dai cho he thong co1 see ha tang
hoac hoat dong van hanh. Thanh pho thipong la
do"n vj chju trach nhiem triln khai, tuy nhien, lai
khong du tai chfnh hoac khong co chuyen mon
vl tai chfnh va phai xoay xa chi phf dau tip, duy
tri co1 see vat chat, khong bilt lam sao dl thilt lap
du ngan sach cho cac dip an xCk ly chat thai ran
hoac xik ly van dl chi phf leo thang, thanh pho
cung co thi khong du nguon thul khi khoi lipo'ng
rac ngay cang gia tang. Uu tien quan ly chat
thai ran, nghien cipu chiln Iipo'c cat giam chi phf,
tfch hp"p chu'O'ng trinh "tra tiln khi vi>t rac" hoac
chfnh sach thul, va hp"p tac voi cac tl chipc dau
tip quoc tl dlu la nhOng phiKyng an huy dong
von dl dja phiKyng duy tri chu'O'ng trinh xip ly
chat thai ran. Mac du mot so chu'O'ng trinh, chfnh
sach thul hoac phf se gap phai tree ngai khi moi
dipa vao triln khai, nhipng dl chu'O'ng trinh quan
ly chat thai ran thanh cong, thi cac dja phiKyng
phai tlm dime nguon ngan sach lau dai. Cac
ylu to kinh tl khac can can nhac khi triln khai
chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai ran dime trinh
bay trong phan Xem xet veu to kinh te.

• Khong du may moc va thiiu kiln thCrc ky
thuat de van hanh may moc. Thong thimng,

Phu luc 2.1. Kho khan khi xay dipng chuang trinh quan ly chit thai ran hieu qua

~^j

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1 Nang Iipc
1 tai chirih

Cong nghe

Trinh do
chuyen mon

Nang Ilpc
can bo

Luan chuyin
can bo nha nrn^c

Lap ki hoach 1
vsaanhgli, |

Sip dieu phoi
cua chinh phu

Zfx

mil

Dieu kien
lam viec

Truyin thong

Quy dat
triin khai

Dja ly va
dia hinh

Chuan mipe
van hoa

-Jk <$* 0

OO®®©@©@©®©©©®o

-------
2

Tim hiiu vi nhu ciiu quan ly chit thai rln

dja phipcng can phai nhap khlu he thong may
moc xip ly chat thai ran va chuyen vien van hanh
co thl khong du kiln thipc hoac khong co tai lieu
dl tham khao each bao tri dung each va thipong
xuyen. Nlu may moc khong dime thilt kl phu
hop voi dilu kien dja phipong, thl tlnh trang
khong tu'O'ng thlch co thl khiln dja phu'O'ng rcci
vao hoan canh kho khan chong chat kho khan vl
can sipa chOa thipong xuyen va kho tlm dime phu
tung thay the. O cac khu vipc nhiet doi, dieu kien
dja phu'O'ng nhip thoi tilt nong Im co thl gay bat
Igi din may moc, khiln may moc dl hong hon.
May moc thimng co rat nhilu loai, mot so loai
co thl phu hop hon voi dilu kien dja phu'O'ng.
Himng din nay cung gioi thieu mot so loai may
moc trong cac phan lien quan. Dja phu'O'ng co thl
phan tlch dong chat thai va nguon thai va tlm doc
tai lieu tham khao dime cung cap dl bilt each
chon loai may moc phu hop nhat.

• Trinh do chuyen mon con han chi va khong
bilt din quy trinh kieu miu. Chlnh quyln
dja phu'O'ng thimng khong du trinh do chuyen
mon can thilt dl danh gia cong nghe hoac giai
phap nham tlm ra phu'O'ng an phu hp"p nhat dl
xip ly dime van dl cua dja phu'O'ng mlnh. Tlnh
huong kho khan co thl phat sinh khi cac cong
ty tip nhan ky hop dong cung cap cong nghe
hoac triln khai dip an voi thanh pho, nhipng bo
dip an nlu thanh pho khong dap i>ng dipo'c cac
dilu khoan trong hp"p dong. VI du nhip nhilu
hop dong dip an xip ly chat thai thipong yeu cau
thanh pho phai dam bao nguon nguyen lieu sach
hoac In djnh. Cac cong ty tip nhan co thl va se
bo dip an nlu thanh pho khong dap i>ng dipo'c
nhOng yeu cau nay. Khong phai luc nao thanh
pho cung lipong tripoc dipo'c cac van dl nay, do
vay, dip an dl that bai. NhOng ngipoi ra quylt
djnh va can bo a cap dja phu'O'ng thipong khong
bilt din quy trinh kilu miu ma cac thanh pho
khac co hoan canh tu'O'ng tip da ap dung thanh
cong. Dja phu'O'ng co thl tham gia cac chipo'ng
trinh giao Iipu trong nipoc va quoc tl, chang han
nhip hoi thao va hoi nghj tripe tuyln do Hiep hoi
Quan ly Chat thai Ran Quoc tl tl chipc dl boi
dip&ng kiln thipc chuyen mon va cap nhat cac
quy trinh kilu miu. Cac trung tarn diln hlnh
tien tiln, chang han nhip nhOng trung tam co
ten trong khung ben phai, cung la nhOng nguon
tham khao quy gia ma dja phu'O'ng co thl tlm
din dl hoc hoi va lang nghe kinh nghiem.

• Nang lire can bo con han chi. Nhilu thanh
pho khong du can bo gioi chuyen mon xip ly cac

van dl vl quan ly chat thai ran. Dpi ngu can bo
nay thipong chi tap trung giai quylt nhOng van
dl bipc thilt tripoc mat vl rac thai, chip chipa
danh du thoi gian hoac chipa du nang Iipc dl
tham gia vao qua trinh phat triln chiln lime va
hoach djnh trong dai han.

• Luan chuyen can bo nha nimc. Ca cau quan
ly thay dli co thl khiln nhilu dip an dang triln
khai phai ngipng tre hoac thay dli hoan toan
theo chi dao cua can bo moi din va do cong tac
thuyen chuyln nhan sip chu chot trong cac dip
an von Ion, bao gom ca dip an quan ly chat thai
ran. Do la ly do vl sao nhilu ngipoi phu trach
dip an, co kiln thipc chuyen mon vOng vang lai
khong thl giam sat din luc hoan thanh dip an.
Luat quan ly chat thai ran, du a cap quoc gia
hay dja phu'O'ng, nlu quy djnh thilt lap he thong
bin vOng, dai han, xuyen suot cac co1 cau hanh
chlnh, thl co thl giai quylt dipo'c thipc trang tren.
Viec duy tri tlnh lien tuc cua dpi ngu can bo phu
trach dip an quan ly chat thai ran va hoat dong
dilu hanh cung gop phan giam thilu tlnh trang
dipt gay nay.

• Viec bo qua khau lap ki hoach va danh gia a

ca cap quoc gia va thanh pho co thl gay bat Igi
din ty le thanh cong cua he thong quan ly chat
thai ran. Cac quy djnh hoac khuon khl quoc gia
la nln tang quan trong hi tro1 qua trinh lap kl
hoach dai han; thilt lap tieu chuln quoc gia va
khuyln khlch cac chipo'ng trinh giam thilu, tai
chi hoac u rac. Khi xuc tiln triln khai, thanh pho
thipong bo qua khau lap kl hoach, do do, co thl
gap phai kho khan trong nhOng chang dipong
sau. Co rat nhilu tripong hp"p gap sip co gian
doan ngoai dip tlnh, chang han nhip thien tai. Do
do, viec lap kl hoach a cap dja phu'O'ng va quoc
gia, gom ca he thong giam sat va xac minh, se
giup tao ra mot he thong quan ly chat thai ran
In djnh. Phan Lao ke hoach triin khai he thong
cung cap thong tin cu thl hon vl tam quan trong
cua khau lap kl hoach va xac djnh cac bipoc
chlnh can thipc hien.

• Chinh phu ch^a dilu phdi t6t hoac khong
dilu phdi ban nganh chinh va phu tro1. Cong
tac quan ly chat thai ran thipong thuoc thlm
quyln cua nhilu bo nganh a cac cap chlnh
quyln khac nhau. VI du, nhOng co1 quan chlnh
phu nao phu trach mang moi tripong, phat triln
do thj va nha a hay nong nghiep, nhOng co1 quan
do dlu co thl tham gia vao nhOng mat xlch
khac nhau trong he thong quan ly chat thai ran,
tuy nhien, chlnh phu co thl chipa co khuon khl

-------
Tim hilu v§ nhu clu quart ly chit thai rln

dieu phoi chinh thu'c. Ngoai ra, chinh quyen dja
phu'ong la thanh phan phu trach viec thyc thi
cac quy djnh quoc gia va chinh phu dong vai tro
quan trong trong viec tao lap moi tripang thuan
Igi dl dam bao thanh cong cho cac dy an dja
phirang. Ca chi h6 trg cong tac dieu phoi giOa
cac ca quan ban nganh va giCca cac cap trong
bo may nha nu'ac co thl du'gc coi la nen tang
tao lap mot he thong t6ng thl.

Bilu kien lam viec khong tdt. Q cac quoc gia
dang phat triln, ngicai lao dong trong dy an
quan ly chat thai ran co thl bj tra luong thap va
khong dipgc dao tao (UNEP 2005a). Nlu khong
dirge dao tao quy cu va khong dipgc trang bj do
bao ho ca nhan, nhfrng nguai lao dong nay co
nhieu nguy ca bj chan thu'ong hoac benh tat.
Cac nghien clfu chi ra rang so ngicdi lao dong
xlp ly rac thai va so ngipai song gan bai rac co
nguy ca nhilm giun hoac ky sinh trung chilm
mot ty le rat Ian (UNEP 2005a). Dilu kien lam
viec kho khan cung la ly do khiln ngu-ai lao dong
khong co dong Iifc lam viec va so lu'O'ng ngu-ai
lao dong gan bo khong cao.

Tinh trang khong co truyen thong hoac
truyen thong kem gitra cac ben lien quan,
bao gdm ca ngirai dan, co thl gay ra thyc trang
d6 rac khong dung quy djnh, sir dung sai va lam
hong thung du>ng rac, khong chju dong phi djch
vu, phan loai rac khong dung each, v.v. Chiln
djch truyen thong va tiep can cong dong phoi
hgp co thl gop phan giup cac nhom ben lien
quan cap nhat thong tin va trang bj phu hgp dl
tuan thu cac yeu cau ve quan ly chat thai ran cua
dja ph^ong. Dl bilt them thong tin ve cac quy
trinh kilu mlu ve each tim va du=a cac ben lien
quan vao khau lap kl hoach triln khai chu'ong
trinh quan ly chat thai ran, hay tham khao phan
Swtham aia cua cac ben lien quan.

Khu vice phi chinh thu'c la mot ben lien quan
trong ylu can can nhac va dica vao tham gia cac
khau cu thl khi lap kl hoach chu-ang trinh quan
ly chat thai ran. Nhin chung, khu vu*c phi chinh
thi>c bao gom ca nhan, to dpi va cac doanh
nghiep nho le xi> ly rac thai theo each khong
chinh thong, bao gom djch vu thu gom va ban
phi lieu, thu'dng la thong qua ben trung gian
hoac moi giai (Aparcana 2017). Ngicai lao dong
kilm tien bang each ban phi lieu ma hp thu gom
du'O'c cho mang lu'di cac dai ly va nganh tai chl
thuoc khu vlfc tu' nhan chinh thu*c (Aparcana
2017, Wilson cung cong sip 2009); mot so khac
co thl ban phi lieu cho nhu=ng nguai lao dong

khu vyc phi chinh thu-c khac dl hp sip dung lam
nguyen lieu dau vao cho quy trinh hoac san
phlm khac (chang han nhu' slf dung do cu dl
sua chua may moc). Khu vlfc nay dong vai tro
quan trong trong cong tac phan loai vat lieu va
quylt djnh loai rac nao se dirge thu gom. Dl bilt
nhfrng kho khan va de xuat khi lam viec vai khu
vipc phi chinh thu'c nay, hay tham khao phan
Tai che rac khu vwc ohi chinh ihCrc.

Thieu quy dat trien khai. Khi dien tich do thi
ngay cang ma rong va ngu-ai dan do thj ngay
cang dong due, thi dien tich dat trong dl xay
dimg ca sa xu' ly chat thai ran, dilm thu gom rac
tai dja phu'ong va tram trung chuyln ngay cang
bj thu hep. Co thl khong con chS, khu dat kha
thi co gia ca dat do, hay ngyai dan dja phipang
phan doi dy an xay dyng ca ca vi hp sg mui
hoi anh huong din dieu kien song cua hp cung
nhip gia bat dong san tai do. Tuy nhien, nlu xay
dyng ca sa each xa thanh pho, nai con nhilu
dat trong gia re han, thl nhieu kho khan moi nay
sinh vi quang duong chd rac qua xa co thl gay
ton thai gian va chi phi. Nha quan ly dy an chat
thai ran co thl ban bac vai cac nha lanh dao
trong khu vyc va dja phicong dl lap kl hoach
quan ly chat thai ran, co xet din tam quan trong
cua ylu to lp trinh va chinh sach quy hoach cua
thanh pho. Cac chicang trinh phan loai rac hoac
chuyln dli cung dong vai tro khong nho trong
viec giam luong rac thai can thu gom mot luc.

Te|

-------
Tim hilu v§ nhu clu quart ly chit thai rln

Tram trung chuyen, cung nhip cac hinh thu-c thu
gom va tich trO rac du!oc trinh bay trong phan
Phan loai. thu aom va van chuvin rac.

• Bilu kien khi hau, dia ly va dja hinh tat ca dlu
anh hifdng den tinh san co va chi phi may moc,
kha nang triln khai cong nghe, chi phi van hanh
va cac khia canh khac trong he thong quan ly
chat thai ran. Chang han nhir cac thanh pho d
khu vice nhiet ddi co thl dilu chinh chien luge
quan ly chat thai ran sao cho phu hgp d! irng
pho vdi dieu kien thai tilt nong bipc va toe do
phan huy chat thai hu'u co' nhanh han so vai cac
thanh pho co khi hau mat me. Dac dilm dia ly va
dia hinh cung co thl phat sinh nhieu trd ngai doi
vai hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran. Cu thl nhu- a
cac vung bien dao, nai day phai doi mat vai kho
khan rat Ian do quy dat han hep khong du de xi>
ly rac, cung nhu' kho tiep can ca sa tai che va
khong du nang lye dl tai che. Cac thanh pho a
khu vice doi nui co thl can thilt kl bai rac co kha
nang chong chiu dipgc slp co sat Id dat. Phu luc
B cung cap mot so tai lieu tham khao quan trong

dl cac dia phicang tham khao nham hilu du-gc
quy trinh quan ly chat thai ran kilu mlu d mot
so vung cu thl tren khap thl gidi; tai lieu tham
khao trong phan nay se giup dia phicang xac
dinh dicgc nhOng nai co dieu kien dac trung
vung mien giong minh dl tu! do biet each lap kl
hoach chuang trinh quan ly chat thai ran.

• Chuan mirc van hoa. Cac lua chon u'u tien va
xu hu'dng vl van hoa co thl khiln cac n6 lire
quan ly chat thai ran gap nhilu trd ngai han.
Chang han nhip khi ddi song con ngu*di sung
tuc han va hang hoa ngay cang re han, thi mi>c
sip dung vat lieu va xa thai tren toan thl gidi se
gia tang manh me. Cac nha quan ly chat thai
ran phai doi mat vdi nh&ng he luy ti> cac xu
hu-dng nay. Dl giai quylt nhung van de lien
quan din chuln mirc van hoa trong qua trinh
lap kl hoach quan ly chat thai ran, dia phu>ang
can din sy vao cuoc va hgp su*c cua cac ben
lien quan. Dl bilt them thong tin vl quy trinh
thu hut ben lien quan kilu mlu, hay tham khao
phan Swtham aia cua cac ben lien quart.

Solid Waste Knowledge Platform): Cona cu: Cong cu
nay do chirong trinh Sang kiln quan ly chit thai cua Lien
minh Bao ve Kh( hau va Khong khi Sach duy tri nhlm
trao doi thong tin va tai lieu tham khao vi cac quy trinh
kilu mlu [CCAC da cap nhat(b)].

Vieri Quan Iv Chit thai R&n hwona Bin virna (Solid
Waste Institute for Sustainabilitv): Vien nay dat tru sa
tai Dai hoc Texas d Arlington, chuyen h§ tro cac thanh

tarn nay chuyen dao tao va ho trg chuyen mon cho cac
thanh ph6 tai Oman dl giup ho nang cao hieu qua quan
ly chit thai (be'ah 2017b).

Truna tam Quan Iv Chit thai (Center for Waste
Management) thuoc Vien Nana I won a va Tai nouven:
Trung tam nay chuyen h§ trg cho cac thanh ph6 tai An Do
thong qua cac hoat dong h§ trg chuyen mon, hoi thao va
chirang trinh giao luu (TERI 2020b).

©©©@©@©@©©©©0

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Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

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Sustainable Materials Management:
Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste
Management Hierarchy (EPA Hoa Ky 2017)

Sector Environmental Guideline: Solid Waste

(USAID 2018)

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

-------
3

Giai phap

Phan 3

Giai phap

Khong mot giai phap quan ly chat thai ran rieng le nao
du kha nang quan ly toan bo nguon chat thai va vat
lieu cho moi tru'ang hop. Chinh quyen dja phu'ong
can xay dyng mot kl hoach dap u-ng du-gc nhu cau
va dieu kien dac tru'ng cua khu vipc minh. Co' quan
Bao ve Moi twang Hoa Ky da phat triln thap phan
cap quan ly chat thai ran (Phu luc 3.1) dl cac dja
phuang hieu duo'c van dl nay. Thap phan cap la he
thong xlp hang cac chiln lipgc quan ly chat thai ran
mot each bao quat, ti> chien Iipo'c tot cho moi tru'ang
nhieu nhat den chien lipgc tot cho moi tru'ang it nhat;
trong do, chien luge lpu tien la giam thilu, tai slp dung
va tai chi rac (EPA Hoa Ky 201 If).

Phan nay mo ta ngan gon tu ng chi§n luge quan ly
tren thap phan cap quan ly chat thai ran. Ban co thl
nhap vao duong lien ket trong m6i phan mo ta dl
chuyln den thong tin cu thl hem a cac phan sau.

Tai sao cim phai slf dung thap
phan cip giai phap quan ly chit
thai rln?

Thap phan cap quan ly chat thai ran minh hoa cac
bu'oc triln khai than thien vdi moi tru-ong nhat ma
cac dja phu'ong can thu c hien truoc khi thai bo
tryc tilp ra bai rac hoac bai chon lap. Birac dau
tien dipgc u'u tien nhat trong thap phan cap la giam
thilu rac va tai su dung rac tai dau nguon, trong
do tap trung vao viec ngan ngi>a rac thai phat sinh.
Khi giam thilu rac hoac tai slp dung rac ngay tai
dau nguon, lipgng nguyen lieu tho can si> dung
du'gc giam bat, keo theo giam nhu cau thu gom,
van chuyln va thai bo rac. Giai phap giam thilu
rac ngay trong cac quy trinh khai thac khong chi tot
cho moi tru-ong ma con giup tilt kiem chi phi trong
suot vong dai cua san phlm. Doi vai nhfrng loai rac
khong thl giam thilu hoac tai sic dung tai nguon,
thl tai chi hoac u phan la phu-ang an tot nhat tilp
theo. Phu-ong an nay co Igi cho moi tru>ang va tilt
kiem chi phi tipong tir nhu- giai phap giam thilu va
tai slp dung rac tai nguon, tuy nhien can chi phi dau

Phu luc 3.1. Thap phan cSp quari ly chit thai

tip ban dau dl triln khai chu'ong trinh tai chi hoac
u phan hieu qua. Chiln lipgc tai chi va giam thilu
rac tai nguon gop phan lam giam lirgng rac co kha
nang di vao moi truong, bao gom ca truong hop rac
dl ra song suoi, ao ho va rac thai biln. Co thl xem
xet din giai phap thu hoi nang lipgng tup cac loai rac
khong thl tai chi hoac u phan. Giai phap nay gop
phan giam lipgng rac thai co kha nang bj tap ket tai
bai chon lap va bai rac, dong thai gop phan bu dap
nhu cau tieu thu nhien lieu hoa thach. Tuy nhien,
hoat dong thu hoi nang lupgng tip rac co thl phat thai
cac chat gay 6 nhilm khong khi, dong thai doi hoi
chi phi van hanh va dau tip rat Ian.

Phan tich giai phap trong thap
phan cip quan ly chit thai rin

Giam thilu va tai si> dung rac tai ngudn

Giam thilu rac tai nguon, con goi la tranh xa thai,
ti>c la hanh dong giam lupong rac thai ra. Giam thilu
rac tai nguon la chiln lipgc tot cho moi tripang nhilu
nhat (EPA Hoa Ky 2017fj. Moi ngu'di co thl giam

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3

Giai phap

lu'gng rac thai ra bang each mua san pham ben lau,
loai co thl tai sip dung hoac tim kilm nh&ng loai san
phlm ma nha san xuat thilt kl theo hu'dng giam xa
thai. Phan Tranh thai bo va aiarn thiiu rac se trinh
bay cu thl han vl each giam thilu va tai slp dung
rac tai nguon.

Tai chi va quan ly chit thai huti co>

Tai chl la mot chuSi cac hoat dong, bao gom thu
gom cac loai san phlm da qua sic dung, tai sip dung
hoac chu'a su' dung, ma nlu khong chung se du'oc
coi la rac; phan loai va xlp ly cac san phlm co thl
tai che thanh nguyen lieu tho; va dung nguyen lieu
tho da qua tai che dl san xuat san phlm mdi (EPA
Hoa Ky 2017f). Q nhieu nai tren thl giai, khu vlpc
phi chfnh thu'c du'gc coi la thanh phan chu Ilpc trong
he thong tai chl. Phan Tai che phan tich nhung Igi
ich va kho khan trong cong tac tai chl, va giai thieu
cac quy trinh kilu mlu vl xay dung chu'ong trinh tai
chl, bao gom ca bupac thu hut khu vlpc phi
chinh thupc.

Quan ly chat thai hu'u ca la xlp ly quy trinh chuyln
d6i chat thai hCpu ca thong qua hoat dong u va phan
huy ky khi (AD). Phan u chi gom chat hOu ca, nen
co thl tLPdi bon vao dat giup cay trong phat triln.
AD la quy trinh slp dung chat thai huu ca lam
nguyen lieu san xuat khi sinh hoc, mot nguon nang
iLpgng tai tao. Dia phLPang co thl u phan hoac slp
dung ky thuat AD doi voi thi>c an thua, cay coi rung
tren san vu'dn va chat hu'u ca khac dl da thai ra bai
chon lap, von ton khong gian va giai phong khi me-
tan, mot loai khi nha kinh manh. Phan Quan Iv chat
thai hu'u ca aiai thieu cac phLPang an xlp ly khac
nhau, ti> u phan quy mo nho cho din AD quy mo
Ian. Phan nay cung giai thieu cac quy trinh kilu mlu
vl tach chat thai hu'u ca khoi dong chat thai thong
thLfang.

Thu h6i nang licang

Thu hoi nang lu'gng la cac quy trinh chuyln hoa vat
lieu khong thl tai chl thanh nhiet lu-gng, dien nang
hoac nhien lieu co thl slp dung du'gc. Giai phap nay
thu'ang du'gc goi la xlp ly rac thanh nang lu'gng. Giai
phap chuyln hoa vat lieu khong thl tai chl thanh
dien nang va nhiet lu'gng gop phan tai tao nguon
nang lu'gng, giam lu'gng cac-bon phat thai do bu
dap nhu cau khai thac nang lu'gng hoa thach, dong
thai giam lu-ang khi me-tan giai phong tu> bai chon
lap (EPA Hoa Ky 2017f).

Cac nha may xlp ly rac thanh nang lu'gng phai dau
tu5 chi phi ban dau rat Ian vai chi phi van hanh va
bao tri ton kern. Ngoai ra, cac ca sd nhLf vay cung

phai kilm soat khi thai doc hai. Nlu kit hgp vdi cac
bien phap kilm soat 6 nhilm khong khi cuoi du'dng
ong (ti>c la cac bien phap ap dung tai ca sa dl xlp
ly khi thai tru'dc xa ra moi tru'dng) va ky thuat thai
bo rac hieu qua, thi cac nha may nay co thl giam
dLPO'c ca khoi lu'gng rac va khi nha kinh phat thai
ra moi tru'dng (USAID 2018). Tuy nhien, can xem
xet din cac kl hoach huy dong du von va cac bien
phap kilm soat o nhilm hieu qua tru'dc khi len kl
hoach xay dyng ca sd xlp ly rac thanh nang iLPO'ng
lam phLPang an quan ly chat thai ran kha thi. Phan
Thu hoi nana twang cung cap thong tin cu thl han
vl cac loai cong nghe thu hoi nang lu'gng khac nhau
va nhu'ng ylu to quan trong can can nhac lien quan
din cac giai phap quan ly nay.

Xi> ly va thai bo

Xlp ly tru'dc khi thai bo gop phan giam khoi lu'ong
rac va mi>c doc hai cua rac. Co thl xlp ly bang
phu'ang phap vat ly (nhu> nghiln vun), hoa chat
(nhu' thieu huy) hoac sinh hoc (nhu1 AD; EPA Hoa Ky
2017f). Bai chon lip la mot thanh phan quan trong
trong he thong quan ly chat thai ran tich hgp. Can
thai bo nhung loai rac khong thl tranh hoac khong
thl tai chl vao bai chon lap kin an toan, duoc thiet
kl, xay dLPng va quan ly phu hgp nham han chl tac
dong doi vdi moi tru'dng (EPA Hoa Ky 2002a). Co
thl thu gom va slp dung khi me-tan, san phlm phu
khi rac phan huy, lam nhien lieu tai tao nang lu'gng.
Sau khi xlp ly tot bai chon lap, dja phu'ang co thl slp
dung khu dat do cho cac muc dich khac, nhu' xay
dyng khu vui chai giai tri. Phan Quan Iv bai rac gidi
thieu cac chiln luoc nang cap hoac dong ci>a bai
rac lo thien va phan Bai chon lap hap ve sinh hu"dng
din each xay di/ng va van hanh bai chon lap.

-------
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Tai lieu tham khao chinh

I Public Participation Guide
(EPAHoa Ky 2017d)

I Handbook on Communication and
Engagement for Solid Waste Management
(ABRELPE va CCAC 2017)

[Decision-Maker's Guide to Solid Waste
Management. So II (EPA Hoa Ky 1995)

o © ®

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

Phan 4

Slp tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

Slp tham gia cua cac ben lien quan la quy trinh xay
dyng moi quan he vol ngipoi dan, nhom loi fch va
cac doi tu'O'ng khac phai chju tac dong d! hp cong
tac trong cac van de chfnh sach quan ly chat thai,
chipcng trinh va djch vu. Hoat dong hop tac giOa
cac ben lien quan gop phan tao dyng he thong quan
ly chat thai ran nghiem ngat, bao ve moi truing va
bien thanh pho tree thanh no"i dang song ho"n.

Phan nay trinh bay cac Ion the khi dja phiKyng chu
dong thu hut cac ben lien quan, trong phan nay, ban
cung se tlm thay cac quy trinh kilu mlu ve each tlm
cac ben lien quan va sic dung y kien dong gop cua
hp khi lap ke hoach quan ly chat thai ran. Phu luc
4.1 gioi thieu cac ben lien quan diln hlnh trong quy
trinh xlk ly rac cua hau het cac thanh pho.

Tai sao cim co slf tham gia cua
cac ben lien quan?

Cac thanh pho nhan thay rang d! co thl xay dyng
chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai ran manh me va lam
nen tang h6 tro1 lau dai cho chu'O'ng trinh, cong chung
can phai tham gia xuyen suot quy trinh lap ke hoach.
B§ hoat dong hieu qua va tiet kiem chi phi, chu'O'ng
trinh quan ly chat thai ran rat can den slp hop tac sau
sac cua ben thai bo rac (nhip ngipoi dan va doanh
nghiep), ben xic ly rac, khu vlfc phi chfnh thipc cung
nhip tat ca cac ca nhan va t6 chipc khac chju tac dong
tip chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai. Cac thanh pho
nhan thay d! chu'O'ng trinh dime h6 tro1 ve lau ve dai,
cac ben lien quan k! tren can lien tuc tham gia vao
qua trinh ra quyet djnh va du'P'c cap nhat tlnh hlnh ve
cac chfnh sach, chu'O'ng trinh va dy an.

009

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

Can tuan thu bon nguyen tac chung sau day khi thu
hut cac ben lien quan tham gia vao hoat dong quan
ly rac:

• Liem chinh. Pham vi triln khai va muc dfch phai
minh bach, ro rang.

• Tilp thu. Tim den cac ben lien quan dl lang
nghe toan bo quan dilm va ghi nhan tat ca cac
gia trj cua hp.

• D6i thoai. Doi thoai mot each ccci mcc va chan
thanh bang thong tin chfnh xac va kjp thai.

• Tac dong. Ghi nhan y kiln dong gop vao kit
qua.

Cac quy trinh kiiu miu

Khi lap kl hoach chipo'ng trinh quan ly chat thai
ran, thanh pho can phoi hop voi cac co1 quan chfnh
quyln dja phipong va triln khai cac hoat dong kha
thi. Thanh pho co thl chia se thong tin; tham khao
y kien cua cac ben lien quan thong qua nhilu quy
trinh; va, doi khi, thanh pho co thl khuyln khfch
cac ben chu dong tham gia vao quy trinh ra quylt
djnh cua chfnh phu. Sip tham gia hieu qua cua cac
ben lien quan giup cho cac thanh pho cai thien chat
lipgng cua qua trinh dipa ra quylt djnh bang each
tan dung dime da dang goc nhln vl xip ly chat thai
ran. Slp tham gia hieu qua cua cac ben lien quan
cung gop phan giup ngipoi dan hilu ro hon vl quy
trinh cua chfnh quyln dja phu'O'ng, cung co nang Iipc
tham gia vao cac qua trinh thao luan cua hp bang
each xay dyng long tin, ky nang, kiln thi>c va kinh
nghiem. Thanh pho co thl sic dung cac bipoc dipoi
day nhip mot hipong din each lap chipong trinh thu
hut slp tham gia cua cong dong.

Sdp xip b6 tri

Tripoc khi tilp can cac ben lien quan, thanh pho
nhan thay hp nen thu thap thong tin tripcrc tip cac
co1 quan hOu quan cua chfnh phu tham gia vao quy
trinh quan ly chat thai ran dang triln khai. Viec xem
xet co thl bao gom cac see nganh quan ly chat thai,
see nganh phu trach cong trinh cong cong va see
nganh xet duyet tai chfnh dy an. Can bo cua cac see
nganh phai thong thao luat phap va nam ro muc tieu
ma thanh pho do da thyc hien. Quy trinh nay cho
phep hp hilu dime Ijch sic triln khai chipong trinh
chat thai ran hien tai, danh gia nang lye, xac djnh va
cam kit nguon Iipc h6 tro, cung nhip bilt no"i nao co
thl co y kiln cua cong dong. Cuoi cung, phai dam

bao chfnh quyln nha nipoc tham gia h6 tro1 nhOng
hoat dong tren (chang han nhip h6 tro tip can bo
dipo'ng nhiem va sap dipo'c blnh bau).

Chon mu'c do tham gia cua cong efdng

Thanh pho co thl cho cac ben lien quan tham gia
qua trinh ra quylt djnh thong qua nhilu hoat dong
khac nhau dipa tren muc tieu cua chipo'ng trinh.
Pham vi tham gia cua cac ben lien quan thipong
dipo'c xlp vao ba loai hoat dong sau:

• Pho biin thong tin. Khi da ra quylt djnh hoac
da xuc tiln triln khai, thanh pho can phi biln
thong tin cho cac ben lien quan bj anh hipong.

• Tham khao y kiln. Thanh pho can lay y kiln,
nhan xet hoac tip van tip cac ben lien quan tripoc
khi chot dip an hay quylt djnh.

• Chu dong thu hut tham gia. Thu hut ngipoi dan
hoac nhom cac ben lien quan cu thl tham gia xip
ly van dl va xay dipng giai phap.

Viec chon hlnh thipc tham gia cho bac ben lien quan
giup chfnh quyln dja phu'O'ng va ngipoi ra quylt djnh
chon ra dipo'c cac loai cong cu va ky thuat can thilt
vl khong mot giai phap don le nao giai quylt dipo'c
moi van dl. Mot so ky thuat dipo'c thilt kl rieng dl
chuyen chia se thong tin hoac kho"i ggi quan dilm
va y kiln, trong khi mot so ky thuat khac lai rat hieu
qua trong viec thu hut ben lien quan va ngipoi dan
vao qua trinh ra quylt djnh. Van dl, muc tieu mong
muon va nguon Iipc h6 tro1 co sin la nhOng ylu to
quylt djnh ky thuat thu hut cac ben lien quan phu
hop nhat. Tot nhat nen phoi hop voi cac tl chipc tai
dja phu'O'ng von am hilu cac van dl lien quan din
khu vipc va ngipoi dan dja phu'O'ng dl thilt kl ky
thuat thu hut cac ben lien quan.

Xac djnh vai tro cua cac ben lien quan

Viec cong nhan ngipoi dan la nguon Iipc quy gia se
giup khai pha sipc sang tao va thanh pho can coi
hoat dong cong tac la ylu to chfnh thuc dly tiln do
triln khai tai dja phu'O'ng. Cac thanh pho da nhan
thay rang nen chi djnh ro vai tro va trach nhiem cho
cac ben tham gia dl hp co tinh than trach nhiem va
lam chu (doi voi quy trinh). Chfnh phu dipa ra cac
quylt djnh chfnh sach chi dao viec triln khai cac
chipo'ng trinh quan ly chat thai ran, nhipng tat ca cac
ben lien quan co ten trong Phu luc 4.2 dlu tham gia
vao toan bo he thong quan ly chat thai theo each
nao do (UNEP 2005a).

O O 6 ®©®O®O0®@©©O

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

De biet them
thong tin, hay truy

Ciudad Saludable

(Ciudad Saludable
da cap nhat)

Ciudad Saludable la mot to chirc phi Igi nhuan co tru so tai Peru hoat dong vi rnuc
tieu cai thien doi song cua nhfrng ngiroi lao dong trong nhom nganh phi chinh thu'c
bSng each xay dirng cac he thong quan ly chat thai hieu qua. Diem trpng tarn trong
mo hinh hoat dong cua to chirc nay la cho tat ca cac ben lien quan tham gia vao qua
trinh. To chirc nay hoat dong theo mo hinh doanh nghiep sieu nho, chuyen san suat
phan u va cac loai san pham phu khac co thl ban tren thj triwng. Cac doanh nghiep
sieu nho tao ra mot mang liwi rat nhieu cac doanh nghiep nho, tao viec lam cho
1.500 ngirai lao dong khu virc phi chinh thirc.

Ciudad Saludable da giup cho moi nguo-i o khu vuc My Latinh hieu duo-c dieu kien lam
viec cua nhung ngiwi lao dong trong khu virc phi chinh thirc. Ngoai ra, to chirc nay
cung gop phan xay dirng khuon kho lap phap mai ho trg doi thoai a cap dja phirong va
quoc gia, dong thai chu trpng den hoat dong giao due va chia se kien thirc.

Ciudad Saludable da tiep can du'p'c u'O'c tinh 30 phan tram ngiroi dan Peru va iroc
tinh hp da cai thien ddi song cho hen 6 trieu ngu'O'i song o1 cac khu vu-c nong thon va
thanh thj (Skoll 2006). Phan Tai chS khu vwc ohi chinh thiic dua ra cac vi du ve Igi ich
va kho khan trong viec thu hut sir tham gia cua khu vyc phi chinh thirc.

Phu luc 4.3 dua ra mot vf du ve each thirc thu hut
cac ben lien quan cua mot thanh pho tai Campuchia
trong n6 lire toan dien nham nang cao hieu qua
quan ly chat thai ran.

Ou>a y kiln cua cac ben lien quan
vao qua trinh ra quyit djnh

Nhiiu thanh pho nhan thay rang dieu quan trong
la phai chia se cho cong dong biet cac ke hoach
thay d6i du- kien doi vo'i chu'ong trinh quan ly chat
thai ran cua thanh pho va trao d6i vai cac ben lien
quan dl lay y kien dong gop cua ho. Tot nhat la dl
cong dong tham gia danh gia cac chu'ong trinh va
chien luoc, dong thai phai xay dyng mot phu'ong
thirc truyen thong va dau moi lien lac trong ca quan
chinh quyen chuyen chl dao hoat dong dl cac ben
lien quan co the tim den trao d6i. Cac ben lien quan
co thl tham gia theo hinh thirc tare tuyen thong qua
nen tang cong dong hoac danh sach email nhom
hoac thong qua cac bu6i hop tryc tiep, nhir hoi nghi
ban tron hay hop cong khai.

Phu luc 4.4. dura ra vi du ve viec dira y kien cua cac
ben lien quan vao qua trinh ra quyet djnh tai Thanh
pho Cebu, Philippines.

Nang cao nhan thu'c va huwig din

Mot khia canh quan trong trong quy trinh quan ly
chat thai ran la phai lien tuc thong bao va hu'dng
din cho cac ben lien quan trong suot qua trinh triln
khai dir an, chir khong chi trong mot so giai doan
phat triln dir an. Vi du, viec cung cap thong tin ve
cac hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran cho cac ben thai
bo rac se khuyen khich hp sir dung djch vu thu gom
rac, cung nhu' tham gia vao cac chuong trinh tai
che, chuyln d6i chat thai hCru ca. Viec tham gia vai
cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach cua dja phu-ong va
quoc gia la ca hoi dl cac quy djnh quan ly chat thai
ran diro'c thong qua va cac chu ang trinh dirge tang
ngan sach [CCAC da cap nhat (c)].

Tru'ac day, cac chuang trinh nang cao nhan thirc co
thl bao gom chien djch truyen thong tren phirang
tien thong tin dai chung, tilp xiic tan nha dl trao d6i
ve cac hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran vai cac ben

O ® © © O

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

TRUING HOP LIEN QUAN jgj

Dwa hoat dong quan
ly chit thai rln vao
chipong trinh tilu hoc
tai Campuchia

then Chien lime Bao ve
Moi trw&na Toan ciu
danh cho Phnom Penh.

Bira hoat dong quan ly chat thai rln vao chirong trinh hoc dirong la
mot giai phap quan trong giup nang cao nhan thi>c cua the he tre. Vien
Phat trien Chien lirac Bao ve Moi triwng Toan cau va Chipang trinh Moi
truong Lien Hgp Quoc da thiet ke mot loat giao an danh cho giao vien
tieu hoc tai Capuchia de bo sung them kien thirc ve moi trirang va quan
ly chat thai vao chirang trinh giang day. Hoc sinh co the ap dung cac bai
hoc ve giam xa thai, phan loai nguon rac thai, tai che va u phan ngay
trong chinh ngoi nha cua cac em.

lien quan va slp kien quet don toan cong dong. Hoat
dong thi dua giOa cac khu pho va cong dong co the
giup nang cao nhan thirc ve viec quan ly chat thai
ran va khuyen khich moi nguai thay d6i hanh vi. Co
thl long ghep chien djch giao due vao chico'ng trinh
dai hoc va trung hoc/tilu hoc de tiep can dirge nhom
giai tre va khuyen khich cac em co hanh dong quan
ly chat thai ran phu hgp.

Phu luc C Net ke nhieu loai cong cu trao d6i thong tin
va tuong tac cong dong.

Cau hoi danh cho ngiFoi ra
quyit djnh

Cln quan tam din nhu-ng vln d§ hoac
ITnh vu'c chinh nao trong dir an?

• Ai la nhom lien quan chu ch6t?

Mu-c do quan tam cua ho nhu- the nao?

• Ai la dlu moi lien lac trong nhom?

Co chi nao t6t nhat trong viec thu hut
cac nhom nay tham gia?

Cac nhom nay co phan doi hay co thl
bj anh hirong boi cac thay d6i d6i voi
chirong trinh quan ly chit thai ran khong?

Ben lien quan tham gia nhu thi nao trong
suot qua trinh triln khai dir an?

O ® © © O

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

Phu luc 4.2. Vai tro cua cac ben lien quan (ngudn: UNEP 2005a)

Chfnh quyen dja phircrng

Chinh quyln dia phirong la ben lap kl hoach va triln khai
cac chirong trinh quan ly chit thai rln. Nhilu so nganh
thirong tham gia bao glm: so phu trach cong trinh cong
cong thu gom va thai bo rac; so ve sinh va y tl cong ding
kilm tra va thyc thi cac tieu chuln ve sinh; so bao ve
moi trirong giam sat chit lirong niroc va khong khi, cung
nhir thyc hien cac bien phap kiem soat o nhilm; so nong
nghiep hoac cong vien co the sir dung phan u thu diroc
sau khi xir ly chit thai hCm co; va so tai chinh phan bo
ngan sach co sin cho cac hoat dong quan ly chit thai rln.

Chfnh phu hoac chfnh quyen dja phircrng

Cac co quan quan ly nha niroc la ben thiit lap cac quy
dinh va chinh sach quan ly chit thai rln, bao glm quy each
giai quylt, xir ly va chon lip chit thai; bien phap bao ve
sire khoe cong ding; va phong ch6ng o nhilm. Ho dong
vai tro kiem tra va thyc thi cac co so xir ly va quan ly chit
thai. Ngoai ra, cac co quan nay cung thiit lap cac quy dinh
va tieu chuln vl hoat dong thu gom san phlm phu cua qua
trinh xir ly chit thai, bao glm khi sinh hoc va dien.

T6 chirc phi chfnh phu (NGO)

Cac NGO dai dien cho nhilu nhom Igi ich nhir dam bao an
toan va phat triln lye lirong lao dong, bao ve moi trirong,
phat triln kinh tl, sire khoe cong ding hay tham chi cac
khu phi cu thi, cung rlt quan tarn din hoat dong quan ly
chit thai rln. Cac nhom nay co thi tro thanh ding minh
quan trong trong quy trinh lap kl hoach. Triroc hit, ho
hilu ro quan dilm dia phirong ma cac chinh quyln dia
phirong cln xem xet khi dira ra quylt dinh. Cac nhom nay
cung dong vai tro quan trong trong viec cung clp thong tin
cho cong ding vl cac khia canh khac nhau cua hoat dong
quan ly chit thai rln.

T6 chirc hoc thuat

Cac trirong dai hoc trong khu vyc thirong co trinh do
chuyen mon co thi giup ich cho cac hoat dong thu gom
hoac xac dinh dac tinh chit thai thong qua hoat dong phan
tich va thu thap dCr lieu khoa hoc. Ho cung co thi giam sat
kit qua triln khai cac chirong trinh thi dilm.

Ngiroi lao dong lam nghe tai che trong khu vyc phi
chfnh thirc

Ngiroi lao dong khu vyc phi thich thirc la nhCrng ngiroi thu
gom phi lieu co thi tai chl va tai sir dung tir thung rac va
bai rac cua xa phirong va thirong lam viec trong dilu kien
khong an toan. Co nhilu Igi thi khi dl nh&ng ngiroi lao
dong khu vyc phi chinh thirc tham gia vao he thing quan
ly chit thai rln, dac biet la dl giam tinh trang ylu thi trong
xa hoi, cung nhir thuc dly binh dang gioi va trao quyln cho
phu nCr vln chilm si lirong dong dao trong khu vyc nay.
Hay tham khao phln Tai chi khu vwc phi chinh there dl
biit them thong tin.

Nguon thai rac thu'O'ng mai va cong nghiep

Mot si doanh nghiep thirong mai va cong nghiep xa rac
bao glm van phong, co so y tl, khach san, chg, cong
trirong xay dyng, co so hoat dong cong nghiep, v.v. Cac
nguln thai rac quy mo I6n thirong khong phu thuoc vao
cac phirong tien thu gom rac gilng nhir nguln thai rac sinh
hoat, doi khi se phan loai va chuyln rac din dia dilm thu
gom rac cua xa (chang han ho co thi ky hop ding thu gom
va thai bo rac voi khu vyc tir nhan).

Nguon thai rac t6 chipc

Cac tl chirc khac xa rac bao glm tl chirc chinh phu,
trirong hoc, trirong dai hoc, tl chirc ton giao, benh vien
va co so y tl. Dich vu quan ly chit thai rln ap dung cho
nhCrng nhom tren la khac nhau; mot si thanh phi ty quan
Net cac tl chirc tren vao khu vyc dich vu, trong khi mot si
khac yeu clu cac tl chirc do phai ky hop ding voi don vi
van chuyln rac tir nhan. Thong thirong, quylt dinh nhir thi
nao con tuy thuoc vao hinh thirc va khli lirong rac ma cac
tl chirc nay thai ra. Cac nhom nay co thi dong vai tro quan
trong trong viec tilp can va cung clp thong tin, khuyln
khich thanh vien thyc hien phan loai va giam thilu rac theo
quy trinh hop ly.

Co? quan chfnh quyen da khu vipc phap ly (co? quan quy
hoach do thj)

Cac co quan quy tu nhilu chinh quyln dia phirong cho cac
muc dich quy hoach vung thirong la ben phu trach quan ly
cac hoat dong quy mo Ion hon, chang han nhir bai chon
lip, nha may xir ly rac thanh nang lirong, nha may phan
huy ky khi hoac co so u phan. Cac co quan nay co thi hop
tac trong hoat dong xay dyng cac bai chon lip hop ve sinh,
tram trung chuyln moi va cac co so tai chl hay xir ly khac.
Dli voi cac co so chung, ho cung cln quy dinh le phi thai
bo hoac sir dung.

Nguon thai rac sinh hoat

Rac thai sinh hoat hay con goi la rac thai tir ho gia dinh co
thi chilm phln Ion dong chit thai do thi. Tuy nhien, cac
khu vyc ven do thirong chira co giai phap thu gom va thai
bo rac, do do, hinh thanh nen nhCrng bai dl rac lo thien
va khiln ngiroi dan phai hirng chiu cac tac nhan co hai
din sire khoe. Ngiroi dan co thi dong vai tro quan trong
trong viec cai thien chirong trinh tranh thai bo, giam thilu
rac, phan loai va thu gom rac; va xay dyng co so xir ly
va thai rac. Tilp can va cung clp thong tin cho ngiroi dan
vl cac chirong trinh xir ly chit thai hoac bilu phi moi se
giup cai thien hoat dong quan ly chit thai rln vl mat ting
thi. Trong nhilu trirong hop, phu nCr la ngiroi quan ly hoat
dong thu gom va phan loai rac thai sinh hoat. Tit nhlt nen
dl phu nCr tham gia vao cac hoat dong tilp can cong ding
tai dia phirong.

Cong ty tir nhan

Cac chu thi trong khu vyc tir nhan, chang han nhir don vi
van chuyln rac, cong ty xay dyng, chuyen vien van hanh co
so chon lip, chuyen vien van hanh co so thu hli vat lieu va
ngiroi mua vat lieu thirong ky hop ding triln khai hoat dong
quan ly chit thai rln voi chinh phu. O cac niroc da thiit lap
he thing gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xult, khu vyc tir
nhan cung phu trach khau xir ly san phlm khi hit vong doi.
Phln Economic Consideratiom trinh bay cu thi hon vl vln
dl gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xult.

OO0^0O99@O®O©@@G

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

Sup tham gia cua cac ben lien quan & Battambang, Campuchia

Vao nam 2011, Thanh pho Battambang, Campuchia da phat dong chien dich khlc phuctoan bo he thong
quan ly chat thai ran. Thanh pho 150.000 dan nay dang phai d6i mat vai mot so kho khan thirong gap trong
quan ly chat thai rln, bao gdm thieu hut ngan sach hoat dong, pham vi thu gom nho hep, dot rac, cung
nhir cac moi lo ngai lien quan den moi tiwng va sire khoe cpng dong. Battambang da hop tac vol cac
NGO, T6 chi>c Quan ly Chat thai va Giao due Campuchia (Cambodian Education and Waste Management
Organization), Vien Phat trien Chien lircrc Bao ve Moi trirong Toan cau de giai quyet nh&ng kho khan trong
quan ly chat thai rln, thu hut nhieu nhom ben lien quan va thiet ke chien Iirac de quan ly chat thai rln
hieu qua.

Battambang da thu hut nhieu nhom ben lien quan chu chot vao quy trinh nay, bao gom:

Can bo chinh quyln cHa phipang da tham gia vao hoat dong trao doi thong tin lien thanh pho v6>i
Phitsanulok, Thai Lan. Chirong trinh nay giup can bo chinh quyen dia phircng xay dirng chien lirac quan ly
chat thai rln so> bo, cong them loi ich tir nhCrng kinh nghiem va hieu biet chuyen sau cua cac doi tac Thai Lan.
NGO, dac biet la To chicc Quan ly Chat thai va Giao due Campuchia, da ho trg de qua trinh dirge dien ra
suon se va giup da cho chinh quyen dja phircng.

Den vj thu gom rac khu vyc tip nhan CINTRI va Leap Lim la nhung doi tac quan trong trong hoat dong
thu hut sir tham gia, vi Battambang khong tir dieu hanh bat ky djch vu thu gom rac nao. Thanh pho da cam
ket cung cap dich vu thu gom rac tot hen vwi mire le phi hgp ly. CINTRI cung sa h&u va dieu hanh bai rac
cua thanh pho.

Ngudn thai rac thupo'ng nghiep, bao gom ca mot so khu chg, da dong y tham gia dy an phan loai chat
thai h&u ca thi di6m vcci To chi>c Quan ly Chat thai va Giao due Campuchia va CINTRI

Ngudn thai rac sinh hoat da tham gia thong qua hinh thirc lip dat
bi6n bao va thung rac mai, phat ta rai, phat thanh, hoi thao cpng dong
va dir an thi diem. Le phi hgp ly, lien quan den dich vu thu gom rac cai
tien, da giup giam tinh trang dot rac. Dir an thi di§m da nhan thay nhu
cau doi vol hoat dong tang circmg tiep can va cung cap thong tin ve
phan loai rac.

NgicoH lao dong lam nghi tai ch§ trong khu vyc phi chinh thirc
lam viec tai bai rac dia phirong trong dieu kien khong an toan, bao
gom ca chay do dot rac. Ngiroi lao dong da tham gia vao chircng trinh
tap huan tir nguyen ve tac dong cua chay do dot rac doi vol si>c khoe
va moi trirong, cung nhu ve each dap tit dam chay do. Ngoai ra, mot
so ngu'ai lao dong lam nghe tai che trong khu virc phi chinh thuc hien
da vao lam trong ca sa phan loai chat thai hCru ca.

Manaaement Aooroach for

Climate Chanae Mitiaation:

The Case of Battamban

Citv (IGES va
UNEP2018)

O ® © © O

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Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan

PHU LUC 4.4 TRIPGNG
HQP BIEN HiNH

Vai tro cua quan he ddi tac trong quan ly chit thai rln
tai Thanh ph6 Cebu, Philippines

Tai Philippines, toe do do thj hoa dien ra nhanh chong khien kha nang xir ly rac thai dung each cua dat
niroc nay bi han che, Tai Thanh pho Cebu, trach nhiem thu gom rac thuoc ve chinh quyen thanh pho va
cac barangay, ti>c la cac quan hanh chinh nho nhat cua Philippines. Thanh pho Cebu thu gom ractir cac
co' so thirang mai, co quan va ho gia dinh doc theo cac true dudng chinh. Barangay phu trach thu gom rac
trong pham vi dan vi hanh chinh cua minh blng phirong tien rieng hoac do thanh pho cung cap. Bit dau
vao nam 2010, Thanh pho Cebu bit dau ap dung luat de siet chat hoat dong quan ly va thu gom rac.
Be phat huy tinh hieu qua va tinh than tham gia theo luat nhu- vay, Thanh pho Cebu da hop tac vai nhieu to
chi>c va to dpi tai dia phu'ong, va chien dich nay da gat hai dirge nh&ng thanh cong nhu1:

• Nhiiu chyang trinh thi dua thirang nien thong qua mdi quan he ddi tac voi cac doanh nghiep
va phipong tien truyln thong tai dja phuwig. "Best Environmental Barangay Award" (Giai thirong
Barangay bao ve moi trirong xuat sic nhat) chlng han, giai thiwng nay trao cho nh&ng cong dong
tham gia tich eye vao cac hoat dong quan ly chit thai rln.

• Chiin djch nang cao nhan thi>c toan thanh phd. Cac chien dich nay co sus tham gia cua cac NGO
tai dja phuang, hiep hoi chu nha, ngiroi lao dong khu virc phi chinh thu>c, trirong hoc, doanh nghiep
dja phu>ong va bao dai.

• Hoat dong quan ly rac thai tang cicong thong qua mdi quan he ddi tac cong-tu>. Hai lien doanh
tip nhan da xay dyng cac co so xir ly rac gan bai chon lap cua Thanh pho Cebu. Mot co so chuyen tai
che nhira va co so con lai chuyen xir ly chat thai hCru co, giup giam lu>ong rac tap ket vao bai chon lap.

• Chipong trinh tai chi toan cong ddng thong qua mdi quan he ddi tac vom chu dit va doanh
nghiep dja phipong. Mot chirong trinh tai Trung tarn thuong mai Ayala da thiet lap dirge mot chien

djch tai che hieu qua: cac doanh nghiep tai trung tarn ban phe lieu
co the tai che, sau do, cong dong dja phirong se mua lai va tai sir
dung, Ngoai ra, Trung tarn thirang mai SM City Cebu da to chirc
Phien chg d6 cu hop vao thi> Bay de ngiroi dan barangay den ban
hoac mua do co the tai che.

> Tai chi tang cipong thong qua mdi quan he ddi tac voi cac
co quan moi tripdng. Cebu va Van phong Uy ban Moi trirdng ho
trg cac to chi>c do phu nCr lam chu thong qua chu>ong trinh "Cash
from Trash" (Kiem tien tir rac). Cong dong dja phirong thu gom va
van chuyen cac san pham co the tai che den dja di^m thu gom da
djnh. Tai day, moi barangay se dugc giao cho mot don vj thu mua
do co the tai che tirong irng.

Implementation of Intearated

Solid Waste Manaaement

Strateaies

at the Local Level

(IGES va UNEP
2017)

099

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Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

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Management. Volume II (EPA Hoa Ky 1995)

Developing Integrated Solid Waste
Management Plan. Training Manual: Volume

4: Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan

(UNEP 2009c)

Developing Integrated Solid Waste
Management Plan. Training Manual: Volume

2: Assessment of Current Waste Management

System and Gaps Therein (UNEP 2009b)
Global Waste Management Outlook

(UNEP 2015)

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Improving Solid Waste Disposal in San
Cristobal Municipality. Dominican Republic
(EPA Hoa Ky 2018c)

Decision-Maker's Guide to Solid Waste

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Lap ki hoach triin khai he thdng

Phln 5

Lap ki hoach trien

Danh gia va lap kl hoach la cac bipoc quan trong
ma thanh pho can thyc hien khi xay dyng hoac
danh gia he thong quan ly chat thai ran. Thanh pho
co dilu kien thuan Ion nhat dl danh gia nhu cau
cua mlnh, danh gia hien trang va lap ke hoach cho
tipo'ng lai. Phan nay trinh bay cac bipoc chfnh khi lap
ke hoach va danh gia he thong quan ly chat thai.

Tai sao elm phai lap k§ hoach
triin khai he thdng quan ly chit
thai rSn?

He thong quan ly chat thai ran co thl bj anh hipcmg
a cac giai doan khac nhau, bcci nhilu ben lien quan
khac nhau, va cung co thl bj nhieu ylu to ben ngoai
tac dong tai. Do do, phai tiln hanh lap ke hoach dl
xac djnh xem quylt djnh cua ban quan ly co thl tao
ra nhOng tac dong nhip thl nao a m6i giai doan. Khi
co kl hoach chfnh thi>c, cac thanh pho co thl dl
dang chuyln tilp sang giai doan triln khai va dam
bao dip an quan ly chat thai ran di theo dung lo trinh.
Ngoai ra, cac kl hoach nay cung giup he thong quan
ly chat thai ran khong bj gian doan, du co thuyen
chuyln can bo phu trach mang quan ly chat thai ran
trong cac phong ban, cung nhip khi co thay dli vl
mat chfnh trj. Lap kl hoach la cong tac dac biet quan
trong khi triln khai he thong quan ly chat thai ran vl
co nhilu ben lien quan cung tham gia vao chiKyng
trinh. Dl bilt them thong tin vl quy trinh thu hut ben
lien quan kilu mlu, hay tham khao phan
Swtham gia cua cac ben lien quart.

Cac binyc chinh trong quy trinh
lap k§ hoach

Quy trinh lap kl hoach triln khai he thong quan ly
chat thai ran co thl bao gom rat nhilu hoat dong.
Difcn day la cac bipc^c chfnh ma nhilu thanh pho
khac da thyc hien. Dl bilt hipong din cu thl ho"n vl
each xay dyng he thong quan ly chat thai ran, hay
tham khao Cim nana hutrna din each lap ke hoach
quan Iv chat thai ran cua Chuxyna trinh Moi trwana
Lien Hap Ouoc (UNEP 2009c).

khai he thong

1. Xac djnh, kiem ke va danh gia ngudn lire h6
tro>. Cac thanh pho nhan thay rang viec hilu ro
nhu cau cua thanh pho trimc khi xay dyng he
thong quan ly chat thai ran mang lai nhilu Ion
fch. Ngoai ra, cung rat hOu fch khi co du'P'c slp
cam kit vl mat chfnh trj doi voi he thong quan ly
chat thai ran, khi co ca nhan hoac tl chipc dipng
len chi dao xuyen suot quy trinh va khi co kl
hoach dl gan kit cong dong (Tchobanoglous va
Kreith, 2002). Blpoc nay cung bao gom cong tac
lap danh sach kilm ke cac nguon Ilpc h6 tro hien
tai va hoat dong dang tiln hanh bang each xem
xet co1 see ha tang hien co, co1 see Ian can va cac
nguon Ilpc cong va tip. NhOng thong tin lien quan
khac can thu thap bao gom:

Thong tin vl loai va lu'P'ng chat thai (tham
khao phan Xac dinh dac tmh chat thai)

Danh gia chi phf may moc va nhan cong
DO lieu nhan khlu hoc (vf du: dan so, so
lu'P'ng doanh nhiep va ho gia dinh, cac dy
bao trong tipo'ng lai).

Nlu khong co dO lieu cho mot khu vlpc cu thl
nao do, co thl yeu cau cac cong dong Ian can
cung cap dO lieu dl so sanh hoac lpoc tfnh khi
phan tfch trang thai ban dau. Sau khi thu thap
dO lieu, co thl sap xlp dO lieu theo each phu
hop nhat voi muc tieu da dl ra. Co thl phan
loai dO lieu theo chOc nang lien quan trong he
thong quan ly chat thai ran (tipc la giam thai va
giam thilu rac, nhan dang va xac djnh dac tfnh
chat thai, thu gom va bao quan chat thai, u phan,
tai chi hoac thai bo). Cac muc khac co thl bao
gom quan trj, tilp can va cung cap thong tin va
nguon tai chfnh h6 tro\ Cong cu thu thap dCr
lieu di danh gia nhanh trong MSW cua thanh
pho (CCAC 2020) do Sang kiln xlp ly chat thai
ran thanh thj cua Lien minh Bao ve Khf hau va
Khong khf Sach phat triln cung cap bilu mlu dl
cac thanh pho xac djnh va thu thap dO lieu cho
kl hoach quan ly chat thai ran.

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Lap ke hoach trien khai he thong 32

DIEM CHINH H

5P trong quan ly chit
thai riri

Dirai day la nam chCr P dac biet co lien quan
va cln xem xet khi xay dirng he th6ng quan
ly ch§t thai:

Lap ki hoach (Planning): Xay dung va tuan
thu k§ hoach toan dien da dirge thilt k§ chat
che.

Gia ca (Price): K§ hoach phai dya tren kit
qua phan tich kinh tl hgp ly.

Cong khai (Publicity): Sir dung cac nln
tang cong cong dl quang ba k§ hoach, nhan
sip ung ho cua cong d6ng va cung cip thong
tin cho ngirai dan.

Chinh tri (Politics): Dam bao chinh quyln
luon ung ho trong cac giai doan lap ke hoach
va triln khai.

Kien tri (Perseverance): Chuln bj cho chiln
luge triln khai dai han.

2. Xac djnh nhu cau. Thanh pho co the sir dung
dir lieu thu thap du-gc dl danh gia nhu cau ve
quan ly chat thai ran cua thanh pho. Nhirng nhu
cau nay phai phan anh hien trang ma thanh pho
dang gap phai, cung nhir can nhac den cac thay
d6i trong tuo'ng lai (vi du: tinh hinh gia tang dan
so, xu hu^ang tieu dung, toe do xa rac). Nen tlm
kiem nhu'ng dO lieu con thieu khi lap ke hoach
va danh gia sau nay von la mot phan trong quy
trinh xac djnh nhu cau, nhu'ng giai phap hgp ly
la sip dung dCr lieu chuln xac nhat hien co khi
lap ke hoach. Tap 2 Cim nana huuna din each
lao ke hoach auan Iv chat thai ran tich hero cua
Chwona trinh Moi twang Lien Hap Ouoc
(UNEP 2009b) cung cap hu'dng din each danh
gia he thong quan ly chat thai ran va xac djnh
cac thieu sot. Lap ke hoach xi> ly sau thien tai va
cac sir co ngirng tre nghiem trong khac la nhu
cau thiet yeu a nhi§u thanh pho. Phu luc 5.1 giai
thieu mot trirang hgp thyc te ve hoat dong lap
ke hoach xi> ly rac sau thien tai tai Nepal.

3. Dat ra muc tieu va muc dich. Muc tieu va muc
dich giup moi ngu-oi co cai nhin ro rang ve qua
trinh phat trien he thong quan ly chat thai ran.
Ban trinh bay muc dich giup xac djnh ket qua
tong the can dat khi trien khai he thong quan ly
chat thai ran. Ban trinh bay muc dich co thl de
cap den gia trj va vai tro cua cac ben lien quan

khac nhau, bao gom cac nha hoach djnh chinh
sach khac va ngirai dan. Muc tieu la nhCrng
thanh tich dat dirge tang dan, co thl do lirang
va dirge theo doi xet theo muc dich chung.

4. Danh gia cac phipcng an quart ly chit thai
rln. He thong quan ly chat thai ran tich hop
nhieu phirang an ve cong nghe va chinh sach.
De danh gia cac phirang an nay, thanh pho
thirang tham khao danh sach cac nhu cau, muc
dich va muc tieu da xac djnh; sau do danh gia
tinh kha thi cua tat ca cac giai phap kha dT. Khi
danh gia, thanh pho cung can xem xet nguon lire
tai chinh va ky thuat co san. Co thl can cir vao
nhu cau hien tai va cac nguon lire co san tai dja
phirang dl tim ra ca giai phap ngan han va dai
han. Cach tot nhat la xem xet tirng phirang an
mot each ting thl vi m6i phan trong he thong
quan ly chat thai ran deu anh h^ang din cac
phan con lai. Co thl danh gia mot so tieu chi
diln hinh sau:

Yeu cau phap ly

Tac dong kinh tl

Tinh kha thi dira tren dong chat thai.

5. Xac djnh cac phipong an quan ly chit thai
du'O'c khuyen nghj. Chinh quyen dja phuong
va ngirai ra quylt djnh co thl danh gia mot
so phirang an quan ly chat thai ran kha thi dl

Management. Volume II

OO0® ®®9®0®9@©©0

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Lap k£ hoach triisi khai he thdng

TRLCQNG HOP LIEN QUAN

Vi du tieu bieu ve
nghien ciVu tinh
kha thi

D§ tiit kiem ngu6n lye, thanh ph6 co thi tim vi du cac nghien cu>u ve tinh kha thi cua dy an quan ly chit thai rSn trirac
kia. Sana kien aiam ohat thai khi me-tan toan cau [GMI da cap nhat (e)] va Sana kien xu> Iv chat thai ran cho
thanh oho cua Lien minh Bao ve Khi hau va Khona khi Sach (CCAC 2018c) la ngu6n thong tin quy gia v§ kinh
nghiem cua cac thanh ph6. Tai lieu nay dinh kern dirang lien kit tai cac bao cao nghien ciiu v§ tinh kha thi, chlng han
nhu' nahien cu>u aiai (loan dau ve tinh kha thi cua dw an xu>!v chat thai hu>u co< tai Quito. Ecuador (CCAC 2018c).

dira vao he thong. Nen sir dung phu-ong phap
S.M.A.R.T. khi danh gia va u!u tien cac phicang
an de dam bao phu!ong an diroc cu thi, co thi
do liFang, kha thi, thyc te, kjp thai. Co th§ de
xuat phiFO'ng an de cai thien he thong hien tai,
b6 sung vao mot thanh phan cu thi nao do trong
he thong hoac phat triln du! an hay dich vu mai,

6. Xay dimg chien lipsyc then khai. Qua trinh xay
du!ng chien lu'oc triln khai bao gom bu!oc xac
dinh hanh dong cu thi, ben phu trach va bilu
tien do. Chien luge triln khai thu'dng bao gom
thong tin cu thi ve each thanh pho giam sat tiln
do dat dugc tCmg chang tren thang muc tieu va
muc dich da dat ra.

7. Dam bao du kinh phi then khai he thdng
quan ly chit thai rln. Van dl kinh phi co thi
tra thanh tra ngai Ian doi vai mot so thanh pho.
Nhieu thanh pho gap kho khan trong cong tac
thu hoi chi phi cho cac dich vu quan ly chat thai
ran (nhip thong qua le phi thu gom rac), va viec
tilp can cac nguln von ben ngoai cho cac dy
an von co thi rat phi>c tap. Dl biet them thong
tin ve cac ylu to kinh te can xem xet khi quan ly
chat thai ran, hay tham khao phan Xem xet veu
to kinh te.

8. Then khai ke hoach. Sau khi thanh pho lap kl
hoach, dam bao du kinh phi triln khai va dirge
cac ben lien quan h6 trg, qua trinh triln khai co
thi bat dau. Cac to chirc cong hoac tir hay lien
danh giira hp co thi triln khai dy an hoac he
thong da lap kl hoach. Vi du, thong thirang, mot
so khia canh trong he thong quan ly chat thai ran

co thi dirge triln khai thong qua hop dong giira
thanh pho va cong ty tir nhan chuyen cung cap
djch vu thu gom va thai rac. Trong nhung trirang
hgp nhir vay, thanh pho co thi soan Ho sa mai
thiu va giri cho cac ben co kha nang cung cap
cac djch vu nay. Theo do, cac cong ty tir nhan
co thi giri ban dir thau va thanh pho co thi danh
gia nhieu ho sa dir thau khac nhau, roi ky hop
dong vai cong ty trung thau. Nhilu thanh pho u'u
tien ky hgp dong vai khu virc tir nhan, va thanh
toan theo chat lirgng va so lirgng cong viec
hoan thanh.

9. Giam sat va danh gia he thdng. Phai lien tuc
giam sat va danh gia he thong quan ly chat
thai ran, cung nhir dilu chinh kl hoach va hoat
dong nlu can. Can giam sat va danh gia thuang
xuyen, dira tren Ip trinh dinh san, vi each lam
nay dam bao kl hoach phu hgp vai thanh pho,
phat hien ra nhOng thilt sot can cai thien va
cung giup lam noi bat nhu'ng thanh cong cua
chu'ong trinh theo thai gian. Thanh pho co thi
thilt kl thang do hay chi so danh gia hieu qua
trong giai doan lap kl hoach dl do lirang mire
do thanh cong cua chirang trinh. Thang do do
phai dira tren dO lieu ma thanh pho co thi thu
thap. Cung co thi chia se kit qua sau birac
giam sat va danh gia cho cac ben lien quan
va cong dong dl thong bao tinh hieu qua cua
chu'ang trinh hoac cac bu'ac can thirc hien dl
khac phuc thilu sot.

OOO® ®®9®G®9@©©0

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Lap k£ hoach triisi khai he thdng

PHU LUC 5.1 TRLCQNG
HQP BIEN HiNH

: 1^- :

Lap ke hoach x(x> ly rac sau thien tai tai Nepal

Nepal de bi thien tai, ching han nhir dong dat, lu lut, sat 16" dat va tuyet iff. Tran dong dat nam 2015 da tan
pha Nepal, lam thiet mang gan 9.000 ngiroi va pha huy 800.000 toa nha. Tran dong dat nay da tao ra gan
14 trieu tan chat thai, bao gom ca chat thai sinh hoat va chat thai nguy hai. Do khong du nguon lye ho tro1 va
nhan lye, nen rac sau tham hoa khong dirge bat ky ca quan chinh quyen dia phu-ang nao u-u tien giai quyet,
do do, dong do nat sau bien co tai Nepal van con ton tai den nam 2019.

Vao nam 2019, Ban lanh dao Ca quan Moi tripang va Phat trien Nepal va Chipccng trinh Moi tarong Lien Hap
Quoc da soan thao "Chiin hroc/chinh sach quart Iv rac sau tham hoa cho Nepal" (UNEP 2018a). Muc tieu
cua ke hoach nay la day manh hoat dong ap dung cong nghe tien tien nhat thong qua moi quan he doi tac-cong
tu> nhSm xi> ly rac sau thien tai, giam lifgng rac thai sau tham hoa, cung nhir xay dyng ky thuat va ca sa ha tang
de xCr ly chat thai co do doc hai cao. Chinh sach de ra sau chien iLpgc de dat tai cac muc tieu nay:

• B6 sung quy trinh lap ki hoach xi> ly rac sau thien tai vao luat va quy djnh hien co lien quan din
quan ly chit thai rSn, chSng han nhip Dao luat quan ly va giam rui ro thien tai nam 2017. Dao luat
nay yeu cau uy ban quan ly thien tai cap quan co vai tro va trach nhiem don dep rac do thien tai va quy
dinh ring cac ca sa thirang mai cong va tir co trach nhiem quan ly rac thai va tlnh trang o nhiem theo
phu>ang phap hap ly nhSm giam thieu tac dong tieu eye den ngirai dan sau tham hoa.

• Nang cao nang lye chuyen mon va hanh chinh cho cac td chu'c chuyen quan ly rac sau thien tai
thong qua chyong trinh xay dimg nang Iipc.

• Giam lirong rac thai sau tham hoa thong qua cac chinh sach nghiem ngat hon v§ thi cong cong
trinh d§ that chat cong tac phan loai muc dich sir dung dit va tieu chi thi cong cong trinh. Ke

hoach cung de xuat sir dung vat lieu xay dyng tai dja ph^ang cho ca sa ha tang va nang cao nhan thi>c
cong dong ve rac sau thien tai.

• Kiim seat rac thong qua hoat dong triin khai nguyen tSc quan ly chit thai rdn hop nhit. Quy trinh

nhu> sau:

Tim noi Ihu gom
rac tam thai

Phan loai
chat thai

Chon cong nghe
tai che phu hop

Dam bao dugc
cac nha tai tro tu'
nhan.^cgng dong
va to chiJc se
dau tu>

Tao cong an
viec lam thong
qua hoat dong
quan ly rac sau
thien tai

0am bao du kinh phi cin thilt d§ quan ly rac sau thien tai, bao gom viec sir dung quy kiem soat thien
tai dime cap cho chinh quyen tmh va d|a phu>ang de giai quyet van de giao thong, huy dong nhan lyc, lap
chmh sach va lap ke hoach lien quan den rac sau thien tai.

Oanh gia xem lam each nao d§ giam thi§u anh hirong cua rac sau thien lai lers siVc khoe con ngupoi
va moi tr^ong. Quy trinh nay bao gom viec thanh lap uy quan thanh tra va danh gia a tat ca cac cap
chinh quyen, phu trach nghien cuu tac dong cua hoat dong quan ly chat thai rln va soan cac tieu chi phu
hap de giam thieu tac dong cua rac sau thien tai va thai bo triet de rac sau thien tai.

009® §@Q0Q®9@©©O

-------
OOG® ©^OO®00©O9

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Management Projects (CCAC 2018c)

Primer for Cities for Accessing Financing for
Municipal Solid Waste Projects
(ISWA2017c)

Sustainable Financing and Policy Models for
Municipal Composting (Ngan hang The
giffi 2016)

Explainer: How to Finance Urban
Infrastructure? (C40 Cities 2017)

Financing Readiness Questionnaire
(CCAC 2018b)

Results-Based Financing for Municipal Solid
Waste (Ngan hang The giai 2014)

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) PPPs
(Ngan hang The giai 2019a)

Municipal Finances: A Handbook for Local
Governments (Farvacque-Vitkovic va
Kopanyi 2014)

Global Development Alliances
(USAID 2019)

international gnvfrQjmienigi Hnanco Tools
(EPAHoa Ky 2011)

Plastics Policy Plavbook: Strategies for a
Plastic-Free Ocean (Lien minh Bao ton Dai
dirong va Bien Khong Rac thai nam 2019)

WVi *

ft'* •

External Financing for Solid Waste

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Using Internal Revenue Streams and

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6

Xem xet ylu td kinh t£

Phan 6

Xem xet yeu to kinh te

Chi phi van hanh hoat dong thu gom, xi> ly va thai
bo chat thai ran, cung nhu' thong tin lien lac vai cac
ben lien quan tao ra ganh nang tai chinh rat Ian cho
nhilu thanh pho 6 cac nu'ac dang phat trien, dilu
nay co thl la rao can doi vai thanh pho trong viec
triln khai thanh cong he thong quan ly chat thai ran.
Trong mot so tripang hop, he thong quan ly chat
thai ran chiem phan Ian nhat trong ngan sach dja
phu'ong; trung blnh, a cac nu!dc thu nhap thap, he
thong quan ly chat thai ran chiem 20 phan tram ngan
sach dja phu'ong (Kaza cung cong sip, 2018). Cac
thanh pho thu'ong thay kho theo doi va nam ro toan
bo cac khoan chi phi cho djch vu quan ly chat thai
ran, vi cac quy trinh khac nhau trong he thong do
nhieu ban nganh va doi tac khac nhau xu' ly.

Viec dam bao du kinh phi triln khai cac du> an von
Ian, von dT can tilp can nguon tai chinh h6 tro' tip
ben ngoai, tham chi co thl con kho khan han. Thong
thuang, ngay ca khi thanh pho du ngan sach cho
cac hoat dong dau tie ban dau, thl dy an vln co thl
that bai do khong lap kl hoach phu hap cho cac
chi phi van hanh ca sa quan ly chat thai ran. Ngoai
ra, do m6i thanh pho deu co dieu kien kinh te, phap
ly va quy djnh rieng, nen khong co giai phap dan
le nao giai quyet du'ac nh&ng kho khan ve mat tai
chinh lien quan din he thong quan ly chat thai hieu
qua. May man thay, co mot so chiln lu'O'c thanh
cong ma cac thanh pho da ap dung dl bu lai chi phi
quan ly chat thai ran va dam bao du kinh phi thu-c
hien cac du" an Ian mot each hieu qua han.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ting quan vl cac
khoan chi phi thuang gap trong quan ly chat thai ran
va cac each thu-c bu dap nhOng chi phi nay bang
nguon von noi bo (vi du nhu-' phi thu gom rac) va
nguon tai chinh h6 trg ti> ben ngoai. Phan nay cung
du-a ra mot giai phap hgp ly ve each tilp can tai
chinh dl thyc hien cac dy an quan ly chat thai ran.

Chi phi quan ly chit thai rin

Vi du ve cac loai chi phi thuang gap khi thirc hien

cac dip an quan ly chat thai ran cho ca cac djch vu

va ca sa, bao gom:

• Chi phi lap ke hoach va chi phi quan ly.

Thanh pho thipang phat sinh chi phi thyc hien
cac danh gia va nghien cu'u vl quan ly chat thai
ran, lap kl hoach va dl an cho tuong lai, cung
nhu' tham gia vai cac ben lien quan va trao doi
thong tin vai cac ho gia dinh. Tot nhat la tinh ca
cac chi phi nay khi lap ngan sach thyc hien du'
an quan ly chat thai ran.

• Chi phi dau tip. Chi phi dau tip co thl khac
nhau, tuy thuoc vao mi>c do quan trong cua dy
an trong boi canh thyc hien he thong quan ly
chat thai ran cua thanh pho. Chi phi dau tu! bao
gom moi chi phi, tip quy trinh lap kl hoach din
giai doan thipc hien ban dau, bao gom ca chi phi
thyc hien nghien clpu vl tinh kha thi, danh gia
ky thuat, xin giay phep, nghien clpu thj tripang,
thipang thao hap dong, thu hut ben lien quan,
ca sa ha tang phu trg, may moc va tuan thu quy
djnh (ISWA2017C).

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6

Xem xet yiu t6 kinh ti

• Chi phi van hanh. Co thl kho lipong tripoc
dippc chi phi van hanh vl hoan canh va moi
trip6ng khac nhau. Nhln chung, nhung chi phi
nay bao gom chi phi lao dong, nhien lieu, tien
fch, bao dipong va sica chOa, cung nhip chi phi
nguyen lieu (vf du: cho cac dip an phan huy ky
khf), v.v. Cac khoan chi phi chipa ro rang co thl
kho ipoc tfnh hon, bao gom chi phi chung (vf du:
van phong phlm, thong tin lien lac), chi phi tilp
can va nang cao nhan thi>c, thul va bao hilm,
chi phi bao cao va theo doi bat buoc theo quy
djnh cua phap luat, chi phi i>ng pho khln cap (vf
du: hoa hoan hoac sip co may moc) va chi phf
nang cao nang lye (ISWA2017c).

Bilu quan trong la phai xem xet cac ylu to co thl
anh hipong din cac chi phf tren, bao gom gia tang
dan so va tlnh trang xa thai gia tang. Chfnh quyln dja
phipong thipong chi lap kl hoach toi ky bau cip tilp
theo, bo qua cac chiln lime dai han can thilt cho kl
hoach triln khai dip an chat thai ran. Thanh pho nhan
thay rang dilu quan trong la phai khuyln khfch thipc
hien quy trinh kilu mlu va cung cap cho nhan vien
chipong trinh dao tao can thilt dl co chipong trinh
quan ly chat thai ran thanh cong.

Huy dong v6n noi bo

Cac ngudn slp dung v6n noi bo

Hoat dong quan ly chat thai thipong sic dung cac
nguon von sau:

• Ngudn thul danh rieng cua dja phu'O'ng.

Thanh pho co thl sic dung thul dja phipong,
thul xuat nhap khlu va phf djch vu dl thu hoi
chi phf cho hoat dong thu gom, xic ly va thai bo
rac. Phf djch vu thipang khac nhau tuy theo ben
thai bo rac, chang han nhip ho gia dlnh, tl chipc
thipong mai va co1 see cong nghiep. Mot so thanh
pho da giam phf thu gom cho cac gia dlnh nong
thon hoac co thu nhap thap.

Nhilu thanh pho cung thu phf ("phf dl rac") cua
do^ vj van chuyln rac khi hp chcc rac ten ay see
dl xlp ly hoac thai bo. Cac khoan phf nay sau
do dime sic dung dl duy tri va cai thien ay see.
Ngoai ra, thanh pho cung co thl sic dung so tiln
thu dipo'c sau khi ban phi lieu co thl tai chi,
phan u, khf sinh hoc hoac dien tip cac dip an khf
sinh hoc lam nguon kinh phf danh rieng dl bu
dap chi phf quan ly chat thai ran.

• Ngan sach van hanh cua dja phu'O'ng va
qudc gia. Nhilu thanh pho lay ngan sach van
hanh cua mlnh dl trang trai chi phf quan ly chat
thai ran, va mot so chfnh phu tro cap cho chfnh
quyln dja phu'O'ng dl h6 tro1 giai quylt tlnh trang
thilu hut kinh phf thipc hien hoat dong quan ly
chat thai ran (Kaza cung cong sip, 2018). Tuy
nhien, cac nguon kinh phf nay khong phai luc
nao cung In djnh, va trong nhilu tripong hop,
thanh pho co thl sip dung cac khoan ngan sach
van hanh chung mot each hieu qua ho^ dl h6
tro cho nhOng hoat dong hoac chu'O'ng trinh ma
ft co kha nang tao dipo'c doanh thu tip tuc. Do do,
nhilu thanh pho ipu tien sip dung cac nguon thul
danh rieng cua dja phu'O'ng ho^ la lay tip ngan
sach van hanh chung.

Loi ich khi slp dung v6n noi bo

Sip dung von noi bo co mot so lp"i fch sau day:

Giup dam bao luon co nguon Iipc h6 tro1 cho cac
chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai
Co kha nang tao ra von thang dip ma thanh pho
co thl dung cho cac dip an von sau nay
Giam rui ro cam nhan cho cac nha dau tip dip an
tilm nang.

Ngoai ra, viec sip dung von noi bo dl bu dap chi phf
co thl giup giam rui ro do thipc hien quan ly chat thai
ran kern hieu qua.

Kho khan khi slp dung v6n noi bo

Cac thanh pho doi mat voi nhilu kho khan trong viec
thu hut dong von noi bo cho hoat dong quan ly chat
thai ran. Nhilu thanh pho gap kho khan trong viec
tfnh toan phf djch vu phu hop doi voi cong tac quan
ly chat thai ran. Nhilu nipoc dang phat triln khong
thjnh hanh phf djch vu thu cua ben thai bo rac va phf
dl rac thu cua don vj van chuyln rac, viec bat dau
thu phf djch vu von tripoc day miln phf co thl vap
phai kho khan vl mat chfnh trj va kho van. Cac vien
chipc dan bau a nhilu thanh pho cung khong muon
ban hanh chfnh sach ap dat thul djch vu thu gom
rac len nhung ngipdi da bau cip cho hp. Ngoai ra,
nhung thanh pho da ban hanh cac chfnh sach tren
thipong kho thipc thi hieu qua nhung chfnh sach do.
Nang Iipc han chi vl mat hanh chfnh va tai chfnh
trong kilm soat phf quan ly chat thai ran va cac
khoan thul khac cung co thl khiln thanh pho cang
them kho khan trong viec sip dung von noi bo dl bu
dap chi phf quan ly chat thai ran.

O © © ©

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Xem xet ylu td kinh t£

111

TRUaNG HOP LIEN QUAN

^Vpr

Quy dinh phi thu gom

rac linh hoat tuy thuoc

tinh trang kinh te

xa hoi

Solid Waste Management

Case Studv Maputo.

Mozambique

Maputo, Mozambique, da lap bieu phi dich vu thu gom rac dya tren tinh trang
kinh te xa hoi. Phi dich vu thu gom rac dirge thu thong qua hoa den tien dien
cua ho gia dinh va doanh nghiep. Nhfrng ho gia dinh va doanh nghiep tieu thu
nhieu dien hon se phai tra mi>c phi djch vu thu gom rac cao hon. Ke hoach
thu phi nay dya tren gia dinh ring mirctieu thu dien co the tuong irng vai
tinh trang kinh te xa hoi va lirgng rac thai ra. Do do, viec dong phi dich vu thu
gom rac tu'O'ng i>ng theo mirctieu thu dien co the dam bao du'gc ring cac
doanh nghiep va ho gia dinh thu nhap thap dong phi thu gom rac it hon.

Thong tin chi tiet hem ve cac kho khan lien quan den
viec slp dung nguon von noi bo va chien luge tiem
nang de giai quyet nhung kho khan do dirge dang
tai trong Trang thong tin St> dung dong thue noi bo
va kinh ohi ben naoai cho cac dw an auan Iv chat
thai cua Lien minh Bao ve Khi hau va Khong khi
Sach (CCAC) (CCAC 2018d).

Huy dong v6n ben ngoai

Von noi bo thu-ang khong du d§ chi tra cho cac dip
an ca sa ha tang von Ian, quy mo rong, chang han
nhir xay dyng tram trung chuyln rac mdi hoac bai
chon lap hgp ve sinh. Trong nhCmg trirang hgp nay,
thanh pho thu'dng can tim kiem cac nguon von ben
ngoai tip cac nha dau tu> tu> nhan, to chi>c tai chinh
va cac doi tac khac. Phu luc 6.1 neu bat mot so hinh
thCrc huy dong von thicong ap dung cho cac dy an
quan ly chat thai ran.

Cac birac chfnh trong quy trinh dam bao von ben
ngoai cho cac die an quan ly chat thai ran bao gom:

1. Danh gia ky nhu cau chuyen mon va lai ich
co the thu du'ac ti> du> an. Trudc khi bat dau

lap ke hoach triln khai thoa thuan tai chinh cho

dy an, tot nhat nen danh gia ky nen tang ky
thuat cua dy an. Cong tac danh gia nay bao gom
viec thyc hien cac phan tich ky thuat chuyen sau
thong qua dO lieu chuin xac, phu*ong phap va
cong cu hieu dung. Cac nha dau tip tiem nang
coi nhOng ban de xuat dy an dya tren phan tich
ky thuat chat che la dy an co rui ro thap han.

Cau hoi danh cho ngipoi ra
quy It djnh

Chi phi thyc sy cua thanh pho dl van hanh
hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran la bao nhieu
(bao gom toan bo chi phi van hanh, chi phi
sir dung von, chi phi lap ke hoach va chi phi
hanh chinh)?

Co nguon doanh thu noi bo nao chica khai
thac ma thanh pho co thi si> dung d§ bu
dap chi phi van hanh khong?

Co nhu-ng rao can nao khi slf dung cac
nguon von nay?

Thanh pho co thl lam gi dl giai quyet
nhOng rao can do?

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Phu luc 6.1. Cac loai ngu6n v6n thuang sip dung cho cac dir an quan ly chit thai

Nguon tro1 cap

Kinh phi dira
tren ket qua

Moi quan he doi
tac cong-tu'

Trai phieu

Khoan vay

RUI RO
THAP HON

Khoan tro cap giup bu
dap chi phi triln khai cac
dy an Ion va khong cln
hoan tra. Cac nguln tro
clp thirong din ti> chinh
phu, tl chi>c tai chinh va
cac quy tai tro1.

RUI RO
CAO HON

Hinh thi>c huy dong von
nay lien quan din viec
thanh toan chi phi dich
vu (vi du: thu gom rac)
theo hieu suit dat diroc
va xac minh kit qua
hoac muc tieu da thoa
thuan.

Hop dong hop tac giOa
khu vyc cong-tif theo
h]nh thi>c nay giup
chuyln mot phln ganh
nang tai chinh va rui ro
cua thanh ph6 sang cho
cong ty tip nhan.

Thanh pho ban trai
philu cho cac tl chi>c
hoac tip nhan va cam kit
se tra lai va gia tri trai
philu sau nhung khoang
thai gian da dinh.

Cac khoan vay ti> ngan
hang hoac t6 chi>c tai
chinh throng co lai suit
c6 dinh sau khoang thoi
gian In dinh. Cac khoan
vay throng yeu clu phai
co kl hoach dl dam bao
ben vay dap i>ng cac
dilu khoan va dy an bin
vCmg vl mat tai chinh.

Liru y: Rui ro tu"c la rui ro ma thanh pho phai ganh chiu khi chon loai cong cu tai chinh cho dip an quan ly chat thai.

Ngoai ra, viec danh gia ky iLP&ng ve mat ky thuat
co thl giup giam rui ro cho thanh pho. Vf du, cac
phan tfch ky thuat chuyen sau co thl giup thanh
pho lap dy an co quy mo va thiet ke phu hap;
ipac tfnh nay co thl giup giam rui ro phat sinh chi
phi khi co nhilu co1 see ha tang ho"n so vcri nhu
cau thyc tl.

Phan tfch ky lip&ng vl mat ky thuat cung co thl giup
thanh pho dl xac dinh tfnh kha thi trong viec dap
Cpng nghTa vu cua minh theo thoa thuan thyc hien
dy an. Vf du, nlu thanh pho can nhac din viec hgp
tac vcn cong ty tip nhan dl xay dyng va van hanh
mot nha may phan huy ky khf can din lipgng nguyen
lieu chat thai hOu co1 chat lipgng cao, In dinh, thl
thanh pho co thl thyc hien nghien clpu xac dinh dac
tfnh chat thai dl ipctc lipgng nguon nguyen lieu co
thl cung cap va each thipc tach nguyen lieu do ra
khoi dong chat thai thong thipong. Ngoai ra, thanh
pho co thl tiln hanh danh gia thi truing dl xac dinh
nhu cau tieu thu khf sinh hoc va bun thai thu dime
tip dip an.

Tot nhat nen danh gia lai fch cua dip an dipgc dl
xuat doi vai moi tripang, slpc khoe va cac Igi fch
khac. Vf du, viec phan tfch Igi fch bao ve nipac ngam
va chat lipgng khong khf, ma dip an quan ly chat thai
ran dime dl xuat dem lai, co thl giup thanh pho
dam bao nguon von tip cac tl chipc co si> menh bao
ve moi tripang.

2. Tang cu'6'ng kha nang sin sang tiip can
ngudn v6n. Viec xac dinh va dam bao nguon
von ben ngoai cho dip an la quy trinh phipc tap
doi hoi phai co nhilu nguon Iipc h6 tro'. Triple
khi bat dau kham pha cac ay hoi tilp can nguon
von cu thl, cac thanh pho nhan thay nen xem
xet tripcrc "kha nang sin sang tilp can nguon
von" cua minh (CCAC 2018b). Cac thanh pho co
thl tang cipcmg kha nang sin sang tilp can cac
dip an cap von bang each tip danh gia cac ylu
to anh hipemg din kha nang xac dinh, bao dam
va thipc hien cac thoa thuan tai chfnh vol cac doi
tac ben ngoai. Sau do, thanh pho co thl co gang
giai quylt nhOng ylu kern vl mat tai chfnh hoac
rui ro tilm In tripoc khi co glng tilp can nguon
von. Cac ylu to chfnh anh hipceng din "kha nang
sin sang" bao gom:

• Danh gia nang lye, chlng han nhip danh
gia xem thanh pho co sin nhan sip va nguon
Iipc dl soan thao ho sa moi thau va dau
thau, lap hop dong, thu mua dich vu va quan
ly tai chfnh khong.

• B6i canh chfnh trj, bao gom viec xem dip an
co nguy ay bi chfnh quyln moi huy bo hay
khong.

O © © ©

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TRITONG HOP j@|
LIEN QUANj^W*

Ap dung trai
phiiu khf hau
trong quan ly
chit thai rln

iftfc /

Kw '

Climate Bonds

Ta ¦

¦¦

TIEU CHI DOI VOfl CHAT THAI

Tieu chuan ve trai phieu khf hau

Nguon: Climate Bonds Initiative - Sang kien trai phieu khi hau

Be biet. them
thong tin, hay tham
khao trana web

Sang kien trai phieu khi hau (CBI) la to chipc chuyen huy dong thj tripdng trai phieu
toan cau de trien khai cac giai phap irng pho bien doi khi hau. CBI thire hien nhieu
hoat dong khac nhau, bao gom cong bo thong tin thj tripdng, tip van chinh sach va
thiet lap tieu chuan doi vcn trai phieu xanh. Vao nam 2019, ho da cong bo mot loat
cac tieu chi doi vdi trai phieu quan ly chat thai. Neu diwc CBI chipng nhan, trai
phieu quan ly chat thai co the chung minh cho cac nha dau tip thay ring dip an ma
ho dau tip von dap ipng dipgc mot so tieu chuan ve giam thieu va/hoac thich ipng.

• Yeu to phap ly va quy dinh, chang han
nhip xem co quy djnh bao ve nha dau tip tiem
nang hay khong va co quy trinh ro rang dl
dam bao dip an dipgc phe duyet hay khong
(vi du: tip chinh phu).

• Nguon kinh phi, bao gdm viec xem thanh
pho co kha nang thu hoi chi phi mot each
hieu qua tip cac djch vu quan ly chat thai ran
khong.

• N§n tang ky thuat cho dip an, nhip da de
cap a Bipo'c 1 a tren.

Thong tin b6 sung ve nhCrng van de ma thanh
pho da giai quyet khi danh gia kha nang sin
sang cua minh dipgc dang tai trong Financing
Readiness Questionnaire cua CCAC
(CCAC 2018b).

3. Hop tac vo>i cac to chucc tai chinh. Cac thanh
pho nhan thay rang nen bat dau hop tac voi cac
to chi>c tai chinh ngay tu' dau trong qua trinh xac
dinh pham vi dip an. Viecxay dipng moi quan he
nay ngay tip dau giup thanh pho dap ipng duoc
cac tieu chi can va du ma to chii'c tai chinh dat ra,
thipc hien phan tich ky thuat va tai chinh dl dap
ipng yeu cau cua to chipc va tranh lang phi nguon
Iipc von da rat han che. Vi du, nhieu ngan hang
Ian da quoc gia khong cho thanh pho tip quan

vay tien. Tuy nhien, khi hgp tac vdi ngan hang
ngay tip dau trong qua trinh xac djnh pham vi dip
an, cac thanh pho co thl hieu quy trinh lam viec
thong qua to chu'c trung gian, chang han nhip ca
quan dipgc chi>ng nhan d cap chinh phu.

Thanh pho thu'dng lam viec voi cac to chipc tai
chinh de xac djnh cong cu tai chinh phu hgp
nhit vdi dip an cua minh va dl dieu chinh "de
an kinh doanh" cho dip an dipgc de xuat. Dl biet
quy trinh kilu mlu ve viec hgp tac vdi cac t6
chipc tai chinh, hay tham khao Primer for Cities
for Accessing Financing for Municipal Solid
Waste Projects cua Hiep hoi Quan ly Chat thai
Ran Quoc tl (ISWA2017c).

Danh gia tinh kha thi vi tai chinh. Danh gia
tinh kha thi ve tai chinh la giai phap hieu qua
giup danh gia nang Iipc sinh ton kinh tl va tinh
thipc tiln cua dip an dipgc dl xuat. Dl hoan
thanh, nhO'ng danh gia nay co thl doi hoi nguon
Iipc dang kl; nhilu thanh pho nop don xin h6 trg
ky thuat tip cac quy hoac tl chi>c khac dl giup
giam bdt chi phi thipc hien nghien cu'u. Ngoai ra,
thanh pho co thl tan dung Igi ich cua cac cong
cu lap mo hinh tai chinh miln phi co dipgc thong
qua moi quan he doi tac quoc tl. Vi du, Sang
kiln xip ly chat thai ran do thj cua CCAC cung
cap mo hinh tai chinh di danh gia nang Iwc sinh
ton kinh te cua cac dw an quan Iv chat thai hu-u
co (EPA Hoa Ky 2016c).

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DIEM CHINH

Cac hinh thi>c thoa thuan vm khu vlfc

tu> nhan

Cac thanh pho thipdng ap dung cac hinh thi>c thoa thuan sau day

de dam bao khu vipc tip nhan ho tra cho cac dip an quan ly chat thai:

• Thoa thuan nhipang quyin bao g6m viec lipa chon cong
ty tip nhan cung cap djch vu de nhan mot khoan tien trong
khoang thai gian quy djnh. Hinh thi>c nhiwng quyen co the
bao gom nhieu loai thoa thuan khac nhau ve quyen so1 hfru
dja diem va may moc. Vi du, hinh thi>c nhuang quyen xay
dipng, sa hCm, van hanh va chuyen giao yeu cau cong ty tu;
nhan phai xay dipng, sd hi>u va van hanh ca sd cho den het
thai han hap dong, den khi do, cong ty nay se chuyen giao
quyen sd hu'u lai cho thanh pho.

• Thoa thuan thiit ki va thi cong bao gom viec lira chon
cong ty ky thuat de phat trien ca so' ha tang quan ly chat thai.
NhCmg thoa thuan nay khong bao g6m cong tac van hanh va
quan ly dja diem.

• Ho>p d6ng dich vu bao gom viec luja chon mot cong ty phu
trach cac hoat dong thirang ngay cua ca sa hoac djch vu.
Day co the la hap dong dya tren nang suat, thanh toan tuy
thuoc vao hieu qua cong viec cua nha thau.

Waste Disposal in San
Cristobal Municipality.
„ Dominican Republic 4

5. Cc ciu nguon tai chinh va hoan thanh van
ban quy pham phap luat Co nhieu each de
thanh pho co the ca cau nguon tai chinh cho dy
an. Cac thanh pho nhan thay rang nen hop tac
chat che voi cac to chi>c tai chinh va doi tac tierm
nang khac dl hoan thien cac van ban quy pham
phap luat. Municipal Finances: A Handbook for
Local Governments cua Ngan hang The gioi
(Farvacque-Vitkovic va Kopanyi 2014) la tai lieu
tham khao hu'u ich hu'ang din cac thanh pho ve
viec ca cau nguon tai chinh cho dy an.

Ky hap ddng vai khu vipc tip nhan

Quan he doi tac cong-tip (PPP) la hgp dong cung
cap djch vu cong dai han giu'a cac ben tu' nhan va t6
chu!c chinh phu. Trong nhOng thoa thuan do, ben tu>
nhan chju nhieu rui ro va trach nhiem quan ly du! an
voi hy vong tao ra Igi nhuan trong thai gian dai (PPP
Knowledge Lab 2019). Voi cac hgp dong chinh thu'c
nhic vay, cac cong ty tu- nhan co thl xay dyng, van
hanh va duy tri ca sa xlk ly chat thai. Hgp dong nay
co thl tra thanh Igi the khi trinh do chuyen mon gidi
han, chang han nhu'd mot so nu'dc dang phat triin.

D§ thanh cong tai mot nu'dc dang phat triln, PPP
phai linh hoat, cung cap san phlm an toan va uy tin,
dam bao gia trj dong tien va dap i>ng dipgc cac yeu
cau ve bao ve moi tru'dng (USAID 2019a). Quy cua
PPP trong khu vi/c xlp ly chat thai ran thuong den
tip phi thu gom, phi d6 rac hoac cac khoan phi khac
thu tripe tiep tu' ngifdi dung; do do, phai dam bao
ben lien quan chap thuan tru'dc khi giao ket loai hinh
quan he doi tac rang buoc phap ly nay. Quy cung
den tu' cac khoan tien thu duoc khi ban san phlm
phu sau khi xlf ly chat thai, bao gom khi sinh hoc,
dien va phan u.

PPP thicdng dicgc ca cau dl hoat dong trong thai
gian dai, do do, han che kha nang linh hoat cua
thanh pho. O nhieu quoc gia, cac cong ty tip nhan
khong muon dau tip vao cac dy an dja phu-ang, vi
ho khong chac lieu hgp dong co con hieu Ilpc khi
co sip thay d6i ve bp may chinh quyen. Cac cong ty
thipdng doi hoi phai ky hgp dong dai han dl hp hoan
von dau tip va kiem Igi nhuan.

OOOO ^9©CO®O0QOO

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TRUaNG HOP LIEN QUAN jgj

Gia tang trach nhiem
cua nha san xult tai
Nam Phi

Vao nam 2004, nganh polyethylene terephthalat (PET) tai Nam Phi da tinh nguyen
thanh lap mot cong ty (PET Recycling Company NPC, hay PETCO) de trien khai cac
no lye EPR cua nganh. Theo he thong PETCO, cac cong ty chuyen doi hat nhira PET
thanh hang hoa phai dong mot khoan thue doi vol khoi lirgng hat nhya ma hp mua,
PETCO sip dung so tien thue thu dirge de cap kinh phi cho cac sang kien tai che PET,
tiep can va cung cap thong tin cho ngudi tieu dung, cung nhu> cac hoat dong khac.

Gia tang trach nhiem cua nha
san xuit

Cac thanh pho d nhCmg nu'dc dang phat triln co the
thly kha nang tiep can cac nguon von kl tren cua
hp b| han che hoac khong du dl trang trai tat ca cac
chi phi quan ly chat thai ran. Vf du, a mot so nu'oc
dang phat triln, viec quy djnh thue dja phu'ong dl
chi tra chi phi quan ly chat thai co thl khong kha thi
do ngu'6'i dan khong du nang Ilfc dong thu# va ca
chi thu!c thi chiFa nghiem ngat.

Trong nhu ng truong hgp khong co nhieu ca hoi slf
dung thul npi bo, thi mot so chfnh phu da slk dung
he thong gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xuat
(EPR) de giam ganh nang tai chinh cua cong dong
cho he thong quan ly chat thai. Cac he thong nhu1
vay thiFang d^gc ap dung a cap quoc gia va thu'ang
thilt lap yeu cau phap ly quy djnh nha san xuat
phai co trach nhiem doi vdi hang hoa da hit han sue
dung. Trach nhiem nay thu'ang la trach nhiem tai
chfnh, nhung co thl la trach nhiem hanh chfnh va
hau can. Trong mot so tru-ang hop, nha san xuat
phai tra tiln tryc tilp cho thanh pho dl din bu chi
phf thu gom va thai bo san phlm ma chfnh hp da
san xuat. Nha san xuat thu'ang cong chi phf nay vao
gia thanh san phlm, do do, dam bao ca nha san
xuat va ngicai mua mot so loai san phlm dlu chju
chi phf quan ly chat thai ran, thay vf cong dong.

EPR da dime cac nipac dang phat triln ap dung dl
quan ly chat thai tu' nhilu loai san phlm, bao gom
bao bi, chat thai gia dung nguy hai, pin va thilt bi
dien tie. Chfnh phu da su' dung nhilu loai cong cu
EPR, thu'ang kit hgp nhilu cong cu thanh mot goi
EPR. Cac chifang trinh EPR ph6 biln bao gom
(Akenji 2012):

• Yeu ciu thu hoi san pham. Nha san xuat phai
thu gom cac san phlm khi hit nien han sue dung.

• Tieu chuan hieu suit. Cac tieu chuln nay co
thl dat ra ham Itpgng tai chi toi thilu doi vdi
san phlm hoac xac djnh lu-gng san phlm sau
tieu dung ma nha san xult phai tai chi. Cac tieu
chuln nay khuyln khfch mpi ngu'di sir dung
nhOng san phlm co thanh phan dl tai slf dung
hoac tai chi.

• Ke hoach hoari tiln coc. Ngu'di tieu dung phai
dat coc khi mua san phlm, nhung vl sau, hp se
dirge hoan lai khoan tiln do khi tra lai san phlm
dl tai chi hoac dl thai bo an toan.

• Phi thai bo tra trtpac. Ngu'di tieu dung phai tra
mot khoan phf vao thai dilm mua coi nhir la chi
phf quan ly chit thai sau tieu dung.

• Thul nguyen vat lieu. Nha san xult phai dong
mot khoan thul nguyen vat lieu coi nhu' bu dap
cho nhCmg tac dong din moi trirang khi thai bo

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san phlm. Cac khoan thul nay co thl khuyln
khfch nha san xuat sic dung nguyen vat lieu than
thien vcri moi truing hccn.

• Nang cao nhan thirc va nhan sinh thai. Cac

chiln djch nang cao nhan thi>c cong dong co thl
cung cap cho ngipcn tieu dung thong tin vl cac
san phlm than thien vcri moi truing hon; va ve
quy trinh thu gom, phan loai va xlk ly rac. NgiFcn
tieu dung thong thai co thl co nhOng lya chon
san phlm sang suot ho^ khi mua.

Thanh pho co thl doi mat vcri mot so kho khan khi
quy djnh he thong EPR. Kho khan Ian nhat ma cac
thanh pho a cac mmc dang phat triln thipcmg phai
doi mat do la thilu co1 see ha tang dl thu gom va xlk

ly cac thanh phan trong dong chat thai thuoc pham
vi cua he thong EPR. Ngoai ra, doi vcri mot so dong
rac thai, khong dl xac djnh xem nha san xuat nao
phai chju trach nhiem thu gom va xlk ly san phlm
hit nien han sic dung. Vf du, a mot so mmc Chau A,
cac doanh nghiep nho lap rap lai va ban thilt bj dien
tie da qua sic dung, doi khi dan logo nhan hieu "nhai"
dl dl ban ho^ (Kojima cung cong sip, 2009). Hoat
dong tan trang nay khiln viec xac djnh xem nha
san xuat ban dau nao phai chju trach nhiem khi san
phlm da hit nien han sic dung tree nen rat kho khan.

Phu luc 6.2 dipa ra vf du vl each chfnh quyln dja
phu'O'ng lam viec vcri khu vlpc tip nhan dl huy dong
von cho cac dip an quan ly chat thai ran a khu vlpc
Bey Tay va Dai Gaza.

O © © ©

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Quan he doi tac cdng-tip tai khu virc Ba Tay va Da Gaza

Trong nhieu nam, chat thai rln tai khu virc Be? Tay va Dai Gaza dirge thai bo vao cac bai rac khong dirge
quan ly hoac dot mot each bat hop phap. Tinh trang kinh te va chinh tri da khien cac thanh pho tir quan
khong the dau tu' dly du vao cac dich vu va ca sa ha tang quan ly chat thai rln. Be giam thieu tinh trang
nay, Ngan hang The giai, Uy ban Chau Au, Co' quan Phat trien Quoc te Hoa Ky (United States Agency for
International Development) va Chinh phu Y da cap kinh phi di xay dung mot bai chon lap hop ve sinh tai
Al-Minya, hai tram trung chyen va ca sa ha tang lien quan cho Hebron va Bethlehem a khu vyc phia Nam
Ba Tay. Khu virc nay co gan 1 trieu dan sinh s6ng va tao ra gan 500 tan chat thai moi ngay.

Chinh quyen dja phifcng khong du nang lire quan ly ca sa ha tang mai nay theo hircmg ben vCrng, nen
Lien hoi Quan ly Chung cho Hebron va Bethlehem (JSC-H&B) da hap tac vai Tap doan Tai chinh Quoc te
(International Finance Corporation) de thiet ke mot PPP nhim tim ra doi tac trong khu vyctiF nhan du kha
nang quan ly bai chon lap. Vao thang 9 nam 2013, JSC-H&B da ky hgp dong vol mot tap doan cua Hy Lap,
W A TT. S.A.-MESOGEOS S.A. va EPEM S.A.. di quan ly bai chon lap tai Al-Minya, hai tram trung chuyen
tai Hebron va Tarqoumiya, cung nhir hoat dong trung chuyen rac giCra tram trung chuyen va bai chon lap.
Cac thanh pho tore thuoc trung uang van phu trach cong tac thu gom rac thai nhir ban dau, con JSC-H&B
dam bao quan ly rac toi thieu 500 tan moi ngay va tra phi cho moi tan rac thai dirge quan ly. V] JSC-H&B

khong the trang trai cac chi phi cua PPP, nen tap doan Ngan hang The
gicn da ca cau khoan tai trg 8 trieu do la, cap theo ket qua hoan thien,
tir Chu'O'ng trinh Hap tac Toan cau Ho trg dira tren Ket qua hoan thien
de giup chi tra phi van hanh va cai thien tinh ben v&ng cua he thong
quan ly chat thai rln.

Dir an da tao ra hen 100 viec lam, cai thien dich vu cho 840.000 ngirol
dan va dir kien giam khi nha kinh 13.400 tan vao nam 2021. Ngoai ra,
mot khoan tai tra n&a cua Ngan hang The giai da dam bao ring ngiroi
lao dong khu vu>c phi chinh thi>c dime dao tao tay nghe trong cac ITnh
virc khac.

ve auan he doi tac cona-twtai

khu vwc Bey Tav va Dai Gaza

(IFC 2013), va Cac bai hoctir
PPP dau tien cua khu vwc B&

00k

OOOO ^9©CO®O0QOO

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Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

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Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Developing Integrated Solid Waste
Management Plan. Training Manual:
Volume 1: Waste Characterization and

Quantification with Projections for Future
(UNEP 2009a)

Webinar: Best Practices for Waste
Characterisation (CCAC va EPA Hoa
Ky 2018)

OOO©©OO®©0@O0

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Xac djnh dac tfnh chit thai

Phln 7

Xac dinh dac tfnh chit thai
¦ ¦

Chat thai chi>a thanh phan khac nhau tuy tCmg
thanh pho, trung tam do thj, quoc gia va khu vipc
tren khap the gi6i Nhln chung, ty le chat thai thyc
phlm/hOu ca trong dong chat thai a cac quoc gia
co thu nhap thap va trung blnh cao hon so voi cac
quoc gia co thu nhap cao; tuy nhien, a cac quoc gia
co thu nhap cao, ty le phi lieu co thl tai chl, chang
han nhip giay, bla cipng, nhya va kim loai (Kaza
cung cong sip, 2018) lai cao ho^. Cac loai chat thai
rac nhau doi hoi phai ap dung cac chiln lime quan
ly chat thai ran khac nhau, do do, cac thanh pho
nhan thay rang viec hilu dime dong chat thai la rat
can thilt dl thilt kl va triln khai du'P'c mot he thong
thyc tiln va hieu qua.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ting quan vl cac
nguon chat thai ran, phipong phap djnh lipong va
quy trinh xac djnh dac tinh chat thai kilu mlu.

Tai sao elm xac djnh dac tinh
chit thai?

Thong tin ve nguon thai, khoi lu'P'ng va thanh phan
chat thai la nln tang triln khai tat ca cac giai doan
cua mot chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai ran thanh
cong. Dac biet, viec hilu du'P'c cac ylu to dimi day
se giup thanh pho thilt kl va triln khai dime cac
chiln lippc cai thien nhOng khfa canh cu thl trong
chiln lippc quan ly chat thai ran:

• Tranh thai bo va giam thieu rac. Viec hilu ro
dong chat thai se giup chfnh quyln dja phipo'ng
va ngu'O'i ra quylt djnh thilt lap cac bien phap
chfnh sach va chiln djch tilp can muc tieu. Vf
du, cac chiln djch tilp can co thl khuyln khfch
ben thai bo chat thai hOu co1 quy mo Ian (nhip
chp nong san) xay dimg nha may san xuat khf
sinh hoc dl san xuat khf sinh hoc va phan huy
rac lam chat cai tao dat, mot chat lam tip chat
thai thyc phlm dippc bl sung vao dat dl cai tao
dat. Cac thanh pho cung co thl sic dung dO lieu
tip cac nghien cipu xac djnh dac tfnh chat thai dl

xac djnh dippc nhOng vat lieu khong thl tai chl
can nham tai khi thyc hien cac bien phap chfnh
sach hoac chiln lippc tilp can tranh xa rac.

• Thu gom rac. Viec hilu ro dong chat thai se giup
chfnh quyln dja phipo'ng va ngipoi ra quylt djnh
len kl hoach xay dyng chu'O'ng trinh va co1 see thu
gom va tfch trO rac (vf du: viec nam dippc thong
tin vl khoi lipong va loai chat thai hOu co1 phat
sinh se anh hipceng din quylt djnh vl cac chu'O'ng
trinh phan loai rac tai nguon co thl triln khai).

• Tai chl va xip ly chit thai. Viec hilu ro dong
chat thai se giup chfnh quyln dja phipo'ng va
ngipoi ra quylt djnh xay dyng co1 see ha tang phu
hop va lap kl hoach i>ng pho voi nhOng thay dli
trong dong chat thai phat sinh do ngay nghi ll va
nhOng thay dli theo mua. Vf du, thanh pho can
nam dippc thong tin vl khoi lippng chat thai hOu
co1 phat sinh trong gioi han cua thanh pho dl
quylt djnh quy mo phu hop cho ay see u phan co
thl xay dyng, du kha nang xip ly Iipu lippng chat
thai tang cao trong mot so giai doan.

• Thai bo rac. Viec hilu ro dong chat thai se giup
chfnh quyln dja phipo'ng va ngipoi ra quylt djnh
lap kl hoach thai bo rac. Vf du, nghien cipu xac
djnh dac tfnh chat thai tai bai rac hien co se giup
thanh pho nam dippc tinh hlnh ban dau va tfnh
hieu qua cua chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chat thai ran,
ipoc tfnh then gian hieu dung cua bai rac, cung
nhip lap kl hoach cho cac phipo'ng an xip ly va
chuyln dli chat thai tang cipong trong tipong lai.

An toan la moi quan tam bao trum xuyen suot tat
ca cac giai doan cua quy trinh quan ly chat thai ran.
Mot so chat thai doi hoi phai co each xip ly dac biet
do dac tfnh an mdn, doc hai hoac nhOng dac tfnh
khac. Khi hilu ro thanh phan chat thai, ngipoi lao
dong se bilt each phong ngipa phu hop. Dl bilt
them thong tin, hay tham khao phan Nhan dang chat
thai dac biet.

OOdd®OO®00©OO

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Xac djnh dac tinh chit thai

Cac quy trinh kiiu miu

Phan nay mo ta cac quy trinh thu thap dO lieu kilu
miu vl dong chat thai, bao gom dO lieu vl nguon
thai, khoi lipong va thanh phan chat thai; dipa ra cac
dy bao ve chat thai; va danh gia cac loai chat thai
dac biet.

Danh gia dong ch§t thai

Can triln khai cong tac danh gia ban dau ve dac
tinh dong chat thai dl dip doan ty le thanh phan chat
thai va tinh hlnh xa thai trong tipong lai. Ngoai ra
cung can tlm hilu xem trong thai gian toi, thanh pho
co thl can den nhung nguon lye nao (von va cac
nguon Iipc khac) dl quan ly co hieu qua cac phan
doan khac nhau trong dong chat thai.

Nguon thai

Co thl phan loai chat thai ran theo nguon thai.

Nguon thai thong thipong bao gom:

• Khu dan cu\ Bao gom tat ca cac hlnh thi>c ho
gia dlnh, chang han nhip: nha rieng, chung cip
va cac loai nha a chfnh thi>c va phi chfnh thi>c
khac. Chat thai tip khu vipc nay thipong bao gom
chat thai thipc phlm va hOu ca; hang det may,
giay va bla cijng; va mot phan nho gom thuy
tinh, cao su, da thuoc va kim loai. Chat thai cung
gom mot phan nho nhipa; thanh phan nay co xu
hipong gia tang khi kinh tl phat triln va toan cau
hoa (UN-Habitat 2010). Chat thai sinh hoat nguy
hai cung nam trong dong chat thai sinh hoat, bao
gom cac loai hoa chat nhip son, dung moi, chat
tly ripa, pin va thilt bj dien tie. NhOng loai chat
thai nay dime dl cap trong phan Nhan dang
chat thai dac biet.

• Cc sng, nhya va thuy tinh.

• Cc quan to chipc. Bao gom tripong hoc, ay see
y tl va nha tu. Cac co1 quan tl chipc thipong thai
ra nhilu giay. Mot so tl chi>c, bao gom benh
vien va tripong hoc, thipong thai rat nhilu chat
thai thipc phlm. Ca sa y tl thai ra chat thai nguy
hai va khong dipo'c xic ly chung voi chat thai ran

thong thipong. Cac phipo'ng an quan ly dipo'c dl
cap trong phan Nhan dang chat thai dac biet.

• Cc sc cong nghiep. Bao gom ay see san xuat
hoac cong nghiep. Thanh phan dong goi, chat
thai tip phong an tripa va phong ve sinh, hang det
may, phi lieu kim loai, phi lieu g6/g6 xe, gach
xay/be tong va cac loai chat thai tiKyng tip dlu
la nhOng loai chat thai thipong thay a cac co1 see
cong nghiep. Loai chat thai phat sinh tuy thuoc
vao loai nganh nghl, nhipng thipong chilm so
lipo'ng Ion. Cac ay see cong nghiep thipong thai
ra ca chat thai nguy hai va khong nguy hai, do
do, tot nhat can quan ly chat thai nguy hai theo
dung cac yeu cau phap ly cua quoc gia, cung
nhip khong tron lln va thu gom chung voi chat
thai ran khong nguy hai (UN-Habitat 2010).

Khoi iwqng

Hai phipo'ng phap ay ban dung dl xac djnh khoi
lipo'ng chat thai: mo hlnh hoa va do lipong. Nhilu
thanh pho sip dung ky thuat mo hlnh hoa von dipa
vao ty le phat thai chung dl ipoc tinh ting khoi
lipo'ng rac phat sinh. NhOng ky thuat nay thipong
khong ton kem, nhipng chi cung cap thong tin ting
quan vl loai va khoi lipo'ng chat thai. Viec sip dung
dO lieu chung chung nhip vay tang kha nang tinh
toan sai ty le va khoi lipo'ng phat sinh chat thai
(UN-Habitat 2010). Nhip vay, kit qua cua ky thuat
mo hlnh hoa co thl khong phan anh dung thipc trang
cua dong chat thai tai dja phipo'ng. Ky thuat mo hlnh
hoa cho hieu qua cao nhat khi dO lieu vl khoi lipo'ng
chat thai din tip thanh pho Ian can co cung nguon
chat thai va cung so lieu thong ke dan so, sau do,
phai dipo'c xac minh lai thong qua cac phipo'ng phap
kilm thip vat ly.

Ky thuat do iwcrng vat ly cho kit qua chfnh xac hon
ky thuat mo hlnh hoa, nhipng cung ton kem hon va
ton thoi gian hon. Nhung ky thuat nhip vay yeu cau
lay miu dong chat thai tai dja phipo'ng dl tao lap
bang thong tin chat thai thong qua phipo'ng thi>c
thong ke, sau do, phan tlch cac khoi lipo'ng nho chat
thai dl ipoc lipo'ng ting khoi lipo'ng va thanh phan
dong chat thai. Qua trinh kilm tra nay co thl gap
kho khan vl miu can phai dipo'c kilm thip nhilu Ian
trong suot ca nam dl tinh din ca nhung thay dli
theo mua (EPA Hoa Ky 1995). Dipoi day la cac ky
thuat do lipong, co thl thipc hien don le hay kit hp"p
voi cac ky thuat khac (UNEP 2009a):

OOdd®OO®00©OO

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Xac djnh dac tfnh chit thai

TRLfONG HgP LIEN QUAN jgj

Nghien cifu xac djnh
dac tfnh chit thai tai
Kampala, Uganda

Be biet them thong tin
hay tham khao hdso>
nahien cu>u v§ dac tinh

chit thai cua Komakech
cung cong sir

Vao nam 2012, Thanh pho Kampala, Uganda, da tien hanh nghien ciru xac
dinh dac tinh chat thai de danh gia khoi lirgng va loai chat thai dirge do vao
Bai chon lap Kiteezi. Thanh pho da lay mau chat thai ngau nhien tir cac xe
tai di vao bai chon lap va phan tich them chat thai hOu cu de xac dinh do
tich tu nang lirgng ben trong. Ket qua cua nghien ciru nay rat khac so vol
ket qua tie cac nghien ciru tien hanh 6" cac thanh pho thuoc khu virc Can
Saharan Chau Phi, chlng han nhir Abuja, Accra va Gaborone.

• Do lirong tai diem phat sinh rac. Ky thuat
lay mlu tien hanh khao sat cac ho gia dinh di
do lu'6'ng chat thai phat sinh. Mot so thanh pho
cung da thyc hien nghien ci>u a mot so ca quan
t6 chuc, co' sa cong nghiep va throng mai.

• Kiem tra ho so trong kho liru tru> cua ben thai
bo rac. Mot so ben thai bo rac la cac ca quan to
chijc, cong nghiep va thirang mai co thl lu'u trCr
ho sa ve lu'ong rac ma hp thai ra. Cac thanh pho
co thl sir dung thong tin nay dl icac tinh khoi
lu'O'ng rac do cac khu virc nay thai ra.

• Khao sat phirong tien. Khao sat cac phirong
tien thu gom rac giup u'oc tinh lirgng rac thai
ra ti> cac nguon khac nhau va each thi>c quan
ly chat thai (vi du: xu' ly, thai bo). Tuy nhien, ky
thuat nay chua tinh den licgng rac chira thu gom
hoac chu'a du'gc thai bo dung each.

• Kiem tra ho sa tai cac khu bai rac. Hau het

cac khu bai rac deu can licgng rac cha den.
Mac du cac ho sa nay cung cap so lieu u'oc tinh
lu'gng rac thai bo tai khu bai, nhu'ng khong nam
dirge khoi lirgng rac phat sinh va xCr ly (nhir tai
che, u phan) hoac thai bo khong dung each (nhir
dot ngoai trai).

Thanh phan

Nhieu thanh pho da slp dung cac nghien ciru xac
djnh dac tinh (hoac thanh phan) chat thai dl xac
djnh khoi lu'gng va loai vat lieu cu thl trong dong
chat thai ti> khu virc dirge chi djnh. Cac nghien cu u
nay thirang gom birac phan loai mlu chat thai theo
each thu cong va co thl dirge dieu chinh dl dap
ung nhu cau cua dja phirong. Cac danh muc va loai
vat lieu (Phu luc 7.1) dirge do lirang toan dien din
mire do nao con phu thuoc vao muc dich nghien ciru
va loai chat thai thjnh hanh tai thanh pho cu thl nao
do. Nghien ciru xac djnh dac tinh chat thai thirang
diro'c thirc hien a cac dja dilm sau:

• Diem phat sinh rac. Cac thanh pho thirang
tiin hanh nghien ciru xac djnh dac tinh bang
each phan loai cac mlu chat thai thu dirge tir
khu dan cu' hoac trong khu thirang mai (nhir
chg nong san).

• Tram trung chuyen. Rac thu gom tir dilm phat
sinh (vi du nhir nha a va doanh nghiep) thirang
dirge tich trCr a tram trung chuyln trirac khi
van chuyln din bai rac. Cac mlu chat thai lay
tir tram trung chuyln co thl cung cap thong tin
ve thanh phan chat thai cua thanh pho. Viec lay
mlu tai nhieu tram trung chuyln co thl cung cap
thong tin giup ra quyit djnh sang suot tren toan
thanh pho.

OO0©O®^800®0@©@G

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Xac djnh dac tinh chit thai

Phu luc 7.1. Loai vat lieu va danh muc cac chit thai diin hinh trong nghien clpu xac
djnh dac tinh chit thai (Ngudn: EPA Hoa Ky 2018f)

Danh muc
ch&t thai

Loai vat lieu

Vf du

Giay

Bao cu/giay in

Bao cu

Giay co the phan huy

Giay an, khan giay, giay cuon

Bia cipng dap song

Hop dong goi/hop van chuyen

Giay van phong

Phong b], giay photocopy, giay viet thip

Giay hon hop

Tap chi, thip rac, giay boi, catalo, danh ba dien thoai

Hop dyng phu sap

Hop sCpa/nirac ep

Nhya

Hop/chai nhya (cap do
1-7 va chira xac djnh)

SCpa chua, soda, be, den thuoc, sfra, chat tay rira, chau hoa

Mang nhya

Tui di cho,/tui rac, mang ro1, bao b] thyc pham

Polystyren

Hop vi nhipa, bo do an, coc chen loai thipong hoac loai to

Nhya cipng khac

Xo, do chci, tui dyng deo vai, do noi that

Chat thai

Xirang

Xipong

thipc pham

TTilfc an thira

Rau, thjt, banh m]

Chat thai

Ta dung mot Ian

rln khac

Phe thai nho

Vat lieu nho, khong the phan biet dime, thipong co kich c&
0-2 cm

Chat thai khac

Vat lieu khong phu hop vai bat clf danh muc nao khac

Kim loai

Phe lieu kirn loai khac

Phe lieu kim loai khac, ca kim loai den va kim loai mau

Vat chipa blng kirn loai den

Hop dyng thipc an cho thu cimg, hop dyng sup, binh xjt

Vat chipa blng kirn loai mau

Lon nirac ngot, Ion bia

Thuy tinh

Thuy tinh trong suot

Tat ca cac loai thuy tinh trong suot

Thuy tinh mau

Tat ca cac loai thuy tinh mau

Rac thai

Sol thipc vat cipng

Vat lieu go - choi, canh cay, goc cay

san bai

Rac san viran

La cay, co, vat lieu khong phai go

Cac chat thai

Cotton

hCpu cc khac

Hang det may

Quan ao, giay dep, vai, khan, tham

Da thuoc

Thlt lipng, giay dep, vi

Cao su

Gang tay

Thiet bj

Thiet bj dien tip

Dien thoai di dong, dai, may tinh

dien tir

Nguy hai

Sen, pin, thiet bj y te co canh sic nhon, hoa chat, chat thai y te

Chat thai trc

Tam nang hang/go xe/go

Tam nang hang, phe lieu go

Do dat nung/do gom sip

Chen, coc

Vat lieu xay dyng

Soi, gach, nhipa dipong, be tong, dat

O ©©®®00060^00

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Xac djnh dac tfnh chit thai

DIEM CHINH VJ

Ruf ro lien quan din co> so>
xi> ly chit thai qua khd

Mot so thanh pho vo tinh mua hoac xay dLPng
cac cc so' xu ly chat thai qua kho do du lieu
• <{I co chat lipgng kern hoac thieu du lieu ve khoi
luong chat thai tai cong dong cua minh, dan
- den cac khoan chi phi su dung von vuot muc
va khong can thiet. Do do, cac thanh pho
thudng phai het sue than trong de xac djnh
quy mo cty sd vua phai.

• Bai rac. Co thl lay mlu chat thai dime d6 ra
bai chon lap hoac bai rac tai dja phuong dl xac
djnh thanh phan chat thai. Viec ghi lai nguon thai
(nhu khu pho va khu vyc) se giup thanh pho
phan tich dac tinh chat thai cu thl ho'n.

Do quy trinh tai chl va thai bo khong dung each, nen
chat thai co dac tfnh khac nhau tuy tung dja dilm.
Can lira chon dja dilm xac djnh dac tinh chat thai,
tuy vao muc tieu phan tich du> kiln. Vi du, cac n5 lye
xac djnh dac tinh chat thai tai dilm phat sinh rac co
thl h6 tro' cho n6 lye tiep can ben thai bo rac, trong
khi, n6 lire xac djnh dac tfnh chat thai tai bai rac co
thl giup xac djnh cac phu'ong an xlp ly thay thl, dac
biet la khi bai rac hit cong suat. Phu luc 7.2 trinh
bay vf du ve each mot thanh pho tai Mexico sir dung
kit qua ti> nghien cu'u xac djnh dac tfnh chat thai dl
lap kl hoach cho dy an xu' ly chit thai.

Dy doan tinh hinh trong tuwig lai

Cac thanh pho nhan thay can phai dy doan thanh
phan va ty le phat thai rac dl xac djnh quy mo va
thilt kl chiFang trinh va ca sa phu hap, du kha
nang xCr ly chat thai nhic vay.

The he twang lai

Du' doan chfnh xac cac xu huong phat sinh rac tai
dja phu'ong la bLPO'c quan trong can thu'c hien dl
du' an co thl duy tri vl lau dai. Cac thanh pho nhan
thay rang cac thay d6i vl dan so, phat triln kinh tl
va thay dli trong chfnh sach cong la nhung ylu to
quan trong nhat can xem xet.

Cac xu hipang cua nguoi dan dja phu'ong va
khu vu'c thipang du-gc ca quan nha nu'dc theo
doi va dLF doan

Tinh hinh phat triln kinh tl co moi lien he mat
thilt tai ty le phat sinh rac; ty le phat sinh rac
binh quan tren dau nguoi tang len theo tiln trinh
phat triln kinh tl va thay d6i hanh vi tieu dung

Nhu'ng thay doi trong chfnh sach cong co thl
nhanh chong lam thay d6i so luong va loai phi
thai dupe dung trong mot phuong an cu thl
nao do.

Thanh phan chat thai trong tuxyng lai
Cac thay d6i trong thanh phan dong chat thai la ylu
to quan trong gay ra sir bat 6n trong tuong lai. Mac
du cac upac tfnh chung chung cua nha nu'dc kho ap
dung vao dja phipang, nhung dja phuang co thl coi
do la ca sd huu ich khi lap kl hoach cho chu'ong
trinh quan ly chat thai ran.

Duoi day la nhung xu hudng bao quat lien quan din
thanh phan chat thai ran ma nhilu thanh pho nhan
thay nen xem xet khi lap kl hoach thai bo rac trong
dai han:

Phan chat thai giay, nhua (dac biet la bao bi)
va dien tu thudng tang len khi nln kinh tl phat
triln.

Phan chat thai thuc phlm va huu ca thudng
giam theo tiln trinh phat triln kinh tl (xem Phu
luc 7.3).

Mat do khoi cua chat thai giam khi muc do phat
triln kinh tl tang len, vi khi do, ty le giay va san
phlm nhua cao han, phan tro va chat thai thuc
phlm thap han (Savage cung cong su, 1998).

OO0©O®^800®0@©@G

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Xac djnh dac tinh chit thai

dona chit thai Isi Naucalpan

Quy trinh xac djnh dac tinh chat thai tan Naucalpan, Mexico

Khu virc Naucalpan a ngoai 6 Thanh pho Mexico phai doi mat vol nhieu kho khan trong quan ly chat thai rln. Kho
khan thi> nhat: thanh pho phai van chuyen khoi lirang Ian chat thai toi cac dja phirang khac vi thanh pho khong
co bai rac rieng, quy trinh nay gay ton kern rat nhilu nhien lieu va nguon lire. Kho khan tiep theo la Naucalpan
khong co he thong phan loai va xO ly chat thai hCru co\ do <36, khi^n lirong Ian chat hCru ca di vao dong chat thai
thong thircmg. Ham luwig hCru ca nay, von co the dirge thu hoi va sir dung de mang lai Igi ich cho Naucalpan, lai
n^m trong dong chat thai do ra cac bai chon lap a xa, sau do phan huy va phat thai khi me-tan.

De giai quyet nhung kho khan nay, Naucalpan da can nhlc xay dyng mot co- sa chuyen xlp ly chat thai h&u

ca sir dung ky thuat phan huy ky khi. Khi sinh hoc dime thu hoi qua may phan
huy ky khi se dime dung de tao ra dien nang Tuy nhien, tru'ac khi thirc hien dir
an nay, thanh pho can thu thap dCr lieu chat lining cao ve dong chat thai trong
khu vuc minh. Thu thap dCr lieu ve khoi lu>gng va loai chat thai huu ca dung lam
nguyen lieu trong may phan huy ky khi la bimc dau tien quan trong giup thanh
pho biet du'ccc nang lire sinh ton cua he thong.

Vao nam 2017, Cc quan Bao ve Moi trirang Hoa Ky (EPA Hoa Ky) - thay mat
cho Sang kien quan ly chit thai cua Lien minh Bao ve Khi hau va Khong khi
Sach - da thirc hien mot nghien ciru xac djnh dac tinh chat thai tai tram trung
chuyen Naucalpan. Nghien ciru nay da chi ra ring khoang 69% chat thai du'O'cxu' ly
tai tram trung chuyen co the dirge tai che hoac loai bo khoi bai chon lap, va ring co
the sir dung hen phan nira s6 chat thai lam nguyen lieu trong cac dir an phan huy
ky khi hoac u phan. Thanh pho se sir dung ket qua cua nghien ciru nay de dua ra
quyet djnh sang suot hen ve thiet ke cua dir an va cac phircmg an dau thlu.

Hinh ben dirai minh hoa cac thanh phan khac nhau trong dong chat thai thu gom
d^ccc tir cac khu pho co thu nhap cao so vai cac khu ph6 co thu nhap thap.

Thanh phan chat thai

De xac djnh thanh phan chat thai tong the cua thanh pho, thanh pho da phan tach chat thai du'gc tiep nhan tai tram trung
chuyen de ipoc tinh, va da tinh dipoc gia tri thanh phan chat thai o khu pho co thu nhap thap la 60% va gia trj a khu pho
co thu nhap cao la 40%.

Chi>a chat nguy hai/thiet bi dien ti>/kim loai

Thuy tinh
Giay
Chat thai trc
Chat thai hCm ca khac
Rac thai san bai

Nhya

Chat thai ran dothi khac

Chat thai hCpu c
-------
Xac djnh dac tfnh chit thai

Nhan dang chit thai dac biet

Chit thai dac biet doi hoi quy trinh xCc ly va thai bo
chuyen biet. Neu thai chung vac dong chat thai ran,
cac loai chat thai nay co thl gay rui ro nghiem trong
doi voi slpc khoe nguFoi lao dong, khu vyc dan cw
Ian can va moi truong. Tuy nhien, hp gia dlnh, co'
so thu'ong mai va cong nghiep, cung nhy cac ben
thai bo rac khac doi khi d6 lln chat thai dac biet vao
dong chat thai ran do thi. Vi nhu'ng moi nguy hilm
phat sinh ti> cac loai chat thai nay, nen phai xac djnh
ky dac dilm cua dong chat thai, phan loai chat thai
dac biet, cung nhiF phai thu gom rac da phan loai va
thai bo chat thai dac biet theo each phu hgp. Phu luc
7.4 liet ke mot so loai chat thai dac biet, moi nguy
hilm phat sinh tu> cac loai chat thai nay va giai phap
co the thyc hien dl quan ly chung.

Phu iuc 7.3. Thanh phin chit thai toan clu
theo mu'c thu nhap (Kaza cung cong sy, 2018)

Quoc gia co
thu nhap cao

Quoc gia co
thu nhap trung
binh cao

Quoc gia co
thu nhap trung
binh thap

Quoc gia co
thu nhap thap

ChSt thai xanh va thLPC pham ¦ Giiiy va bia cu'ng
Thuytinh ¦ Nhya

¦ Kim loai ¦ Cao su va da thuoc

¦ Phi lieu khac ¦ G6

OO0OO®w8 O6®90©OO

-------
Xac djnh dac tinh chit thai

Phu luc 7.4. Tong quan ve chat thai dac biet va tai lieu tham khao

Chat thai

Rac thai
dien tir

Mo ta

Thiet bi dien tir da
qua sir dung bi thai
bo hoac giri tai dan
vi tai che

Moi nguy hiem

• Con ngirai tiep xuc
vai cac chat gay o
nhiem va chat gay
ung thir

• Phat thai ra moi
trirang

Giai phap quan ly

Ap dat tieu chuan va
thyc thi quy trinh xir ly
chat thai dien tir
Dao tao va xay dyng
nang lye de thyc
hien quy trinh quan ly
hgp ly

Thong tin bo sung

• United Nations Environment
Programme guideline on
environmentally sound material
recovery fUNEP 2013)

Chat thai y te

Chat thai y te nguy
hai/co do nguy hai
cao: hoa chat va
dirge pham, vat s§c
nhon, phan, dich ca
the, chat thai phong
xa va cac loai
tifang ty

Truyen benh

Phan loai chat thai
Dao tao va thyc thi tai
ca sa y te

United States Agency for
International Development
Sector Environmental Guidelines:
Healthcare Waste (USAID 2019c)
World Health Organization Safe
Management of Wastes from
Health-Care Activities
(WHO 2014)

Pin sac dung
trong ITnh vyc
cong nghiep va
o to

Pin kho
Pin lithium-ion

Phat thai hat chi va
khoi tif qua trinh nau
chay ra moi trirang
Con ngirai tiep xuc:
gay bong da va m§t
Phat thai kim loai
nang ra moi trirang
Hoa hoan tai ca sa
xir ly chat thai

Cai thien chinh sach
va ca che thyc thi
Dao tao va xay dyng
nang lyc de thyc
hien quy trinh quan ly
hgp ly

United Nations Environment
Alternatives to Lead Acid Batteries
website [UNEP da cap nhat (b)]
Commission for Environmental
Cooperation
-------
Xac djnh dac tinh chit thai

Phu luc 7.4. Tong quan ve chat thai dac biet va tai lieu tham khao

Lop xe Lop xe dirge cau

tao tir cac hgp chat
phirc giira cao su ty
nhien va tong hgp

Hoat dong dot rac ty
phatva phatthai doc
to lien quan
Gay hai cho moi
trirang song hoac
viing nirac trong moi
trirang

Chira mam benh
hoac trung gian gay
benh qua dirang

Tiep can cac cCra hang
si>a chira o to va bai
phe lieu xe co de pho
bien phifang phap lim
trCp, tai che va thai bo
phu hgp

Hgp tac vai cac dan
vi tai che de tim cac
phifang an va thj trifang
tai si> dung

U.S. EPA Scrap Tires: Handbook
on Recycling Applications and
Management for the U.S. and
Mexico (EPAHoa Ky 2010)

United Nations Technical
Guidelines for the Environmentally
Sound Management of Used and
Waste Pneumatic Tvres
(UNEP 2011)

Scrap Tire Recycling in Canada
(Pehlken va Essadiqi 2005)

Phan dong
vat

Chat thai tif cac ca
sa che bien thifc an
chan nuoi phuc vu
khu vifc do thi

Chat thai xay Tifang xay khan,
dyng van Igp mai, go xe,

gach, be tong va
vach ngan

Khi va mui co hai
den sifc khoe con
ngifai

O nhiem dat va nifac
(vi du: vi khuan gay
hai cho con ngifai,
cay trong hoac vi
sinh vat)

Vat sac nhon (vi du:
dinh, thuy tinh) co
the truyen benh (nhif
benh uon van)

Khuon due lam tif
nhCrng vat lieu tiep
xuc vai cau kien xay
dyng

Vat lieu nguy hai
hoac gay ung thir
(nhir amiang)

Ap dung quy trinh xir ly
(nhif u phan) hoac chon
lap chat thai

Tiep can dpi ngu xay
dyng va cac nha
phattrien de pho bien
phifang phap liru tru', tai
che va thai bo phu hgp
Ap dung quy trinh chon
lap phu hgp

• Sustainable Animal Manure
Management Strategies and
Practices (Malomo ciing cong
sy, 2013)

• Animal Manures: Recycling
and Management Technologies
(Gomez-Brandon ciing cong sy,
2013)

• Guidelines for Sustainable
Manure Management in Asian
Livestock Production Systems
(IAEA 2008)

• CCAC Manure Knowledge Kiosk
website [CCAC da cap nhat (d)]

U.S. EPA Sustainable Materials

Management Options for

Construction and Demolition Debris

(EPAHoa Ky 2018e)

Bong den Bong den hong Phai nhiem thuy ngan • Ap dung cac quy trinh Practical Sourcebook on Mercury

huynh quang thu gom bong den va Waste Storage and Disposal

thu hoi vat lieu (vi du: (UNEP 2015)
thuy tinh va bot chira
thuy ngan)

• Bao tao va xay dyng
nang lyc de thyc hien
quy trinh quan ly hgp ly

OOdd®OO®00©OO

-------
Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

-------
M.

8 TRANH THAI BO
VA GIAM THIEU RAC

<*"-

'~J, .

• • X

OO0O ®O®0000 9

-------
Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Managing and Transforming Waste
Streams: A Tool for Communities

Toolkit: Reducing the Food Wastage
Footprint (FAO 2013)

Food Waste as a Global Issue - From

the Perspective of Municipal Solid Waste
Management (ISWA 2013a)

Food Waste: A Global Commitment to

Halving Food Waste bv 2025 (CGF 2020)

Food Loss Analysis Reports and Fact
Sheets (FAO 2020)

oe®@

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-------
8

Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac

Phan 8

Tranh thai ho va giam thieu rac

Tranh thai bo va giam thieu rac, cung nhu' cac quy
trlnh va hoat dong hu'dng din each giam lu-gng rac
xa thai, la quy trlnh kilu mlu cho cac he thong quan
ly chat thai ran. Giam thai va tai si> dung vat lieu
khong chi tot cho moi trimng, ma con dem lai Igi ich
cho slfc khoe cong dong va tilt kiem tien bac.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ting quan ve hoat
dong tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac, cung nhu- each
thu'c du!a cac hoat dong nay vao kl hoach quan ly
chat thai ran.

Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac

ia gi?

Tranh xa rac, throng du'oc goi la giam thilu rac
tai nguon, la hanh vi giam ting lipgng rac phat thai.
Chat thai thu'c phlm, vat lieu dong goi va cac san
phlm dung mot Ian la mot so loai rac diln hinh trong
dong chat thai ma giai phap tranh thai bo va giam
thilu rac nham din.

• Chit thai thirc pham co thl dime giai quylt
thong qua giai phap tai phan phoi thipc phlm ma
le ra da bj phai thai bo. Chang han nhu1 si> dung
cac i>ng dung lien kit cac dan vj cho tang thyc
phlm, nhu1 nha hang, nha cung cap thyc phlm
va cu'a hang tap hoa vol ngan hang thyc phlm;
sip dung tu lanh cong dong dl chi>a do an thi>a
tip ho gia dlnh dl cac ho gia dinh khac can han
co thl din lay; va chiln djch nang cao nhan
thu'c dl gia tang mu*c tieu thu nong san ma le ra
da bj phai thai bo vi biln dang, biln ca hoac dli
mau. Hay tham khao Phu luc 8.1 dl bilt torang
hap diln hinh ve giam chat thai thyc phlm tai
Hong Kong.

• Vat lieu dong goi trong dong chat thai co thl
dipgc giam thilu bang each yeu cau dong goi
gon nhe nhat cho san phlm va ap dat phi dli vol
tui nilon va tui giay.

• San pham dung mot Ian co thl dugc giam
thilu muc sip dung bang each khuyln khich mua
hang hoa lau bin.

Giai phap tranh xa rac co thl chi dan gian nhu*
chuyln tip san phlm dung mot Ian sang san phlm
dung nhilu Ian, hay phi>c tap nhip thilt kl lai san
phlm dl giam lugng nguyen lieu tho sip dung hoac
dl san phlm sip dung dipgc lau han.

Tai sao cin tranh thai bo va giam
thieu rac?

Vi giai phap tranh xa rac la tranh kha nang phat sinh
chat thai, do vay, day dirge coi la hoat dong quan
ly chat thai ran duoc u'a chuong va tilt kiem chi phi
nhat. Viec tranh thai bo hay giam thilu rac giup bao
ton tai nguyen (chang han nhir giam chi phi thu gom
va van chuyln), bao ve moi tripang va phong tranh
phat thai khi nha kinh (EPA Hoa Ky 201 If).

o O © 0 © © O® 0©©O o

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8

Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac

DIEM CHINH H

NhCmg kho khan khi triln khai
chinh sach tranh thai bo va giam

thilu rac

Thanh pho phai doi mat vai nhieu kho khan khi trien
khai cac chinh sach doi hoi dong dao ngu'O'i dung va
ca sa thirang mai phai thay doi hanh vi. Nhieu quoc
gia da ban hanh chinh sach nghiem cam hoac han che
sir dung tui nilon dung mot Ian. Tui khong diroc thu
gom thu'ang tra thanh rac, lam tic cong thoat nu'ac
mira, gay can tra cho cac qua trinh xi> ly nu'ac thai,
troi xuong ha l^u va tra thanh rac thai bien.

Khi nghiem cam mua ban hoac sir dung nhCrng loai tui
nay, cac quoc gia thirang phai doi mat vol nhfrng kho
khan sau day:

Ngiwi ban hang sir dung nhfrng loai tui nilon mua
ti> cha den

Ngiro'i mua hang phu thuoc vao cac loai tui khac
co tac dong khac doi vol moi tr^ang (nhir tui lam
tu: vat lieu khong ben v&ng)

Ngirffi ban hang va ngu'O'i mua hang kho tiep can
cac loai tui khac hieu qua kinh te.

NhCrng kho khan nay cho thay tarn quan trong cua viec
hcyp tac chat che vol cac ben lien quan de xay dyng
cac giai phap hieu qua co hieu Ilfc thi hanh.

Dipa giai phap tranh thai bo va
giam thiiu rac vao chifO'ng trinh
quan ly chit thai rin

Cac ben lien quan a tat ca cac cap dong vai tro
quan trong trong hoat dong tranh thai bo va giam
thilu rac, cac chien Itpgc tranh thai bo va giam thilu
rac can xet den quy trinh va chuln myc xa hoi, cung
nhu8 dieu kien kinh te va thj trirang tai dja phirang.
Phan Swtham gia cua cac ben lien quart giai thieu
cac quy trinh kilu mlu ve viec hgp tac vai nhieu ca
nhan va t6 chii'c dl thiet ke cac chien lu'gc quan ly
chat thai ran hieu qua.

Nhieu quoc gia da thyc hien mot so hinh thu'c giam
xa thai vi ngu'O'i dan 6' m6i nen van hoa khac nhau
co danh gia khac nhau v§ vat lieu. Sipa chOa va tai
sir dung, tai che sang tao, ban lai, d6i hang va tang
lai do dung da qua sip dung la nhOng giai phap dirge
mot so khu vu'c tren the giai khuyen khich
(UNEP 2005a).

Giam khoi lirgng chat thai can van chuyln va thai bo
la quy trinh kilu mlu trong cac chuang trinh quan ly
chat thai ran. Co thl thu hoi chat thai tai nguon, trong
qua trinh van chuyln hoac tai bai rac. Khuyen khich
phan loai ngay tip dau vi khi do vat lieu se sach han
va chat lirgng cao han, dong thai giup giam chi phi
van chuyln va thai bo. Co thl can triln khai cac mo
hinh khuyen khich tich hgp va thuc dly sir tham gia
cua khu virc phi chinh thu c trong chu'ang trinh giam
thilu rac (USAID 2018). Hay tham khao phan
Phan loai, thu gom va van chuvin rac.

Theo noi dung phan Xac dinh dac tinh chat thai.
kinh tl phat trien thu'dng keo theo tinh trang gia tang
mi>c tieu dung nhieu loai hang hoa khac nhau (dac
biet la thiet bj dien tir). Do do, nhieu thanh pho thay
can phai tinh din tinh hinh phat triln kinh tl khi lap
kl hoach triln khai cac chiln lu'O'c tranh thai bo va
giam thilu rac.

OO®©®®O©0©©O0

-------
Tranh thai bo chit thai thyc phim tai H6ng Kong

Moi ngay, Hong Kong tiep nhan khoang 3.600 tan chat thai thyc phim. Chat thai thu^c phim chiem khoang
40 phan tram tong lipgng chat thai rln dirge thu gom va van chuyen den bai chon lap, hoat dong nay tieu
ton qua nhieu nhien lieu, cong suat bai chon lap va nhan cong. Phan Ian so chat thai thyc pham tren den
tip cac sieu thi, nci thu-ong thai bo nhu-ng loai nong san khong dap u-ng dugc thj hieu ngirai tieu dung.

PARKnSHOP, cong ty dieu hanh gan 300 sieu thi tai Hong Kong, dang
no lyc giam lirong chat thai thyc pham, dong thai giai quyet van nan
khac trong xa hoi: phan phat thyc pham cho nhfrng ngirai dan ngheo.
Chuoi sieu thi nay da xay dyng m6i quan he doi tac vol t6 chi>c phi
chinh phu tai dja phirang (NGO) blng chirong trinh "Ci>u trey thyc
pham" (Food Rescue for the Needy). Thong qua chirong trinh nay,
sieu thi da chuyen cho NGO limng thyc pham dir thira, le ra da bi thai
bo, va NGO se phan phat thyc phim cho cac ca nhan hoac gia dinh
co nhu cau. Tir nam 2012 den nam 2018, PARKnSHOP da quyen
~ tang hen 800 tan thyc pham, le ra da bi chuyen den bai chon lap.

rDe biet them thong tin, hay tharn^W
khao ho sc cua PARKnSHOP ^
. trong Tai lieu vS chit thai thwc ,

ohim cua Diin dan hana tieu
¦k duna (CGF2018).

o O © 0 © © O® 0©©O o

-------
Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

-------
9 PHAN LOAI,

THU GOM VAVAN
CHUYEN RAC

SlSS

-------
Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Best Management Practices for Optimizing
Waste Collection Routes (EPA Hoa
Ky 2015)

Waste Transfer Stations; A Manual for

Waste Collection: A Report (Kogler 2007)

-------
Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

Phin 9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyen rac

Chu'ong trinh phan loai va thu gom chat thai hieu
qua la thanh phan quan trong trong he thong quan
ly chat thai ran tich hgp. Cac hoat dong nay can den
sip tham gia cua nhieu ben lien quan, ti> tung hp gia
dinh cho den dan vj dieu hanh doan dpi thu gom rac;
nhieu thanh pho nhan thay phai thiet lap phu!ong
thu!c hgp tac va truyen thong ro rang giua cac nhom
nay. Hoat dong phan loai, thu gom va van chuyen
rac muon hieu qua cung phai can den nhieu loai ca
sa ha tang, bao gom thung chi>a dl phan loai va
dirng rac tru-dc khi thu gom; va nhieu loai phu-ang
tien, nhu- xe dly, xe dap hoac xe ba gac va xe tai.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ting quan vl Igi fch va
kho khan trong hoat dong phan loai, thu gom va van
chuyln rac dung each, cung nhu' quy trinh kilu mlu
ve trien khai cac chu'ong trinh nay.

Tai sao phai thu gom rac?

Cac loai chat thai khong dime thu gom se bj vi>t bi>a
bai, chon lap bat hgp phap va dot, sau do co thl tac
dong nghiem trong den si>c khoe va moi trupang.
NhOng loai tac dong nay bao gom:

Tra thanh rac thai bien. Sau khi di vao he
thong thoat nu ac thai va nu!oc miFa, nhya se
troi dat vao cac vung nu-ac roi d6 ra biln. D§ biet
them thong tin ve moi quan he giOa quan ly chat
thai ran va rac thai biln, hay tham khao phan
Rac thai biin.

Gay ngap lut cue bo. Chat thai co thl lam tac
cong, lam chain hoac chan dong nu'dc mira
chay ra khoi thanh pho.

Lam mat gia tri bit dong san. Chat thai d6 bi>a
bai ra difdng hoac khu dat trong gay mat my
quan va co thl lam giam gia trj dat dai.

Lay Ian benh tat. Chat thai chipa thu gom se
thu hut cac loai sau bp, nhu- ky sinh trung, dong
vat gam nham va Ign, nhi>ng loai vat nay co the
mang nhieu loai benh.

6 nhilm nguon nu'6'c tai dja phipcng. Nu'6'c
chilt tir rac d6 vao khu dat trong co thl gay o
nhilm nguon nude tai dja phuong.

O nhiim khong khi tai dja phuvng. Viec dot chat
thai chira thu gom lam tang nong do chat o nhilm
doc hai tai dja phu'O'ng, chang han nhu' chat dang
hat mjn va hgp chat hOu ca dl bay hai.

Tlnh trang tic corig thoat nipac do rac chipa thu gom la riguyen nhan chinh gay ra tran lu lut khung khiep va
lam bung phat benh lay Ian qua niedctai Surat, An Do vao nam 1994 (Wilson cung cong slf, 2013). Cong
thoat nu'dc tic do tui nilon cung la nguyen nhan gay ra lu lut tai Ghana (Hinshaw 2015) va Bangladesh
(BBC News 2002). Rac ti> cac co sd thu gom hay trung chuyen Ian can cung co the bj nu'dc mira xoi hoac bj
gio thoi vao cong thoat nu'dc. Day la van de de phong tranh, tot nhat nen xay dimg cac co sd nhu' vay tranh
xa cong thoat nu'dc lo thien.

-------
Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyen rac

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261I^hE®®

DIEM CHINH

So sanh pham vi thu
gom rac va
hieu qua thu gom rac

Khi xac dinh muc tieu thu gom rac, cac thanh pho thay can phai phan biet giOa pham vi thu gom va hieu
qua thu gom. Pham vi thu gom thirong la phan dien tich dja ly dirge thanh pho cung cap dich vu thu gom
rac. Hieu qua thu gom thirdng la lugng rac thai du>gc thu gom tai mot khu virc nao do. Do do, neu thu
gom dime nhieu rac tai mot khu virc nho trong pham vi dia ly phu trach, thi thanh pho se du>gc coi la co
hieu qua thu gom tot nhung pham vi thu gom khong cao.

• Bien doi khi hau toan cau. Chat thai hu u ca
sau khi phan huy trong cac dieu kien ky khi se
giai phong khi me-tan, mot loai khi nha kinh
manh. Ngoai ra, chat thai chu'a thu gom sau khi
dot co thi giai phong muoi than, mot thanh phan
cua chat dang hat mjn. Muoi than la chat gay o
nhiim khong khi co tu6i dai ngan, co tac dong
nghiem trong den bien d6i khi hau toan cau.

Kho khan

Nhieu thanh pho gap kho khan khi gia tang pham vi

va hieu qua thu gom rac do nhieu yeu to phuc tap,

bao gom:

• Gia tang khoi lirang chit thai. Toe do do thi
hoa nhanh, dan so tang tru'dng manh va thay
doi mo hinh tieu dung theo tien trinh phat trien
kinh te la nhCrng yeu to gop phan gia tang lipgng
rac phat thai.

• Thieu khong gian tich trup va van chuyen rac.

Mat do dan so tang lam giam dien tich dat trong
dl chipa thung rac cong dong va xay du'ng tram
trung chuyln.

• Tri hoat dong thu gom. Vi
du, nhO'ng thanh pho duoc xay dyng trong thung
lung hoac tren SLcan doc throng co dicang sa
nho hep, gay kho khan cho viec di chuyln dl thu
gom rac dung each.

• Thieu kinh phi. Nhieu thanh pho phai doi mat
voi tinh trang thieu kinh phi, nhip phai phan b6
kinh phi cho nhieu djch vu cong khac.

• Cac ben lien quan nhan thurc chira day du va
chu>a nhiet tinh tham gia. Cac chu'ong trinh thu
gom co hieu qua hay khong con tuy thuoc vao
nhan thu'c va tinh than tham gia cua cong dong,
dac biet la khi thanh pho triln khai cac he thong
thu gom rac da phan loai tai nguon (thao luan
ben dirai). Dl bilt them thong tin ve cac chiln
Ilpo'c tilp xuc cong dong dl nang cao nhan thirc
va thuc dly tham gia, hay tham khao phan
Sw tham gia cua cac ben lien quart.

Cac quy trinh kiiu miu

Phan nay mo ta quy trinh kilu miu ve tich trO va thu
gom rac, bao gom tim hilu thanh phan chat thai, xac
dinh each tich tru' rac phu hop tru'oc khi thu gom,
len kl hoach xay du-ng dilm thu gom, phan loai rac
dl qua trinh xi> ly va thai bo dat hieu qua, dl khu
vice phi chinh thirc tham gia vao quy trinh thu gom
rac, tich hgp tram trung chuyln, toi da tuyln du'dng
va so Ian thu gom rac, sir dung cac phu'ong tien thu
gom rac phu hgp nhat.

Viec xac djnh ngu6n thai", khoi lu gng va loai chat
thai co thi giup thanh pho lap kl hoach thu gom rac.
Vi du, thanh pho can bilt khoi lirgng cua m6i phan
doan trong dong chat thai tai m6i khu vu'c trong
thanh pho dl co thi sap xlp so Ian thu gom rac phu
hgp. Dl bilt them thong tin ve each thu thap thong
tin vl dong chat thai, hay tham khao phan Xac dinh
dac tinh chat thai.

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Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyen rac 69

Trichv's Waste

Collection

Phu luc 9.1. Dac diim cua ca sd ha tirig tich tri> rac

TRU0NG HQP
LIEN QUAN

Chipcng trinh thu
gom rac tai nha &
Trichy, An Do

Thanh pho Trichy da sir dung thi diem Ma QR (QR) codes™ b^ng each cung cap
ma nay cho ngirdi dan va ca sd thu>ang mai trong mot phirang. Thong tin dime
dang tai len rnang ngay khi den vi thu gom rac quet QR code™ tai tCmg diem thu
gom, giai phap nay giup dam bao den vi thu gom khong bo sot bat ky diem nao.
Bangalore da thirc hien dir an thi diim tirang ty, tuy nhien bo sung them hoat
dong kiem tra tinh trang phan loai phu hop, blng each yeu cau dan vi thu gom
rac tai anh chup rac chira phan loai len, cung vol QR code™ tirang irng.

Co> so• ha ting tich trip rac
Thanh pho sir dung ca sa ha tang tich trir rac dl tap
kit chat thai da thu gom trirdc khi van chuyln den
khu bai rac. Cac thanh pho sir dung nhieu ca sa phi
tap trung va may moc dl tich tru1 rac, bao gom kho
chi>a; thung kin hoac tarn dem; thung gan co djnh
hoac thung phuy dl chira rac cong cong; va thung
di dong, xo hoac tui dl chi>a rac sinh hoat
(UNEP 2005a).

Cac thanh pho da hirdng Igi khi xem xet cac ylu to
khi lap kl hoach triln khai ca sa ha tang nay, bao
gom loai thung rac nen sip dung dl chira cac loai
chat thai khac nhau, kich ca thung rac nen sir dung
va dia diim nen dat thung rac. Cac he thong chira
rac hoat dong hieu qua nhat khi dirge thilt thi theo
hurang ton trong thoi quen va chuln myc van hoa.
Vi du, thanh pho co thi dat thung rac a nhirng nai
ma xe thu gom rac dl tai lay vao buli sang, thai
diim ma hau hit cac ho gia dlnh thu'dng di virt rac.
Thanh pho co thi lay y kiln dong gop cua cac ben
lien quan trong qua trinh len kl hoach triln khai ca
sa ha tang chira rac (tham khao phan Sw tham aia
cua cac ben lien quan dl bilt them thong tin).

Dja diem

Giai phap hieu qua la dat thung rac a nhCrng khu
virc ma phirang tien thu gom rac dl din lay, trong

pham vl quang du'dng di bo ciia ngu'di dung dir kiln
va a nhOng nai duoc ngirai dan chap thuan. He
thong tich trir rac du du'gc thilt kl hgp ly, nhu'ng se
khong hieu qua nlu thung rac nam a nhCrng nai bat
tien cho ngu'di dan hoac dan vj thu gom rac.

Thiet ke

Tot nhat la thilt kl thung thu gom rac tien dung.
NhOng thung rac tren dirdng pho kho sir dung (vf
du: thung co nap nang, kho dong ma) se khiln moi
ngu-di virt rac xuong ben canh thung rac thay vi virt
vao trong. Tinh trang nay khong chi gay mat ve sinh,
ma rac bira bai con khiln cac phirang tien thu gom
rac phai ton nhilu thai gian chat len xe. 6' nhCrng
khu virc nai tre em thirdng virt rac sinh hoat, cac
thanh pho thay viec thilt kl thung rac tien dung doi
voi tre em (vi du: thung rac thap hon va co nap dl
dong md) se co hieu qua han.

OO0O0§Q ®w0®9@©@0

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Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyen rac 70

iom rac cua thanh
)h6 trnn N@n tana

TRIFCXNG HOP LIEN QUAN jgj

Chieong trinh thu
gom rac toan cong
ddng tai Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia

Co quan Ve sinh cua Addis Ababa (Addis Ababa's Cleansing Authority) la ben
phu trach cong tac thu gom rac ban dau. Co quan nay thue cac doanh nghiep
hop phap co quy mo nho va sieu nho. Cac doanh nghiep nay trang bi cho ngu'ai
lao dong xe dly dung tich 1,5 met khoi de thu gom rac gan nhir moi ngay ti> cac
khu chung cir theo mo hinh thu gom cong cong. Khi nguPi lao dong den mot
khu, hp se thong bao cho nguPi dan (chlng han nhir rung chuong) de ngimi dan
mang rac ra cCra toa nha. Sau do, nguPi lao dong dung xe day cho rac den "diem
tap trung" (tire la tram trung chuyen; tham khao Phu luc 9.6) va rac dirge do vao
thung rac dung tich 8 met khoi, cho xe tai den thu gom.

Nlu phan loai rac triroc khi thu gom, thi viec dat
nhiiu thung rac cc khu dan cu va khu vlpc cong cong
co thl khien moi ngirai virt rac vao dung thung phu
hop. Vi du, m6i thung rac co thl mang mau sac
khac nhau dl moi nguai dl phan loai rac; mau xanh
lam co thl la thung du ng rac co thl tai chl va mau
nau co thl la thung dyng chat thai hu u co\ Co thl
dan gan hoac dan tore tilp len thung rac nh&ng
tranh anh va danh sach cac loai rac khong du'gc
d6 vao thung rac cong cong.

Ngoai ra, tot nhat la dat cac thung rac co kich ca
phu hgp. Neu thung rac qua nho, rac co thl chat
dong a xung quanh. Nlu thung rac qua Ian, moi
ngu'ai thu'ang co xu hu'dng do vao do nhu-ng loai
do vat Ian, cong kenh.

Bao tri

Duy tri khoang trong xung quanh thung thu gom
rac la each lam hay nhat vi ngu'oi dan thicang d6
rac ra ben ngoai thung rac nlu thung rac bin hoac
tac nghen (UN-Habitat 2010). 6 nhilu quoc gia,
khu vlfc phi chinh thu'c thuong phan loai rac ngay
trong thung rac cong cong, hp tim kilm nhCmg loai
phi lieu co thl ban cho dan vi tai chl, hoat dong
nay khiln rac vu-ang vai xung quanh thung rac. Cac
loai dong vat di lac thicang luc loi do an xung quanh
thung chupa rac. Mot giai phap giup kilm soat van dl

nay do la dl ngu'ai lao dong khu vice phi chinh thu'c
phu trach rieng mot so thung rac, cho phep hp du'gc
thoai mai tilp can rac, nhu-ng doi lai, phai dam bao
ve sinh sach se cho khu vu*c do (UN-Habitat 2010).
Dl bilt them thong tin vl thu hut khu vyc phi chfnh
thu'c vao quy trinh quan ly chat thai ran, hay tham
khao phan Tai che khu vuc ohi chinh thuc. Mot so
thanh pho da giam bat chi phi bao tri va giam thilu
tinh trang nhat rac sau khi lap nhu-ng loai thung rac
co ngan chi>a lo thien va kho chua ngam ma chi
dan v| thu gom dipgc quyln tilp can.

Mo hinh thu gom

Cac thanh pho sip dung nhilu mo hinh thu gom rac
dl dam bao pham vi thu gom rac rang khap va hieu
qua thu gom rac cao. Viec chon mo hinh thu gom
phu hgp nhat cung giup thanh pho tranh phai chiu
chi phi virgt mire. Cac thanh pho thu-ong xem xet
nhilu biln so khi xac djnh mo hinh thu gom nao la
mo hinh phu hgp nhat vai tinh trang cua thanh pho
(tham khao Phu luc 9.2).

Phan loai rac

Phan loai rac hay tach rac tru'ac hoac trong qua
trinh thu gom giup tang hieu qua va giam chi phi nha
giam thilu du'gc chi phi nhan cong va ca sa ha tang
can co dl phan loai rac h6n hgp. Rac co thl du'gc

oeo®@@®®wo ®9@©@o

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9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

Phu luc 9.2. Hinh so sanh cac mo hinh thu gom

Thu gom tan nha/ben le du'O'ng

AAA

o AM

Theo mo hinh thu gom ben le dirong, rac se dirge thu gom tai noi 6
cua tirng ho gia dinh. Khi phirong tien thu gom di qua, nhan vien thu
gom rac se rung chuong hoac bao da den de ngiroi dan mang rac ra
du^ng cho xe thu gom de dirge chuyen toi co so trung chuyen
hoac tap ket. Cac ho gia dinh co the co mot thung rac hoac nhieu
thung rac neu thanh pho quy dinh phan loai rac tai nguon; vui long
tham khao phan Phan loai rac. Theo hinh thCrc thu gom nay, thanh
pho thirdng thong bao cho ngiroi dan ve ngay gio thu gom rac.

Mot so thanh pho trien khai he thong thu gom rac tir cac thung rac
dat ben ngoai trong nhieu gio; trong trirong hop nay, tot nhat nen sir
dung loai thung rac co nap day va/hoac du nang de dong vat khong
chui vao hoac lam do.

Cong nghe co the cai thien hieu qua thu gom rac tan nha; vi du, cac
thanh pho co the yeu cau don vi thu gom rac sir dung ma Phan hoi
nhanh (QR) codes™ de dam bao rac dirge thu gom va phan loai dung
each.

IAi diem:

Thuan tien hon cho ngiroi dan
Thu gom rac dong bo
Nhircw: diim:

Co the ton kern hem do phirong tien
phai dirng nhieu Ian

Co the khong den dirge mot so ho gia
dinh do dieu kien dirong sa va kich co
phirong tien

Phat sinh nguy co do rac hoac dot rac
khong dung quy dinh do thu gom khong
thirdng xuyen

Bo qua lirgtthu gom neu ngiroi dan
khong o nha

Thu gom cdng cong

V6i mo hinh thu gom rac cong cong, ngirdi dan se mang rac toi
thung rac Ion nlm giCra khu pho. Voi loai hinh thu gom nay, thanh
pho se bo tri phirong tien thu gom den lay rac thirdng xuyen. Hoat
dong thu gom rac cong cong co hieu qua khi co sir tham gia tich circ
cua ngiroi dan 6 khu virc dong dan cir. Co the tich hgp cong nghe
man hinh dien tir thong minh bao hieu khi thung rac Ion da day de
thanh pho tranh tinh trang thung rac qua day va giam chi phi thu
gom nho giam dirge so chuyen di den nhCrng thung rac chira day.

Lfu diem:

Giam so lirgt dirng cua phirong tien
thu gom

Giam khoi lirgng chat thai tich trCr trong
nha ngiroi dan

Nhircw: diim:

Phat sinh nguy co do rac khong dung
quy dinh neu thung rac nlm 6 nhCrng vi
tri khong thuan Igi

Dong vat co the chui vao hoac lam do
thung rac neu thung rac co thiet ke khong
hgp ly

Phat sinh tinh trang dot rac khong dung
quy dinh neu rac khong dirge thu gom
thirdng xuyen

Phat sinh tinh trang do rac so lirgng Ion
khong dung quy dinh

oeo®s®9©o®9@@©o

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9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

cac ben khac nhau phan loai 6' tu'ng khau trong quy
trinh thu gom:

• Ben thai bo rac. Mot so thanh ph6 cung cap
cho nguai dan cac thung rac co mau sac khac
nhau va yeu cau phan loai rac ngay tai nguon
(Phu luc 9.3). Vi du, Quy tac quan ly chat thai
ran do thj cua An Do ap dung cac yeu cau quoc
gia doi vai cong tac quan ly chat thai ran tai dia
phuong. Theo cac quy tac nay, thung rac mau
xanh la cay dung dl dyng chat thai hCm co', mau
trang dl dimg rac co thl tai chl, va mau den dl
du'ng tat ca cac loai rac khac. Cac ca so thuong
mai doi khi trang bj nhieu thung rac dl phan loai
rac giay, nhua, kim loai, thuy tinh va chat thai
hOu ca.

• Do>n vj thu gom rac. 6 mot so thanh pho, cac
dan vj thu gom rac treo nhieu tui tren xe dly, xe
dap keo thung hoac phicang tien chuyen chd;
va slf dung cac tui do dl phan loai rac khi hp
thu gom tir cac ho gia dinh (Phu luc 9.3). Hp
thipang phan loai rac co thl tai chl vao tui va
dl rac khong thl tai chl, bao gom chat thai huu
ca, vao thung rac. Nlu thanh pho co ca sa xlp ly
chat thai hu'u ca (nha may phan huy ky khi hoac
u phan), dan vj thu gom rac cung co thl phan
loai chat thai hOu ca ngay khi thu gom.

• Thung rac cong cong chuyen dung. Mot so
thanh pho dat thung rac cong cong tai cac khu
phi>c hop chung cu' hoac khu pho dl tu'ng ngicai
dan mang rac din dl. Nhilu thanh pho phan loai
rac thong qua cac thung rac co mau sac khac
nhau (vi du: mau xanh lam du'ng giay va cac san
phlm ti> giay, mau nau dijng chat thai hOu ca,
mau trang du'ng thuy tinh trong suot, mau xanh
di/ng thuy tinh mau, mau vang/cam dyng vat
lieu bao bi co thl tai chl va mau xam/den dyng
cac loai rac khac).

Cac loai rac ma thanh pho lija chon dl phan loai
se tuy thuoc vao kha nang xu' ly rieng tOng loai rac
cua thanh pho. Dac biet, thanh pho phai xac dinh
cac khu chg dja phimng va khu vuc cho rac tai chl
va dilu chinh kl hoach phan loai cho phu hap. Nlu
hien cac khu chg chua co mot so san phlm nao do,
thl thanh pho co thl hop tac vai khu vyc tu' nhan dl
thuc dly nhu cau thj truong.

Khu vifc xu* ly chat thai phi chinh thu'c dong vai tro
quan trong trong qua trinh quan ly chat thai ran 6'
cac nhieu nicac dang phat triln. Ngicai lao dong

OeO®@®0 8W0®9@©@0

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Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

Phu luc 9.6. Tram trung chuy§n quy mo nho tai Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (ben trai);
va Tram trung chuyin quy mo ion tai Coimbatore, An Do (ben phai)

khu vyc phi chmh thu'c phan loai rac dl thu gom
rac co thi tai chi tu' cac ho gia dinh va thung rac
cong cong (Phu luc 9.5). Thanh pho a cac quoc gia
dang phat triln dang n6 lye du"a khu vyc nay tham
gia cac hoat dong quan ly chat thai ran chinh thicc.
Phan Tai che khu vuc phi chinh thCrc cung cap thong
tin cu thi han vi tai che khu vipc phi chinh thicc.

C& s& trung chuyin

6' nhieu quoc gia, cac bai rac Ian nam each xa khu
vyc dong dan cip. Trong truong hgp do, tram trung
chuyin dong vai tro la dilm cau trung gian tap kit (va
phan loai, niu co) rac da thu gom tripac khi chuyin
den bai rac. Boi khi, rac dime nen tai tram trung
chuyin dl giam so chuyin chuyen eh a tai bai rac.

Lo>i ich khi sip dung co> s6 trung chuyen

Viec len chat lu-ong rac tren cac phu-ang tien thu
gom ca nho, bao gom xe dap keo thung, len cac
phu'ong tien chuyen cha ca Ian gop phan giam bat
chi phi van chuyin do dpi ngu thu gom rac du'O'c
giam bat thai gian din va rai bai rac a xa, va co
nhieu thai gian thu gom rac han. Chiin luge nay
cung giup giam lu*gng nhien lieu tieu thu, lu-gng phat
thai, chi phi bao tri phirang tien thu gom, do haa
mon duong va Ilpu lu'gng giao thong noi chung.

Tram trung chuyin cung co thi la nai phan loai va
thu hoi rac (EPA Hoa Ky 2002b). Phan loai va thu hoi
ngay tai tram trung chuyin giup tilt kiem nhien lieu,
giam do hao mon xe va giam so chuyin chuyen cha
tai bai chon lap (USAID 2018).

Cac loai ca s6> trung chuyen khac nhau
Tram trung chuyin co thi bao gom cac ca sa tho sa
va rat nho le, chang han nhu' khu dat trong dung lam
khu xa rac tarn thai, nai ngu'ai dan va ca sa thi^ang
mai co thi do rac hoac nai dan vi thu gom cap mot
(vi du nhu- cac dan vj thu gom dung xe dly tay va xe
dap) d6 rac ma hp thu gom du'O'c (Phu luc 9.5). Co
thi si> dung cac tram trung chuyin quy mo Ian han,
hieu suit cao han lam nai tap kit, phan loai va chat
chi>a khoi lu'gng rac Ian han. Rac din nhCmg tram
trung chuyin nay co thi la rac do chinh ngu'ai dan
va doanh nghiep mang din, do dan vj thu gom thi>
cap lay rac tip cac tram trung chuyin nho han mang
din, hay do xe thu gom rac tore tiip ti> nguon cua
thanh pho mang din.

Vj tri xay dyng ca s& trung chuyen
Ca sa trung chuyin phai nam each xa cong thoat
ntpac Ip thien dl tranh tripang hgp rac gay tac nghen
he thong nu'dc thai va di vao nguon nu'oc. Can xay
dyng hoac bo tri ca sa trung chuyin tren nhOng bi
mat khong tham nu'oc. Khi lira chon dia dilm, can
can nhac din yiu to quang d^ang tip dilm thu gom
rac ban dau din tram trung chuyin ma cac phipang
tien ca nho can di, cung nhu1 quang duong ti> tram
trung chuyin din bai rac ma cac phLPang tien ca Ian
can di.

Tin suSt thu gom

Cac thanh pho thipang thu gom rac theo tan suat
khac nhau, tuy thuoc vao nhieu yiu to. Cac yiu to
chinh can can nhac khi xac dinh tan suat thu gom
rac bao gom:

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9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

• Chi phi. Tan suat thyc hien djch vu cang day
dac (vf du nhip hang ngay, hang tuan), thl he
thong thu gom van hanh cang ton kern.

• Xac djnh thai gian va ky vong cua khach
hang. Nhilu thanh pho thay nen dilu phoi thai
gian thu gom rac tai cac khu vlpc thu'O'ng mai
theo hoat dong kinh doanh tai dja phu'O'ng (vf du:
thu gom sau khi tan cho1). Nhieu thanh pho cung
co thl sap xlp hoat dong thu gom trong nhOng
thai dilm mat do giao thong thap.

• Giai han cong suit. Dpi ngu thu gom rac co thl
can thu gom rac thu'O'ng xuyen ho"n a nhOng khu
pho ma thung rac cong cong hoac thung rac gia
dlnh nhanh day.

• Khf hau. Cac thanh pho co khi hau nhiet doi
thipong phai thu gom rac hang ngay vl nhOng
loai rac co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc se phan
huy nhanh ho"n trong nhOng dilu kien khf hau
nay, nhanh boc mui va thu hut ruoi nhang cung
cac loai sau bp mang benh khac. NhOng thanh
pho a khu vlpc khf hau on hoa co thl thu gom
rac mot Ian hoac hai Ian mot tuan.

Tuyln dirang thu gom rac t6i mi

Viec toi lpu cac tuyln dipong thu gom rac gop phan
giam chi phf nhan cong, nhien lieu va chi phf bao tri
phu'O'ng tien. Ngoai ra, khi giam so Ian van chuyin,
thl cac phu'O'ng tien se phat thai ft hon, co lp"i moi
tripong va slpc khoe cong dong. Toi lpu hoa tuyln
dipong la quy trinh gom bon bLPOC (Shuster 1974):

1. Xem lai cac chfnh sach hien co thl nam ro vai
tro va trach nhiem cua phong ban phu trach
cong tac quan ly chat thai ran. Hoat dong danh
gia nay bao gom bu'6'c tlm hilu thong tin vl kinh
phf cap cho cong tac thu gom rac, cac luat lao
dong anh hipong din do^ vj thu gom rac va khu
vlpc djch vu.

2. Djnh tuyln (cac) khu vlpc djch vu tren quy mo
Ion hoac xac djnh each phan cong tuyln dLPong
thu gom rac hang ngay, sau khi xem xet bai rac
va dja dilm xlp ly rac hien co. Tfnh toan ca khoi
lu'O'ng rac toi lpu co thl dLPO'c xlp ly va thai bo
m6i ngay va phan chia khu vlpc thu gom thanh
cac phan khu hoac dja hat ma dpi thu gom co
thl cung cap tron djch vu trong ngay.

3. Chia dlu so tuyln dLPong va dja hat dl dam bao
phan cong dlu khoi lu'O'ng cong viec cho cac dpi
thu gom.

4. Djnh tuyln (cac) khu vlpc djch vu tren quy mo
nho hoac nghien clpu khu vlpc djch vu dl xac
djnh cac tuyln dLPong chay xe thu gom. Day la
bLPcrc danh gia quan trong giup toi lpu cac tuyln
dLPong thu gom rac, co thl giup tilt kiem dang
kl chi phf. Djnh tuyln quy mo nho xet din nhilu
ylu to, bao gom dac dilm dja ly, so lieu nhan
khlu hoc, thilt kl cua phu'O'ng tien, dac dilm tai
dilm thu gom, cac yeu cau vl dl rac tren dLPong
pho danh cho ngLPoi dan va doanh nghiep, cung
nhLP tan suat thu gom. Cac thanh pho nhan thay
can phai can nhac din viec dilu chinh tuyln
dLPong tuy theo tlnh hlnh thay dli theo mua hoac
tlnh hlnh gia tang dan so.

Mot so thanh pho (chang han nhLP East Delhi
Municipal Corporation tai An Do) da tfch hp"p cac he
thong thong minh vao trinh djnh vj he thong toan cau
tren cac phu'O'ng tien thu gom rac dl thanh pho co
thl theo doi phu'O'ng tien va kilm tra xem phu'O'ng
tien co chay khong tai hoac bo qua cac khu vlpc thu
gom hay khong.

Phu'O'ng tien thu gom

Viec lya chon cac phu'O'ng tien thu gom rac co thl
anh hLPong rat nhilu din hieu qua cua chLKyng trinh
thu gom chat thai ran. Dl lya chon phu'O'ng tien phu
hop, cac thanh pho thu'O'ng can nhac din nhOng
ylu to sau day:

• Kfch ccy phu'O'ng tien. Tot nhat nen chon kfch
co phu'O'ng tien dya tren khoi lu'O'ng rac thu
gom. Chi nen slp dung xe ep rac co Ion nlu phai
thu gom khoi lu'O'ng rac Umng doi Ion a m6i
dilm dCpng. Khong nen slp dung nhOng loai xe
tai co Ion dl thu gom thu'O'ng xuyen lu'O'ng rac
ft, vl xe ba gac lap dong ay hoac xe tai co nho
se tilt kiem chi phf hon. NhOng loai xe tai co
Ion cung khong thl di vao cac con ngo nho hoac
khong gian long dLPong chat hep.

• Loai rac thu gom. Cong tac thu gom rac da
phan loai co thl doi hoi phai co phu'O'ng tien gom
nhilu ngan, tuy thuoc vao mLPC do phan loai.

• Tin suit dung xe. Tan suat dCpng xe thu'O'ng
theo quylt djnh cua thanh pho, cho phep
phu'O'ng tien chay va dCpng lien tuc, di chuyin voi
toe do cham trong dilu kien then tilt diln hlnh
(nong, Im, bui bam) hoac tren cac con dLPong
khong trai nhya.

• Cong suit cha rac cua phuong tien. Thanh
pho co thl lpoc lu'O'ng so ho gia dlnh ma phu'O'ng
tien co thl phuc vu tapoc khi dat din cong suat

oeo®s®9©o®9@@©o

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9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

TRITONG HOP LIEN QUAN jgj

Xe dien thu gom rac tai
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

De biet them thong
tin, hay tham khao
trwona hoo dien hinh ve

xe dien thu aom rac tai

Rio de Janeiro

(C40 Cities 2018)

Rio de Janeiro da thong qua nhfrng muc tieu day tham vong ve khi hau
va chat lipong khong khi nhlm giam bat mipc do tac dong cua thanh pho
doi vol bien doi khi hau va o nhiem khong khi tai dja phipong. Gan day,
to chipc quan ly chat thai do thi da mua nhieu xe dien thu gom rac de thu
gom chat thai benh vien tip mot so khu vlpc trong thanh pho.

va ap chi tieu cho m6i phipcyng tien la phai phuc
vu du'6'i mine cong suat toi da mot chut.

Bao tri phifcng tien. Nhieu thanh pho nhan thay
rang viec chon cac phipong tien thong dung hoac
dl bao tri (USAID 2018) se giup tang mipc do
an toan cho phipcng tien. Cong tac sira chOa co
thi nhanh hcen neu co thi dl dang mua cac linh
kien sin co tai cac don vj ban le dja phipong ma
khong nhap khlu va chuyin giao ti> nipoc ngoai.
Viec kilm tra djnh ky dl theo doi tlnh trang cua
tCpng phipong tien giup chuyen vien van hanh co
thi thay thi linh kien tripoc khi hong.

Khi thai tip phipcmg tien. Cac thanh pho dang
ngay cang lo ngai vl tlnh trang gay o nhilm
khong khi cua cac phipong tien hang nang. Dpi
xe thu gom rac co thi phat thai lippng Ion hat
vat chat vao moi tripong dja phipong, dac biet la
boi cac loai phipong tien nay thipong hoat dong
hang ngay, phai chay quang dipong xa din bai
rac, co thi khong dime bao tri tot va ton nhilu
thoi gian chay khong tai tren dipong hoac tai
dilm thu gom. Do do, nhilu thanh pho dang can
nhac din viec trang bj cho dpi ngu thu gom cac
loai phipong tien phat thai ft hoac chay nhien lieu
thay thi.

Cau hoi danh cho ngicoi ra
quyit djnh

Dpi ngu co dippc phan djnh ranh gioi tuyln
dipong thu gom khong?

Trong hai nam qua, ban do cong tac cua dpi
ngu co dippc cap nhat khong?

Cac tuyln dipong hien tai co xet din ylu to
thoi gian, quang dipong, cong suat phipong
tien va vj tri dja ly khong?

So voi Ian cuoi cap nhat tai cac tuyln dipong
thu gom rac, tlnh trang xa rac co gan nhip
khong dli phai khong?

Dpi ngu co hoan thanh cong viec o cac tuyln
dipong phu trach theo dung Ijch trinh khong?
Ngipoi giam sat djch vu thu gom co bilt so
lipong dilm dCpng va so lipong thung rac trong
tCmg tuyln dipong rieng le khong?

Ngipoi giam sat djch vu thu gom rac co bilt
chilu dai cua tCmg tuyln dipong khong?
Co co chl nao dl ngipoi dung nop don khilu
nai vl tlnh trang thu gom muon hoac khong
dung each va dl xem xet va giai quylt
nhOng van dl nay khong?

oeo®s®9©o®9@@©o

-------
9

Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

Loai phipong tien

Co rat nhilu loai phipang tien thu gom rac, tip loai xe
diy tay tho sa cho den xe ep rac ca Ian:

Xe day tay Co thl sic dung xe
diy tay dl thu gom rac a timg
nha tren nhOng dipang pho chat
hep, nai xe tai Ian khong vao
dipgc. Xe lay rac roi cha den xe
tai dang cha a cuoi dipang. Viec
sic dung xe diy tay lam tang so lipgng nhan cong
can sic dung, nhimg dam bao tat ca ngipai dan dlu
tilp can dipgc djch vu quan ly chat thai. Xe diy tay
thipong moc them cac hop khong nap va dipgc thilt
kl dl co thl dyng rac thu gom hoac dl tripe tiep vao
xe tai thu gom rac.

Xe ba gac hoac xe dap gin
thung. Xe dap gan thung da
dipgc cai tien toe do vong dap
nen co kha nang den dime nhieu
so ho dan hon vai thai gian ngan
han. Cac loai xe nay thipong
lap them khoang dyng rac phfa
tripac hoac phfa sau (UNEP 2005a).

Xe bo. Ngipa, la va ICpa
cung co thl dipgc dung
dl keo xe chcc rac. Xe bo
co nhilu mat Igi vl loai xe
nay khong cln din nhien
lieu hoa thach, cln rlt ft von va chi phf hoat dong
so vai xe dong ay va khong tao ra tilng on nhip xe
tai thu gom cd Ian. Cac loai xe nay dipgc thilt kl dl
chuyin din tram trung chuyin hoac bai chi>a rac
(UNEP 2005a).

Xe ba gac gin dong car. Mo to

ba gac la mot phipang tien nOa
co thl thu gom rac tip cac ho dan
doc true dipang chat hep a cac
khu do thj. Thilt kl cua cac loai
xe nay tipang ty nhip xe dap gan thung va thipang
du'P'c sic dung a khu vlpc Chau A. Xe ba gac gan
dong ca sic dung nhien lieu hoa thach ft han so vai
xe tai va co thl cha du'P'c nang han va di nhanh han
so vai xe diy tay hay xe dap gan thung.

He thdng xe keo ro-mooc.

He thong xe keo ra-mooc
cho phep chuyen cha khoi
lipgng rac Ian han va dl
dang bo rac bang each thao

rai ra-mooc. Tfnh nang nay khiln xe keo ra-mooc
tra thanh lya chon phu h^p, dac biet la dl lly rac tip
thung rac cong cong.

Xe tai. Xe tai ban tren thj tripang
cung co thl thu gom rac, dac biet
la rac tip thung rac cong cong.

Thilt kl thipong bao gom mot mat
san xe rong, co thanh bao quanh
bon phfa, mat tren lo thien, mat sau co cica lap ban
ll. Cac loai xe tai nay thipang khong phai la xe thu
gom rac chuyen dung, do do, phai lap them thang
hoac cln ngipai nem vao va dl rac theo each thu
cong.

Xe co thung lat tai lui. Thilt
kl nay cho phep dl dang chit
rac a sau va chuyen cha dipac
lipang Ian rac day dac. Thung
phfa sau xe tai co thl lat qua lai
dl ep rac hoac dl rac khi din khu bai rac. Cac loai
xe tai nay thipang phu hap doi vai dong chit thai a
nhOng quoc gia co ty le ham lipang hai Im cao va
day dac.

Cac thanh pho nhan thly cung cln phai tranh tlnh
trang rac vipang vai trong qua trinh thu gom. Qua
trinh chit rac len xe co thl lam vipang vai mot lipang
nho rac len mat dipang. Giai phap dilu phoi cong
tac cua dpi thu gom va lao cong quet rac co thl dam
bao nhanh chong don sach dipac moi loai rac rai
theo each nay. Ngoai ra, co thl dung lipai hoac loai
vat lieu khac dl day rac tren nhOng phipang tien thu
gom khong nap dl rac khong rai ra ngoai.

Thu h6i chi phi

Cong tac thu gom rac co thl tieu ton dang kl ngan
sach hoat dong cua thanh pho. Nhip vay, cac thanh
pho a nhOng quoc gia co thu nhap thlp thipang
cung clp djch vu thu gom rac khong toan dien bang
cac quoc gia co thu nhap cao (Kaza cung cong slp,
2018). Viec thilt lap phipang tien thu hoi chi phf thu
gom rac la cong tac quan trong trong chipang trinh
thu gom rac bin vOng va
hieu qua.

Dl bilt them thong tin vl kinh phf cho cac chipang
trinh quan ly chit thai ran, hay tham khao phln Xem
xet veu to kinh te.

OO0O0§Q©O®9@@©0

-------
Phan loai, thu gom va van chuyin rac

Rac thai bien

Neu khong dirge thu gom dung each, chat thai ti>
dat lien co thl den cac vung bien theo nhieu con
du'dng khac nhau. Vi du, chat thai chu'a thu gom
co thl dirge trut hoac thli vao cac vung nude npi
thuy hoac bo biln (NOAA 2019). Hinh anh d trang
sau minh hoa quy trinh gay ra van nan rac thai biln
nhya toan cau bdi cac nguon thai khac nhau. Theo
hinh anh tren, phan Ian so rac thai biln nhica (toi
80% theo mot so udc tinh) co nguon goc ti> dat lien
(Eunomia da cap nhat).

Moi ngu'6'i ngay cang nhan thu'c ro tinh trang Ian
tran rac thai bien tren quy mo toan cau va lo ngai
den tac dong cua tinh trang nay. Dong thai, van nan
rac thai biln ngay trd nen cap bach hon khi ngay
cang co nhilu loai rac phan huy cham tich tu trong
long dai du!ong. Quoc tl dang tap trung vao viec cai
thien cac phu-ang an quan ly va thu gom rac nham
giam rac thai biln. Phan nay trinh bay tac dong cua
rac thai biln va quy trinh giam rac thai biln kilu
mlu.

Tac dong

Tac dong chinh lien quan den rac thai biln bao gom:
Tac dong dirt loai. Ca, dong vat co vu va thicc vat
co thl chju tac dong trice tilp tu" rac thai biln, bat kl
la do nuot phai vat lieu, bj thu'ong tich than thl do
cac vat n6i hay chim hay do mac kei.

Ton hai den moi tripong song. Rac thai biln co thl
gay hai din toan bp moi tru-dng song hoac he sinh
thai thong qua tac dong vat ly (vf du: tren ran san
ho) hay thong qua hieu irng tang toi cac loai d cuoi
chuSi thicc an.

Tac dong ve kinh te. Rac thai biln co thl lam hong
tau thuyen va ca sd ha tang tren biln, lam mat my
quan cac khu vu>c phu thuoc vao du Ijch (chang han
nhu' bai biln) va gay bat Igi cho nhOng ca nhan
va t6 chi>c phu thuoc vao tinh trang cua nguon tai
nguyen biln.

Cac quy trinh kiiu mlu

Cac phuong tien hieu qua nhat dl giam thilu tac
dong cua rac thai biln co nguon goc tu> dat lien la
tap trung vao nguon thai, bao gom:

Tranh thai bo va giam thilu rac

Mot giai phap phong ngua rac thai biln hieu qua la
tranh xa rac tai nai dau nguon. Ol bilt them thong
tin ve cac quy trinh kilu mlu ve tranh thai bo va
giam thilu rac, hay tham khao phan Tranh thai ho va
giam thiiu rac.

Cai thien he thdng thu gom rac

Viec cai thien he thong thu gom rac (vi du: tang
pham vi thu gom va hieu qua thu gom) co thl giup
giam nguy ca bj thai bo khong dung each vao nguln
niFdc, vo tinh bj cuon troi xuong vung ha lieu khi
co bao hay chay ra biln. Dl bilt them thong tin ve
cac quy trinh thu gom rac kilu mlu, hay tham khao
phan Phan loai, thu gom va van chuvin rac. Phu luc
9.7 gidi thieu trudng hgp diln hinh vl each Santos,
Brazil cai thien he thong thu gom rac dl giam rac
thai biln.

Thuc dfly cac nd Iipc tai chl

Khi h5 trg cho nganh tai chl tai dja phu-ang, cac
thanh pho co thl tao ra nhu cau ve vat lieu (dac biet
la nhya, loai vat lieu chilm tdi 90% rac thai biln)
ma le ra co thl di vao nguon nipdc dl ra dai dipang
(Cong u'dc Basel 2020). Dl bilt them thong tin vl
cac quy trinh tai chl kilu mlu, hay tham khao phan
Taiche.

-------
NHITA TRONG MOI TRLTONG BIEN:

rm f ~\ a / A

CHUNG DEN TUOAU? CHUNG SE DI DAU?

Rl.

•

* •

eunomia Ssii

T1/ DAT LIEN - TREN DAT LIEN - 0,50 Mtpa

TONG Ll/ONG
NHITA Ol VAO MOI
TRl/ONG BIEN

12.2

Trieu tan
moi nam

•i »

TREN BIEN

TIT DAT LIEN
DUYEN HAI

BE MAT

DAI DLTCfNG

i8kg/km2
{1% trong tong so)*

trieu tan
tmoi nam

VI NHI/A NGUYEN
SINH - 0,95 trieu tan moi nam

(Nghin
tan)

.14 t

• 80

~i iOi 1f

DAY BIEN

70kg/km2 (94% trong tong so)

« ? > &£k *L. «Wf

'YffAsti. MV .. 1 Mr

• ••
• ••ft
• •••ft

SON TAU
BIEN

S(?N
Ol/ONG

BUI LOP XE

Nong do tong hcfp ghi nhan if hoan lt/u Bac Thai Binh Di/o'ng.
Nong do trung binh tren toan caii la 1 kg tren km2

Cai thien phiponq thu>c thai bo rac theo
each lanh manh vai moi tripfrna

Can quan ly va thai bo nhu'ng loai rac khong thl tai
che theo each thi>c lanh manh vol moi trirong. Dieu
quan trong la phai co cac phicang an thai bo dl han
che va ngan chan hanh vi do rac bat hop phap hoac
bai rac lo thien, nai rac nhanh chong b| gio cuon di
va roi vao nguon niroc, cuoi cung la troi ra biln. 0e
biet them thong tin ve each cai thien he thong thai bo
rac, hay tham khao phan Quan Iv bai rac va
Bai chon lap hov ve sinh.

Mac du cong nghe loai bo rac thai biln da tiln bo,
nhu'ng cong tac don rac thai biln vln doi hoi rat
nhieu cong sire. Cac n6 lu-c loai bo cung ton kern va
khong du d! giai quylt triet dl van nan rac thai biln.
Do do, each giai quylt tinh trang rac thai biln hieu
qua nhat la ngan ngi>a rac di vao moi tru-ong.

Nguon: Eunomia.

Tai lieu tham khao chinh trong
phin rac thai bien

Strategies to Reduce Marine Plastic Pollution from
Land-Based Sources in Low and Middle - Income
Countries (IGES va UNEP 2020)

Sources (NOAA 2019)

Plastics Policy Plavbook: Strategies for a Plastic-
Free Ocean (Lien minh Bao ton Dai dirong va
Bien Khong Rac thai nam 2019)

Fighting for Trash Free Seas: Ending the Flow of
Trash at the Source (To chi>c Bao ton Dai dirong
[Ocean Conservancy] 2019)

Global Partnership on Marine Litter
[UNEP da cap nhat (a)]

Single-Use Plastics: A Roadmao for Sustainabilitv
(UNEP 2018b)

-------
the Local Waste Management
System

k (ABRELPE da cap nhat). A

Trong cong tac quan ly chat thai rln, Santos phai doi mat vol nhieu kho khan, chlng han nhu dong cira bai
chon lap, khong co dat d§ xay bai chon lap mai va ty le tai che khong cao. Vi Santos gan dirong bo5 bien
Brazil, nen van nan rac thai bien cung la moi lo ngai hang dau.

Be giam rac troi ra bien, Santos da xay dirng mot chirong trinh mang ten Lixo Limpo vao nam 1990 nhlm
thu gom cac loai chat thai kho co the tai che doc ba bien. Vao nam 1995, chirong trinh nay da thu gom
them cac loai rac thai kho co the tai che tren toan khu vlfc. De giam rac thai bien hen n&a, Santos da thiet
lap quy dinh "Recicla Santos" va sau do dirge soan thanh luat vao nam 2016. Chu'O'ng trinh nay phat tien
doi vol nhCrng ngirai khong tuan thu va da trien khai hoat dong phan loai chat thai irat va kho bit buoctai
nguon de nang cao hieu qua thu gom. Tu> nam 2017 den nam 2018, chirong trinh thu gom rac da phan loai
tai nha nay da thu gom dLrgc 4.500 tan chat thai kho co the tai che.

Mot thanh phan quan trong trong ke hoach thu gom rac da phan loai la ke hoach nay co quy djnh rieng
doi vai cac ben thai bo rac quy mo Ion va quy mo nho. Ben thai bo rac quy mo nho (vf du: ho gia dinh va
doanh nghiep nho) phai phan loai chat thai kho va u'ert de djch vu thu gom rac tan nha thong thimng cua
thanh pho sin thu gom. Ben thai bo rac quy mo Ian (vi du: cac to chi>c thai 120 kilogam hay 200 lit moi
ngay) cung phai phan loai chat thai. Tuy nhien, cac ben nay co trach nhiem ky hgp dong sir dung dich vu

thu gom, van chuyen va thai bo cua cac nha cung cap tie nhan. Thanh
pho se thu gom chat thai kho sau khi dirge cho phep trirac. Santos
cung da thanh cong khi hgp tac vol cac to chi>c tai dia phu^cng trong
viec giao due cho thanh vien cong dong ve thu gom va phan loai rac.
Ngoai chirong trinh thu gom rac da phan loai tai nguon, tan nha,
Santos da trien khai chirang trinh "Cata treco" de thu gom chit thai
xay dirng cong kenh theo nhu cau de tranh tinh trang ton dong chat
thai. Vao nam 2017, thanh pho imc tinh chirong trinh nay da thu gom
dirge 36.646 tan chat thai. "Cata treco" la chirong trinh nlm trong moi
quan he doi tac hoat dong ngoai thi trirong do thi va dao tao ngircyi
dan each sir dung go tir do noi that thai bo. Chircng trinh nay da tai
sir dung khoang 3 tan go le ra da b| thai ra bai chon lap.

K§ hoach thu gom rac da phan loai tai nha & Santos, Brazil

PHU LUC 9.7 TRLfCXNG
HQP BIEN HiNH

-------
Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

-------

Municipal Solid Waste Knowledge Platform
[CCAC da cap nhat (a)]

U.S. EPAAnaerobic Digestion Web Site
(EPA Hoa Ky 2020a)

Biooas Sector Tools and Resources
(GMI 2020)

Technical Guidance on the Operation of
Organic Waste Management Treatment
Plants (CCAC va ISWA 2016b)

Sustainable Financing and Policy Models
for Municipal Composting (Ngan hang The
giai 2016)

Toward Sustainable Municipal Organic
Waste Management in South Asia (ADB va
Chirong trinh Clfu trg cua Chinh phu Uc
nam 2011)

Global Food Waste Management: An
Implementation Guide for Cities (Jain cung
cong sir, 2018)

Reducing Food Loss and Waste: Setting a
Global Action Agenda (Flanagan cung cong
sir, 2019)

Anaerobic Digester (API Project Screening
Tool (CCAC 2018a)

OrganEcs -Cost Estimating Tool for
Managing Source-Separated Organic
Waste (EPA Hoa Ky 2016c)

OO9®@®®0 9@©©0

-------
10

Quan ly chit thai hCm co>

Phan 10

Quan ly chat thai hCm

Phuluc10.1. Chit thai hOu ca la gl?

Chat thai hOu ca chiem hcen mot nica dong chat
thai ran a nhilu quoc gia co thu nhap thap (Kaza
cung cong sip, 2018). Nhieu thanh pho nhan thay
rang giai phap chuyln dli chat thai hOu ca thay vl
thai ra bai rac co thl mang lai nhieu l^i fch cho slpc
khoe, kinh tl va moi truing. Cac chiln lime quan
ly chat thai hOu ca, chang han nhip u phan va phan
huy ky khf (AD), trong do sic dung cac quy trinh ty
nhien dl biln thanh phan hOu co1 thanh khf sinh
hoc, la nhOng giai phap kha thi a hau hit cac khu
vlpc, nhimg doi hoi phai lap kl hoach va triln khai
nghiem tuc.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ting quan vl cac lai
fch thu dime khi chuyln dli chat thai hOu co1 thay
vl thai ra bai rac va bai chon lap, cung nhip cac quy
trinh quan ly chat thai hOu co1 kilu mlu (bao gom ca
u phan va AD).

Chit thai hCpu cc la gi?

Chat thai hOu ay trong dong chat thai ran thipcmg
du'P'c chia thanh hai loai:

• Chit thai thirc pham va thirc pham bo di. Chat
thai thyc phlm bao gom nong san chipa sic dung
tip cac nguon tien tieu thu (vf du: cho1 va nha hang)
va thipc an thCpa sau tieu thu. Thyc phlm bo di bao
gom san phlm chipa sic dung tip khu vlpc nong
nghiep (vf du: mua mang chipa thu hoach).

• Chit thai xanh. Chat thai xanh bao gom chat
thai trong vifoti, khu dat trong cay va tip hoat
dong cat tia cay.

Tai sao phai tap trung vao chit
thai hCm ca?

Chat thai hOu co1 chu yeu du'P'c thu gom va thai vao
bai rac hoac bai chon lap. Cach lam nay khong tot vl
nhieu ly do:

• Chi phi thu gom, van chuyen va thai bo. Chat
thai hOu co1 thipong rat dam dac va co do Im
cao. Qua trinh van chuyln lippng Ion chat thai
hOu co1 tip dilm phat sinh rac din dilm thai bo
lam tieu hao nhilu nhien lieu va chi phf ho"n tai
cac bai rac.

CHAT THAI THUC
PHAM VATHlic
PHAM BO DI

• Lang phf dipang chit. Chat thai hOu ca la
nguon chat thai giau dLP&ng chat ma dia phu'O'ng
co thl sic dung giup tang do mau md cho dat
lam nghiep va nong nghiep.

• Tac dong len bai rac. Cong tac quan ly nipoc
chilt va khf bai rac, cung nhip qua trinh chuyln
dli cau true sau khi phan huy sinh hoc la mot
trong nhOng hoat dong ton kern nhat tai bai rac.
Ngoai ra, viec thai lippng Ion chat thai hOu co1
vao bai chon lap se rut ngan tuli tho hoat dong
cua cac co1 see nay.

• Tac dong din moi tru'6'ng: chit lipang khong
khi tai dja phu'O'ng va biin doi khi hau. Chat
thai hOu co1 sau khi phan huy se gay o nhilm
khong khf, nguon nipoc va dat dai. Vf du, sau khi
phan huy trong dilu kien ky khf, chat thai hOu ay
se giai phong khf me-tan. Khf me-tan la chat gay
o nhilm khong khf co tuli doi ngan va la tiln
chat cua khf ozon mat dat, mot chat gay o nhilm
khong khf. Khf me-tan giai phong tai bai chon
lap la nguyen nhan gay ra cac dam chay din
din muoi than va gay o nhilm khong khf tai dia
phu'O'ng, gop phan lam biln dli khf hau. Nlpoc
chilt gay o nhilm nguon nipoc va dat dai. Cuoi
cung, chat thai hOu co1 sau khi phan huy cung
boc mui kho chju.

Voi nhOng tac dong kl tren, nhilu thanh pho dang
thong qua cac chfnh sach va chu'O'ng trinh nham
loai bo chat thai hOu co1 va tan dung loai chat thai
nay lam nguon tai nguyen. Chat thai hOu ca, sau
khi dippc phan loai dung each, co thl dime u phan
hoac xic ly tai nha may phan huy ky khf dl san xuat
ra nhOng san phlm co gia tri sic dung hoac thipo'ng
mai (vf du: phan u, khf sinh hoc, bun thai).

Qv©

-------
10

Quan ly chit thai hCpu cc

trana web Reciclo

Thong tin cu the hen

dime dang tai tren

Oraanicos (Reciclo
Organicos 2020)

TRLPQNG HOP LIEN
QUAN

Chipcng trinh thu
gom rac da phan
loai tai ngudrt d

kMs Santa Juana, Chile

Thanh pho Santa Juana la thanh pho dau tien tai Chile co pham vi thu gom rac da
phan loai tai nguon dat 100%. Thanh pho nay co mot co' so u phan va tai che du cong
suat xlp ly cho toan bo lirang rac da phan loai tai nguon thu gom ti> cac ho gia dinh.

Sau nam dau hoat dong, lipgng rac thanh pho thai ra bai chon lap (each xa 100 km)
da giam 30%, giup thanh pho tiet kiem dang ke chi phi nhien lieu va phi theo lirong
chat thai.

PhiFcng an xi> ly

Cac phu-ong an xir ly chat thai hOu ca thipang du*gc
chia thanh hai loai: u phan va AD.

• U phan. U phan la qua trinh phan huy co kilm
soat vat lieu huu co' trong dieu kien co oxy. Qua
trinh u phan gom ba bicac thong thu'ang sau:

(1) tron lln cac loai chat thai him ca, chang han
nhu> thi>c an thCra, rac vu>an va phan bon;

(2) tron them manh g§, giay vun hoac cac loai
chat don khac de tang toe qua trinh phan ra chat
thai huu ca; va (3) de phan u on djnh va hoan
thien thong qua quy trinh u (EPA Hoa Ky 2015).

• AD la quy trinh phan ra chat hOu ca bang vi
sinh vat trong dieu kien khong co khong khi. San
phlm cua quy trinh AD bao gom khi sinh hoc,
bun thai va nguon nang lirgng chi>a chu yeu la
khi me-tan va cac-bon dioxit. Bun thai la vat chat
sot lai sau khi cac chat hOu ca du^o'c phan huy
ky khi. Bun thai rat giau du'ang chat va co thl
dung lam phan bon cho cay coi.

Phu luc 10.2 minh hoa quy trinh chat thai hOu ca
chuyln hoa thanh phan bon hOu ca sau khi u phan
va Phu luc 10.3 minh hoa quy trinh chuyln hoa
nguyen lieu hu'u ca thanh khi sinh hoc va bun thai
da dung sau khi AD. Thiet ke cua nha may phan
huy ky khi tuy thuoc vao nhiet do van hanh va loai
nguyen lieu sir dung (EPA Hoa Ky 2018a).

Phu luc 10.2. Hinh minh hoa mot he thdng u phan

Phan chuorig

Chat thai Chat ran sinh hoc

thyc phlm trong nuwc thai

rTi

Luong phan u

Phan u

Ph4 pham

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Quan ly chit thai hCpu cc

Phu luc 10.3. Hinh minh hoa he thong AD g6m nguyen lieu va san phlm phu (EPA Hoa Ky 2018a)

Cac tai lieu tham khao chinh d diu phin nay cung
cap thong tin chi tilt ve cac cong nghe va quy trinh
kilu mlu dl thiet kl va van hanh nha may phan huy
ky khi Vi du, Hiep hoi Khi Sinh hoc The gidi (World
Biogas Association) va C40 Cities da xay dyng
Hwang din triin kha cong tac quan ly chat thai thirc
phlim danh cho thanh pho (WBA/C40 2018). Huang
din nay cung cap cac quy trinh tCpng bipdc dl danh
gia va lya chon cac ca sd xi> ly chat thai hfru ca.

Loi ich kep khi ap dung cong nghe xir ly
Ngoai Igi ich thong thu'dng la chuyen d6i chat thai
hu'u ca thay vi thai ra bai chon lap, giai phap u phan
va AD co thl mang lai nhieu Igi ich ve mat moi tripang
va kinh t§. Vi du, phan u giup dat dai mau ma, duy tri
do Im, phong ngu'a sau benh va benh hai cay trong,
cung nhiF giam nhu cau sip dung phan bon hoa hoc.
AD giup giam thilu mui kho chiu, giam mam benh va
chat thai ran, san sinh khi va vat lieu ti/ hoai da dung
(ca dang uot va kho) (EPA Hoa Ky 2016b). Co thl

sip dung khi sinh hoc thu duo'c tup quy trinh AD lam
nguon nhien lieu co thl tai tao dl phuc vu nhu cau
nau nipang, su'ai am, lam lanh, van chuyln va dien
nang. Co thl dung vat lieu tip hoai con lai sau khi AD
lam phan bon hoac chat cai tao dat.

Quy mo du> an

Co thl xlp ly chat thai h&u ca theo phipang thipc tap
trung hoac phi tap trung, tuy thuoc vao cac dieu kien
va nhu cau cua dia phu!ong. Mo hinh tap trung sip
dung mot ca sd rong Ian dl tilp nhan chat thai ti>
nhieu dja dilm trong thanh pho hoac khu vlpc. Vi du,
mot so thanh pho tai An Do co cac ca sd u phan Idn
gin bai rac hien tai cua thanh pho (vi du: Nam Delhi,
Coimbatore, Pune), va Thanh pho Talca hien dang
xay du'ng mot ca sd u phan Idn nhat Chile ngay
chinh tren bai chon lap cua thanh pho nay.

Mo hinh phi tap trung chu trong din khau xlp ly chat
thai gin nai phat sinh. Vi du, cac thanh pho co thl
h6 trg ngifdi dan va doanh nghiep thilt lap dy an

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Quan ly chit thai hCpu cc

TRU'O'NG HOP LIEN QUAN

Be biet them thong tin, hay
tham khao Quv tSc auan li
chit thai rin cua Chinh ohu

An Do 2016 (Chinh phu
An Do 2016)

Quy tic quan ly chit
thai r§n cua An Do

Quy tSc quan ly chat thai rln toan dien cua An 06 nam 2016 yeu cau tat ca cac
ben thai bo rac, tip nhung nguol ban hang rong cho den cac toa nha thuang mai
Ian, phai phan loai rac thanh ba loai: chat thai sinh hoat nguy hai, co kha nang
phan huy sinh hoc, khong co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc. Diem mau chot la
chat thai chu'a phan loai se khong dugc thu gom.

u phan quy mo ho gia dinh (vi du: huong din each
tao thung u phan mini). Ngoai ra, thanh pho cung co
thl thilt lap cac ca sa quy mo nho hon de tilp nhan
chat thai huu ca tu mot so it ho gia dinh va doanh
nghiep dl u hoac xu ly trong cac he thong AD.

Nhilu thanh pho dang chuyln sang he thong xu ly
chat thai huu ca phi tap trung. Mo hinh phi tap trung
co nhieu Igi fch, bao gom giam nhien lieu can tieu
thu do giam hoat dong van chuyen chat thai hOu ca
nang va tang mipc do linh hoat neu he thong dicgc
chia nho. Mo hinh phi tap trung bao gom nhieu ca
sa AD hoac u phan nho; va neu mot hoac nhieu ca
sa khong hoat dong, chat thai co thi dl dang difgc
chuyln sang ca sa Ian can khac. He thong tap trung
chi gom mot ca sa Ian, do vay, mot su* co ngi>ng
hoat dong co thl din den tinh trang chat dong, un
lf chat thai. Bat ke la mo hinh tap trung hay phi tap
trung, thi m6i nha may deu phai chuln bj sin ke
hoach du1 phong trong tricang hap gap sy co.

Trong hau het cac truang hap, thanh pho se du-gc
hu>ang Igi khi xay du>ng nhOng dy an thi dilm quy
mo nho chuyen thu gom chat thai hu'u ca ti> cac
nguon co it nguy ca dinh cac thanh phin chat thai
vo ca. Vi du, khi bat dau triln khai cac dy an xii' ly
chat thai huu ca, cac dja phicang thipang chu trong
vao chat thai hOu ca thu gom ti> cac khu chg nong
san, bep nha hang/quan an hoac cac dja dilm khac
nai co lipgng Ian chat thai hu u ca khong dinh cac
loai chat thai khac.

Cac quy trinh kiiu miu

Phan nay mo ta mot so quy trinh kilu miu vl quan
ly chat thai hu'u ca, bao gom thu thap va phan
tich du' lieu vl chat thai hu'u ca, danh gia cac loai
chuang trinh va chinh sach vl phan loai chat thai
huu ca tu dong chat thai ran ting hgp, phan tich
cac phuong an xu ly chat thai huu ca da phan loai
va xay dung du an quan ly chat thai huu ca.

Lap k§ hoach chiln lipac

Phan Lao ke hoach triin khai he thong trinh bay
cac buac chinh trong qua trinh lap kl hoach va
danh gia he thong chat thai. Cac thanh pho co thl
thilt lap chuong trinh hoac kl hoach quan ly chat
thai huu ca chinh thuc trong khi triln khai he thong
quan ly chat thai ran. Mac du can chi phi ban dau dl
thilt lap chuong trinh chuyln dli chat thai huu ca,
nhung cac thanh pho co thl giam dugc chi phi thu
gom va van chuyln rac dl thai bo (vi du: xlf ly chat
thai huu ca trong ca sa phi tap trung, thay vi van
chuyln mot quang duong xa din cac bai chon lap
ngoai thanh pho). Ngoai ra, cac thanh pho co thl thu
dugc Igi nhuan tu cac san phlm thu dugc sau khi
xu ly chat thai huu ca (vi du: phan u, khi sinh hoc).
Quy trinh ban hanh ca chi quan ly chat thai huu ca
gom cac buac sau:

1. Thu thap thong tin vi dong chit thai. Quy

trinh chuyln doi chat thai huu ca thay vi thai
ra bai chon lap can phai can cu tren loai chat
thai phat sinh va nguon thai. Do do, thilt kl cua
chuang trinh chuyln doi nay can phu thuoc vao
kit qua xac dinh dac tinh chat thai, nhu dl cap
trong phan Xac dinh dac tinh chat thai.

Qv©^@©03

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Quan ly chit thai hCpu cc

Waste Diversion - Collection.
Treatment. Recycling and Their
Challenges and Opportunities

TRUING HOP LIEN QUAN ^

Chiln \wg>c quan ly
chit thai him co> &
Sao Paulo, Brazil

Vao nam 2016, Thanh pho Sao Paulo da lap mot chien lup'c quan ly chat thai
hu'u co' de bo sung vao ke hoach quan ly chat thai tich hop co sin dua tren bon
khia canh: thu gom va van chuyen chat thai huu ca da phan loai, xlk ly chat thai
huu ca quy mo nho, hoat dong truyen thong vol cac ben lien quan va tao lap
cong cu kinh te de thuc day nhilu ben cung tham gia hanh dong. Chien lime nay
da dipgc dieu chinh de phu hop vdi nhu cau va quy trinh quan ly chat thai cu the
cua thanh pho. Chien lup'c nay de ra giai phap cu the de xay dung chuang trinh
quan ly chat thai hOu co1 mot each co he thong tu muc thap nhat.

2. Ban hanh chinh sach h6 trg. Cac chinh sach
cua dja phuong, chang han nhiF quy djnh phan
loai bat buoc, co thl thuc dly n6 li/c chuyln doi
chat thai hOu ca. Dl biet them thong tin ve cac
chinh sach ma thanh pho da ban hanh dl thuc
dly hoat dong phan loai dong chat thai, hay
tham khao phan Danh aia cac phwcrna an phan
loai ben du-oi.

3. Hieu ro ve cac loai cong nghe. Loai cong nghe
sip dung se tuy thuoc vao loai chat thai phat sinh
va cac dieu kien khac cua dja phuong.

4. Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan. Truyen
thong va tiep can ben lien quan la nhOng cong
tac quan trpng dl co thl triln khai chuong trinh
chuyln doi chat thai hu-u ca mot each hieu qua,
vi cong tac nay giup tang ty le chuyln dli. Dl
bilt them thong tin ve cac chiln lu!gc thu hut slf
tham gia cua cac ben lien quan, hay tham khao
phan Swtham gia cua cac ben lien quan.

5. Dam bao chit lirong. Cac san pham nay, bao
gom phan u va bun thai thu du'oc sau khi xlk

ly chat thai hCm ca, phai co chat lipgng cao dl
khong lam o nhllm vung dat dipgc tipai bon.

6. Dam bao an toan. Nha may xi> ly ton tai nhieu
moi nguy hilm, bao gom moi nguy hilm do ca
hoc, chay no va hoa hoan.

Thu thap va phan tich dQ' lieu y

Phai thu thap d& lieu vl khoi lu'O'ng, loai va nguon
chat thai hQ'u ca trong dong chat thai nham xac djnh
va lya chpn cac chinh sach va cong nghe hieu qua
dl chuyln dli, xlk ly chat thai do va slk dung chat
thai do lam nguon tai nguyen.

Phan Xac dinh dac tinh chat thai trinh bay cac quy
trinh kilu mlu ve thyc hien nghien clku xac djnh dac
tinh chat thai dl xac djnh khoi iLKgng, loai va nguon
chat thai noi chung. Cac nghien cuu nay co thl cung
cap thong tin huu fch giup cac dja phuong bat dau
xac djnh cac phuong an quan ly chat thai huu ca co
thl ap dung. Ngoai ra, cac thanh pho co thl phan
tich chuyen sau ve chat thai huu ca dl lap kl hoach
va thilt kl hop ly han cho cac du an quan ly chat
thai huu ca rieng le va chiln luge chuyln doi toan
dien han. Vi du. nhieu thanh pho da phan tich dl
xac djnh cac doanh nghiep, tl chuc va ca sa thai ra
nhilu chat thai huu ca. Day thuang la nhung nguon
thai dau tien dugc cac thanh pho nham tai trong cac
du an quan ly chat thai huu ca thi dilm. Xay dung
ca so u phan hoac AD gan nhung ben thai bo rac
Ian nay giup giam chi phi van chuyln chat thai.

Danh gia cac phircng an phan loai

Sau khi thu thap du lieu ve cac nguon thai chat thai
huu ca, thanh pho phai xac djnh cac phuong tien
phu hgp nhat dl khuyln khich hoac yeu cau nguai
dan, doanh nghiep va to chuc phan loai chat huu co

o"®

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10

Quan ly chit thai hCm co>

tip dong chat thai thong thipang. Viec phan loai chat
thai hOu ca va vo ca trong dong chat thai giup giam
thilu nguy ca nhilm bin phan u; phan u nlu nhilm
bin se rlt kho ban va khong nen sic dung. Cac dip
an AD cung phai tach chit thai hOu ca khoi chit thai
vo ca, vl nguyen lieu hOu ca sach giup nha may
phan huy cho hieu qua toi ipu.

Cac chien lime phan tach thipang bao gom:

• Bit buoc phan tach. Nhilu thanh pho yeu clu
mot so phan khuc doi timng phai phan tach chit
hOu co" trong chit thai ma hp xa ra. Co thl ap
dung quy djnh bit buoc nay doi vai tit ca cac
ben thai bo rac hoac co thl ap dung rieng doi
vai mot so loai thyc thl (vf du: ben thai bo chit
thai hOu ca, quy mo Ian, dip an phat triln nha a
mai, quy mo Ian). Phln Phan loai. thu aom va
van chuvin rac cung clp thong tin chi tilt han
vl cac quy djnh bit buoc phan loai va each triln
khai cac quy djnh do thong qua chipang trinh thu
gom rac da phan loai.

• Ban hanh lenh elm hoac ap phi d6i voi hanh
vi thai bo chit thai hCm co. Mot so thanh pho
da ap dung hlnh thi>c phat tiln va chipang trinh
khuyln khfch, bao gom ban hanh lenh elm tai
diln hanh vi dl chit thai hOu ca vao bai rac va
bai chon lip, tang phi dl rac doi vcri chit thai
hOu co1 dl khuyln khfch cac doanh nghiep va
cong ty thu gom rac chuyln dli cac loai rac nay,
dong thai giam phi thu gom doi vai nhOng ho gia
dlnh phan loai rac dung each.

• Muc tieu chuyen doi chit thai hCpu co. TiKyng
ty nhip lenh elm dl chit thai hOu ca, mot so
thanh pho dat ra cac muc tieu chuyln dli (vf du:
muc tieu din nam nao do trong tiKyng lai, thanh
pho phai giam dime bao nhieu lu'P'ng chit thai
hOu ca dl bo) dl lam ca sa dipa ra cac quylt
djnh vl dy an va chu'O'ng trinh quan ly chit
thai rln.

• Chifong trinh tinh nguyen. Thanh pho co thl

thilt lap cac chu'O'ng trinh hoac cuoc thi dua co
thipong nham khuyln khfch ngipoi dan, doanh
nghiep, tripong hoc va cac ben tham gia khac
phan loai chit thai.

Lira chon cong nghe xlp ly

Khi lya chon cong nghe xic ly chit thai hOu ca da
phan loai, cac thanh pho thipong can nhlc din cac
ylu to ky thuat va kinh tl sau:

• Nhung ylu t6 ky thuat cln can nhlc bao gom

khoi lu'P'ng, loai va nguon chit thai hOu ca cln
xCc ly; quy mo va cong suit hoat dong cua ca sa
xCf ly tilm nang; khoi lu'P'ng san phlm cuoi (vf
du: phan u hoac khf sinh hoc) se ban hoac sic
dung; va bit ky tieu chuln hoac chimg nhan
nao lien quan cln dap i>ng doi voi cac san
phlm nay.

• Nhung ylu t6 tai chinh cln can nhlc bao gom

cac chi phf sic dung von lien quan din hoat dong
xay clt ca sa, chi phf van hanh dl duy tri ca sa,
doanh thu sau khi ban cac san phlm cua ca sa
va cac chu'O'ng trinh quang ba san phlm cho
ngipoi mua muc tieu. Thanh pho co thl sic dung
cac cong cu chang han nhip OraanEcs mode I
(EPA Hoa Ky 2015c) do Sang kiln xic ly chit thai
rln do thj cua CCAC phat triln dl lpoc tfnh cac
chi phf thyc hien dy an u phan hoac AD khi xic ly
chit thai hOu ca.

Thanh pho thipong thyc hien cac nghien clfu tfnh
kha thi dl phan tfch nhOng ylu to tren, xac djnh kho
khan tilm In (tham khao Phu luc 10.4), quylt djnh
lieu co nen phat triln dy an hay khong va each thipc
phat triln nhip thl nao. Cac nghien clfu nlu dime
chuln bj ky lip&ng (vf du: dO lieu chit lu'P'ng cao va
ghi chep dly du cac gia thuylt) co thl giup thanh
pho nhan dime sip h6 trp cua cac tl chi>c tai chfnh
va doi tac khu vipc tip nhan.

Cau hoi danh cho ngicoi ra
quylt djnh

Ben thai bo chit thai hOu ca quy mo Ian
phan b6 a khu vipc nao va phat thai loai
hlnh chit thai nao, co ngu6n nguyen lieu
6n djnh cho cac ca sa xlp ly khong?

Dipa tren cac muc tieu chuyln dli chit
thai hOu ca cua thanh ph6 thl dau la chiln
lipgc phan loai nao hieu qua nhit?

Cac thipc thl chju anh hipang cln thanh
ph6 h6 trg va xay dipng ca sa ha ting
nhip thl nao dl dam bao chit thai hOu ca
dipgc phan loai thanh cong?

• Thj tripong nao thu mua cac san phlm
sau xlp ly, bao g6m phan u, khf sinh hoc
va bun thai?

Qv©

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Quan ly chit thai hCpu cc

hay tham khao C40 Good

Practice Guides: Dhaka

Comoostina Project

(C40 Cities 2016a)

TRUING HOP LIEN QUAN

Chipong trinh u phan tai

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Waste Concern, mot to chirc phi chinh phu co tru sa tai Dhaka, da van hanh
cac dir an u phan tai Bangladesh ke tir nam 1995. Ban dau, to chirc nay gap
kho khan trong viec ban san pham phan u cua t6 chirc, chu yeu la do sir canh
tranh manh me ti> cac cong ty san xuat phan bon hoa hoc. Be giai quyet kho
khan tren, to chirc nay da no lye san xuat ra loai phan trpn dap irng dirge cac
tieu chuan chat lirgng cao nhat va hien nay ho ban phan tron cua minh cho
cac cong ty phan bon, sau do, cac cong ty phan bon ban lai cho ngirai nong
dan lam chat cai tao dat bon kem phan bon hoa hoc.

Co nhieu loai cong cu co the giup thanh pho danh
gia tinh kha thi ve mat ky thuat va tai chinh di triln
khai cac dir an quan ly chat thai hCru co. Cac to
chuc, chang han nhir Sang kien xir ly chat thai ran
do thj cua CCAC cung cap nhiiu loai cong cu nhir
vay, chang han nhtr A/en tana kien thCrc vS chat thai
ran do thi: Cona cu [CCAC da cap nhat (b)] va
Cona cu va nauon iirc [GMI da cap nhat (a)] dl thyc
hien cac dir an khi sinh hoc.

Cau hoi danh cho ngtHoi ra
quylt dinh

Xet den nhu cau tieu thu san phlm va nguon
nguyen lieu tai dja phirang thi quy mo dur an
nhir the nao thi hieu qua nhat?

Xet den nhu cau va nang lire cu thi cua thanh
pho thi cong nghe nao hieu qua nhat?

Lam each nao thanh pho dam bao dirge dong
nguyen lieu la loai chuyen dung,
co chat lirgng?

Lam each nao thanh pho dam bao diro'c cac
ca sa van hanh va duy tri hieu qua a mire
cong suat toi u>u?

Thanh pho se ap dung nhu'ng quy trinh va thu
tuc nao dl dam bao phan u cua thanh pho dap
trng dirge cac tieu chuln chat lirgng hoac dl
dam bao he thong AD san xuat ra san lirgng
khi sinh hoc va bun thai chit lu-gng cao,
toi iru?

Thanh pho se tilp thi san phlm (vi du nhir
phan u va khi sinh hoc) cho ngu-ai dung cuoi
tiem nang nhir thi nao?

o"®

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10

Quan ly chit thai hCm co>

Phu luc 10.4. Kho khan thipong gap khi xlp ly chit thai hCm cc va giai phap co thl ap dung

Kho khan Giai phap co the ap dung

Rui ro nghe nghiep va moi Cung cap he thong dam bao chat iLfgng va chuong trinh dao tao
nguy hiem trong qua trinh
van hanh

Chi phi van hanh va chi
phi slf dung von ion

Kho khan

Nhu cau tieu thu
phan u cua nguoi
dung cuoi chua cao

Can nhlc ap dung cac co che thu hoi chi phi, bao gom tinh phi thu gom rieng doi voi chat thai hCru co

Slf dung cac co so u phan nho, phi tap trung theo quy mo cua khu vuc Ian can de tranh vugt mifc chi
phi slf dung von

U phan

Giai phap co the ap dung

Ban phan u cho cac cong ty phan bon de ho ban phan u voi kem cac san pham khac
Slf dung phan u tren dat cong cho cac du an tao canh quan, cai tao dat hoac chong xoi mon
Tiep can nhiJng ngLfoi nong dan tai dja phuong co the slf dung phan u

Phoi hop voi chinh phu de tao moi truong thuan igi nhlm tang nhu cau tieu thu phan u (vi du: phe duyet
cac tieu chuan chat lugng, yeu cau cac cong ty phan bon phai mua va tiep thj phan u o ty ie nao do)

Nhiem ban/phan u Dam bao nguyen lieu den ti> nhiJng dja diem san sinh dong chat thai hiJu co nguyen chat, de phan loai

chat iLfgng thap (vi du: cho nong san)

Lien tuc pho bien cho cac ben lien quan thong tin ve cac loai chat thai hiJu co dugc chap nhan
(tham khao Phu luc 10.5)

Tuan thu hLfong dan ky thuat da ban hanh ve each duy tri dieu kien van hanh toi Lfu
Cung cap co hoi tham gia chuong trinh dao tao chuyen sau va lien tuc cho nhan vien co so

Kho khan

San iLfgng khi sinh hoc
thap/khong on djnh

Giai phap co the ap dung

Dam bao tron nguyen lieu theo each toi ltu de dat san lugng khi sinh hoc toi da
(vi du: slf dung Cong cu sang loc di/anAD (CCAC 2018a))

He thong gap true trac

Dam bao nguyen lieu den ti> nhiJng dja diem san sinh dong chat thai hiJu co nguyen chat,
de phan loai (vi du: cho nong san)

Tuan thu huong dan ky thuat da ban hanh ve each duy tri dieu kien van hanh toi ltu
Cung cap co hoi tham gia chuong trinh dao tao chuyen sau va lien tuc cho nhan vien co so

QV©

-------
Ngu6n anh: Gobierno de Chile

Phan loai va tai chi chit tha hCm ca tai La Pintana, Chile
¦ ¦ '

Quan ly chit thai hfru cc

La Pintana da thirc hien mot nghien clpu xac djnh dac tinh chat thai va thay r§ng chat thai thirc vat chiem
phan Ion nhat trong dong chat thai rln cua thanh pho. De quan ly phu hgp loai chat thai nay, chinh quyen
da quyet d|nh xuc tien mot chirang trinh u phan dira tren nen tang ca sa ha tang von co va cac nguon lye
khac tai dia phu-ong. Ngiroi dan La Pintana dirge phat thung rac 35 lit va sinh vien cua cac trircmg cao
dlng/dai hoc dia phirong chuyen nganh moi triwng da trien khai cac chien dich tiep can tirng nha de pho
bien cho ngirai dan tarn quan trong cua viec phan loai chat thai thirc vat. He thong thu gom rac da phan
loai du'gc xay dirng tren cac tuyen dirong hien co va khong lam tang chi phi hoac so lirgng xe tai thu gom
rac. Chat thai thirc vat sau khi thu gom dirge van chuyen den nha may xir ly de u phan. Nha may nay bao

gom mot khu virc u phan co kha nang xir ly khoang 18 tan chat
thai moi ngay va mot khu virc nuoi giun que co kha nang xir ly
them 18 den 20 tan chat thai moi ngay (Allen 2012).

Moi ngay, khoang 35 tan chat thai thirc vat du'gc thu gom tir cac
ho gia dlnh va khu chg tai La Pintana. Chat thai sau khi dime
chuyen doi thay vi do ra bai chon lap giup thanh pho tiet kiem chi
phi van chuyen va thai bo khoang 700 do la My moi ngay. Ngoai
ra, phan u thu dirge theo phirong thirc nuoi giun que co the
dirge ban vol gia 40 do la My moi kilogam (Chircmg trinh LEED
cua OECD 2014). He thong moi nay van hanh vol chi phi hang
ngay thap hen so vol he thong cu (khi chon lap toan bo chat
thai), vira giup Pintana tiet kiem chi phi, vira mang lai Igi ich ve
xa hoi va moi trirdng.

Measuring Proaress at Local

Level (OECD LEED Programme

2014) va La Pintana. Chile:
k Prioritizing the Recovery a
¦k of Vegetable Waste
(Allen 2012).

Qv©^©@Q 0

-------
Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

-------
11 TAI CHE

® ©©Q 3

-------
Overview of Legal Framework for Inclusion
of Informal Recvclers in Brazil (Dias 2011)

Recycling and Disposal of Municipal Solid
Waste in Low and Middle-In come Countries
(UN-Habitat 2011)

A New Circular Vision for Electronics
(WEF2019)

ISO Standards for Recycling (ISO 2020)

Materials Recovery Facility Toolkit
(ADB 2013)

-------
11

Tai chi

Phln 11

Tai chi

Mac du vat lieu co thl tai chi chi chilm 16% limng
chat thai ran phat sinh a cac quoc gia thu nhap thap,
nhipng limng rac phat sinh va limng vat lieu co thl
tai che thimng se tang len khi kinh tl phat triln
(Kaza cung cong sip, 2018). Bang each thu gom va
tach cac loai vat lieu nay khoi dong chat thai, nhilu
thanh pho da tilt kiem dime khong gian bai chon
lap, tao ra doanh thu va tao cong an viec lam cho
ngimi dan. Giai phap tai che khong chi giup thanh
pho tiet kiem chi phi, ma con bao ve moi trimng do
giam dime nguon nang limng va tai nguyen thien
nhien can dung dl san xuat san phlm moi va gop
phan ngan ngCpa dong chat thai di vao nguon nimc.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ve Ion fch cua viec tai
che, cac loai vat lieu co thl tai che thimng gap nhat,
cac kho khan trong qua trinh thyc hien chimng trinh
tai che thanh cong va quy trinh kilu mlu ve lap kl
hoach va triln khai cac chu'O'ng trinh tai chi.

Tai ch§ la gi?

Tai chi la hoat dong thu gom va xik ly vat lieu, ma le
ra se tree thanh chat thai, sau do biln nhOng vat lieu
do thanh san phlm moi Chu'O'ng trinh tai chi dem
lai lp"i fch cho thanh pho theo cac each thipc sau:

• Giam chi phi thai bo rac. Tai chi giup giam
lu'P'ng chat thai chuyln din bai chon lap, do do,
keo dai tuli tho cua nhOng co1 see nay va bot
du'P'c phan chi phi dau tip xay dyng, lap dat va
van hanh co1 see moi.

• Giam tac dong vl moi trifang. O nhilu nipoc
dang phat triln, chat thai chipa thu gom du'P'c
dot a ngoai troi dl giam khoi lippng. Viec han
chi lippng vat lieu co thl tai chi bj dot ngoai troi
giup cai thien chat lu'P'ng khong khf va giam phat
thai khf nha kfnh. Ngoai ra, viec tang ty le tai chi
gop phan ngan ngCpa chat thai biln thanh rac
thai biln, dac biet la a cac khu vlpc ven biln.

• Giam mire tieu thu vat lieu nguyen so*. Lam

cham qua trinh khai thac vat lieu nguyen sa giup
bao ton cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, chang
han nhip g6, nipoc va khoang san, dong thoi

tang cipong an ninh kinh tl vl co thl sic dung
nguon vat lieu noi dja luon co sin.

• Thuc day tang truing kinh ti va binh dang
xa hoi. Giai phap tai chi tao cong an viec lam
va cung cap nguon thu nhap In djnh cho ngipoi
dan dja phipong. Cac chu'O'ng trinh tai chi chfnh
thine do mot so thanh pho h6 trp dippc coi la giai
phap giup nhOng ngipoi lao dong khu vlpc phi
chfnh thine tree thanh nhan vien quan ly chat thai
ran chfnh thi>c, do do, cai thien dime si>c khoe,
an sinh, cung nhip dilu kien lam viec.

Mac du co thl tai chi nhilu loai vat lieu, nhimg phi

biln nhat la:

• Gily. Co thl tai chi giay dl san xuat them giay
va cac san phlm lien quan din giay. Ngoai ra,
co thl biln chat xa tip giay da qua tai chi thanh
cac san phlm khac co thl ban dime, chang han
nhip bang dfnh, bang cuon hoac chat each dien.
Tuy nhien, giay khong phai loai vat lieu co thl tai
chi vo thoi han vl tuli tho chat xa trong giay rut
ngan sau m6i Ian sic dung.

• Nhom. Nhom la vat lieu ly tipceng vl co thl tai
chi dime nhilu Ian ma khong mat di chat limng
va thipong co gia trj kinh tl cao ho^. Qua trinh
san xuat nhom tai chi tilt kiem hon 90% nang
limng sic dung trong qua trinh san xuat nhom
moi (Hiep hoi Nhom [Aluminum Association]
2019).

• Thep. Thung dyng bang thep la loai thep gia
dung dippc tai chi phi biln nhat; tuy nhien,
tat ca cac loai thep phi lieu dlu co thl tai chi
dime. Thep co thl dime coi la loai hang hoa
du'P'c tai che nhieu nhat the giai va dime cac
nha san xuat sic dung dl san xuat ra nhilu loai
san phlm, chang han nhip xe co va san phlm
xay dyng. Quy trinh tai chi thung dyng bang
thep co thl tilt kiem tip 60% din 74% nang
limng can dung dl san xuat thung dyng moi tip
nguyen lieu tho (EPA Hoa Ky 2016a).

-------
11

Tai chi

• Nhipa. Vao nam 2016, nhya chilm 12% limng
chat thai ran tren toan the giai (Kaza cung cong
sip, 2018). Nhya co thl mat hang tram den hang
nghln nam moi phan huy, dilu nay gay ra nhOng
van dl rat nghiem trong den moi trimng va slpc
khoe con ngimi. Dja phimng co thl tai chl mot
so loai nhya (vf du: nhOng loai chi>a ty trong
polyethylen va polyethylen terephthalat cao)
thanh nhilu loai do vat, bao gom nhya gia g6,
do noi that, be tong khoi, nhya dimng va do gia
dung (vf du: hop dimg, xo, chilu dem).

• Pin. Pin kilm dung trong nhieu do gia dung phi
biln (nhip den pin) dime nhieu co1 see tai che. Pin
axit-chl chipa kim loai nang va can dime tai che
a nhOng co1 see co trang bj may moc kilm soat o
nhilm khong khf phu hop. Pin lithium-ion dang
tree thanh mot phimng tien Iifu trO nang limng
ngay cang phi bien. Co thl tai chl loai pin nay,
nhimg can phai thu gom va xic ly rieng vl chung
co thl phat nl khi co ap suit va gay ra hoa
hoan. Tham khao phan Nhan dien chat thai 6ac
biet dl bilt them thong tin.

• Thuy tinh. Thuy tinh la mot vat lieu khac co kha
nang duy tri du'P'c chat lu'P'ng va khong bj tieu
hao theo then gian. Lo va chai thuy tinh co thl
du'P'c tai san xuat thanh cac do chipa moi bang
thuy tinh. Thuy tinh cung co thl dime tai sic
dung lam do chipa ma khong can phai qua quy
trinh tai san xuat.

• Diu may da qua sip dung. Dau may da qua sip

dung co thl biln thanh dau boi tran, dLPpcxic
ly thanh nhien lieu hoac dime dung lam nguyen
lieu tho cho cac bipoc khac trong nganh loc dau.
Dau may dl tai chl vl khong hao mdn; chi can
loc sach la co thl tai sic dung. Qua trinh tai chl
dau may da qua sic dung hieu qua nhat khi vat
lieu nay dippc thu gom rieng.

• L6p xe. Lop xe sau khi dime thu gom rieng
co thl phuc vu nhilu muc dfch khac nhau, tuy
thuoc vao thj tripong. Lop xe co thl dippc xic ly
va dung lam vat lieu thay thl soi tren dimng,
dung dl dong kien cho cac cong trinh dan dung
hoac tham chi dime cat nho va dung lam lop lot
va che phu bai chon lap. O mot so quoc gia, lop
xe dime dung lam nhien lieu trong cac ay see dot
rac. Dilm mau chot la phai hilu dime muc dfch
sic dung cuoi tripoc khi xic ly lop phi lieu. Quy
trinh nay anh hipceng ft nhilu din moi trimng,

nhipng nhien lieu tip lop xe co hieu qua ho"n so
voi cac loai nhien lieu hoa thach khac (EPA Hoa
Ky 2016e).

• Rac thai dien tip (e-waste). Chat thai dien tie
thimng gom cac phi lieu chi>a cac linh kien
dien hoac dien tie, bao gom dien thoai, may tfnh,
trang thilt bj va cac vat lieu khac. Co thl tai chl
nhilu loai kl tren, nlu dimcxu' ly dung each.
Theo mot bao cao nam 2019 cua Diln dan Kinh
tl Thl gioi (WEF 2019), chat thai dien tie toan
cau co gia trj ho^ 60 ty do la hang nam. Nhilu
quoc gia ifu tien xay dyng he thong thu hoi vat
lieu tip nhOng san phlm nay.

Vat lieu da qua tai chl co rat nhilu mipc gia trj, tuy
thuoc vao quoc gia va thj trimng tieu thu. Ngoai ra,
nhilu quoc gia chipa co day du dO lieu vl gia trj cua
nhOng phi lieu co thl tai chl, nen kho ipoc lippng
gia trj.

Kho khan

Mac du giai phap tai chl giup tilt kiem tai nguyen va
nang lippng, nhipng cac thanh pho thipong gap kho
khan trong viec triln khai mot chimng trinh tai chl
thanh cong vl cac ly do sau day:

• Chit lipong. Chat thai co thl tai chl phai dap
i>ng cac ngimng tieu chuln cu thl moi co thl
chuyln thanh san phlm moi, quy trinh nay
yeu cau tuyln chon va xic ly mot each nghiem
ngat. Vf du, m6i loai nhya co dac tfnh rieng, anh
himng din mim do phu hop cua loai nhya do
doi voi viec tai chl. Nlu khong phan loai giOa
nhya chat limng cao va nhya chat limng thap,
thl toan bo lo nhya do chi co thl dime dung dl
san xuat nhOng loai san phlm phu hop voi nhya
chat limng thap. T6 chuv Tieu chuin hoa Quoc
te (ISO, 2020) dat ra cac tieu chuln doi vol hoat
dong tai chl vat lieu. Dimi day la cac tieu chuln
co thl giup dam bao chat limng.

• Nhiim ban. Vat lieu co thl tai chl dime coi la bj
nhilm bin khi chipa dime phan tach hoan toan
khoi vat lieu khong thl tai chl (vf du: vln dl pin
lithium-ion trong thilt bj dien tie, nlu khong xic ly
rieng, vat lieu nay co thl gay nl). Vat lieu co thl
tai chl dime coi la nhilm bin khi chipa dime ve
sinh sach se hoan toan (vf du: thi>c an vln bam
dfnh tren vat lieu khi vat lieu do di vao dong tai
chl) hoac do vai chit phu gia, chang han nhip
phthalat. Nhilm bin thimng la nguyen nhan

oeo®s®9®®oo©©©o

-------
11

Tai chi

TRU'O'NG HOP
LIEN QUAN

Vao nam 1997, Tunisia da phat dong chuong trinh tai che Eco-Lef de giai quyet van de chat thai nhya. Chirong
trlnh chu trpng d§n nguyen tic gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xult, theo do, cac nha san xult bao bi phai chju
trach nhiem xi> ly va thai bo san phlm sau tieu dung. Nguyen tic gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san xult giup tao lap
he th6ng bin vCrng v§ mat tai chinh, khuyln khich ngiroi lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thCrc thu gom vat lieu co thi
tai chl va giri tai cac trung tarn thu gom Eco-Lef. Nhung ngirai thu gom rac dirge tra tiln cong khi mang phi lieu
tai trung tarn thu gom Eco-Lef. Gia nhya phi lieu tai trung tarn cao hon khoang 200 dina m§i tin so vai thj trircrng
truyln th6ng (Kaza ciing cong sir, 2018). Khi chirang trinh Eco-Lef du'gc triln khai tren toan qudc, m§i mot thanh
ph6 dlu chu ng kiln sir tang trirong viec lam, gia tang mire do tham gia voi khu vyc phi chinh thirc va giam chit
thai nhira.

khiln ca 16 vat lieu co thl tai che bj gCri den bai
chon lap thay vi duo'c tai che. Tinh trang nhiirn
bin voi vat lieu khong thl tai che cung co thl
khiln may moc dung trong quy trinh tai chl gap
true trac.

Thi tru'd'ng bien dong. Nhu cau thu mua vat
lieu co thl tai chl co thl thay d6i mot each kho
lu'ang va khiln gia ca biln dong. Trong mot so
tru'ang hgp, gia vat lieu sut giam dot ngot co thl
khiln cac ca sa tai chl khong thl duy tri hoat
dong. Trong tru'ang hgp do, vat lieu co thl tai
chl co nguy ca bi thai vao bai chon lap.

Chi phi van hanh cao. Hoat dong tai chl co thl
ton kern chi phi thue nhan cong va van chuyln
vat lieu. G nhfrng nai co cac chi phi nay d mire
cao, thi giai phap tai chl vat lieu gia tri thap
thipang khong mang lai Igi nhuan.

Ngudn von dliu tu. Nhu' vdi bat ky du" an xay
dyng ca sa ha tang nao, dy an xay dung ca sa
tai chl thirang doi hoi phai huy dong von ben
ngoai. Dl bilt them thong tin vl kinh phi cho cac
dy an trong nganh chat thai, bao gom ca viec su*
dung kl hoach gia tang trach nhiem cua nha san
xuat dl bu dap chi phi tai chl, hay tham khao
phan Xem xet veu to kinh te.

Thieu co> so xlf ly. Ca sa ha tang co thl la
rao can Ian anh hurang din viec triln khai cac
chirang trinh tai chl. Nhilu thanh pho khong
dirge trang bi ca sa thu hoi vat lieu (MRF), hoac
co thl thilu nganh hoac thj tru'ang triln khai

hoat dong biln vat lieu da tai chl thanh san
phlm.

Thilu cong nghe phu hop. Mot so loai phi
lieu khong thl tai chl nlu khong sip dung cong
nghe tien tiln (vi du: nhya dung mot Ian). Nlu
cac loai phi lieu nay di vao dong vat lieu da tai
chl, chung co thl mac ket vao may moc va lam
hong thilt bj phan loai. Cuoi cung, nhu-ng loai
nay thirang ra bai chon lap hoac tra thanh rac
thai biln.

Anh hipong xau din moi tripong va slpc khoe.
Hoat dong van chuyln va xi> ly vat lieu co thl tai
chl co thl lam gia tang tinh trang o nhiim khong
khi. Hoat dong tai chl cung can din nhilu nu'dc
dl dam bao xCr ly sach phi lieu. Mot so vat lieu
rat nguy hilm nlu khong dirge xir ly dung each
(vi du: pin lithium-ion co thl phat n6 va gay hoa
hoan). Can so sanh mat Igi va mat hai cua hoat
dong tai chl doi voi moi trirang.

De khu vyc phi chinh thu>c tham gia. Viec dl
khu vyc phi chinh thirc tham gia khong phai luc
nao cung dl dang, vi doi ngu nay thirang thl
chan cac ben trung gian da lam viec lau nam
trong nganh tai chl. Cac thanh pho cung co
nguon ngan sach han hep va co thl khong du
nang lyc cap bien chl cho khu vyc phi chinh
thirc. Xem phan Tai che khu vuc ohi chinh thuv
dl bilt thong tin vl each thu hut khu vyc phi
chinh thirc.

o©©©© ©

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11

Tai chi

Cac quy trinh kieu mau

Phln nay trinh bay quy trinh kilu mlu vl each lap
ke hoach va triln khai cac chipong trinh tai chi, bao
gom len ke hoach, thu gom, phan loai, xic ly, tuyln
chon, ban vat lieu co thl tai che dl tai san xuat.

Lap ki hoach chiin Iipoc

Nhieu thanh pho nhan thay nen thilt lap mot chu'O'ng
trinh hoac ke hoach tai che chfnh thipc; tham khao
Nen tana kien thuc ve chat thai ran do thi: Thanh
oho [CCAC da cap nhat(a)] dl xem cac vf du. Cac
ke hoach tai che thipong thiet lap each thanh pho
se dap Cpng cac muc tieu tai che thong qua viec ap
dung va thine hien nhieu chfnh sach, chu'O'ng trinh
va dy an khac nhau. Mac du can chi phi ban dlu dl
thiet lap chu'O'ng trinh tai che, nhimg nhln chung,
thanh pho co thl tilt kiem tiin nho giam dime chi
phi thu gom va van chuyln vat lieu; va giam nhu clu
xay dyng co1 see dot rac hay bai chon lap moi rang
ho"n. Quy trinh lap ke hoach tai che chfnh thipc bao
gom cac bipoc sau:

1. Thu thap thong tin vi dong tai chi. Ke hoach
tai che can can clf tren loai vat lieu du'P'c xa thai
va thu gom, do do, se phu thuoc vao dac tfnh
chat thai, nhip mo ta trong phan Xac dinh dac
t'mh chat thai.

2. Nghien cipu thj trirong. Cac thanh pho nhan
thay nen thu thap va phan tfch dO lieu ve quy
mo thj tripong mua ban vat lieu co thl tai chi tai
dja phiKyng. Cacylu to chfnh can quan tarn bao
gom quang dipong din ay see tai chi hoac ay
see tai san xuat gan nhat, ai la ngipoi chju chi phf
van chuyln vat lieu din ay see do va kha nang
biln dong gia trj tripong doi voi cac loai vat lieu
khac nhau.

3. Ban hanh chfnh sach h6 tro>. Cac chfnh sach
cua dja phiKyng, chang han nhip quy djnh phan
loai bat buoc, co thl thuc dly n6 Ilfc tai chi.
Cac chfnh sach nay cung gop phan giam nguy
co1 nhilm bin dong tai chi. Dl bilt them thong
tin vl cac chfnh sach ma thanh pho co thl ban
hanh dl khuyln khfch phan loai dong chat thai,
hay tham khao phan Phan loai, thu gom va van
chuvin rac.

4. Sip tham gia cua cac ben lien quan. Dl cac

chu'O'ng trinh tai chi hoat dong hieu qua, thanh
pho phai tiln hanh cong tac truyln thong va tilp
can cong dong dl thuc dly cong dong ty giac

phan loai vat lieu co thl tai chi ngay tai nha,
giam thilu nguy ay nhilm bin dong chit thai
va giup dly nhanh toe do tai chi. Dl bilt them
thong tin vl cac chiln lime thu hut slp tham gia
cua cac ben lien quan, hay tham khao phln Sw
tham gia cua cac ben lien quan. Tham khao Phu
luc 11.3 dl bilt tripong hop diln hlnh vl cong
tac thu hut cac don vj tai chi doc lap.

Dl bilt them thong tin vl each thilt lap cac chu'O'ng
trinh tai chi, hay tham khao hipong din cua
UN-Habitat (2011), Recycling and Disposal of
Municipal Solid Waste in Low and Middle-Income
Countries.

Thu gom va phan loai rac

Cac loai vat lieu co thl tai chi co thl du'P'c thu gom
va phan loai bcci cac ben thai bo rac, don vj thu gom
hoac qua thung rac cong dong (tham khao phln
Phan loai. thu gom va van chuvin rac). Cac loai
vat lieu co thl tai chi do ben thai bo rac thu gom
thipong co chit lipong cao hon so voi vat lieu co thl

Cau hoi danh cho ngu'd'i ra
quy it djnh

Khi thilt lap chu'O'ng trinh tai chi, thanh pho hipong
toi muc tieu gl? Thanh pho co chuyln dli chit thai
thay vl thai ra bai rac, ngan ngCpa rac thai biln hay
thuc dly phat triln kinh tl khong?

Thanh pho lam each nao dl dam bao dong vat
lieu co thl tai chi co chit lipong cao, sach se va ft
nhilm bin?

Khu vlfc phi chfnh thipc dong vai tro gl trong hoat
dong phan loai va xic ly vat lieu co thl tai chi?
Co doi tac nao trong khu vlfc tip nhan ma thanh pho
co thl phoi hop (vf du: cac cong ty co trach nhiem
xa hoi hoac dat muc tieu gia tang trach nhiem cua
nha san xult) khong?

Dau la cac phipong thipc giao tilp tot nhlt voi cac
ben lien quan vl n6 lye tai chi?

Thj tripong nao tieu thu vat lieu co thl tai chi?
Thanh pho lam each nao dl thfch ling voi tlnh
trang rot gia vat lieu?

Hien co thl sic dung ay see ha ting nao dl h6
trp quy trinh tai chi (vf du: co thl dilu chinh
cac khu vlfc chipa sic dung lam ay see tai chi)?
Co du nhan cong van hanh cac ay see tai chi
theo each tilt kiem chi phf khong?

oeo®s®9®®oo©©©©

-------
11

Tai chl

on Solid Waste
(Tieu chuln phap ly
Brazil 2010). A

TRUING HOP LIEN
QUAN

Chinh sach chat
thai rim qudc gia
cua Brazil

tai chl du'oc phan loai ti> dong chat thai h6n hop;
tuy nhien, viec phan loai tai nha hoac doanh nghiep
doi hoi ben thai bo rac phai ton nhilu cong su'c. Do
do, cong tac truyln thong va tilp can cong dong
dong vai tro quan trong giup tao nen cac chyong
trlnh tai che thanh cong, dac biet la khi thanh pho
dang nd Ilfc khuyen khich cac ben thai bo rac da
phan loai vat lieu co the tai che. Tham khao phan
Sw tham gia cua cac ben lien quart dl biet them
thong tin vl cac chien luoc thu hut slf tham gia cua
cac ben lien quan.

Nhieu thanh pho slf dung thung rac cong cong. Cac
thanh pho nhan thly nhlt dinh phai tiep can cong
dong va huang din ro rang ve loai chat thai co thl
tai che va loai thung rac chi>a chat thai do dl tranh
tlnh trang nhiim bin. Tham khao phln Phan loai.,
thu aom va van chuven rac dl biet them thong tin ve
thung rac cong cong.

Vat lieu co th§ tai che thu!ong duoc nhOng ngu"6i
lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thuc phan loai ben ngoai
cac ho dan, tai tram trung chuyen va tai bai rac. Giai
phap dl ngu'di lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thicc
tham gia quy trinh thu gom chinh thu'c vu>a giup

Vao thang 8 nam 2010, chinh phu Brazil da thong qua mot dao luat d§ thiet
lap Chinh sach quoc gia Brazil ve chit thai ran. Muc tieu cua dao luat la
nang cao hieu qua tfch hgp va thu hut slf tham gia cua nguai lao dong khu
vlfc phi chinh thuc vao quy trinh tai che, cung nhu' dl khuyln khich cac co
quan dia phLFang thanh lap cac tl chLFC cho ngu'di lao dong khu vlfc phi
chinh thu-c. Thong qua viec lap kl hoach xlf ly chit thai ran, Brazil muon
dong clf3 va khoi phuc bai rac, hoat dong nay cung mang din Igi fch kinh
tl va xa hoi cho ngu'di lao dong khu vlfc phi chinh thCcc Luatyeu clu cac
dich vu quan ly chit thai ran phai lfu tien din vln dl tuyln dung, t6 chLFC
va nhiem vu cua ngu'di lao dong khu vlfc phi chinh thi>c.

ngu'di lao dong co dLFgc Igi ich vl viec lam, vi>a tan
dung dLFgc kinh nghiem cua ho. Dl bilt thong tin
chi tilt vl hoat dong thu gom, phan loai va dl ngu'di
lao dong khu vlfc phi chinh thuc tham gia, hay tham
khao phln Phan loai. thu aom va van chuvin rac.

XCp ly va tuyin chon

Sau khi thu gom va phan loai, vat lieu co thl tai chl
se dLFgc chuyln tdi co sd xlf ly. Tai co sd nay, vat
lieu co thl tai chl se dLFgc tuyln chon theo loai vat
lieu, dLFgc ru!a sach chit gay o nhilm va dong kien
dl van chuyln din co sd nghiln dl can nho vat lieu
hoac din co sd san xult nlu khong cln xlf ly them.

MRF la co sd chuyen dung dl tuyln chon va thu
hoi vat lieu co thl tai chl. Co sd nay co thl nam d
co sd trung chuyln hoac d dia dilm rieng. MRF slf
dung kit hgp nhilu loai cong nghe dl tuyln chon
vat lieu co thl tai chl. Cac cong nghe thu'dng dung
bao gom sang true quay dl phan loai vat lieu theo
kich cd, nam cham tren noc may dl thu gom vat lieu
chua sat hoac thep va bang chuyln dl chuyln din
vat lieu sang cho cac doi phu trach lly vat lieu co thl
tai chl ra. Mac du MRF cong nghe cao khong phi
biln d cac nu'dc dang phat triln, nhu'ng nhilu thanh
pho slf dung cac co sd quy mo nho dl dilu phoi
hoat dong phan loai vat lieu co thl tai chl thong qua
cac giai phap cong nghe thlp hon, chang han nhu'
tuyln chon thu cong (tham khao Phu luc 11.1).

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100

Mot so MRF khi xCr ly vat lieu co thl tai chl se sip
dung cac ben trung gian, ben nay se thu mua vat
lieu co thl tai che tip ngicdi lao dong khu vu'c phi
chinh thu*c, sau do tuyen chpn, ve sinh va dong goi
trico'c khi gu'i den ca sd. Ngu'di lao dong khu vlfc
phi chinh thuc thirdng thoa thuan ban vat lieu co
thl tai chl cho ben trung gian dl dli lay mot so vat
dung hoac dich vu (vf du: ben moi gidi cho ngu'di lao
dong mirgn xe dly).

Tlnh trang tilp xuc voi bui va cac chat gay o nhilm
khac la dieu dang ngai doi vdi ngu'di lao dong tai
MRF va cac ca sd tai chl khac, do do, cac thanh
pho nhan thay phai trang bj he thong thong khi hieu
qua tai co1 sd va cung cap thilt bj bao ho ca nhan (vi
du: khiu trang, gang tay) cho ngu'di lao dong.

Ban vat lieu tlft tai san icuM
Sau khi da hoan tat toan bo cac cong doan xip ly
can thilt, vat lieu tai chl se duoc san xuat thanh
san phlm mdi tai nha may tai chl hoac ca sd khac,
chang han nhic ca sd san xuat chai lo hoac xu'dng
giay. Mac du cac thanh pho thu'dng khong tai san
xuat san phlm, nhimg hp co thl ho trg dl dam bao
ca sd xlp ly vat lieu dap u-ng cac tieu chuln cua cac
dan vj tai san xuat. Phu luc 11,2 trinh bay vf du vl
each mot so thanh pho sir dung bai rac thai dl dilu
phoi cac n5 lye ban vat lieu tai chl.

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101

PHU LUC 11.2 TRIPGNG
HOP BIEN HINH

Sir dung bai rac thai d§ xlf ly phi lieu co th§ tai chi tai Indonesia

Tai Indonesia, nhieu thanh ph6 da thong qua mo hmh "bai rac thai" de slip xep cac no lire tai che cua
thanh pho. Bai rac thai la ca see xir ly chat thai phi tap trung, quy mo nho nci ngirai dan dja phircmg co the
mang vat lieu co the tai che den de doi lay mot khoan tien dira tren gia tri thi trtrffng hang ngay cua vat lieu.
NhCrng ngu'O'i dan quyet djnh tham gia chu'O'ng trinh nay thirang dirge phat mot "cuon so bai" de ghi chep
"lu-gng chat thai do ra bai". Ngirai tham gia co the tiet kiem s6 t n ki6m dirge trong ngan hang hoac lay
tien mat.

Nhan vien bai rac thai - thirdng la ngirai dan dia phu'cng ~ se tiep nhan, phan loai va gom vat lifu co the
tai che lai de ban cho dan vi tai che. Tai mot so bai rac thai, nhan vien sir dung may mocxu' ly de bien vat
lieu co the tai che thanh san pham mm. Vi du, tai mot bai rac thai a Jakarta, nhan vien van hanh may bam
nho de bam chai nhira thanh cac mieng nho va ban cho cac den vi tai che vai mire gia cao hen chai nhira
nguyen ven (xem hinh tren). Nhieu bai rac thai cung tuyen nhan vien che tac vat lieu co the tai che thanh
do thu cong de ban.

Mo hinh bai rac thai tai Indonesia da tra nen thinh hanh trong nhCrng nam gan day, dac biet la de dap lai
nhan thirc ngay cang tang v§ Igi ich cua viec tang ty le tai che de ngan ngira rac thai bien. Tinh den nam
2018, da co hen 2.800 bai rac thai dja phirang van hanh tai dat nirffc nay. Nhieu bai rac thai dime cac
cong ty tij nhan ho trg, chlng han nhif Unilever.

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102

PHU LUC 11.3 TRIPGNG
HOT DIEN HINH

Cc s6> ta chl rac doc lap tai Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, Viet Nam

Cac den vj thu gom rac doc lap dong vai tro quan trong trong he thong quan ly chat thai rln tai Thanh pho
Ho Chi Minh vi ho thu gom vat lieu tai che tir nhung khu pho xa xoi, kho tiep can. Cong tac nay giup giam
lirong vat lieu co th§ tai che vay, nhung cac don vi thu gom rac doc lap
van chira dime trang bj day du thiet bj bao ho sire khoe nghe nghiep.

Cc quan Phat trien Quoc Te Hoa Ky da hgp tac vai Environnement et Developpement du Tiers-Monde de
cung co them he thong quan ly chat thai rln cua thanh pho Ho Chi Minh blng each ho trg cho cac don vj
thu gom rac doc lap. Ho da cung cap chirong trinh dao tao cho hgp tac xa thu gom rac hien co va tao lap
mot mang liwi hgp tacxa de van dong hieu qua hem vol mire l^ong cao hon, thiet bj bao ve slfc khoe,

quyen tiep can bao hiem y te va viec thanh pho chap thuan cho sir
dung xe ba gac gin dong ca trong thu gom rac.

Ke ti> khi chirong trinh bit dau, mang liroi hgp tac xa da van dong
quyen Igi cho hen mot nira trong so 1.561 den vj thu gom rac doc
lap. Chirong trinh cung da giup tang s6 lirong phu nCr nlrn giCr vai
tro lanh dao trong hop tac xa (tir 0 len 22%), quyen tiep can djch vu
cham soc sire khoe (815 ngiroi lao dong da dirge tiep can tot hon)
va so lirgng thiet bj bao ho lao dong (1.200 ngircyi lao dong dirge
phat thiet bj) va cac hoat dong nang cao nhan thirc (8.700 thanh
vien cong dong da tham gia). Ngoai ra, tien cong hang thang cua
cac don vj thu gom rac doc lap da tang khoang 65% do tang 1 USD
phi thu cua cac ho gia dinh.

Be tim hieu them, hay tham
khao trimna ho>o diin hinh ve

Giam chit thai nhwa khon

dw&c quart lv tdt thorn Qua cac

doanh nahieo xti Iv chit thai

lanh manh (USAID 2019b)

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103

Tai chl khu vyc phi chinh thu'c

Khu vu*c tai che phi chinh thu-c ton tai a hau hit cac
thanh pho cua cac nude dang phat trien. Khu vuc
nay bao gom ca nhan, tl dpi va cac doanh nghiep
nho cung cap djch vu thu gom ngoai vi, cung nhir
ban vat lieu co thl tai che va tai slp dung. Khu vyc
nay co thl giai quyet van dl khi thilu cac phu-ong
an thai bo, thu gom hoac phan loai. Ngimi lao dong
khu vyc phi chinh thu'c thipang lam viec trong cac
dilu kien khong an toan, khong dipgc hipang quyln
Igi lam viec nhu' ngu'ai lao dong trong khu vlpc chinh
thu!c va phai chju mi>c thu nhap chenh lech. Ca gia
dinh, bao gom tre em nho, co thl phai tham gia vao
cac hoat dong tai chl va dya vao do lam nguon thu
nhap duy nhat. Ngu'oi lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh
thu'c thu'dng bj xa hoi coi thudng, va co thl du'oc
goi bang nhu'ng cai ten khong thien cam nhu' "ngu'oi
bai rac", "ngu'ai nhat rac" va "ngu'ai lipgm ve chai".

Khu vyc tai chl phi chinh thu'c
hoat dong nhiF thd nao?

Ngicai lao dong lam nghe tai chl trong khu vu'c phi
chinh thu-c kilm tiln bang each ban vat lieu co thl
tai chl ma hp thu gom du'gc cho mang licai cac dai
ly va nganh tai chl (Wilson cung cong su\ 2009,
Aparcana 2017). Trong mot so tru'dng hgp, ngipai
lao dong co thl ban cho nhOng ngipai lao dong khac
thupc khu vice phi chinh thi>c dl ho tai sCe dung
lam nguyen lieu cho quy trinh hoac san phlm khac
(chang han nhu' si> dung do cu dl sica chu'a may
moc). Ngu'oi lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh thu'c thu
gom vat lieu co the tai chl tai nhilu dia dilm:

• Ho gia dinh. Ngu'oi lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh
thuc co thl thu gom hoac mua vat lieu tai chl
(nhLP giay, kim loai, quan ao cu) ti> ngu'oi dan
theo cac tuyln du-ong quen thuoc. Cach lam nay
thLPdng ph6 biln a nhOng noi ma chinh quyln
dja phu-ong khong throng xuyen hoac it khi din
thu gom; khu vlpc phi chinh thu'c dong vai tro la
dan vi thu gom rac.

• Thung rac cong dong va tram trung chuyen.
Nlu khong co chu-ong trinh tai chl chinh thu'c,
thi thung rac cong dong va tram trung chuyln
du'gc coi la noi chu!a rat nhilu vat lieu danh cho
ngu'oi lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh thu'c.

• Bai rac. Ngu'oi lao dong lam nghl tai chl trong
khu vlpc phi chinh thu'c cung thimng thu gom
phi lieu tape tilp tai bai rac. Khong giong nhu1
bai chon lap hgp ve sinh, bai rac tai cac nuoc

dang phat triln thLPdng khong co hang rao hoac
tuong dl ngan chan nguoi ngoai vao.

Ngipoi lao dong khu vyc phi
chinh thu'c thipong d6i mat voi
nhCpng rui ro nao?

NgLPO'i lao dong lam nghe tai chl trong khu vlpc phi
chinh thi>c tilp xuc vai nhilu nguy ca anh huang
din su'c khoe thl chat, phuc Igi va sinh kl cua minh.
Cac nguy ca nay bao gom dilu kien lam viec nguy
hilm co thl din din tdn thLPang vl th6 chat, tilp
xuc vai cac chat doc hai va cac loai vat lieu khac co
the gay benh man tinh. Ngoai ra, ngu'oi lao dong
khu vlpc phi chinh thi>c thLPang bj boc lot vi hp sin
sang lam viec dl d6i lay mCpc tiln cong thap, dilu
nay cang khiln hp ylu thl han vl mat kinh tl xa hoi
von da ylu thl cua minh, Nguy ca bao gom:
• Dilu kien lam viec nguy hiem. Ngu'oi lao dong
lam nghl tai chl trong khu vyc phi chinh thu'c
hilm khi co thilt bj bao ho ca nhan, chang han
nhLP gang tay, khlu trang hoac giay dep phu
hgp. NgLPai lao dong tilp xuc vai cac do vat sac
nhpn nhLP kim loai va thuy tinh, chat thai nguy hai
hay tham chi la chat thai y tl. Lam viec trong bai
rac dac biet nguy hilm khi rac khong du'gc nen
dung each va co thl xo lech, gay sut lun dong
rac, gan giong nhLP dang sat la rac. Co tai lieu
ghi lai slp co ngu'6'i lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh
thu'c thiet mang trong nhu=ng vu sut lun rac.
Ngu'oi lao dong khu vlpc phi chinh thu-c thu*ang
lam viec gan may moc Ian (chang han nhu1 may
xuc va xe ui) va co nguy ca bj thuang nlu nguoi

Phu luc 11.4, Ngu'ai lao dong khu vyc phi chinh
thu'c lam viec gin xe ui tai Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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104

dilu khiln cac loai xe tren khong nhln thay hp
(Phu luc 11.4).

• B6c chay. Bai rac co thl dot nhien ty boc chay
do ton tai khf me-tan sau khi vat chat hOu co1
phan huy. Thong thLPong, cac thanh vien cua khu
vlpc tai chl phi chfnh thi>c se cham ICea dot rac
dl lay vat lieu co thl tai che co gia trj cao, chang
han nhip kim loai. Cac dam chay anh hipcmg den
ca slpc khoe con ngLPoi va moi tapong.

• Anh hmyng din sifc khoe. Ngoai tac hai ti>c
thai den slpc khoe thl chat do ICea chay va dilu
kien lam viec nguy hilm, ngipcn lao dong khu
vlpc phi chfnh thi>c con phai tilp xuc voi trung
gian gay benh (chang han nhLP cac loai gam
nham, con trung), mam benh a ngLPoi va chat
gay o nhilm. O nhilm khong khf, chang han nhLP
do phat thai vi hat sau khi dot rac ngoai troi va
bai chon lap boc chay, se anh hLPcmg din slpc
khoe cua ngLPoi lao dong va ngLPoi dan Ian can.

• Boc lot. NgLPoi lao dong khu vlpc phi chfnh thCpc
khong dLpgc bao ho bcci cac quy djnh va quy
tac nhLP ngLPoi lao dong khu vlpc chfnh thupc. Hp
thLPong bj boc lot bcci cac ben trung gian thu mua
phi lieu.

• Biln dong gia. Thj tapong mua ban vat lieu co
thl tai chl rat biln dong. Gia ca biln dong gop
phan lam tang mLPC do ylu thl cua ngLPoi lao
dong, nhilu ngLPoi trong so do von da phai doi
mat voi canh doi ngheo cung clpc.

De khu vlpc tai chl phi chfnh thirc tham gia dem
lai nhCrng loi ich gi?

b! giam nguy co1 ma ngLPai lao dong khu vlpc phi
chfnh thCpc phai doi mat (xem phan topcrc), cac thanh
pho co thl dl nhOng ngLP^i lao dong nay tham gia.
Khi chfnh thCpc tuyln dung ngLP^i lao dong nhom
nganh phi chfnh thCpc, cac thanh pho co thl tan dung
kinh nghiem cua hp, cai thien dilu kien lam viec cua
hp va tang tapcmg so lieu ngLPai co viec lam cua
thanh pho. Lai fch chfnh bao gom:

• Loi fch vl mat cong nghe. NgLP^i lao dong khu
vlpc phi chfnh thCpc thLPcmg dLPa vao cac cong
nghe mai va hien dai, chang han nhLP phat triln
cac Cpng dung dien thoai dl thu gom vat lieu co
thl tai chl theo nhu cau.

• Loi fch vl mat moi tru'dng. NgLPai lao dong
khu vlpc phi chfnh thCpc dat ty le thu hoi cao vl
hoat dong thu gom la sinh kl quan trong cua
hp. Ty le thu hoi gia tang se giup lay dLPtfc chat
thai ra khoi nguon nLP^c va cac moi tapong song
quan trong khac.

• Loi fch vl mat kinh t§. Khu vlpc tai chl phi
chfnh thCpc chuyln dli chat thai thanh dang hang
hoa co tfnh thLP0"ng mai, hlnh thanh cac doanh
nghiep va mang Ilpot thLP0"ng mai mai, dong thai
tao cong an viec lam.

• Loi fch vl mat xa hoi. Cac don vj thu gom rac
phi chfnh thCpc da phai tilp xuc vol cac moi nguy
hilm khi dLpgc dLPa vao he thong chfnh thCpc.

So lieu ngLPai co viec lam cung cai thien sau khi
dLPa nhom nay vao khu vlpc chfnh thCpc. O mot
so no"i, ngLPoi lao dong khu vlpc phi chfnh thCpc
dLPp"c hLPong din va dao tao khi gia nhap he
thong tai chl chfnh thCpc.

Cac quy trinh kiiu mSu

Co nhilu quy trinh kilu mlu dl dLPa khu vlpc tai chl

phi chfnh thCpc va cac tl chCpc lien kit tham gia vao

he thong quan ly chat thai chfnh thCpc, bao gom:

• Thu thap thong tin. Thanh pho co thl thu thap
thong tin vl nhan khlu cua ngLPoi lao dong khu
vlpc phi chfnh thCpc, cac nguon Ilpc h6 tro1, tl
chCpc va quy trinh thyc hien dl dLPa ra nhOng
quylt djnh sang suot vl each thCpc thu hut cac
ca nhan nay mot each hieu qua nhat.

• Thirc hien chu'O'ng trinh tilp can cong d6ng
toan dien. Co thl thu hut ngLPoi lao dong lam
nghl tai chl phi chfnh thCpc tham gia vao cac
hoat dong va quy trinh lap kl hoach quan ly chat
thai ran. Viec dpi ngu nay tham gia co thl giup
xac djnh giai phap, tao slp dong thuan va tot
nhat nen dLPa ngLPoi lao dong khu vlpc tai chl phi
chfnh thCpc tham gia dl duy tri va cai thien sinh
kl cua hp. Ngoai ra, a nhilu thanh pho, khu vlpc
phi chfnh thCpc co mang Ilpot lau doi va phCpc tap
gom ngLPoi thu gom, ngLPoi tuyln chon, ngLPoi
van chuyln, ngLPoi trung gian, ngLPoi xlp ly, va
trong mot so trLPong ho'p, gom ca thj tapong
cuoi tieu thu vat lieu co thl tai chl. NhOng thanh
pho chu dong thu hut khu vlpc phi chfnh thCpc co
thl cung ho'p tac xay dyng ay cau lam viec dl
chuln hoa cac hoat dong tai chl, dong then giam
thilu tlnh trang chia re giOa cac mang iLPoi co tCp
trLPOC. Nguyen tac thu hut slp tham gia cua cac
ben lien quan dLpgc mo ta trong phan Sw tham
gia cua cac ben lien quart.

• Ban hanh chfnh sach. Co thl ban hanh va triln
khai chfnh sach kit ho'p khu vlpc phi chfnh thCpc
a cap dja phLPong va trung LP0"ng. Brazil va An
Do da triln khai cac chfnh sach quoc gia dl yeu
cau cac ay quan chfnh quyln dja phLKyng phai

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105

TRLCQNG HQP LIEN QUAN

in Informal
Employment:
Globalizing &

SisSilSIS

Oipa khu vyc phi chinh
thi>c vao tham gia hoat
dong quan ly chit thai
rln tai Dakar, Senegal

Bai rac Mbeubeuss tai Dakar la bai rac 16 thien Ian nhltTay Phi va co hang ngan ngirai
thu gom rac phi chinh thi>c (ILO 2019). Hiep hoi ngufri lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thu'c
Bokk Diom tai Mbeubeuss, da n§ lye tang s6 lirong thanh vien cua ho ki tir nam 2018.
Ngoai ra, t6 chu'c nay da thanh lap Cue Bokk Diom Phu nCr (Women's Bureau of
Bokk Diom) va s6 lirgng phu nCr tham gia da tang len 65,6% trong t6ng s6 thanh vien
(WIEGO 2019). Ngoai ra, t6 chi>c nay da chu trong dao tao vl an toan va tac dong moi
trirang.

Mot y§u t6 c6t loi lam nen thanh cong cua Bokk Diom la t6 chiic nay thilt lap m6i quan
he vai cac quan chirc nha nirac, quoc gia va thanh ph6, tCr do hinh thanh rnfii tyang
tac thiFang xuyen giCra ngu'ai lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thCrc va ngirai ra quylt djnh.
T6 chirc nay da xay dirng m6i quan he d6i tac vai cac t6 chirc qu6c gia, chlng han nhir
Zero Waste Senegal.

dica khu vlpc phi chinh thi>c tham gia cac hoat
dong tai che va thu gom rac.

Cung cap chimng trinh dao tao. Cac thanh
vien trong khu vyc tai che phi chinh thi>c co thl
can phai du'O'c dao tao moi co thl tham gia hieu
qua vao khu vyc quan ly chat thai chinh thi>c. Vi
du, chipong trinh dao tao each dam bao an toan
va slpc khoe co thl hfru ich cho cac thanh vien
nay, giup hp cai thien hanh vi tai noi lam viec,
nhiF bilt each xi> ly nlu gap phai chat thai y tl.
Vi song ben le xa hoi, nen cac thanh vien cua
khu vyc phi chinh thu'c cam thay minh khong du
quyen dam phan vai ben thai bo rac, ca quan
chinh quyen hoac ben trung gian thu mua vat
lieu co thl tai chl. Do do, can phai dao tao dl
nhu'ng thanh vien nay cam thay ty tin han trong
dam phan.

Thu hut hop tac xa. 6 mot so thanh pho, cong
dong ngu'ai lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thu'c da
thanh lap hgp tac xa va ky hgp dong thu gom
rac vai chinh quyln dia phu'ong. Tai An Do,
SWaCH, mot hgp tac xa thuoc toan quyen sd
hfru cua ngu'ai lao dong, da tiln hanh thu gom
rac tan nha theo hgp dong vai Pune Municipal
Corporation.

Thu hut su> tham gia cua cac to chirc phi
chinh phu (NGO). Vi khu vyc tai chl phi chinh
thi>c thirong khong dirge trang bj tot dl cai

thien dilu kien lam viec, nen NGO thirang dong
vai tro quan trong trong viec h6 trg hp. NGO
h6 trg khu vyc phi chinh thu-c phat triln cac
doanh nghiep sieu nho va dam phan vai chinh
quyln dia phu'ong vl viec lam va hgp dong.
Phu nO lam viec trong khu vyc phi chinh thCpc:
Globalizing and Organizing va Global Alliance of
Waste Pickers la hai to chu'c nhif vay.

Tim kiem cac nha doanh nghiep. 6' mot so
vung miln, khu vyc tai chl phi chinh thirc tham
gia khu vyc quan ly chat thai chinh thu'c thong
qua cac phu'ong tien cai tiln va con durdng khai
nghiep (tham khao vi du trong Phu luc 11.5).
Cac nha doanh nghiep khai nghiep trong ITnh
vyc tai chl bang each phat triln cong thong
tin tryc tuyln va cac irng dung dien thoai than
thien vai ngu'di dung dl ngifai lao dong khu
vyc phi chinh thu'c din lay vat lieu co thl tai chl
theo yeu cau. Kabadiwala la mot vi du nhu* vay,
Kabadiwala la djch vu lay rac tryc tuyln hien
dang hoat dong tai nam khu vyc cua An Do,
Can nhic den chirong trinh viec lam cua
chinh phu. Nhilu thanh pho d cac nu'dc dang
phat triln da n6 lye phu song toan dien djch vu
thu gom rac. Mot so thanh pho muon tang pham
vi thu gom rac bang each bo sung lyc lirgng lao
dong, bao gom viec dl cac thanh vien khu vyc
tai chl phi chinh thirc tham gia.

o©©©© ©

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11

Tai chi

106

Bina ngiFd' lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thiFC tham gia hoat
dong quan ly chit thai rin tai Bangalore, An Do

Trong nhung nam gan day, Thanh pho Bangalore da tap trung len ke hoach cu the cho hoat dong thu gom
va xir ly rac de giam chi phi va nang cao hieu qua. Viec dira ngu'O'i lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thi>c vao he
thong quan ly chat thai rln la mot hoat dong quan trong trong no lye nay. Hien tai, thanh pho co hen 15.000
ngu'O'i lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thi>c tham gia vao hoat dong xi> ly rac. NhOng ngu'O'i lao dong nay co
trinh do tay nghe giup thanh pho giam dang ke chi phi quan ly chat thai rln.

Ke tir nam 2016, thanh pho da hgp thu>c hoa moi quan he vai khu vyc phi chinh thi>c. Thanh pho phat the
nhan dang cho ngirm lao dong khu vyc phi chmh thi>c, cung cap cac khoa hoc co cap chimg chi va lap
bien ban ghi nho' voi t6 ngu'O'i lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thii'c. Mot Igi ich nu>a khi lam viec voi khu vyc phi
chinh thiFC la thanh pho khong qua phu thuoc vao cac nha thau truyen thong doi khi thu phi dich vu qua cao

va co the kho quan ly.

Cac nhom ngu'O'i lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thi>c thuang hoat dong
chu yeu o> tram trung chuyen. Ngu'O'i lao dong tai mot so trung tam
cung cap djch vu thu gom tan nha, sau do nhan ho trg tai chinh ti>
thanh pho.

Ngu'O'i lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thCrc tai Bangalore da tim ra nhieu
each thuc men de tich hap giai phap cong nghe vao cong viec. Mot
so ngu'O'i da phat trien irng dung dien thoai de theo doi thai diem don
sach thung rac cua khach hang, so lirgng rac dime thu gom va mire
do phan loai rac (mot yeu cau cua An 06). Viec nay cho phep ngirai
lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thuc danh gia hieu suat cua khach hang;
danh gia cang cao, phi dich vu thu gom se cang thap.

OO0OC0OOCo ©©©© ©

©,

-------
12 QUAN LY
BAI RAC

©^© @00

-------

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Closing Dumpsites Knowledge Base
(ISWA 2017a)

Waste Atlas (Database of Global Waste
Management Sites') (D-WASTE 2020)

Improving Solid Waste Disposal in San
Cristobal Municipality. Dominican Republic
(EPAHoa Ky 2018c)

Municipal Solid Waste Knowledge Platform
[CCAC da cap nhat (a)]

A Roadmao for Closing Waste Dumosites:
The World's Most Polluted Places
(ISWA 2016)

Training Module: Closing an Open Dumpsite
and Shifting from Open Dumping to
Controlled Dumping and to Sanitary Land
Filling (UNEP 2005b)

Municipal Solid Waste Management in
Developing Countries (Coursera 2019)

Closure and Rehabilitation of Open Dumps
(CCAC 2014)

Waste Collection: A Report (Kogler, 2007)

-------
12

Quan ly bai rac

109

Phari 12

Quan ly bai rac

Bai rac lo thien tiem In nguy co nghiem trong doi
vdi sire khoe cong dong va moi tru'dng. Quy trinh
chuyln tilp ti> bai rac Ip thien sang bai chon lap
hop ve sinh (du!pc mo ta trong phan Bai chon lap
hop ve sinh) can phai la muc tieu toi hau cua hau
hit cac thanh pho va trung tarn do thj. Tuy nhien,
qua trinh chuyln tiep thudng phi>c tap va ton kern,
doi hoi phai lap kl hoach dai han theo each bao
quat. Chuyln tilp theo ti>ng giai doan la quy trinh
kilu mlu trong hau hit cac tru'dng hop, trong do
tap trung cai thien cac bai rac hien co bang each sir
dung cac ky thuat chi phi thap, dong thdi xay dung
bai chon lap hop ve sinh, roi cuoi cung la dong cua
bai rac va chuyln sang bai chon lap hop ve sinh.

Phan nay mo ta mot so loi fch chinh cua viec quan
ly bai rac lo thien va cung cap thong tin ting quan vl
cac quy trinh kilu mlu dl bat dau chuyln tilp sang
bai chon lap hop ve sinh.

Tai sao phai chu trong d§n bai
rac lo thien?

Nlu khong ap dung cac bien phap quan ly hieu qua,
bai rac Ip thien co thl gay ra nhilu tac dong doi vdi
moi tru'dng va si>c khoe, bao gom nh&ng tac dong
sau day (tham khao Phu luc 12.1):

• 6 nhilm khong khi. Bai rac lo thien phat thai
khi me-tan, mot tien chat cua khi ozon mat dat.
Bai rac lo thien boc chay cung se phat thai vi hat
va di-o-xin vao khong khi. Khong chi anh hu'dng
din slpc khoe con ngipdi, cac chat phat thai tren
con gop phan gay ra biln dli khi hau toan cau
va trong khu vlfc [dl bilt them thong tin, hay
tham khao trana web Sana kien xCr Iv chat thai
ran thanh thi cua Lien minh Bao ve Khi hau va
Khong khi Sach (CCAC da cap nhat (e).

Be biet therri^k
thong tin vi cach^W

x phin biet gi&'a bSl rk\

f !6 thien va bai chon lap,
' hay tham khao Bang 2-1 trong ^
Hwona dan audc tS vi cac auv trinh

bieu mau cho cac dw an
. nana Iwoma khi bai rac A
cua Sana kiin aiam ohat Jr
thai khi me-tan
toan ciu
(GMI 2012).^T

Bai rac lo thien la he thong khong dupe kiem soat va khong
dupe xay dung dya tren thiet ke ky thuat.

Bai rac co kilm soat la bai rac khong dime xay dung dya tren
thiet ke ky thuat, nhung co ap dung mot so quy trinh quan ly va
co so ha tang (vi du: thu gom nude chiet va dung vat lieu dat de
che day).

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh khac voi bai rac d diem bai chon lap
dupe thiet ke ky thuat, bao gom cac he thong kiem soat tac dong
cua viec chon lap rac doi voi sue khoe con ngudi, sy an toan va
moi trudng.

DIEM CHINH

Bai rac Id thien, bai
rac co kilm soat va
bai chon lip hop
ve sinh

-------
12

Quan ly bai rac

110

Phu luc 12.1, Tac (Jong cua bai rac Ip thien cJ6i v6i su'c khoe va moi triporig

Phat thai vi hat

(bao gom ca muoi than)

Khu dan cip Ian can

Chay be ma
lop dira-i bl

Phat thai khf me-tan
(gop phan hinh thanh 03)

Do doc khong
on dinh

\ . /
Nupoc chiet chay ra

® © © © ©©0©oo

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12

Quan ly bai rac

111

• Nguy cc b6c chay. Bai rac lo thien co nguy ca
tip boc chay cao hcen (ca be mat va lap dLPoi be
mat) vl nhilu loai chat thai giai phong khf oxy.
O mot so dja dilm, nhung ngLPoi tai chi phi
chfnh thipc dot rac dl lay kirn loai, hanh dong
nay cang lam gia tang nguy ay boc chay be mat.

• O nhiim ngudn nipac mat va mmc ngim.

Nlpoc mipa sau khi tilp xuc vol chat thai a bai
rac se nhanh chong ngam qua chat thai va hut
hoa chat, roi ro ri xuong cac nguon tai nguyen
dat va nLP
-------
Quan ly bai rac

112

Be biet them thong
tin, hay truy cap
trana web cua
be'ah'v§ Oman
. (be'ah 2017a). A

TRUOTslG HOP LIEN QUAN jgj

Dong cu>a bai rac Id
thien tai Oman

Gan day, so lugng rac cua Oman da tich tu thanh nhfrng bai rac dan trai gom
317 bai rac lo thien va bai chon lap khong dugc kiem soat, tinh trang nay da nguy
hiern den moi trirdng va sue khoe cong dong cua nhirng ngudi song gan bai rac.

Vao nam 2009, chinh phu da ban hanh mot nghi dinh hoang gia nhSm ho trg hoat
dong khoi phuc ca sd ha tang quan ly chat thai rln cua Oman. Trong chu-a day
nam nam, ca quan quan ly chat thai cua Oman da dong cua thanh cong khoang
90% bai rac tai Oman thong qua mot quy trinh mang tinh he thong.

Trinh tir dong cua bai rac dugc xet uu tien dua tren cac tieu chi phan tich rui ro
sue khoe cong dong va moi trudng. Nhung bai rac co nhieu nguy ca o nhiem, dot
rac ngoai trai hoac nguy hiem nhat diFgc Met vao danh sach nhCrng bai rac dirge
dong cu>a dau tien nh§m giam thieu tac dong bat Igi cua chung. Mii'c do iru tien
cung xet den thai gian dong cira va chi phi lien quan.

gio'i han be mat chua chat thai; dung dat, cat
hoac dat set che phu rac phai tran; va dyng rao
chan rac (EPA Hoa Ky 2002a). Trong mot so
trirang hgp hiem gap khi co rat it rac trong bai
rac, thi co thl tam thai loai bo rac song song
voi qua trinh bo tri lop lot va lap dat he thong
thu gom nu'oc chiet mai [UNEP 2005(b)], Trong
qua trinh thyc hien cac hoat dong chuln bj, t6t
nhat nen tfnh den ca phipang an ngu'oi lao dong
khu vice phi chinh thuc se lam cong viec tai che
tren bai rac. Nhieu thanh pho da ngCmg cac
hoat dong tai che tai bai rac, thay vao do, hp dl
ngu'oi lao dong khu vyc phi chinh thuc thu c hien
cac hoat dong tai che chinh thuc ben ngoai han.

Tot nhat nen thirong xuyen giam sat cc s&
dl biet thanh phan va khoi lu-gng chat thai,
lu'gng khi me-tan san sinh, dieu kien nuac ngam
va nuac mat, cung nhu dieu kien cua he thong
thoat nude (USAID 2018). Cac bai rac co kilm
soat, neu khong dugc giam sat ky luang, co thl
vln ton tai nhung van dl can giai quylt, chang
han nhu su co sut lun rac khi rac lun xuong. Phu
luc 12.2 trinh bay mot nghien ci>u diln hinh vl
du an cai tao cho bai rac co kilm soat tai miln
Dong Delhi, An Do.

• Bit kin va che phu bai rac trong cac giai doan
thirc hien vi bai rac da hit cong suat dl tilp
nh|n rac (USAID 2018).

• Duy tri hoat dong giam sat theo lich cho din

khi kit qua lay mlu cho thay khong can nua - ft
nhat 10 nam nhung co the la 30 nam hoac han
(USAID 2018).

Dong cCpa bai rac

Dong cua bai rac lo thien khong chi co nghTa la bo
bai rac do di. Cac san phlm phu tu qua trinh phan
huy vln san sinh trong mot thai gian dai sau khi
dong cua; do do, can lap kl hoach va bao tri dai han
dl giam thilu nguy ca cho thanh pho sau khi dong
cua (Coursera 2019). Quy trinh dong kilu miu dl
dong cua bai rac lo thien va co kilm soat bao gom:

• Tilp can cong dong. Cac thanh pho thay rang
nen xac djnh vai tro va trach nhiem cua cac ben
chju anh huang do viec dong cua, chang han
nhu ben van hanh, nguai dan va cac ben lien
quan khac. Viec thao luan vai cac nhom nay
giup chinh quyln dja phuong va nhung ngudi
ra quylt djnh thu thap thong tin vl nhu'ng trd
ngai tilm In va dat dugc su dong thuan. Vi du,
co thl tilp can nhu'ng nguai lao dong khu vyc
phi chinh thuc chi lam viec a bai rac lo thien

dl danh gia tinh hinh sinh kl cua hp; hp co thl

oeo®@i®0®o ©^©©oo

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12

Quan ly bai rac

113

gjm

DIEM CHINH

Chiin djch dong cua

bai rac

mmmm-i, mm

Hiep hoi Quan ly Chat thai Rln Quoc te da thiet lap mot chien dich dong cOa 50 bai rac Ian nhat the gidi.
Trana web cua 11 SWA (ISWA 2017b) dang tai nhieu nguon lye ho trg cac thanh pho lap ke hoach trien khai
dy an dong cCra bai rac.

dime chinh thi>c du-a vao cac ke hoach dong
cua bai rac va du'oc tuyln vao lam tai cac ca
sd mdi theo ke hoach. Bl biet them thong tin ve
cac chien lirgc thu hut sip tham gia cua cac ben
lien quan, hay tham khao phan Sw tham gia cua
cac ben lien quan.

Lap ke hoach dong cipa. Ke hoach dong cu-a
ghi ro cac hoat dong can tien hanh trong qua
trinh dong cu>a bai rac. Cac hang muc trong ke
hoach co thl bao gom on djnh cac dong rac co
do doc dl phong ngica moi nguy hilm do sat
la, triln khai cac he thong quan ly khi va nude
chiet, cung nhir thiet ke lap phu tren cung. Ke
hoach cung can de cap den cac bien phap ngan
ngCra hanh vi do rac khong dung quy djnh trong
tu'ang tai, vao/ra trai phep ca sd da dong ci>a,
di ddi ngu'di djnh cu> phi chinh thuc (neu co) va
dao gieng giam sat (Coursera 2019).

So von chi tieu cho hoat dong dong cira bao
gom chi phi vat lieu lap phu tren cung, he thong
thoat nu'dc, he thong quan ly khi va nu!dc chiet
va chi phi di ddi ngu'di dinh cu> phi chinh thi>c,
v.v. Chi phi van hanh thu-dng bao gom chi phi
may moc va nhan lye (Coursera 2019).

Lap ke hoach quart ly sau khi dong ci>a. Bai
rac se vln san sinh nu'dc chiet va khi bai rac
trong thai gian dai sau khi bai rac ngumg tiep
nhan rac. Ngoai ra, vat lieu lap phu tren cung
cho bai rac co thl bj an mdn theo thai gian
do nu'dc mica va tiep xuc vdi nhieu yeu to. Ke
hoach sau khi dong cu'a neu du'gc thiet ke hgp
ly se cho phep dja phu-ong tiep tuc duy tri va
giam sat bai rac trong it nhat 10 nam
(Coursera 2019).

Can nhic sip dung bai rac da dong ci>a cho
cac muc dfch khac. Bai rac neu dugc dong ci>a
dung each co thl dipgc tan dung cho muc dich
khac ve sau, chang han nhir khu vu'c giai tri hoac
cong vien cong cong hoac cho cac muc dich xay
dyng. Phai loai bo cac rui ro lien quan den phat
thai khi" me-tan va o nhiim nu'dc chiet tru'dc khi
cho cong chung slc dung khong gian do.

Chuan bi cho cac hoat dong khlc phuc va
don dep, neu cin. Cac van de nhu> ro ri nu'dc
chiet, phai nhiim va xo tripgt rac, boc chay va
phat no thu'dng la do quy trinh dong ci>a va sau
dong ci>a dicgc thyc hien khong dung each hoac
ch^a day du. Co thl khac phuc bang giai phap
khai dao dat hoac sip dung cac cong nghe don
dep hieu qua han (Coursera 2019).

Cau hoi danh cho ngipoi ra
quylt djnh

Thanh pho co the thyc hien ngay cac quy trinh
chi phi thap nao de giam tac dong cua bai rac lo
thien den sire khoe va moi trirdng?

Nen dong cCpa hay chuyen doi bai rac? Neu
dong ci>a, khu bai do co dugc phuc hoi khong?
Neu phuc hoi bai rac, thanh pho can lam theo
cac hirong dan gi de giam thieu tac dong doi
vdi moi trirdng va slfc khoe cong dong?

Dau la cac tieu chuan co the dat du'gc tai
bai rac?

Thanh pho nen xay dung ca sd trung chuyen rac
vTnh vien hay tarn thai tai bai rac da dong cica?

oeo®@i®0®o ©^©©oo

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Quan ly bai rac

114

Cai tao bai rac tai Dong Delhi, An Do

Bai chon lap Ghazipur tai mien Dong Delhi ma ci>a hoat dong vao nam 1984. Ngay tip dau nhfrng nam
2000, bai chon lap nay da dat den mice cong suat thiet ke toi da. Tuy nhien, do khong co bai rac thay the,
nen rac thai van du>ac do vao bai chon lip nay.

Vao ngay 1 thang 9 nam 2017, mot phan bai chon lap da bj sat la. Rac tO bai chon lap tran ra 110 met tai
khu vu'c Ian can, lam hai ngirai thiet mang va nam ngirai khac bi thirong. Sy co nay giong len hoi chuong

mai thuc giuc cai thien each hoat dong va quan ly tai bai chon lap.

East Delhi Municipal Corporation i>ng pho tinh trang nay bSng each
hap tac vai Sang kien xlp ly chat thai r§n do thi cua Lien minh Bao
ve Khi hau va Khong khi Sach va Ca quan Bao ve Moi truing Hoa
Ky de thyc hien mot danh gia chuyen sau ve cau true va quy trinh
hoat dong cua bai chon lip da gop phan gay ra sir co sat la rac.
Chu-ang trinh danh gia nay de xuat cac khuyen nghi d6i vol giai
phap (1) giam nguy ca sat la rac trong tirang lai, (2) giam thieu
nguy ca bai chon lap boc chay va (3) irac tinh cong suat bo sung
tai bai chon lap cho den khi co giai phap thay the.

Moi trworia Hoa Kv ve chwcm

trinh khoi ohuc bai chon

13d tai Ghazipur

(EPA Hoa Ky 2017a)

-------
A

-------

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Global Methane Initiative: Bioaas Tools and
Resources (GMI 2020)

Municipal Solid Waste Knowledge Platform
[CCAC da cap nhat (a)])

Sector Environmental Guideline Solid
Waste (USAID 2018)

International Guidelines for Landfill
Evaluation (ISWA 2011)

Landfill Operational Guidelines. 2nd Edition
(ISWA 2010)

Improving Solid Waste Disposal in San
Cristobal Municipality. Dominican Republic
(EPAHoa Ky 2017b)

Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria
(Cointreau 2004)

International Best Practices Guide for
[1§||) Landfill Gas Energy Projects (GMI 2012)

Waste Atlas (Database of Global Waste
Management Sites'; (D-WASTE 2020)

Government of India Municipal Solid
Waste Management Manual - Chapter 4.5:
Municipal Sanitary Landfills
(CPHEEO 2016)

0 ft© ® ® ID

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

117

Phln 13

Bai chon lap hop ve sinh

Bai chon lap hop ve sinh duoc thilt kl nham kilm
soat va giam thieu tinh trang o nhiim nuac mat va
nu'oc ngam, giam cac moi de doa doi vai cong nhan
ve sinh, giam thilu phat thai chat 6 nhiim khong
khi va tao dilu kien thu gom khi bai rac (LFG) lam
nguon nang lugng tiem nang.

Phan nay cung cap thong tin ca ban ve dac dilm
chinh cua bai chon lap hop ve sinh; quy trinh kilu
mlu ve lap ke hoach, chon dia dilm, thiet ke va van
hanh bai chon lap.

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh la gi?

Bai chon lap hop ve sinh hien dai la bai rac, noi triln
khai tat ca cac quy trinh sau day mot each co he
thong (Phu luc 13.1):

Slp dung lap lot va he thong thu gom khi va
nu'oc chiet de kilm soat hoac ngan ngu-a tac
dong xau toi moi truong, cung nhif tac dong sau
nay cua chung toi slp an toan va slpc khoe cong
dong.

D6 rac vao be mat chua chat thai quy dinh.

Nen rac d! bao ton quy dat

Dung vat lieu che phu hang ngay dl kilm soat
rui ro phat sinh ti> rac phoi tran.

Thilt kl va van hanh bai chon chap theo hu'ong
kilm soat va giam thilu tinh trang ngipoi dan
song tai hoac gan bai chon lap.

Giam sat nude ngam dl phat hien moi nguy ca
ro ri trong lap lot.

Phu luc 13.1. Mat cat ngarig cua mot bai chon lip hop ve sinh diln hinh, dugc thilt kl, xay dung
va duy tri phu hgp

Hang rao

Thu gom khi

bai rac

Hang rao

Lap lot day
Thu gom niwc chiit

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

118

DIEM CHINH

Xip ly chit thai
dac biet

Mot so vat lieu nhe (nhir mang nhipa va xop) can phai xir
ly kheo leo tai bai chon lap de dat dirge do nen thich hap
va giam thieu rac thai. Chat thai nguy hai co the can phai
dime xlp ly dac biet do doc tinh, tinh an mon hoac dac tinh
nguy hiem khac cua no (Savage cung cong sir, 1998).
Be biet them thong tin ve xir ly chat thai dac biet, hay xem
phan Xac dinh dac tinh chit thai.

Giai phap hieu qua trong dai han la phai triln khai
tat ca cac quy trlnh tren theo each co he thong. Tuy
nhien, mot so nu'dc dang phat triln co thl gap kho
khan ve mat cong nghe va kinh te khi thirc hien tat
ca cac quy trlnh tren. Do do, muc tieu ngan han la
thyc hien bang hit kha nang co thl trong hoan canh
hien tai. Muc tieu quan trong nhat la ngan ngua
tac dong tai slpc khoe cong dong va moi trudng
(Savage cung cong sy, 1998).

Cac quy trlnh kieu miu

Phan nay tap trung mo ta cac quy trinh kilu miu doi
vol tat cac khia canh trong hoat dong chon lap hgp
ve sinh, bao gom each danh gia thanh phan chat
thai, chi phi chon lap, chon dja diem, thiet ke, van
hanh va quan ly khu bai, cung nhic dong ci>a va sau
khi dong cipa.

Thanh phln chit thai

Thanh phan (loai va khoi licgng) chat thai ran dirge
chon xuong bai chon lap la yeu to quan trong quyet
djnh loai, khoi lu'gng va dac tinh cua san phlm phu
phat thai vao khong khi va mat dat. Tinh trang phat
thai nay xay ra do cac quy trinh diln ra tai bai chon
lap. Giai phap hieu qua la thiet ke bai chon lap hgp
ve sinh dl xu- ly khoi luong va loai chat thai se du gc
d6 ra khu bai (Savage cung cong sip, 1998).

Cac thanh pho nhan thay phai can nhac den cac
bien so lien quan den chat thai sau day khi lap ke
hoach xay dung bai chon lap hop ve sinh:

Thanh pho co dup lieu chit lipong ve khoi lipgng
va thanh phan chat thai se dipgc d6 ra bai chon
lap khong, dO lieu nay khac vai du> lieu t6ng hgp

ve thanh phan chat thai do ngu'6'i dan sip dung
djch vu cua thanh pho thai ra. Trong quy trinh
lap ke hoach, thanh pho phai xac djnh ty le dong
chat thai ran tai bai rac, cung nhip xac djnh va
danh gia tat ca cac yeu to anh hipang den dong
chat thai theo thai gian (ty le hien tai va sau nay)
vl bai chon lap se hoat dong trong nhieu nam.
Phan Xac dinh dac tinh chat thai trinh bay cac
quy trlnh kilu miu dl xac dinh dac tinh dong
chat thai a mi>c do cu thl hen.

• Cac chirang trinh chuyen doi chat thai dang
va se triln khai (vf du: doi vai chat thai h&u ca
hoac vat lieu co thl tai chl) va tac dong cua cac
chu-ong trinh nay doi vai khoi lipgng va loai chat
thai dipo'c d6 ra bai rac.

Dong chat thai co nguy ca chi>a chit thai nguy
hai hay chat thai gay ra cac rui ro cu thl khi
dupgc thai bo va cin dipgc xlp ly rieng hay khong
(vf du: chat thai y tl). Cac loai chat thai nay can
dipgc coi la chat thai "khong dipgc chap nhan" tai
bai chon lap hgp ve sinh.

Chi phi chon lip

Ngay tip dau, can hilu ro cac chi phi thilt kl, xay
dung, van hanh va giam sat mot bai chon lap hgp
ve sinh trong cac giai doan van hanh, dong ci>a va
sau khi dong cipa. Neu khong hilu ro ve nhu'ng chi
phi nay va each chi tra, cac thanh pho se doi mat
vai nguy ca phai huy bo dip an chon lap tripac khi
hoan thanh (vi du: do thilu kinh phi) hoac dong cua
bai chon lap sau khi xay dipng (vi du: nlu cac hoat
dong cho thay la qua ton kem). Cac thanh pho cung
can danh du kinh phi dl trang trai cho cac chi phi
duy tri va giam sat bai chon lap sau khi da dong ci>a

O 0 0 © ©CcIO '' O "

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

119

DIEM CHINH

Cac dac tinh va so lirgng chat thai can xir ly

Mat do chat thai tai cho va ty le cua vat lieu
phu len chat thai rln

Kha nang co sin loai dat thich hop de lam
vat lieu phu va lot

Mua va chuan bj mat blng, co the bao gom
viec di doi ngirdi dan va doanh nghiep

Do chic chin cua khu dat va kha nang tiep
can dia diem

Yeu to can can nhac khi
quyit dinh chi phi xay
dung bai chon lip

Xay dung bai chon lap theo giai doan
Yeu cau phap ly

Yeu cau ve co sd ha tang thu gom va si>
dung LFG

Yeu cau ve he thong xir ly nirdc chiet
Ke hoach giam sat va duy tri sau khi dong cira

bai chon lap; cong tac bao tri khong diy du sau khi
dong cCra co thl din den tinh trang dja dilm khong
chu'a du'gc chat thai va cac san phlm phu lien quan.

NhCeng kho khan khi w&c tinh chi phi chon lap
Thilu du' lieu dang tin cay ve chi phi chon lap la mot
kho khan chinh d nhieu thanh pho. Do do, viec tien
hanh thu thap du' lieu co to chicc la bicac dau tien
quan trpng dl uoc tinh chi phi chinh xac. Tom lai,
quy trinh nay bao gom viec ghi lai tat ca cac chi phi
co the ap dung (vi du: cac yeu to chi phi nhu' chuin
bj mat bang), u'dc tinh licong chi phi cho ti>ng yeu
to va tinh toan t6ng chi phi theo quy mo. Phan 18.8
trong HLPana din chon lap chat thai tai cac quoc gia
dana phat triln (Savage cung cong sip, 1998) bao
gom cac trang tinh u-dc tinh chi phi hang nam. Mac
du cac mo hinh slf dung dCp lieu cu cua Ca quan
Bao ve Moi tru'dng Hoa Ky, nhi^ng phu'ang phap
ifctc tinh chi phi nay rat hfru ich cho viec lap ke
hoach chung.

Mot phuong phap u-dc tinh chi phi chon lap la nham
kilm tra cac hoat dong chon lap tru'O'c day va d hien
tai d mot khu vyc khac gan khu virc xlp ly du>gc de
xuat va dl thu thap hoac u'dc tinh chi phi. Bieu quan
trong la phai tinh ca von va chi phi hoat dong.

Slf dung cac chwcmg trinh chuyen doi
Trong mot so tru'dng hgp, viec tan dung cac chu'ong
trinh chuyin d6i chat thai co thl giup giam thilu chi
phi xay dirng va van hanh bai chon lap. Vi du, nhieu
thanh pho da sir dung cac chuong trinh chuyin d6i
chat thai dl giam khoi lirgng chat thai can xi> ly, do
do cho phep hp xay dyng bai chon lap nho hon vdi
chi phi thap hon hoac xay dung bai chon lap co kha
nang ton tai lau hon. Nhin chung, chi phi chon lap
cao hon co thl giup cac chu'ong trinh chuyin doi tilt
kiem chi phi hon. Vi du, cac chu'ong trinh tai chi co
thl qua dat do din mire khong thl triln khai co thl
se hieu qua hon ve mat kinh tl nlu chi phi chon lap
cao. Dl bilt them thong tin ve cong tac quan ly chat
thai trirdc khi chuyin din bai chon lap, hay xem cac
phan Quart Iv chat thai hCru ca va Tai che.

Cac phuxyng an thu hoi chi phi
Cac thanh pho co thl thu hoi chi phi van hanh bai
chon lap bang each thu "phi do rac". Phi do rac
thipdng dipgc tinh theo trong lirgng hoac khoi lirgng
cua chat thai va loai chat thai. Co thl xem them
thong tin ve cac lfoc tinh chi phi va phirong an thu
hoi trong phan Xem xet veu to kinh te.

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13

Bai chon lip hap ve sinh

120

Phu luc 13.2. Dac dilm dja chit ly tipong di b6 tri bai chon lip

Dja chit 6n djnh. Tranh cac khu vyc de xay ra cac moi nguy hiem ve dja chat, nhir cac vung dja chan dang
hoat dong, cac vung xay ra hien tiring di>t gay, lu lut va tuyet la.

Lap ch6ng thim a ch9n dja diim

Mot so ylu to quan trong can xem xet khi lya chon
dja dilm lam bai chon lap, bao gom cac ylu to dja
chat va phi dja chat.

Cac yeu to dja chat va thuy van

Thong tin dja chat va thuy van co thl dime sic dung
dl lya chon cac khu vyc thuan Igi hcen cho muc dfch
xay dyng bai chon lap va h6 tro thilt kl bai chon lap
giup giam thilu nguy cc gay o nhilm moi tripong.

Phu luc 13.2 trinh bay cac dac dilm dja chat va thuy
van ly tipceng cho viec xay dyng bai chon lap.

Xem xet yeu to phi dja chat
Xem xet cac yiu t6 nhan khau hoc va chinh trj.

Cac thanh pho can xem xet cac ylu to nhan khlu
hoc va chfnh trj, nhip ranh gici, quyln see hOu va
sic dung tai san, cac phan i>ng co thl co ti> ngipci

dan dja phipong va cac tac dong tilm an doi vci cac
nhom dan clp chju thiet thoi.

Slfc chira tilm nang cua bai chon lip. Cac bai

chon lap hop ve sinh thipong dipcc thilt kl dl co
thl xCc ly chat thai trong nhilu nam. Cac thanh pho
thipong tfnh toan khoi lipong (hoac slpc chipa) mong
muon cua bai chon lap dya tren lipong chat thai
dime m6i ngipci tao ra hang nam, quy mo dan so,
dan so dy kiln va mipc tang tripcmg kinh tl, cac quy
trinh xCc ly chat thai thay thl va so nam hoat dong
dy kiln cua bai chon lap (US EPA 2002a). Co thl
xem them thong tin vl each lpcc tfnh lipcng chat thai
trong tipceng lai trong phan Xac 6inh dac t'mh
chat thai.

Khoang each van chuyen. Chi phf van chuyln
chat thai se cang cao khi bai chon lap cang xa ncci
phat sinh va thu gom chat thai. Nlu bai chon lap a
xa khu vyc thu gom, thanh pho nhan thay can xay

Cau hoi danh cho ngicoi ra
quy it djnh

Bai chon lip nen sir dung khu vyc dja
ly nao va trong bao lau?

• Tieu chf lya chon dja dilm nao se dygc
sir dung?

• Y kiln cua cu dan va cac t6 chirc quan
tam din vj tri cua bai chon lip la gl?

NhOng y kiln nay dirge xem xet nhir
thl nao trong qua trinh ra quylt djnh?

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

121

Be tim hieu them
ve nhOng hoat (Jong
nay, hay xem phan trirang

hgp dien hinh chi tiet
trong International Best
Practices Guide for

Landfill Gas Ener

Sao Paulo, Brazil, tao ra khoang 15.000 tan chat thai rim moi ngay. Phan Ian
chat thai nay dime xir ly tai bai chon lap Sao Joao cua thanh pho tir nam
1992 den nam 2008. Vao thai diem dong cira, ca see nay co khoang
24 megagram chat thai tai cho va co dien tich 70 ha.

Nam 2006, Sao Paulo bit dau co ke hoach xay dung mot dy an nang lugng
LFG de thu gom va sir dung mot lirgng Ian LFG dirge tao ra trong bai chon
lap. Dy an dime hoan thanh vao nam 2008. Nha may dot chay LFG trong
16 dong ca, moi dong ca co cong suat 1,54 megawatt va co tong cong suat
san xuat dien la 22,4 megawatt. Ba dau dot khf diwc sir dung de dot chay
LFG khong dirge sir dung de tao ra dien.

dirng cac tram trung chuyln dl tap kit chat thai ti>
cac phuong tien thu gom thanh mot he thong van
chuyln so lu-ong I6'n. Co thl xem them thong tin
ve tram trung chuyln va lap kl hoach lo trinh trong
phan Phan loai, thu gom va van chuvin rac.

Chilln bi dia diim

Cong tac chuln b| bai dat dl xay dirng bai chon
lap hgp ve sinh co thl bao gom cac hoat dong sau
(Savage CUNG cong sir, 1998):

• Giai phong mat bing va dao nho goc cay.
Tot nhat nen loai bo cay coi, cay bui, thyc vat,
dat da va cac vat lieu khac co thl can tra hoat
dong cua thilt bj hoac can tra hoat dong cua bai
chon lap, bao gom bat ky he rl cay nao co thl
anh hirang din tfnh 6n dinh lau dai cua he thong
lap lot.

• Chuan bi he thong thoat nip6c, kiem soat xoi
mon va boi ling, va du,6,ng ra vao. Cac thanh
pho thirang xay dirng cac tuyln dirang, mirang
va cac cong trinh khac dl giup thoat nirac, kilm
soat xoi mon va boi lang cung nhir dirang ra
vao bai chon lap. NhCrng cong trinh nay can thilt
trong qua trinh chuln bj dja dilm va co kha nang
la mot phan cua thilt kl bai chon lap vmh viln.

• Khai dao dlt va tdn trup. Phan Ian cac bai
chon lap deu can khai dao mot lu'ong Ian dat dl
chuln bj cho bai chon lap. Dat dao co thl dirge
sir dung cho cac hoat dong tilp theo (nhu! lam
vat lieu che phu).

• Tao viing dem. Vung dem la vung dat nam
ngoai ranh giai cua chat thai ran. Viec tao mot
vung dem Ian giup cong chung dl dang chap
nhan bai chon lap va hoat dong cua no.

Thilt kl bai chon lip

Tren hit, tot nhat la nen thilt kl cac bai chon lap
theo hirang bao ve sire khoe con ngirai va moi
trirang. Cac tieu chf thilt kl cu thl phai tinh din cac
yeu cau cua quoc gia hoac khu virc, nhirng co mot
so dac dilm thilt kl chung:

• Lop lot day. Lap lot dirge sir dung dl ngan
nirac chilt xam nhap vao nguon nu'ac ngam
bang each giir chat long ben trong khu virc bai
chon lap. Lap lot dirge lam bang vat lieu co kha
nang chong tham nirac tirang doi, nhir dat hoac
dat set dirge dam chat, vat lieu ting hgp hoac
h6n hgp dat va vat lieu ting hgp. Dat set dam
chat dirge sir dung pho biln nhat v) dac tinh
khong tham nirac va tinh sin dung chung cua
no (Savage cung cong sir, 1998).

O 0 0 © ©Cct@ ¦' "

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

122

Thu gom va xu> ly nip6»c chiet. Trong mot bai

chon lap dygc bo tri lap lot thich hgp, nyac
chiet se tich tu ben trong bai chon lap. Viec duy
tri mipc nyac chiet tli thilu trong khu vyc bai
chon lap rat quan trong vi ap lye nyac co thl
dly nyac chiet qua lap lot dl tham hoac qua
cac khu vyc khong dygc lot thich hgp. Do do,
cac bai chon lap dyo'c thilt kl hop ly phai co
cac thiet bj dl thu gom va chuyln hyang nyac
chiet ra khoi bai chon lap va xip ly. Vi du, co thl
lap dat dyang Ing due 16 dl thu gom nyac chiet
va chuyln hydng den khu vyc xlp ly. Cac giai
phap xu' ly thay the bao gom (1) xa vao he thong
xip ly nipac thai, (2) lam bay hai nirac chi§t dicgc
lu'u tri> trong ao bay hai, (3) tai tuan hoan hoac
tai che nyac chiet qua moi tryang bai chon lap
(co thl lam tang toe do tao va thu gom LFG) va
(4) xy ly tai ch6 (Savage cung cong sy, 1998,
US EPA 2002a).

L6p phu. Mot bai chon lap hgp ve sinh diln
hinh co hai loai lap phu: (1) mot lap phu hang
ngay dygc phu len be mat chat thai khi kit thuc
hoat dong dl rac cua m5i ngay; va (2) lap phu
tren cung, hay lap phu ngoai, la vat lieu dygc
phu tren bai chon lap da hoan thanh. Lap phu
thyang bao gom cac vat lieu ty nhien va ting
hgp nhy bui bin, phan u, lop xe vun va mang
dja ky thuat ting hgp.

• Thu gom LFG va thu hoi nang luporig. Thu

gom LFG va thu hoi nang lygng la nhyng khia
canh quan trong trong hoat dong cua bai chon
lap hgp ve sinh. LFG dygc tao ra nhy mot san
phlm phu ty qua trinh phan huy mot si loai
chat thai.

Nhy dygc minh hpa trong Phu luc 13.3, he thing
thu gom LFG co thl giup thu gom, di chuyln va dlt
chay hoac sy dung hieu qua loai khi nay. Dlt chay

Cau hoi danh cho ngu'di ra
quyit dinh

Ban quan ly chit thai ran cua thanh
pho co trinh do chuyen mon v§ thiet ke
bai chon lip khong? Nlu khong, co thl
dat dygc nhyng trinh do chuyen mon
nay ty cac bo phan khac cua thanh ph6
hoac ty khu vuc ty nhan khong
• Thanh pho se tuan thu nhyng tieu
chuln nao?

Ngyoi lao dong tip khu vyc phi khong
chinh thyc se bj tac dong nhy the nao
va thanh pho se lam each nao dl giam
thilu nhyng tac dong nay?

Co so se thu gom va sip dung LFG nhy
thl nao? Co cac cct sa gin do se sip
dung LFG dygc thu gom khong?

000®@®®9®0® © o

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13

Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

123

Phu luc 13.3. Hinh minh hoa ve viec thu gom va xu* ly LFG dl sari xuat khi me-tan cho nhieu muc dich
su dung (US EPA 2019c)

Thu gom

Xu> ly

Muc dich
su' dung khi
me-tan

Dien nang

khi giup giam nguy ca hoa hoan ty phat va giam
phat thai khi me-tan. Co thl xay dyng cac die an
nang lu-gng LFG de khai thac khi thu du-gc dl tao ra
dien hoac cho cac muc dich san xuat khac. Hwang
din auoc te ve cac auv trlnh kiiu miu cho cac dw
an nana Iwana khi bai rac GMI (GMI 2012) co them
thong tin ve each thyc hien dy an nang lygng LFG.
Sang kien xlf ly chat thai ran do thj cua Lien minh
Bao ve Khi hau va Khong khi Sach cung cap Cong
cu sang loc du' an LFG (CCAC da cap nhat (b)) dl
giup cac thanh pho danh gia tinh kha thi cua du' an
nang lu-gng LFG tiem nang.

• Giam sat nu'6'c ng§m. Can giam sat dl xac
djnh chat lipgng nu'dc ngam tai mot ca sa va
dl xac djnh xem co sy phat tan cac chat gay o
nhilm tir bai chon lap hay khong. He thong giam
sat nifac ngam bao gom cac gieng nam tai vj tri
va do sau thich hgp dl lay miu nude dai dien
cho chat lirgng nu'dc ngam (US EPA 1995).

• Dunyng ra vao bai chon lip. Xay du ng hang
rao xung quanh dja dilm co thl kilm soat chat
che viec ra vao bai chon lap va ngan ngi>a
thifang tfch, hoat dong nhat rac trai phep va dl
rac bat hgp phap (US EPA 2002a). Dieu quan

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13

Bai chon lip hap ve sinh

124

trong la can xem xet viec han chi ra vao bai
chon lap co thl anh hipcmg nhip the nao den sinh
kl cua cac ca nhan kilm song bang each phuc
hoi va ban cac vat lieu co thl tai che. Nhilu
thanh phi dang giam thilu nhOng tac dong nay
bang each dipa nhOng ngimi lao dong trong cac
khu vipc phi chfnh thi>c vao cac hoat dong thu
gom hoac xip ly chat thai chfnh thi>c (nhip giup
hp tl chipc mot hop tac xa va cung cap cho hp
quyln tilp can co cau true tai cac cipa bai
chon lap).

Hoat dong cua bai chon I3p

Nhieu thanh pho da nhan thay can thue ngipoi quan
ly bai chon lap dime dao tao dl van hanh va quan
ly bai chon lap mot each hop ly. Trimc khi xip ly bat
ky chat thai nao tai bai chon lap, ngipoi quan ly se
xay dipng mot ke hoach lam djnh hipong hoat dong
cho dja dilm. Ke hoach nay thipong neu ro mot each
chi tilt vj tri cua dja dilm nol dl chat thai, each hoat
dong cua bai thai, tan suat va nol se sic dung lop
phu dat cung nhip each giai quylt cac van dl moi
trimng (nhip dong vat, rac thai, hoa hoan, khi, nipoc
chilt). NhOng can nhac van hanh quan trong khac
bao gom nen chat thai, sic dung lop phu hang ngay,
xlk ly nipoc chilt va giam sat chat lipong nipoc chilt,
quan ly va giam sat khi thai va khi bai rac, va sic
dung lop phu tren cung (Munawarva Fellner,
nam 2013).

Dong cCpa va hoat dong sau khi dong cfra

Khi bai chon lap dat slfc chi>a toi da, cac hoat dong
dl rac ngCmg hoat dong va khu vlpc nay dime "phu
kin" bang he thing lop phu tren cung. Khoang then
gian bai chon lap dime duy tri va giam sat sau do
dipo'c goi la "thoi gian sau khi dong cica". Cac hoat
dong dipo'c Net ke dipoi day dipo'c phan loai thanh
cac giai doan dong cipa va sau khi dong cipa.

Dong cira bai chon lip bao glm cac hoat
dong sau:

Ngipng van chuyln chat thai dl xip ly bang each
chon lap tai bai chon lap

Chuln bj mat bang dl tilp nhan he thing lop
phu tren cung hoac lop phu ngoai

Lap dat he thing lop phu tren cung

Kilm tra lai he thing quan ly nipoc chilt dl danh
gia hieu qua hoat dong

Cac quy djnh vl thu gom va kilm soat khi

Cac hoat dong cai tiln hoac sipa chOa he thing
thoat nipoc, kha nang kilm soatxoi mon, dipong
ra vao, v.v.

Phuc hli cac khu vipc ngoai vi bj xao tron

Cac han chl phap ly dl nghiem cam viec tai sip
dung khu vipc bai chon lap da dong cipa dli vol
mot si loai hlnh hoat dong.

Cac hoat dong sau khi dong cira tai bai chon lap
bao glm cong tac bao tri he thing lop phu, quan ly
nipoc chilt, quan ly khi, kilm soat xoi mon va bli
lang, quan ly nipoc mat, dipong ra vao va an ninh.
Ngoai ra, cac hoat dong sau khi dong cipa cung phai
glm ca cong tac giam sat moi tripong va hoat dong
dip phong dac biet cho muc dfch sip dung bai chon
lap trong timng lai.

Viec giam sat khi dong cipa va sau khi dong cipa
la nhOng hoat dong quan trong trong vong doi cua
bai chon lap vl chung giup dap i>ng cac yeu cau vl
quan ly moi tripong cua co1 see. Noi chung, can duy
tri hoat dong giam sat sau khi dong cipa cho din khi
chat thai ran In djnh din mipc khong con nguy hai
din sipc khoe va an toan cua cong ding hoac chat
lipo'ng moi tripong. Quy trinh In djnh hoa nay co thl
keo dai trong vai thap ky.

Nghien cipu dipo'c trich din trong tripong hp"p diln
hlnh dipoi day (Phu luc 13.4) la mot nguln tai lieu co
gia trj dl tlm hilu cac quy trinh kilu mlu lien quan
din viec chuyln dli bai rac thanh bai chon lap hop
ve sinh.

Cau hoi danh cho ngicoi ra
quy it djnh

Co du nhan vien co chuyen mon phu
trach van hanh bai chon lip mai khong?
Hp se cin khoa dao tao nao va ai se
cung clp khoa dao tao do?

• Thanh ph6 co nen giao khoan hoat dong
cho khu vipc tip nhan khong?

Co du tiln dipgc phan b6 cho cac hoat
dong dl thipc hien dung each khong?

Co cac nguln doanh thu khac co thl
giup bu dap chi phi hoat dong (nhip phi
dl rac) khong?

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Bai chon lip hop ve sinh

125

San Cristobal Municipality
Dominican Republic
(EPAHoa Ky 2018c).

San Cristobal la thanh pho co khoang 250.000 dan each Santo Domingo, Cong hoa Dominicana 30 km.
Tir nam 2014, bai xir ly rac thai chinh cua thanh pho la mot bai rac ban kiem soat, tiep nhan tO 210 den
270 tan chat thai moi ngay. Viec ra vao bai thai nay khong dirge kiem soat, dan den hoat dong nhat rac
khong an toan va cac vu hoa hoan gay thiet hai. Ngoai ra, dia diem nay khong co he thong lap lot, he thong
giam sat nu'ac ngam hoac lap phu blng dat. Do tlnh trang thieu an toan tai dia diem nay va nh&ng anh
hifdng lien quan den si>c khoe va my quan, thanh pho da nhan dugc rat nhieu phan nan ti> nguai dan.

De hoi dap, thanh pho da bit dau phoi hcyp vol Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truong (Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources), Ca quan Phat trien Quoc te Hoa Ky va Cc quan Bao ve Moi trirang Hoa Ky de xay
dyng mot ke hoach cai thien va cuoi cung la dong cCra bai rac hien tai va chuyen sang mot khu chon lap

dirge thiet ke hgp ve sinh.

Tie nam 2017 den nam 2018, thanh pho va cac doi tac da tien hanh
nhieu dot danh gia thirc d|a de thu thap d& lieu ve cac bien phap quan
ly chat thai rln hien tai va nhom hop vai cac ben lien quan. Dira tren
no lye thu thap thong tin nay, cac doi tac cua thanh pho da dua ra cac
khuyen nghj de cai thien hoat dong hien tai cua bai rac (vi du: blng
each thi^t lap be mat chCra chat thai thich hgp), chuyen dja diem thanh
bai chon lap dime thiet ke (vi du: blng each thiet ke he thong xCr ly
niroc chiet va thu gom LFG) va ky hgp dong vol khu vu'c tu> nhan.
Cac khuyen nghj nay da dirge trinh bay cho cac ben lien quan vao
thang 8 nam 2018.

PHI) LUC 13.4 TRLFQNG
HOP DIEN HINH

Hoach dinh Id trinh chuyln tiip sang bai chon lip co thiit k§
hop ve sinh tai San Cristobal, Cong hoa Dominica

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Trang nay dime d§ tr6ng co chu y.

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14THU HOI

NANG LUONG

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Tai lieu tham khao chinh

Waste-to-Enerav Options in Municipal Solid
Waste Management: A Guide for Decision

Makers in Developing and Emerging
Countries (Mutz cung cong sip, 2017)

ISWA Guidelines; Waste to Energy in Low
and Middle Income Countries (ISWA 2013b)

Waste to Energy: Considerations for
Informed Decision-Making (UNEP 2019)

GC9

OOd@@®9O9d0O ©

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Thu hdi nang lipang

129

Phin 14

Thu hdi nang lipong

Khoang 15% ting lipong chat thai diPQC xip ly tren
toan cau diPQC dot dl thu hoi nang lipong
(UNEP 2019). Phan Ian cac co1 see thu hoi nang
lipong hien nam a cac nipoc phat triln, nhipng nhilu
nipcrc dang phat triln quan tarn den chiln Iipqc quan
ly chat thai ran nay nhio co kha nang loai bo mot
lipong Ian chat thai khong thl tai chl. Ngoai ra, cac
co1 see nay co thl tao ra mot nguon nang lipong thay
thl va bao ton khong gian bai chon lap. Tuy nhien,
co nhilu kho khan lien quan din viec phat triln va
van hanh thanh cong mot dip an thu hoi nang liPQng,
va cac thanh pho diPQC khuyln khfch phai xem xet
cln than xem viec thu hoi nang lipong co phai la lipa
chon phu hop vol tlnh hlnh va nhu cau cu thl cua
hp hay khong.

Phan nay tap trung vao cac quy trinh thu hoi nang
lu^ng lien quan din viec chuyln dli vat lieu khong
thl tai chl thanh nhiet, dien hoac nhien lieu co thl
sic dung dime. Dac biet, phan nay se trinh bay vl
cac cong nghe thu hoi nang liFQ'ng khac nhau va cac
ylu to quan trong can xem xet khi xac djnh co nen
dipa hoat dong thu hoi nang liPQng thanh mot phan
cua he thong quan ly chat thai ran hay khong. Phan
nay khong dl cap din cac dip an khf sinh hoc tao
ra nang liPQng tip cac dip an phan huy ky khf (AD)
chat thai hOu ay hoac khf bai rac (LFG). NhOng chu
dl nay se diPQC dl cap Ian liPQt trong phan Quan ly
chat thai hOu co1 va Bai chon lap hQp ve sinh.

Tai sao cln can nh^c viec thu
hdi nang licong?

Cac dip an thu hoi nang liPQng co thl giup loai bo
cac vat lieu phi thai khong thl tai chl, dong thai
cung cap nguon nang liPQng co thl diPQC sip dung
trong nhilu i>ng dung, bao gom sipcci am va lam
mat. Ngoai ra, cac dip an thu hoi nang liPQng co thl
giup giam khoi liPQng chat thai diPQC dipa din cac
dja dilm xip ly, mot lai thl dac biet hap din a nhOng
dja dilm co sipc chipa bai rac hoac bai chon lap
han chl. Cac dip an biln rac thai thanh nang liPQng

(WtE) (hay "nang liPQng tip rac thai") cung co thl cai
thien sipc khoe va an toan cong dong bang each loai
bo chat thai tip cac bai rac lo thien (UNEP 2019).
Tuy nhien, viec co cac khuon khl phap ly va moi
tripang (nhip cac cong nghe kilm soat khf thai) dl
dam bao rang cac dip an WtE khong lam tram trong
them cac moi lo ngai vl chat liPQng khong khf tai dja
phipong la rat quan trong dl mang lai sip thanh cong
cho cac dip an nham dat diPQC cac muc tieu vl moi
tripang va sipc khoe.

Cac hinh thCrc thu hdi nang
licong

Thu hoi nang liPQng, hay WtE, la quy trinh chuyln
dli vat lieu khong thl tai chl thanh nhiet, dien hoac
nhien lieu co thl sip dung diPQC. Qua trinh chuyln
dli nay co thl diPQC thipc hien thong qua nhilu quy
trinh, bao gom (Mutz cung cong sip, 2017):

• D6t chay. Dot hay thieu huy la viec dot chat thai
ran trong cac ay sa chuyen biet dl tao ra nhiet,
hoi nipac hoac dien nang. Qua trinh dot chay
doi hoi phai quan ly cln than lipong khf thai (nhip
cac vi hat va khf) va xip ly an toan hoac sip dung
tro ran mot each co loi dl giam cac tac dong din
moi tripong. Tro dot thipong diPQC chon lap

(US EPA 2016d).

• Ddng xip ly. Dong xip ly sip dung chat thai thay
thl cho nhien lieu hoa thach trong cac quy trinh
cong nghiep, nhip san xuatxi mang. Nhien lieu
co nguon goc tip rac thai la can thilt dl dong xip
ly nham dam bao kilm soat qua trinh dot chay.
Nhien lieu co nguon goc tip rac thai thipong diPQC
tao thanh tip cac loai chat thai tipong doi dong
nhat va dat diPQC thong qua mot loat cac bipoc
xip ly tripoc, thipong can them von. Dong xip ly
giup giam lipong khf thai cac-bon dioxit bang
each sip dung nhien lieu sinh khoi va nhien lieu
h6n hop, dong thiol cung co thl la mot lipa chon
xip ly kha thi doi vol rac thai nhipa khong thl tai
chl (Hinkel va Blume, 2018).

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Thu h6i nang lirorig

130

TRITON G HQP LIEN QUAN

Quan he doi tac corig-tu5
tai Trung Qudc

De biet them thong
tin, hay xem Phat triin
do thi bin vCena tai Cona hba

Nhan dan Truna Hoa: Xu> I

chit thai ran do thi: Trwdn

hop dien hinh ve auan he

cf&i tac cona-tw

Thanh pho On Chau, Trung Quoc, dang phai doi mat vol tlnh trang rac
thai sinh hoat ngay cang tang moi nam. Triroc day, rac thai sinh hoat
trong khu virc dirge chuyen den hai bai chon lap. Nam 2002, thanh pho
hop tac vol mot nha thau tir nhan dia phirong de xay dirng va van hanh
mot nha may dot rac trong hai nam. Sau hai nam, chinh phu se s& hCru
va van hanh nha may ma khong mat bat ky khoan boi thirang nao cho
nha dau tir tu nhan nay. Nha may quy mo Ian nay co the ban 7 trieu
KWdien moi nam. Nha may cung nhan dirac mot khoan phi dich vu tCr
chinh quyen thanh pho On Chau cho hoat dong xCr ly chat thai rln.

Kho khan

WtE co thi la mot giai phap giup giam thieu chat thai
va cung cap nguon nang lu'gng thay the. Tuy nhien,
co rat ft cac du' an WtE thanh cong a cac nu!ac dang
phat triln; nhfrng kho khan ma cac thanh pho gap
phai doi vai m6i loai cong nghe thu hoi nang lu'gng
bao gom (Mutz cung cong sy, 2017):

• Dau tu> von Ion de xay dyng va van hanh cac
co so. Chi phi van hanh bao gom chi phi van
hanh co dinh (nhir tien lu!ong) va chi phi van
hanh thay d6i (nhir bao tri, slp dung tien ich, he
thong phat thai). Mac du cac ca sa WtE co thi
dat du-gc hieu qua ve mat kinh te nha cac khoan
phi d6 rac, doanh thu tip dien va doanh thu tCr
cac san phlm phu khac (nhu5 kim loai dygc thu
hoi), nhung de ca sa co lai thi se mat nhieu
nam. Thong thirang, doanh thu ti> viec tao ra
nang lirgng khong bao gom chi phi van hanh
cua ca sa, do do cac thanh pho phai co kha
nang va san sang tim kiem cac hinh thu'c cap
von b6 sung, nhu' cac moi quan he doi tac cong-
tuK (PPP). Ngoai ra, gia dien co thi bien dong,
nghTa la viec thu hoi nang lu'gng tir chat thai ran
co thi khong phai la phirang an canh tranh nhat.

Quan ly khi thai va chit thai rln. Cac ca sa
WtE tao ra phi phlm can dirge xir ly va thai bo
thich hop, bao gom ca chat lang va tro bay.
Co thi giam thllu mot so phi phlm nay bang
each sir dung cac cong nghe kilm soat va giam
sat khi thai trong khong khi va nirac, tiln hanh
ngan chan va xir ly tro va cac chat thai khac theo
each thich hgp, kilm soat tilng on may moc va
phirang tien van chuyln, xir ly va liru giir dung
each cac chat thai nguy hai. Dilu quan trong la
cac thanh pho phai co day du ca chi giam sat
va tuan thu dl dam bao rang cac ca sa WtE dap
u'ng cac tieu chuln theo quy djnh va tieu chuln
vl phat thai.

Yeu cau cu the ve nguyen lieu. WtE yeu cau
nguyen lieu co cac ngirang nhiet liro'ng cu thi
va cac thanh pho hoac trung tam do thj khong
phan loai dong chat thai co thi khong dap irng
dirge yeu cau nay. Chat thai h6n hgp co thi co
ham lu'gng Im qua cao hoac gia trj nhiet lirgng
qua it va cac quy djnh cua mot so quoc gia
nghiem cam dot chat thai co nhiet lirgng thap.
Ngoai ra, dieu kien khi hau co thi khiln cho kha
nang dl co nguyen lieu phu hop tra nen kho

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Thu h6i nang lirong

131

khan. Vi du, a Caribe, ham lugng chat thai hu'u
ca icdt cao va moi tru-dng khac nghiet din den
hien tugng an mon nhanh chong cua cac thilt bj
thu hoi nang lu'gng (IDB 2016). O nhilu thanh
pho, cac dip an WtE co the canh tranh vdi cac
n6 lye tai chl cac vat lieu co thl tai chl co gia trj
nhiet lu'gng cao.

• Giao due va dao tao nhan vien. Can co dpi ngu
nhan vien co kiln thu'c va ky nang dl thyc hien
va van hanh ca sd. Cac thanh pho nhan thay
can phai dam bao cac ca sd phai thue dime
nhu'ng nhan vien co trinh do va tat ca nhan vien
deu dipgc dao tao.

• Xung dot, cam kit lau dai. Viec xay dyng va
van hanh cac ca sd WtE can su* cam ket lau dai
cua thanh pho. Nhung cam kit nay co thl xung
dot vdi cac iru tien khac cua dja phu'ang, nhtp
giam phat thai khi nha kinh va cac muc tieu giam
phat sinh chat thai t6ng thl (vi ty le phat sinh
chat thai giam co nghTa la nguon cung cho ca sd
se it han)

Phan huy ky khi (AD) va phuc hoi LFG la hai each
khac dl thu hoi nang lipgng tip chat thai. Cac phan

Quart Iv chat thai hu>u ca va Bai chon lap hap ve
sinh cung cap them thong tin ve thu hoi AD va LFG
tirang irng.

Khi nao cin xem xet phtFcng
an WtE

Thu hoi nang lu-gng co thl la mot phan khong thl
thieu cua he thong quan ly chat thai ran dang hoat
dong. Tuy nhien, theo thap phan cap quan ly chat
thai ran dupgc mo ta trong phan Giai ohao. tot nhat
nen thyc hien ca hai chiln Itpgc giam nguon chat
thai va tai chl tripdc khi xem xet viec thu hoi nang
lipgng nhu> mot phu-ang an (U.S. EPA2019a) hoac
thyc hien dong thai ca ba chiln lipgc. Ngoai ra, do
nhu'ng rui ro tiem kn lien quan den cong nghe thu
hoi nang lu'gng (dac biet la nh&ng cong nghe khong
tich hgp thilt bj kilm soat khi thai), cac du' an nay
chi la lu'a chon kha thi d nhOng thanh pho co he
thong quan ly chat thai ran dang hoat dong hieu qua
va co cac ca chl quan ly moi trifdng.

Cau hoi danh cho ngyoi ra
quylt djnh

Da co he thong quan ly chat thai ran hieu qua
chu'a?

Luat moi tafdng nao dirge ap dung dl bao
ve tranh 6 nhilm do WtE gay ra? Tat ca cac
cong nghe co thuoc pham vi dieu chmh cua
luat phap khong? Co ca chl giam sat khong?
Thanh pho co thl dam bao cac dong chat thai
chat liwng cao phu hgp cho phu'ang an xic ly
dot bang each nao?

Thanh pho se dao tao nhan vien nhip thl nao
dl dam bao ho co ky nang van hanh co' sd?
Ngu'di dung cuoi cua san phlm dien nang
hoac nhiet da dipgc xac djnh va tilp can
chipa?

Tat ca cac chi phi cua dy an da dipgc xem
xet va xac djnh cac phicang phap tai chinh
thay thl chua? Co an toan cho cac nha dau
tir khong?

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15

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Consumer Goods Forum: Food Waste

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Stakeholder Enaaaement:
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Develooina Intearated Solid Waste
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United Nations
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Develooina Intearated Solid Waste
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Food Loss Analysis Reports and Fact Sheets

Food and
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Food Waste as a Global Issue - From
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Global Alliance of Waste Pickers

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Global Waste Manaaement Outlook

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Understandina the Need for
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Global Development Alliances

United States
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Economic Considerations

Global Food Waste Manaaement: An
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World Biogas
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Oraanic Waste Manaaement

Global Methane Initiative: Bioaas Tools and
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Global Methane
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kien giam phat thai
khi me-tan toan cau

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Oraanic Waste Manaaement:
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Global Partnership on Marine Litter

UNEP

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Sanitarv Landfills

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Stakeholder Enaaaement

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Plannina Svstems: Dumpsite
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International Best Practices Guide for Landfill
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Sanitarv Landfills

International Environmental Finance Tools

U.S. EPA

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Economic Considerations

International Guidelines for Landfill Evaluation

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ISWA Guidelines: Waste to Enerav in Low

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Enerav Recovery

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Recycling

Landfill Ooerational Guidelines. 2nd Edition

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Sanitary Landfills

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Prevention and Minimization

Materials Recovery Facility Toolkit

Asian Development
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Recycling

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Farvacque-Vitkovic
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) PPPs

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OrganEcs -Cost Estimating Tool for

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Managing Source-Seoarated Organic Waste

Overview of Legal Framework for Inclusion of
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Recycling

Plastics Policy Plavbook: Strategies for a
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Ocean Conservancy

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Prevention and Minimization:
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Primer for Cities for Accessing Financing for
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Stakeholder Engagement

Recycling and Disposal of Municipal Solid
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UN-Habitat

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Recycling

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Results-based Financing for Municipal Solid
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Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria

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Approaches: Sanitary Landfills

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UNEP

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Understanding the Need for
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Sustainable Financing and Policy Models for
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Sustainable Materials Management:
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Understanding the Need for
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Oraanic Waste Manaaement

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U.S. EPA and
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D-WASTE

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Dumosite Manaaement:
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Waste Collection: A Report

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Waste to Enerav: Considerations for Informed
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UNEP

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Enerav Recoverv

Waste Transfer Stations: A Manual for
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U.S. EPA

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Separation. Collection, and
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Waste-to-Enerav Ootions in Municipal
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Mutz et al.

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Dumosite Manaaement

What A Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid
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Women in Informal Emplovment:
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Informal Sector Recvclina

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B

Tai lieu tham khao vi quan ly chit thai rln theo khu vlpc

151

Phu luc B

Tai lieu tham khao ve quan ly chat

thai ran theo khu vlpc

Khu vu>c Dong A va Thai Binh Duong

Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing Countries: Africa. Asia and Latin America (Johannessen va
Boyer1999)

Solid Waste Management in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (Richards va Haynes 2014)

Challenges and an Implementation Framework for Sustainable Municipal Organic Waste Management Using
Biogas Technology in Emerging Asian Countries (IGES 2019)

Khu vu>c My Latinh va Caribe

Waste Management Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNEP 2018c)

Data Collection Survey on Solid Waste Management Sector in the Central American and Caribbean
Region (JICA2012)

Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing Countries: Africa. Asia and Latin America (Johannessen va
Boyer1999)

An Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing and Developed Economies: Analysis of
Practices and Contributions to Urban Flooding in Sub-Saharan Africa (Njoku et al. 2015)

Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing Countries: Africa. Asia and Latin America (Johannessen va
Boyer1999)

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c

Cong cu trao ddi thong tin/tipong tac cong ddng

152

Phu luc C

Cong cu trao doi thong tin/tu'O'ng tac
cong dong

Cac cong cu thong bao cho cong d6ng

Cong cu

S6 ngu'd'i
tham gia

Phu hop nhlt cho

Tryc tiep Tryc tuyen In an

Cac cuoc hop cong d6ng

Cac cuoc hop cong dong dime to
chirc de thu hut nhieu doi tirong
tham gia nhlm chia se thong tin va
thao luan. Cac cuoc hop nay co the
du'p'c slk dung de nang cao nhan
thCrc hoac lam diem khcn dau cho
qua trinh tham gia va tiep tuc tham
gia cua cong dong.

Nhom Ion

Cac thanh pho va thanh
pho nho hen nci cac
ben lien quan sin sang
tham gia cac cuoc hop.

X X

Buoi hop bao

Cac bai thuyet trinh ngln dime dira
ra tare tiep cho cac nhom tai dja
phirong trong cac cuoc hop hoac dja
diem hien co cua ho - nhir cac cau
lac bo xa hoi va dan sir - de cung
cap thong tin tong quan hoac cap
nhat ve mot dip an.

Lien he qua dien thoai

Cuoc goi dien den nhfrng ngiroi
hoac nhom ngirai cu the quan tarn
den mot van de.

Tai lieu in

Cac dang pho bien gom cactrang
thong tin, tcy rci, ban tin, tai lieu
quang cao, bipu thiep, giay phat hanh
va bao cao torn tit.

Trang web

Cactrang web toan cau cung cap
cho cac ben lien quan quan tarn den
nhfrng thong tin ve dy an, cac thong
bao, tai lieu va cc hoi de dong gop y
kien hoac thao luan. Cac trang web
cho phep slk dung nhieu djnh dang
da phirong tien, bao gom
ca video.

Thircyng danh
cho cac nhom
nho hen

Tiep can vol cac nhom
da thanh lap.

Thircyng la
goi cho mot
ngirai moi Ian

Khong giai
han, nhirng co
the can can
nhlc den chi
phi in an va
gCri thir

Khong giai
han

Tat ca cac dy an, nhirng
can co du nhan lire de
tra Icyi va/hoac goi lai cac
cuoc goi.

Cac dy an co so lirgng
cac ben lien quan giai
han neu phai thyc hien
in an va gCri thir. Co the
khong phu hop neu co
ngirrn khong doc dime.

Tat ca cac dy an va doi
tiFpng co quyen tiep can.
Cac van de ve doc viet
co the khlc phuc dime
blng each slk dung
giong noi va video.

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Cong cu trao ddi thong tin/tipong tac cong ddng

153

Cac cong cu thong bao cho cong d6ng

So ngu'O'i

Cong cu .. 3 .
3 tham gia

Phu hop nhit cho

Tryc tilp Tryc tuyin In In

Kho Iipu trip thong tin Khong giai

Nai Ilpu trCp thong tin ve dy an a mot han, nhung co
vj tri cong khai tap trung de cong dan the bj han che
de dang tiep can. Thong thLPang, ve mat dja ly
thong tin dime Ilpu trCp trong kho Ilpu theo vj tri
trCp la de nghien clpu va xem xet tai
cho va khong dime dLPa ra
ben ngoai.

Cac dy an tai dja
phLPong co the tiep can
mot dja diem thyc te.
Cung co the thiet lap cac
kho Ilpu trCp tryc tuyen.

Oipong day nong cung cip Khong giai

thong tin han

Cung cap thong tin theo hai each:

(1) tiep can tape tiep qua dien thoai
vol cac nhan vien cua nhom dy an
co the giai dap cac thlc mlc hoac
cung cap them thong tin va ho trp1,
va (2) qua so dien thoai goi den cung
cap thong tin ve dy an da dLpgc
ghi trimc.

Tat ca cac dy an va doi
tLpgng, dac biet la nhCpng
ngLPrn khong co quyen
truy cap Internet.

Bao chf va truyin thong Khong giai

Cac thong cao bao chf va truyen han

thong nhlm muc dich pho bien thong

tin rang nhat co the ve mot van de

hoac de xuat tai dja phLPong thong

qua viec xuat ban hoac phat song

thong tin trong thong cao. NhCpng

thong cao nay cung co the khai goi

them cac cau hoi tCp cong chung ve

van de nay.

Cac dy an Ian han dime
quan tam rang rai; slp
dung bao chf va phLPang
tien truyen thong phai la
mot phan cua chien iLPac
truyen thong tong the.

Mang xa hoi

Tiep can qua mang xa hoi co the
cung cap cho cac ben lien quan quan
tam cac thong tin ve dy an, thong
bao, tai lieu va ca hoi de dong gop
y kien hoacthao luan. Mang xa hoi,
nhLP Twitter, WhatsApp va Facebook,
cho phep slp dung nhieu djnh dang
phLPang tien khac nhau, bao gom
ca video.

Khong giai Cac dy an Ian han dime
han quan tam rang rai; slp

dung mang xa hoi phai
la mot phan cua chien
lirac truyen thong
tong the.

Cac cong cu tao va nhan thong tin dong gop tip cong d6ng

Phong vin Ca nhan hoac Tim hieu ve quan diem
Phong van vai cac ben lien quan la nhom nho ca nhan doi vai cac
cuoc tro chuyen tryc tiep ve mot chu van de.
de hoac van de cu the. Muc dich
chinh cua cac cuoc phong van nay la
de thu thap thong tin lien quan den
dy an va nhan lai nhCpng phan Cpng
va de xuat tCp cac ben lien quan.

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c

Cong cu trao ddi thong tin/tipong tac cong ddng

154

Cac cong cu thong bao cho cong d6ng

So ngu'O'i

Cong cu .. 3 .
3 tham gia

Phu hop nhit cho

Tryc tilp Tryc tuyin In In

Nhom tap trung Nhom nho Tim hieu them ve thai do

Cuoc thao luan theo nhom nho co (15 ngirai tra va quan diem,
hirang dan chuyen mon. Cac nhom xuong)

tap trung dime sir dung de tim ra X

nhfrng van de ma ngirai dan hoac
cac nhom quan tam nhat khi co rat it
hoac khong co thong tin.

Cuoc hop/ Nhom Ion

phien diiu trim cong d6ng

Cac cuoc hop/phien dieu tran cong
dong dime to chipc de thu hut nhieu
doi tirang tham gia nhlm chia se
thong tin va thao luan. Cac cuoc hop
nay co the dime sir dung de nang
cao nhan thipc hoac lam diem khcn
dau cho qua trinh tham gia va tiep
tuc tham gia cua cong dong.

Trinh bay thong tin va
tiep nhan y kien hoac
phan hoi tip cong dong

Hoi thao cong dong Nhieu nhom Trao doi thong tin va/

Hoi thao do mot co' quan cong to nho (8-15 hoac giai quyet van de

chipc nhlm muc dich thong bao cho ngirai moi theo cac nhom nho.

cong dong va thu thap y kien dong nhom) X

gop cua cong dong ve viec phat trien

mot hanh dong theo quy djnh hoac

bien phap kiem soat cua co' quan do.

Quy trinh yeu clu Khac nhau, Hinh dung ve tipcng lai

Mot quy trinh cho phep kham pha nhipng thipcyng chung, ma khong phai
cac quy trinh trirac day va a hien tai lien quan den dipa ra quyet djnh.
nhlm cung cap thong tin va truyen "toan bo he
cam hipng cho nhCmg ngiprn tham thong"
gia khi ho no Ilpc de cung tao ra va
hien thyc hoa mot tipcng lai
ly tipang.

World cafes

Quy trinh hop bao gom mot loat cac
cuoctro chuyen dien ra dong thai
xoay quanh mot van de hoac chu
de cu the. Mot World Cafe thirang
dien ra trong tip 2-3 gicy va bao gom
nhieu cuoc tro chuyen tare tiep vai
3-5 ngipol moi ban. Moi ban co mot
"ngiprn to chipc" luon co mat trong
toan bo slp kien va duy tri cho cuoc
thao luan dien ra theo dung tien do.

Rat de dieu
chinh, thu hut
nhieu cuoc tro
chuyen dien
ra dong thai
(4-8 ngirai
moi nhom
nho)

Khuyen khich cuoc thao
luan cai ma ve mot chu
de va xac djnh cac ITnh
vlfc co diem chung.

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Cong cu trao ddi thong tin/tipong tac cong ddng

Cac cong cu thong bao cho cong d6ng

So ngu'O'i

Cong cu .. 3 .
3 tham gia

Phu hop nhit cho

Tryc tilp Tryc tuyin In In

Nho den trung
binh

Khong giei
han

Charrettes

Mot loat cac cong cu tireng tac bao
gom cac nguon phireng tien truyen
thong hien co va mm noi nhir mot
dien dan cho phep cong chung bay
to quan diem va tim each tac dong
den viec ra quyet djnh trong khu vlfc
cua ho. Co the dat dime dan chu
dien tCr thong qua cong nghe cu hen,
truyen hlnh va dai phat thanh; va cac
cong nghe mm hen, nhir Internet,
dien thoai di dong va he thong tham
do y kien dien ti>.

Dan chu dien tip

Cac cong cu xay du>ng va tim kiim su> d6ng thuan

Hoi thao dong thuan Nhom len

La loai cuoc hop cong dong cho

phep cac ben lien quan tham gia

danh gia mot van de hoac de xuat

va phoi hep vei nhau de tim ra diem

chung va dipa ra y kien dong gop

dya tren slp dong thuan.

Ban c6 vin Nhom nho

Mot nhom dai dien cua cac ben lien (25 ngirei tre

quan tip mot dja phireng cu the dime xuong)

chi djnh de dipa ra nhan djnh va tip

van ve mot dy an hoac van de va se

hop thireng xuyen trong mot khoang

thei gian de xay dyng kien thipc

chuyen sau ve dy an va cac van de

phat sinh; va chia se quan diem, y

tipeng, thlc mlc va moi quan tam

cua ho.

Tao ra cac ke hoach
toan dien hoac phipeng
an thay the.

Tao dieu kien thuan tien
cho slp tham gia tare tiep
cua cong dong phan tan
ve mat dja ly.

Cac quyet djnh nho
hen, it gay tranh cai hen
hoac xac djnh cac gia trj
chung.

Cac quy trinh phipc tap
va dai han.

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Cong cu trao ddi thong tin/tipong tac cong ddng

156

Cac cong cu thong bao cho cong d6ng

So nguwi

Cong cu .. .
3 tham gia

Phu hop nhit cho

Tryc tilp Tryc tuyin In In

Ban hoi tham cu> dan

Mot nhom clp dan dai dien (thirang
dime chon ngau nhien hoac phan
tang), nhfrng ngirai dime hirang
dan tirang tan ve thong tin cc ban va
quan diem hien tai lien quan den mot
van de hoac dy an cu the. Van de
ma ho can xem xet se la van de co
anh hipong tren toan dja phirong va
can co quy trinh ra quyet djnh mang
tinh dai dien va dan chu.

Gi61 han,
thirang
khoang 12
ngirai

Cac quyet djnh co the
diracto chipcthanh cac
phirang an ro rang.

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