WELCOME
REGION 10
ECONOMIC
PROFILE
UTTING SITES
TO WORK
How Superfund Redevelopment
in Region 10 Is Making a
Difference in Communities
2022 DATA
P
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Cover page photos:
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Complex (Washington), Eastern Michaud Flats Contamination (Idaho), Bremerton Gas Works (Washington), Bunker Hill
Mining & Metallurgical Complex (Idaho), Asarco, Inc. (Washington), Pacific Sound Resources (Washington).
ADOBE STOCK IMAGE NOTICE
This document contains Adobe Stock images that may not be used elsewhere without
permission from Adobe Stock. Readers may not access or download Adobe Stock images
from this document for any purpose and must comply with Adobe Stock's Terms of Use.
which require users to obtain a license to the work.
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Figure 1:21st Street
Park, near the head
of the water vjay at
Commencement Bay,
Near Shore/Tide Flats site
(Washington).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface i
Introduction 1
Support for Superfund Redevelopment 3
Superfund Redevelopment: The Big Picture 4
Beneficial Effects of Superfund Site Redevelopment in Region 10 6
Beneficial Effects from Enhanced Recreational and Ecological Amenities 8
Beneficial Effects from Alternative Energy Projects 11
Environmental Justice and Economic Revitalization 12
Climate Adaptation at Superfund Sites 13
Opportunity Zone Tax Incentives as Superfund Redevelopment Tools 14
Redevelopment in Action 15
Redevelopment on the Horizon in Region 10 20
Conclusion 22
State Redevelopment Profiles 24
Alaska 25
Idaho 26
Oregon 27
Washington 28
Reuse Information Sources
29
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PREFACE
EPA's Superfund Program is a cornerstone of the work that the Agency performs
for citizens and communities across the country. The revitalization of places
affected by contaminated lands is a key part of Superfund's mission, meeting
community needs for thriving economies and improved environmental and
public health outcomes. Through EPA's Superfund Redevelopment Program, the
Agency contributes to these communities' economic vitality by supporting the
return of sites to productive use.
EPA is focused on accelerating work and progress at all Superfund sites across
the country, and supporting redevelopment and community revitalization.
Using resources from the 2022 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, EPA is providing
necessary funding to enable delayed cleanup efforts at 49 Superfund sites to
move forward. More than 60% of these sites are in historically underserved
communities. EPA is leading the way to support the return of these and other
once-contaminated sites to productive use.
These regional profiles highlight community-led efforts as EPA expedites cleanup
and remediation and engages with partners and stakeholders to support
redevelopment and community revitalization.
EPA REGION 10
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INTRODUCTION
EPA's Region 10 office serves Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington and 271 tribes. The Pacific Northwest
Region is known for its remarkable scenery and deep
ties to maritime industries, mining, metal refining,
timber, and petroleum exploration and production.
The region's beauty, history and economic strength
continue to attract new residents and visitors
from across the country. Local governments, state
agencies and diverse organizations in these western
states work hard to help older, smaller communities
remain vibrant while carefully planning for new
growth in major cities and suburbs. A key part of this
workfocuses on finding new uses for old industrial,
timber and mining sites, including Superfund sites.
The Superfund program in EPA Region 10 is proud to
play a role in these efforts.
The cleanup and reuse of Superfund sites often
restores value to site properties and amenities to
surrounding communities that have been negatively
affected by contamination. Site redevelopment can
revitalize a local economy with jobs, new businesses,
tax revenues and local spending.
Through efforts such as the Superfund
Redevelopment Program, EPA Region 10 helps
communities reclaim cleaned-up Superfund sites.
Factoring the reasonably anticipated future use of
Superfund sites into the cleanup process promotes their safe redevelopment. In addition, EPA Region 10 works closely
with state and local officials to remove barriers that have kept many Superfund sites vacant or underused. EPA Region 10
works to ensure that businesses on properties being cleaned up under Superfund can continue operating in a way that
protects human health and the environment during site investigations and cleanup work. This continuity enables these
businesses to remain open and serve as a source of jobs and income for local communities.
Superfund sites across Region 10 are home to commercial and industrial parks, retail centers, condominiums and single
family homes. Many sites continue to host industrial operations, including large-scale manufacturing facilities. Some sites
now support alternative energy projects. Others have been transformed into ecological preserves, parks and recreation
complexes. On-site businesses and organizations at current and former Region 10 Superfund sites provide an estimated
33,346 jobs and contribute an estimated $2.3 biliion in annual employment income. Sites in reuse and continued use in
Region 10 generate $19 million in annua! property tax revenues for local governments.1
1 Business and property value tax figures represent only a subset of the beneficial effects of sites in reuse or continued use in Region 10. There are 40 Superfund
sites in reuse or continued use in Region 10 for which EPA does not have business data, including eight federal facilities on the Superfund National Priorities List
(NPL). Not all sites in reuse involve an on-site business or other land use that would employ people. Several sites without businesses have beneficial effects that
are not easily quantified, such as properties providing ecological or recreational benefits (e.g., parks, wetlands, ecological habitat and open space). In addition,
there are 45 sites in reuse or continued use in Region 10 for which EPA does not have property value or tax data, including eight NPL federal facilities.
EPA REGION 10
Region 10 Sites in Reuse and Continued
Use: Business and Job Highlights
Businesses: 1,227
Total Annual Sales: $10,6 billion
Number of People Employed: 33,346
Total Annual Employee Income: $2.3 billion
Figure 2. A local vendor's market at the Asarco Inc. site (Washington).
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This profile looks at how redevelopment activities at Superfund sites make a difference in communities across Region
10. In particular, it describes some of the beneficial effects of redevelopment and continued use of current and former
Superfund sites. The profile also describes the land values and property taxes associated with Superfund sites returned
to use and sites that have remained in use throughout the cleanup process. EPA updates these profiles periodically. The
beneficial effects may increase or decrease over time due to changes in:
The number of sites in reuse or continued use.
The number of on-site businesses.
Data availability.
Changes in business and property value data.
Figures presented represent only a subset of all Superfund sites in reuse or continued use in Region 10.
Bitterroot
Mercantile
amazon
Visitors/Associates ^
All Trucks
1250 NW Swigert Way
Figure 3. Left: Small businesses in downtown Smelterville at the Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex (Idaho); Right: An Amazon fulfillment
center at the Reynolds Metals Company site (Oregon).
2
EPA REGION 10
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SUPPORT FOR SUPERFUND
REDEVELOPMENT
Reuse Assessment
Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. Superfund Site
The Dalles, Oregon
March 2022
Figure 1. The site's location in The Dalles. Oregon.
EPA Region 10 is committed to improving the health and livelihood of Americans by cleaning up and returning land to
productive use. In addition to protecting human health and the environment through the Superfund program, Region 10
partners with stakeholders to encourage redevelopment opportunities at Superfund sites. Region 10 helps communities
and cleanup managers consider redevelopment during cleanup planning and evaluate remedies already in place to
ensure appropriate redevelopment. In addition, EPA participates in partnerships with communities and encourages
opportunities to support Superfund redevelopment projects that emphasize environmental and economic sustainability.
Specific redevelopment support efforts in EPA Region 10 include:
Identifying and evaluating local land use priorities
to align with site cleanup plans through the
redevelopment planning process.
Facilitating cleanup and redevelopment discussions
to help resolve key issues between parties
interested in site redevelopment.
Supporting targeted projects intended to help
Region 10 communities and EPA find the right tools
to move site redevelopment forward.
Making efforts to help address communities' and
developers' liability, safety and reuse concerns
through development of educational materials,
comfort letters, developer agreements and
environmental status reports known as Ready for
Reuse Determinations-that provide information
about the appropriate use of sites.
Supporting partnerships with groups committed to
returning Superfund sites to productive use such as
the Rails-To-Trails Conservancy.
Developing reuse fact sheets, websites, webinars
and reuse case studies to share opportunities and
lessons associated with Superfund Redevelopment.
These efforts have helped build expertise across Region 10,
making it easier to both consider future use of Superfund
sites prior to cleanup and to identify opportunities for
removing reuse barriers. These efforts also help tribes, state
agencies, local governments, communities, potentially responsible parties, site owners, developers, and other partners
and stakeholders to better understand potential future uses for Superfund sites. This helps stakeholders engage early in
the cleanup process, ensuring that Superfund sites are restored as productive assets for communities. Most importantly,
these efforts lead to significant returns for communities, including jobs, annual income and tax revenues.
Introduction
EPA Region 10 and EPA's Superfund Redevelopment
Program (SRP) are supporting a reuse assessment for
the Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. Superfund site in
The Dalles, Oregon. SRP helps communities reclaim
and reuse formerly contaminated land through site-
specific reuse support. This assessment discusses the
reuse potential of the site, based on site conditions,
community goals, area land uses and regional
economic opportunities.
Region 10 staff requested SRP assistance with an
assessment of the site's reuse potential. Beginning in
spring 2021, SRP contractor Skeo worked with the
Region 10 site team to collect remedy status information, gather local use and zoning data, and perform reuse
analyses. This reuse assessment shares the findings from this work. It covers site history and status information as
well as reuse suitability considerations, resources and potential next steps to support the site's reuse.
Site Context
The 350-acre site is in The Dalles, Oregon, west of the Columbia River. The Martin Marietta Corporation (now
Lockheed Martin) used the site for aluminum production activities from 1958 to 1984. During operations, spent
pot liner waste and hazardous contaminants, including cyanide, fluoride, sodium, polynudear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sulfates, were released into the environment. Facility operations and improper waste
burial contaminated site soil and groundwater.
Detection of cyanide compounds in the groundwater prompted the need for remedial action. EPA added the site
to the Superfund Program's National Priorities List (NPL) in 1987 and began overseeing the Remedial Investigation
by the potentially responsible party Lockheed Martin. EPA selected the site's long-term remedy in the site's 1988
Record of Decision (ROD) and updated it in a 1994 Explanation of Significant Difference (ESD). The goal of the
remedy is to prevent dermal (skin) and airborne exposure to contaminants and the spread of contaminated
groundwater and surface water. The remedy includes:
Consolidation of contaminated material into two landfills on site. One landfill is regulated by the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The other landfill is
regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Capping of the two landfills.
Placement of a soil cover over the scrubber sludge ponds (sludge ponds).
Figure 4. EPA's 2022 Reuse Assessment of the Martin-Marietta
Aluminum Co. site (Oregon).
EPA REGION 10
3
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SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT:
THE BIG PICTURE
EPA can take and oversee immediate action at contaminated sites through short-term cleanup actions, also called
removal actions.2 EPA refers sites warranting long-term cleanup to its remedial program or to state programs. EPA's
National Priorities List (NPL) is a list of sites the Agency is targeting for further investigation and possible remediation
through the Superfund program. Once EPA places a site on the NPL, the Agency studies the contamination, identifies
technologies that could address the material and evaluates alternative cleanup approaches. EPA then proposes a cleanup
plan and, after collecting public input, issues a final cleanup plan. The Agency then cleans up the site or oversees cleanup
activities. EPA has placed 105 sites in Region 10 on the NPL.
Whenever possible, EPA seeks to integrate redevelopment priorities into site cleanup plans. In Region 10, 75 NPL sites
and 14 non-NPL Superfund sites are in use. These sites have either new uses in place or uses that remain in place from
before cleanup. Many of these sites have been redeveloped for commercial, industrial and residential purposes. Others
have been redeveloped for recreational, ecological and agricultural uses. Businesses and other organizations also use
some site areas for memorials and parking areas. Many redeveloped sites support multiple uses and have the capacity to
support additional uses and further redevelopment. The following sections take a closer look at the beneficial effects of
businesses operating on current and former Superfund sites in Region 10.
Alaska
Washington
Idaho
Figure 5. Sites in reuse and continued use in Region 10.
ฎ
: Total number of sites in use per state.
2 Removal actions may be taken at sites on the NPL and sites not on the NPL
EPA REGION 10
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SS
Figure 6. Left: New walking trails at the restored Little Squalicum Park at the Oeser Co. site (Washington); Right: A recycling center and transfer
station continues to operate at the Centralia Municipal Landfill site ('Washington).
Sites in Reuse and Continued Use: A Closer Look
Reuse Type Description Region 10 Example
In Reuse
Part or all of a site is being used in a
new, different manner than before
Superfund involvement. Or, the
property was vacant and cleanup was
designed to support a new, specific
land use.
FMC Corp. (Yakima Pit) (Washington) -
this site, once a pesticide formulation
facility, now hosts a hardware store
and a roofing supply store.
In Continued Use
Historical uses at a site remain active,
and/or the site is still used in the
same general manner as when the
Superfund process started at the site.
Centralia Municipal Landfill
(Washington) - municipal landfill
operations continued at the site
throughout cleanup. The landfill
remains active today.
In Reuse and Continued Use
Part of a site is in continued use and
part of the site is in reuse.
Eastern Michaud Flats (Idaho) -
cleanup enabled a phosphate ore
processing facility to remain open
during cleanup. A fertilizer distribution
business opened on site in 2017.
40
12
37
25
5
19
89 SITES IN USE
49 SITES WITH BUSINESSES
EPA REGION 10
5
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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF
SUPERFUND SITE
REDEVELOPMENT IN REGION 10
Businesses and Jobs
EPA has collected economic data for 1,227 businesses,
government agencies and civic organizations
operating on 45 NPL sites and four non-NPL sites
in reuse and continued use in Region 10. (Seethe
State Redevelopment Profiles for each state's reuse
details.) Businesses and organizations at these sites
are part of several different sectors, including lodging,
professional trade, industrial trade and health care
services.
Businesses and organizations at Region 10 Superfund
sites include hotels, schools, grocery stores,
restaurants, civic and social organizations, freight
transportation facilities, health care centers and
manufacturing facilities.
The businesses and organizations at these sites generate about $10.6 billion in estimated annual sales and employ about
33,346 people, earning an estimated $2.3 billion in annual employment income. This income injects money into local
economies and generates revenue through personal state income taxes. These businesses also help local economies
through direct purchases of locai supplies and services. On-site businesses that produce retail sales and services also
generate tax revenues through the collection of sales taxes, which support state and local governments. Table 1 provides
more detailed information.
Table 1. Site and Business Information for Region 10 Sites in Reuse and Continued Use (2022)
Sitesa
Sites with
Businesses
Businessesb
Total Annual
Sales
Total
Employees
Total Annual
Employee
Income
In Reuse
40
25
60
$2.2 billion
6,375
$361 million
In Continued Use
12
5
6
$306 million
672
$57 million
In Reuse and
in Continued Use
37
19
1,161
$8.1 billion
26,299
$1.9 billion
Totals
89
49
1,227
$10.6 billion
33,346
$2.3 billion
a Eight sites are federal facilities. Federal facility sites are excluded from all other detailed site and business data presented above.
b Also includes other organizations such as government agencies, nonprofit organizations and civic institutions. Business information is not
available for all businesses on all Superfund sites in reuse or continued use. Throughout this report, sales and annual employee income may not
sum exactly to the totals presented due to rounding.
Figure 7. A resort at the Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex site
(Idaho).
6
EPA REGION 10
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Property Values and Property Tax Revenues
Properties cleaned up under the Superfund program and
returned to use have the potential to increase in value
significantly. This increased value can boost property
tax revenues, which help pay for local government
operations, schools, transit systems and other public
services. Site properties at the Union Pacific Railroad Co.
site in Idaho are now valued at over $75 million.
Identifying increases in property values and property
taxes following cleanup and reuse is challenging. This
is due to several factors, including limited data on
past property values and the frequency and timing
of local property value assessments. Likewise, many
factors affect property values, including external
economic and neighborhood factors not related to
a site's contamination or Superfund status. It is also
difficult to isolate the effects of Superfund cleanup and
redevelopment using current property values. However,
these values do provide insight into the current value of
Superfund properties and the potential loss in economic
value if the properties were not cleaned up and made
available for reuse or continued use.
EPA has collected property value and tax data for 44 Superfund sites in reuse and continued use in Region 10.3 These
sites span 1,092 property parcels and 10,292 acres. They have a total property value of $2.8 billion. The average total
property value per acre is $270,000.
Land and improvement property value information is available for 43 of the sites. These properties have a total land
value of $1.5 billion and a total improvement value of $1.2 billion.4
Property tax information is available for all 44 sites. The properties generate a combined $19 million in local property
taxes annually.
Table 2. Property Value and Tax Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Region 10"
Total Land Value
(43 sites)b
Total Improvement
Value
(43 sites)
Total Property Value
(44 sites)
Total Property Value
per Acre
(44 sites)0
Total Annual
Property Taxes
(44 sites)
$1.5 billion
$1.2 billion
$2.8 billion
$270,000
$19 million
a Results are based on an EPA Superfund Redevelopment Program effort to collect on-site property values and property taxes for a subset of
Superfund sites. The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value year and tax data year available in county assessor
datasets, which varied from 2021 to 2023. Throughout this report, property and tax values may not sum exactly to the totals presented due to
rounding.
b Land and improvement value for one of the sites is listed as $0.
c Based on total property value amount of $2.8 billion divided by total acreage of 10,292.
3 There are 45 additional sites in reuse or continued use in Region 10 for which EPA does not have property value or tax data, including eight NPLfederal facilities.
4 Property values consist of land value and the value of any improvements (buildings and infrastructure) placed on a property. When sites are redeveloped,
some or all of these improvements may be new or already in place. In some cases, the breakdown showing the land value and improvement value is not always
available; only the total property value may be available.
Region 10 Sites in Reuse and Continued
Use: Property Value and Tax Highlights
Total Property Value: $2.8 billion
Total Annual Property Taxes: $19 million
Figure 8. New residential housing being constructed at the North
Ridge Estates site (Oregon).
EPA REGION 10
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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM
ENHANCED RECREATIONAL
AND ECOLOGICAL AMENITIES
In addition to hosting commercial
developments, retail centers and industrial
facilities, many Region 10 sites in reuse
and continued use provide recreational
and ecological benefits. Green space and
habitat reuses help attract visitors and
residents and indirectly contribute to local
economies.
Careful planning can enable the
integration of green spaces and habitat
into site cleanup plans, resulting in the
transformation of contaminated properties
into valuable community and wildlife assets.
Green spaces are integral components
of sustainable communities - they help
protect the environment and human health
while providing other social and economic
benefits. Parks, community gardens
and other public green spaces create
opportunities for people to gather, exercise
and connect with nature. The creation of
green spaces and habitat at once-contaminated properties serves to re-introduce ecosystems and biodiversity into urban
and suburban landscapes by providing corridors for migrating species and preserving habitat. They can also mitigate
stormwater runoff problems by slowiy absorbing and naturally filtering stormwater, resulting in improved water quality
due to decreased runoff and erosion.
Parks, natural areas and scenic landscapes also have great economic value - supporting regional economies through
tourism, agriculture and other activities. Economic impacts of recreation activities can include outdoor recreation
spending and reduced public costs related to healthcare and infrastructure. In 2021, outdoor recreation contributed
$862 biliion to the U.S. economy, supporting 4.5 million jobs and 1.9% of the total gross domestic product (GDP).
Outdoor recreation's contribution to the GDP grew 18.9% compared to the overall economy that grew 5.9% in 2021.5
Protected green space can also increase the property values of nearby homes by providing amenities that draw people to
live and work in the community. Many sites in Region 10 provide recreational and ecological benefits.
Figure 9. Beach access provides recreational opportunities at the Pacifc Sound Resources
site (Washington),
5 State of the Outdoor Market, Fall 2022. Outdoor Industry Association. Available at https://outdoorindustrv.org/wp-content/uploads/2Q22/12/OIA-State-of-the-
Outdoor-Market-Report-Fall-2022.pdf.
EPA REGION 10
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LOCKHEED WEST SEATTLE
The Lockheed West Seattle Superfund site is on the southwestern
shoreline of Elliott Bay in Seattle, Washington. The site is next to the Port
of Seattle's Terminal 5 and the West Waterway, and includes a former
shipyard support operations area, and about 40 acres of in-water marine
sediment in aquatic tidelands. Past shipbuilding practices at the former
shipyard released contaminants into the bay. Before its transfer to the
Superfund program, the state of Washington listed the site as a sediment
cleanup priority project under state cleanup authority. EPA added the
site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 2007, and selected the site's
remedy in 2013. Lockheed Martin Corporation began cleanup in 2018.
Cleanup included dredging and disposing of contaminated sediment,
adding six to nine inches of clean sand over the site, a fish consumption
advisory for Puget Sound Marine Recreational Area and long-term
monitoring. Cleanup was completed in 2020, reducing contaminants in
sediment-dwelling animals, fish, shellfish and birds, and reduced human exposure to contamination.
The site and adjacent aquatic areas are designated as treaty-reserved fishing areas for the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, the
Suquamish Tribe and the Yakama Nation. Tribal fishermen have and will continue to operate commercial net fisheries in
the waterway for salmon and clams. EPA and Lockheed Martin coordinated with tribal members throughout the cleanup
process. Natural areas at the site support birds, crabs and fish, including salmon and squid, as well as recreational uses,
including net fishing, beach play and clamming.
The West Waterway part of the site includes a federal navigation channel that remains in use. The Port of Seattle is expanding
Terminal 5 along the West Waterway. The Port of Seattle began the $500 million expansion project in 2019 and completed it in 2022.
Phase two of the expansion project is ongoing. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers received congressional approval through the Water
Resources Development Act of 2018 to proceed with deepening the navigation channel to 57 feet in both East and West Waterways.
SPOKANE JUNKYARD/ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES
The 16-acre Spokane Junkyard/Associated Properties Superfund
site is in Spokane, Washington. From 1936 to 1983, Spokane
Metals Company ran a recycling facility on site. It salvaged metal
from transformers and batteries. Next to the recycling facility,
Spokane Junkyard accepted military surplus items, automobiles,
heavy equipment, appliances and electrical transformers from the
1940s to 1983. Site investigations after a fire in 1987 found heavy
metals in the soii. EPA added the site to the NPL in 1994. EPA and
the site's responsible parties dug up contaminated soil and put it in
an engineered cell. A parking lot was later built on top of the cell.
Parties completed these activities in 1996. EPA took the site off the
NPL in 1997.
After cleanup, Bemiss Neighborhood Council worked to identify reuses
for the site that would best address local needs. The Spokane Youth
Sports Association headed a team to plan, fund and build a multi-use sports complex for youth in the area. The Association
coordinated redevelopment plans with EPA to make sure the remedy remained protective of human health and the
environment, and that land use restrictions on site were followed.
Construction of the Andrew Rypien Field sports complex finished in 2002. As a part of the project, the paved
containment ceil area is now a parking lot for the sports complex. The complex includes soccer, rugby and baseball fields,
two basketball courts, a picnic area and a concession stand. The field serves over 4,500 neighborhood children. In 2004,
the sports complex received the national Phoenix Community Impact Award for achievement of excellence in Superfund
site reuse. In addition to the sports fields, the Northeast Community Center hosts a community garden on site. A lighted
walking path surrounds field and garden areas. Thanks to dedicated collaboration and planning efforts, this once-blighted
former junkyard and recycling facility now provides much-needed recreation space for the community.
EPA REGION 10
Figure 10. Aquatic tidelands at the Lockheed West Seattle site
(Washington),
Figure 11. Picnic and playground facilities at the sports
complex at the Spokane Junkyard/Associated Properties
Superfund site (Washington).
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Why Are Wetlands Economically Important?
Superfund site reuse can support wetland habitat, as seen at several
sites in Region 10. Cleanup of the Oeser Co. site in Washington
included the restoration of creeks and wetlands with native plants
and shrubs, including native red alder, cottonwood, cedar and maple
tree seedlings. At the Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex
site in Idaho, the remedy included converting nearly 400 acres of
agricultural property into wetlands, which now provide bird habitat.
The restoration effort earned the site EPA Region 10's Howard Orlean
Excellence in Site Reuse Award in 2015.
Wetlands provide a variety of benefits. The combination of shallow
water, high levels of nutrients and primary productivity is ideal for
organisms that form the base of the food web and feed many species Figure 12. Restored wetlands at the Bunker Hill
of fish, amphibians, shellfish and insects. Wetlands are extremely Mining & Metallurgical Complex site provide
^ . . - - . , . , habitat for tundra swans (Idaho).
effective in removing pollutants from water and acting as filters for
future drinking water. Wetlands play a role in reducing the frequency
and intensity of floods. They can store large amounts of carbon. They
also provide recreational amenities.
These benefits also have economic value. Replacing wetlands' water treatment services with manmade facilities,
for example, would be expensive. Worldwide, wetlands provide an estimated $47.2 trillion in ecosystem services.
To learn more, see:
EPA's Economic Benefits of Wetlands: www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/economic
benefits of wetlands.pdf
EPA's Ecosystem Services at Superfund Sites: Reuse and the Benefit to Community: semspub.epa.gov/src/
document/HQ/100003256
EPA's Why Are Wetlands Important?: www.epa.gov/wetlands/whv-are-wetlands-important
EPA's Functions and Values of Wetlands: www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/functions
values of wetlands.pdf
10
EPA REGION 10
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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROJECTS
Alternative energy projects provide a range of beneficial effects. They support construction and operations jobs, spur
local investment for manufacturing and materials, create benefits for landowners in the form of land lease and right-of-
way payments, lower energy costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They also help hedge against energy price and
supply volatility, support local business competitiveness and technology supply chain development, provide outreach
and public relations opportunities for site owners and communities, and contribute to broader economic development
planning. Alternative energy projects at Superfund sites and other contaminated lands help support White House
priorities to strengthen resilience to climate change and increase access to clean energy sources. These projects also can
help communities reclaim and return contaminated lands to productive uses, while supporting EPA's mission to protect
human health and the environment.
As of September 2022, EPA is tracking two alternative energy projects at two Superfund sites in Region 10. These projects
have an installed capacity of about 131 kilowatts.
2
Solar Projects
Alternative energy projects tracked in Region 10 generate an
estimated 717 megawatt hours each year.6
This is equivalent to...
508 metric tons of carbon dioxide
*
64 homes' energy use for one year
113 gas-powered vehicles driven for one year
Equivalencies were calculated using power production. Production values were not available for one project in Region 10. Estimated power production for solar
projects was calculated using facility capacity (megawatts) with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's PVWatts Calculator pvwatts.nrel.gov. To learn more
about equivalencies, visit www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator.
EPA REGION 10
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ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND
ECONOMIC REVITALIZATION
Communities with environmental justice concerns
are disproportionately affected by environmental
pollution and hazards and typically include marginalized,
underserved, low-income groups and people of color,
including tribal and indigenous people. Superfund
cleanups and redevelopment are opportunities to
evaluate how to reduce impacts on these communities
and, through meaningful community involvement efforts,
engage communities in productive dialogue to increase
local benefits through reuse opportunities that meet
community needs.
In 2021, President Biden issued two executive orders
- Executive Order 13985 (Advancing Racial Equity
and Support for Underserved Communities Through
the Federal Government) and Executive Order 14008
(Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad). The
executive orders directed federal agencies to develop
and implement policies and strategies that strengthen
compliance and enforcement, incorporate environmental
justice considerations in their work, increase community
engagement, and ensure that at least 40% of the benefits
from federal investments in climate and clean energy
flow to underserved communities.
Figure 13. EPA's EJ Action Plan aims to address cleanup issues in
EPA has taken this charge to heart and, in September
2022, issued the EJ Action Plan: Building Up
environmental Justice in EPA s Land Protection and overburdened communities across the country.
Cleanup Programs (EJ Action Plan), intended to address
land cleanup issues in overburdened communities across
the country. The plan includes strategies to enhance nearly two dozen projects while addressing the need for stronger
compliance, increased environmental justice considerations in EPA regulations, and improved community engagement.
The plan also complements the recommendations for integrating environmental justice into the cleanup and
redevelopment of Superfund and other contaminated sites highlighted in the May 2021 National Environmental Justice
Advisory Council (NEJAC) report, Superfund Remediation and Redevelopment for Environmental Justice Communities.
In addition, EPA is using a $1 billion investment from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to fund new cleanup projects at 49
Superfund sites across the country. Many of these sites have been part of a backlog of Superfund sites awaiting funding
for cleanup, some of which have been waiting for over four years. This historic investment will finance cleanup at one
site in Region 10.
12
EPA REGION 10
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CLIMATE ADAPTATION AT
SUPERFUND SITES
Remedies at contaminated sites may be vulnerable to the impacts
of climate change and extreme weather events. EPA's Superfund
program has developed an approach that raises awareness of these
vulnerabilities and applies climate change and weather science as
a standard operating practice in cleanup projects. The approach
involves periodic screening of Superfund remedy vulnerabilities,
prioritizing the Superfund program's steps to adapt to a changing
climate, and identifying measures to assure the climate resilience of
Superfund sites. EPA is working to ensure that its programs, policies,
rulemaking processes, enforcement and compliance assurance
activities, and operations consider the current and future impacts of
climate change and how those impacts may disproportionately affect
overburdened and underserved communities.
EPA's Superfund program has done studies to identify potential
vulnerabilities of cleanup actions and evaluate strategies to mitigate
these vulnerabilities. In 2012, EPA did a preliminary vulnerability
assessment of all NPL sites. EPA found that a significant number of
the sites were susceptible to flooding associated with sea-level risk
or floodplain proximity. A 2018 EPA study assessed the status of
remedies in place at 251 Superfund sites in EPA Regions 2, 4 and 6
that were exposed to tropical-force winds or flooding associated with
three major hurricane events the previous year. It found that climate
resiliencies built into the remedies implemented at these sites were
critical to successfully maintaining long-term protectiveness. These
studies have helped inform climate adaptation planning for the
Superfund program.
Strategies for mitigating vulnerabilities and increasing remedy
resilience in light of climate change may apply to existing or planned
remediation systems. The strategies also may be applied to cleanups
conducted under other regulatory programs or through voluntary
efforts to increase remedy resilience to the potential effects of climate change.
Examples of climate adaptation measures that increase resiliency include:
Vegetating landfill cap covers with native plants provides a ground cover that is tolerant of local seasonal
temperature and precipitation extremes and minimizes the need for maintenance, such as mowing and watering.
Designing and constructing capping systems to withstand significant storm and flood events.
Raising the elevation of critical electrical instrumentation for remedial components and using water-tight
materials to construct and protect remedial components.
Restoring wetlands to reduce wave action in floodplain and intertidal zones to minimize erosion from storm events.
Integrating specifications regarding tolerance of extreme weather and other natural hazards into building and
remedial infrastructure designs.
Routinely reassessing site vulnerability to wildfires and implementing resilience measures as recommended by
firefighting agencies.
Figure 14. In January 2021, President Biden signed Executive
Order 14008, requiring federal agencies to develop climate
action plans that describe their climate vulnerabilities
and steps to increase resilience to the impacts of climate
change. In October 2021, EPA released its updated Climate
Adaptation Action Plan, which includes five climate
adaptation priority actions that the Agency is taking to
increase human and ecosystem resilience as disruptive
impacts associated with climate change increase.
EPA REGION 10
13
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OPPORTUNITY ZONE TAX
INCENTIVES AS SUPERFUN
REDEVELOPMENT TOOLS
Opportunity Zones are a powerful tool to encourage economic revitalization in distressed communities by incentivizing
long-term, sustainable investment in redevelopment and stimulating economic growth. State governors have designated
8,764 Opportunity Zones across the country in geographic areas that suffer double the national poverty rate. Socio-
economic metrics show that Opportunity Zones are among the highest-need communities in the nation. The U.S.
Department of the Treasury estimates that Opportunity Zones may attract up to $100 billion in investments, which
strengthens the financial viability of redevelopment projects at Superfund sites located in Opportunity Zones.
Redevelopment of current or former Superfund sites may qualify for Opportunity Zone tax benefits. Nationally, there
are 343 NPL sites located entirely or partially in Opportunity Zones. Estimates indicate there are thousands of Superfund
removal sites in Opportunity Zones across the nation. In Region 10, there are 34 NPL sites located entirely or partially
in an Opportunity Zone. Redevelopment investments that meet appropriate qualifying criteria may be eligible for
Opportunity Zone tax benefits. EPA and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) have tools and
resources to help local leaders achieve equitable outcomes in Opportunity Zone development projects.
Puerto Rico and
U.S. Virgin Islands
American Samoa
Northern Marianna
Islands and Guam
Figure 15. About 8,764 Opportunity Zones were established in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories.
Map image is the intellectual property of Esri and is used herein under license. Copyright ฉ 2023 Esri and its licensors. All rights reserved. Sources: Esri
14
EPA REGION 10
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EDEVELOPMENT IN ACTION
ALCOA (VANCOUVER SMELTER)
The 300-acre Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter) site is located next to the Columbia River in Vancouver, Washington. The former
Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) operated an aluminum smelter on the western portion of the site between 1940 and
1985, that produced finished goods such as wire, rod and extrusions. Just outside the smeiter, operators dumped smelter waste
containing cyanide and fluoride, contaminating soil and groundwater. EPA listed the site on the NPL in 1990.
Alcoa ceased operating at the site in 1985 and sold the facility to another aluminum smelting company. EPA worked with
the state and Alcoa to excavate and dispose of the contaminated soil, allowing the company to continue smelting operations
throughout site cleanup. EPA deleted the site from the NPL in 1996.
Aluminum smelting continued at the site until the company closed in 2000. The land had several owners over the next decade,
with the Port of Vancouver ultimately purchasing about 218 acres of the site in 2009. The purchase allowed the Port to develop
Terminal 5, its newest marine terminal. Soon after purchase of the property, the Port completed the Terminal 5 rail loop
track, marking a major milestone of the port's West Vancouver Freight Access rail improvement project. The loop track added
35,000 feet of new rail capacity to the port's internal system, allowing unit trains to be handled on site, and helping to reduce
congestion on the regional rail system by as much as 40 percent.
The construction of the loop track at Terminal 5 allowed the Port to become a leader in the port industry in supporting
renewable energy projects. In 2020, the Port received and processed 250-foot wind turbine blades, the longest blades to ever
enter the West Coast of the United States. In 2022, enough wind turbine components to serve about 94,000 homes were
brought in through the Port.
Cleanup of the site also allowed non-Port related reuse. Local utility, Clark Public Utilities, operates a 248-megawatt gas fired
turbine and steam recovery plant on site at the River Road Generation Plant. The plant generates nearly 35% of the utility's
energy. Clark County also runs its Jail Work Center on site, where laundry and kitchen services are provided for those in the
corrections facilities.
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BUNKER HILL MINING &
METALLURGICAL COMPLEX
Mining Cleanup Fosters Econom c Growth,
Ecological Revitalization and Recreation
The Coeur d'Alene Basin in northern Idaho is one of the largest historic mining districts in the world. Over 100 years of
commercial mining, milling and smelting resulted in widespread contamination of soil, sediment, groundwater and surface water
in the area now known as the Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex Superfund site. The site includes mining-contaminated
areas in the Coeur d'Alene River corridor, floodplains, downstream water bodies, tributaries and fill areas, as well as the
21-square-mile Bunker Hill Box, which surrounds an area of former smelting operations. EPA added the site to the NPL in 1983.
EPA, the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) and the Panhandle Health District have been working at the
site since the mid-1980s. They have removed lead-contaminated soil and gravel from residential properties, churches,
schools, parks, businesses and rights-of-way. Cleanup has also included consolidation and capping of waste rock, mine
tailings, and contaminated soil and sediment, capture and treatment of mine drainage, creek reconstruction, demolition
of abandoned milling and processing facilities, revegetation efforts, ecological restoration, and treatment of contaminated
groundwater. The site's Institutional Control Plan (ICP) is one of the remedy's innovative components. The ICP plays a major
role in protecting public health and helps encourage iocal ienders to fund redevelopment projects. Through the ICP, the
Panhandle Health District helps area communities and visitors learn about the risks associated with site contamination
and how to enjoy the natural environment safely. It also helps local communities maintain protective barriers over
contaminated materials and ensures the compatibility of future uses with the remedy.
In 1987, the city of Kellogg began to pursue redevelopment opportunities for cleaned-up parts of the site. The ICP addressed
developer and lender concerns and helped facilitate redevelopment. Today, the site hosts a wide range of commercial, industrial
and public-service businesses and housing. For example, Silver Mountain Resort, a year-round recreation destination, is on site.
Looking forward, redevelopment projects such as Silver Mountain Resort continue to attract people to the area. New arrivals
invest in homes and start businesses, bolstering the economy. In 2018 and 2019, EPA's Superfund Redevelopment Program (SRP)
worked with EPA Region 10, IDEQ and area communities on a reuse planning project for the site. The project evaluated site reuse
opportunities and planned for future redevelopment of targeted areas. SRP then developed an areawide reuse framework for
priority parcels. The framework provides IDEQ and local stakeholders with a coordinated reuse strategy for undeveloped parcels.
It also identifies near-term and long-term opportunities
for productive use that are compatible with the site's
remedy.
Cleanup has also resulted in significant ecological
benefits, including the successful revegetation of
hillsides and the conversion of nearly 400 acres of
agricultural land into thriving wetland habitat. Other
agriculture-to-wetlands remediation and restoration
projects are in the works, such as at Gray's Meadow in
the Lower Coeur d'Alene River Basin. The use of native
plants and trees during revegetation efforts helped
create habitat for wildlife and pollinators. Diverse
wildlife has returned to the site as a direct result of the
cleanup. Recreational benefits include the reuse of a
former rail line after cleanup as the Trail of the Coeur
d'Alenes, a 72-mile paved bike trail that crosses the
site. The Rails-to-Trails Conservancy recognized it as
one of the 25 top trails in the nation.
Figure 17. The Silver Mountain Resort, with a double
rainbow cascading over the Bunker Hill Mining &
Metallurgical Complex Superfund site (Idaho).
16
EPA REGION 10
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GRANT WAREHOUSE REMOVAL
Community-Focused Affordable Housing
Addresses Gentrification and Displacement
The Grant Warehouse Removal site is in Portland, Oregon. From 1980 to 1998, the site owner recovered precious metals
from ore, liquids and process wastes from other facilities on site. In 1998, Portland police responded to a dispute there.
They found chemical and waste containers stacked wail to wali in the warehouse building and yard. Cleanup included
demolition of the building and removal of all hazardous materials.
In 2015, the city sought a community-based team to develop the vacant parcel. The city selected a proposal from the
Portland Community Reinvestment Initiative (PCRI), in partnership with Gerding Edlen, to build affordable housing and
a community-focused commercial space on site. The project focused on addressing the needs of community members
displaced by gentrification. The project is part of PCRI's Pathway 1000 Initiative. Its goal is to build 1,000 affordable
housing units in North and Northeast Portland, which have seen high rates of minority displacement. The area also has a
history of facing many environmental justice challenges, including disproportionately high pollution impacts from diesel
particulate matter, traffic proximity, cancerous and non-cancerous air toxicity risks, lead paint in housing, and proximity
to hazardous waste facilities. Community revitalization efforts include transitioning these neighborhoods away from toxic
land uses to support healthy neighborhoods.
The Portland Housing Bureau donated the parcel at no cost and provided about $7.4 million for the project. Its funding
leveraged over $17 million from other public and private entities, including US Bank, Oregon Housing and Community
Services, the Meyer Memorial Trust and Bellwether Capital Partners. The Portland Development Commission and PCRI
then coordinated closely with EPA and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to make sure redevelopment
was compatible with the site's remedy and protective of public health and the environment.
For example, a third-party environmental contractor tested site soil to confirm that contamination had been cleaned
up and that the area could support residential uses. PCRI aiso sought to create equitable economic opportunities
during the project, hiring more than 50% of design and construction services through Minority-Owned, Women-Owned
and Emerging Small Business companies. Building design focused on energy efficiency and minimizing utility costs for
residents. Features such as a rooftop solar array and energy- and water-efficient appliances and systems have led to the
project achieving Gold-level LEED certification for sustainable design and construction.
in 2018, PCRI held a ribbon-cutting ceremony, officially
opening the Beatrice Morrow-Cannady Building at the site.
Named for the noted civil rights activist, the 5-story building
hosts 80 apartments, over half of which are two-bedroom
and three-bedroom units intended for families. Other building
features include community and commercial spaces on the
ground floor, and 29 parking spaces. A central courtyard
provides outdoor space and a play area for children.
PCRI offers classes in financing and budgeting for residents, with
a goal of at least 75% of renters moving on to home ownership in
the community. The project is a meaningful reinvestment in the
North and Northeast Portland neighborhoods, aiming to mitigate
the impacts of gentrification while adding value and fostering a
renewed sense of community in the neighborhood.
Figure 18. The Beatrice Morrow-Cannady building includes parking
for residents at the Grant Warehouse Removal site (Oregon).
EPA REGION 10
17
-------
PORTLAND HARBOR
Cleanup Supports Ecological Restoration and
Tribal Natural Resource Access Rights
The Portland Harbor Superfund site in Portland, Oregon, includes a 10-mile stretch of the lower Willamette River known
as Portland Harbor and associated upland source properties. For over 150 years, Portland Harbor has served as an
international port for commerce. Historically, contaminants from many facilities entered the river system from different
activities, including ship building and repair, ship dismantling, wood treatment and lumber milling, storage of bulk
fuels, manufactured gas production, chemical manufacturing and storage, metal recycling, production and fabrication,
steel mill, smelter and foundry operations, and electrical production and distribution. These activities resulted in
direct discharges from upland areas through stormwater and wastewater outfalls, releases and spills from commercial
operations occurring over the water, municipal combined sewer overflows, and indirect discharges through overland
flow, bank erosion, groundwater and other nonpoint sources.
In addition, contaminants from off-site sources reached the site through surface water and sediment transport from
upstream and through atmospheric deposition. Operations that continue today along the riverbanks include bulk fuel
storage, barge building, ship repair, automobile scrapping, recycling, steel manufacturing, cement manufacturing,
operation and repair of electrical transformers (including electrical substations), and many smaller industrial operations.
While the harbor area is heavily industrialized, it is in a region aiso characterized by commercial, residential, recreational
and agricultural uses. Land uses in the harbor along the lower Willamette River include marine terminals, manufacturing
and other commercial operations as well as public facilities, parks and open spaces. Historically, the Willamette River and
surrounding watershed offered access to abundant natural resources in the river and on land. Many of these resources,
such as fish, marine mammals, waterfowl, land mammals and native plants, are still present.
A federal navigation channel extends from the confluence of the lower Willamette River with the Columbia River to
river mile (RM) 11.6. Container and other commercial vessels reguiariy transit the river. Certain parts of the river require
periodic maintenance dredging to keep the navigation channel at its authorized depth. In addition, the Port of Portland
and other parties perform maintenance dredging periodically to support access to dock and wharf facilities.
EPA added the site to the National Priorities List (NPL) in 2000. EPA selected a final cleanup plan for the site in 2017 and
updated it in 2019. The plan includes cleanup of about 380 acres of contaminated sediment and 22,600 feet of riverbank.
The $1 billion plan includes dredging, capping, enhanced natural recovery, monitored natural recovery and about 60
acres of compensatory habitat mitigation.
Figure 19. The Fremont
Bridge crossing the
Willamette River at the
Portland Harbor Superfund
site (Oregon).
18
EPA REGION 10
-------
The site area in the iower Willamette River is part
of the ancestral homelands of many native peoples,
including the Cayuse, Chinook, Clackamas, Kalapuya
Klickitat, Molala, Nez Perce, Umatilla, Umpqua,
Walla Walla, Warm Springs, Wasco, Yakama, and
many other tribes and bands. Portland has one of
the largest native populations in the country, and
tribal peoples from across the Pacific Northwest
continue to visit, use and honor the lower
Willamette River and its resources. Fish are among
the resources used most frequently by the tribes
and bands in the Portland Basin and the Willamette
Valley. Tribes and bands have reserved hunting,
fishing and gathering rights through treaties with
the United States. The river is also an important fish
migration pathway. Various recreational fisheries
use the iower Willamette River. Resident fish in the
site area include smallmouth bass, brown bullhead,
black crappie and carp. Tribes and bands also continue to gather native plants in the area for food and medicinal
purposes.
Through a Bona Fide Prospective Purchaser Doing Work Agreement with EPA, the University of Portland purchased the
35-acre Triangle Park area of the site in 2008 and cleaned up the area with EPA oversight. The university has plans for
athletic fields, a boathouse and an environmental learning center in the Triangle Park area. A trail will provide public
access to the Willamette River waterfront.
EPA's SRP is providing in-kind planning assistance to gather initial information about future use goals for part of the
site between Green Anchors and Willamette Cove. The planning assistance will include information gathering from
the city, property owners and community partners in the area to better understand the range of future-use goals and
considerations. The outcome will be a report summarizing the information gathered, including preliminary future goals,
land use context, local initiatives, key stakeholder interests, reuse considerations and any recommendations for further
SRP reuse support.
Figure 20. Riparian restoration areas at the Portland Harbor Superfundsite
(Oregon).
Figure 21. Aerial view of
the Triangle Park area
at the Portland Harbor
Superfund site (Oregon).
EPA REGION 10
19
-------
REDEVELOPMENT ON THE
HORIZON IN REGION 10
MARTIN-MARIETTA ALUMINUM CO.
Ongoing Operations Sustain Local Jobs, Reuse
Opportunities
The 350-acre Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. Superfund site is in The Dalles, Oregon. The Martin-Marietta Corporation
(now Lockheed Martin) used the area for aluminum production activities from 1958 to 1984. During operations, spent
pot liner waste and hazardous contaminants, including cyanide, fluoride, sodium, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and sulfates, were released into the environment. Facility operations and improper waste burial contaminated
site soil and groundwater.
EPA added the site to the NPL in 1987 and the Martin Marietta Corporation led cleanup efforts with EPA oversight from
1989 to 1992. Cleanup consisted of consolidating waste in a landfill on site and placing soil covers over pond areas that
received scrubber sludge waste, as well as plugging wells and connecting users to the City of Dallas water supply. In
1996, EPA took the site off the NPL. Monitoring activities and remedy optimization are ongoing. About 4,300 people live
within a mile of the site.
Northwest Aluminum Company leased part of the site property from Martin Marietta Corporation in 1987 and later
purchased the plant in 1990. The company continued aluminum manufacturing until filing for bankruptcy in 2003. The
facility was then acquired by the current owner, which is also named Northwest Aluminum Company, but is a separate
legal entity from the previous owner. From 2007 to 2011, Northwest Aluminum Company demolished buildings and
removed more contaminated soil with state oversight. An industrial aluminum extrusion facility remains active on site.
The land around the site has been
annexed as part of The Dalles and is
zoned for commercial and industrial
uses. The City and the Port of The Dalles
are interested in redeveloping the site
for industrial and commercial purposes.
In 2021, EPA's SRP began providing
reuse planning assistance for the site.
Today, in addition to the aluminum
facility, a light industrial park is situated
along the eastern boundary of the site.
In 2022, Google began construction of
a data center next to the site. Google is
coordinating design and construction
efforts with Lockheed Martin and the
EPA site team.
Figure 22. Demolition of former smelter works
buildings has created open areas with reuse
potential at the Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co.
Superfund site (Oregon).
20
EPA REGION 10
-------
MIDWAY LANDFILL
Landfill Redevelopment Facilitates Public
Transit, Expands Transportation Options
The 60-acre Midway Landfill Superfund site is in King County,
Washington, between U.S. interstate 5 and U.S. Highway 99. A former
gravel quarry served as a municipal solid waste landfill on site from
1966 to 1983. In 1983, operators covered the landfill with silt and fine
sands. In 1985, investigations found combustible gas in structures
around the landfill and contaminated groundwater beyond the landfill
boundary. EPA added the site to the NPL in 1986.
In 1992, the city of Seattle placed a final cap over the site, refined
landfill gas controls, and put in a stormwater and drainage control
system. These remedy components remain in place. Washington
State's Department of Ecology (Ecology) is the lead agency at the site.
In 2007, EPA's SRP sponsored an assessment to evaluate reuse options
for the site. Today, the Washington Department of Transportation is
using part of the area for an Interstate 5 road-widening project. Sound
Transit, the area's public transit system, is also extending its Link light
rail system. It is using the edge of the Midway Landfill as part of the
route extension. A Prospective Purchaser Consent Decree between
Ecology and Sound Transit defines requirements for Sound Transit's
long-term maintenance of its part of the site to ensure the continued
protectiveness of the remedy. The road-widening and light-rail Figure 23. Aerial view of transportation redevelopment
construction projects are underway and the latter is expected to begin plans at the Midway Landfill site (Washington). Image used
ฆ T, _ . r +. .. ฆ t , . j_ I , i . with permission of the Washington Department of Ecology.
operations in 2026. ThG tgsi ot thG site includes thG closed landfill and
unused open space.
Figure 24. The interstate expansion and light-rail extension will cross the eastern part of the Midway Landfill Superfund site (Washington). Image
used with permission of the Washington Department of Ecology.
Sound Transit
Federal Way Link
Extension
m
Future Property Ownership
City of Seattle
Future Property Ownership
Sound Transit
Approximate Limits of Work
Affecting Midway Landfill
Midway Landfill Property
Boundary & Existing WSDOT
Right-of-Way Line
EPA REGION 10
21
-------
CONCLUSION
EPA works closely with its partners at Superfund sites across Region 10 to make sure sites can safely be reused or remain
in continued use during and following cleanup. EPA also works with businesses and organizations at Superfund sites
throughout the cleanup process to make sure they can remain open.
The businesses and organizations at these sites
provide jobs and income for communities and
generate local and state taxes. Cleanup and
redevelopment also helps stabilize and boost
property values. There are 75 NPL sites and 14 non-
NPL Superfund sites in Region 10 that have either
new uses in place or uses that have remained in
place since before cleanup. Future uses are planned
for many more Superfund sites in Region 10. EPA
remains committed to working with all stakeholders
to support Superfund redevelopment opportunities
in Region 10.
The redevelopment of Superfund sites takes
time and is often a learning process for project
partners. Ongoing coordination among EPA, tribes,
state agencies, local governments, communities,
potentially responsible parties, site owners,
developers, and nearby residents and business
owners is essential. EPA tools, including reuse
assessments and plans, comfort letters and partial
deletions of sites from the NPL, often serve as the
foundation for moving forward. At some sites,
parties may need to take additional actions to
ensure reuses are compatible with site remedies.
Across Region 10, Superfund sites are now home to
major commercial and industrial facilities, mid-size
developments and small businesses providing services to surrounding communities. EPA is committed to working with all
stakeholders to support the restoration and renewal of these sites as long-term assets.
EPA Superfund Redevelopment Resources
EPA Region 10 Superfund Redevelopment Coordinator
Piper Peterson | (206) 553-4951 | peterson.piper@epa.gov
Superfund Sites in Reuse: find more information about Superfund sites in reuse
www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment/find-sites-reuse
EPA Superfund Redevelopment Program Website: tools, resources and more information about Superfund site reuse
www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment
EPA Office of Site Remediation Enforcement Website: tools that address landowner liability concerns
www.epa.gov/enforcement/landowner-liabilitv-protections
EPA REGION 10
Figure 25. The Port Washington Narrows in Puget Sound at the Bremerton
Gasworks site (Washington).
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STATE REDEVELOPMENT
PROFILES
-------
ALASKA
REDEVELOPMENT PROFILE
EPA partners with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation to oversee the investigation and cleanup of
Superfund sites in Alaska. Alaska has nine Superfund sites with either new uses in place or uses that have remained in
place since before cleanup. The sections below present economic data, property values and tax data for sites in reuse or
continued use in Alaska.
Businesses and Jobs
EPA has collected economic data for 118 businesses and organizations operating on three sites in reuse or continued use
in Alaska.
Table 3. Detailed Site and Business Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Alaska (2022)
Sitesa
Sites with
Businesses
Businesses
Total Annual
Salesb
Total
Employees
Total Annual
Employee
Income
In Reuse
1
0
-
-
-
-
In Continued Use
1
1
2
$109,000
5
$256,000
In Reuse and
in Continued Use
7
2
116
$423 million
1,803
$141 million
Totals
9
3
118
$423 million
1,808
$141 million
"Four sites are federal facilities. Federal facility sites are excluded from all other detailed site and business data presented above.
b While sales values typically exceed estimated totals of annual income, sales can sometimes be lower than estimated income. This could be
attributed to a number of business conditions and/or data reporting. In addition, annual sales figures are not available (or applicable) for every
organization that makes jobs data available.
Property Values and Property Tax Revenues
EPA has collected property value data for two Superfund sites in reuse or continued use in Alaska. These sites span 285
property parcels and 2,659 acres.
Table 4. Property Value and Tax Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Alaska"
Total Land Value
Total Improvement Value
Total Property Value
Total Annual Property
(2 sites)
(2 sites)
(2 sites)
Taxes (2 sites)
$77 million
$96 million
$173 million
$2 million
a The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value year and tax data year available in county assessor datasets, which was
2022 for all data collected.
Did You Know?
Alaska Railroad Corporation leases most of the Standard Steel
& Metals Salvage Yard (USDOT) Superfund site in Anchorage,
Alaska, to Central Recycling Services for the recycling of
construction and demolition waste. Its operations provide over
$1 million in estimated annual employee income.
fk
Figure 26. Standard Steel & Metals Salvage Yard (USDOT) (Alaska).
EPA REGION 10
25
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IDAHO
REDEVELOPMENT PROFILE
EPA partners with the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality to oversee the investigation and cleanup of Superfund
sites in Idaho. Idaho has 13 Superfund sites with either new uses in place or uses that have remained in place since
before cleanup. The sections below present economic data, property values and tax data for sites in reuse or continued
use in Idaho.
Businesses and Jobs
EPA has collected economic data for 267 businesses and organizations operating on six sites in reuse or continued use
in Idaho.
Table 5. Detailed Site and Business Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Idaho (2022)
Sitesa
Sites with
Businesses
Businesses
Total Annual
Sales
Total
Employees
Total Annual
Employee
Income
In Reuse
4
1
1
-
-
-
In Continued Use
3
1
1
$13 million
17
$880,000
In Reuse and
in Continued Use
6
4
265
$404 million
3,220
$161 million
Totals
13
6
267
$417 million
3,237
$162 million
a One site is a federal facility. Federal facility sites are excluded from all other detailed site and business data presented above.
Property Values and Property Tax Revenues
EPA has collected property value data for three Superfund sites in reuse or continued use in Idaho. These sites span 156
property parcels and 2,624 acres.
Table 6. Property Value and Tax Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Idaho0
Total Land Value
Total Improvement Value
Total Property Value
Total Annual Property
(2 sites)
(2 sites)
(3 sites)
Taxes (3 sites)
$9 million
$67 million
$135 million
$1 million
a The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value year and tax data year available in county assessor datasets, which varied
from 2021 to 2022.
Did You Know?
Since 1952, an elemental phosphorus manufacturing facility
has been active at the Monsanto Chemical Co. (Soda Springs
Plant) Superfund site in Soda Springs, Idaho. It produces refined
phosphorus for a range of uses. Its operations provide over $33
million in estimated annual employee income. Parts of the site's
buffer area are in agricultural use.
Figure 27, Monsanto Chemical Co. (Soda Springs Plant) (Idaho).
26
EPA REGION 10
-------
OREGON
REDEVELOPMENT PROFILE
EPA partners with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality to oversee the investigation and cleanup of
Superfund sites in Oregon. Oregon has 19 Superfund sites with either new uses in place or uses that have remained in
place since before cleanup. The sections below present economic data, property values and tax data for sites in reuse or
continued use in Oregon.
Businesses and Jobs
EPA has collected economic data for 105 businesses and organizations operating on 12 sites in reuse or continued use
in Oregon.
Table 7. Detailed Site and Business Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Oregon (2022)
Sites
Sites with
Businesses
Businesses
Total Annual
Sales
Total
Employees
Total Annual
Employee
Income
In Reuse
10
7
22
$1.6 billion
5,507
$300 million
In Continued Use
3
2
2
$291 million
635
$55 million
In Reuse and
in Continued Use
6
3
81
$2.3 billion
4,126
$308 million
Totals
19
12
105
$4.1 billion
10,268
$663 million
Property Values and Property Tax Revenues
EPA has collected property value data for eight Superfund sites in reuse or continued use in Oregon. These sites span 99
property parcels and 1,402 acres.
Table 8. Property Value and Tax Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Oregonฐ
Total Land Value
Total Improvement Value
Total Property Value
Total Annual Property
(8 sites)
(8 sites)
(8 sites)
Taxes (8 sites)
$131 million
$375 million
$506 million
$3 million
a The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value year and tax data year available in county assessor datasets, which was
2022 for all data collected.
Did You Know?
Aluminum smelting activities throughout the 20th century resulted
in contamination at the Reynolds Metals Company Superfund site
outside of Portland, Oregon. The Port of Portland acquired the
area in 2007 and developed an industrial park there. Today, site
businesses employ over 5,000 people. They provide nearly $284
million in estimated annual employee income and generate over
$1.5 billion in estimated annual sales.
Figure 28. Reynolds Metals Company (Oregon).
EPA REGION 10
amazon
Visitors I Associates 4"
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1250 NW Swigert Way
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WASHINGTON
REDEVELOPMENT PROFILE
EPA partners with the Washington Department of Ecology to oversee the investigation and cleanup of Superfund sites in
Washington. Washington has 48 Superfund sites with either new uses in place or uses that have remained in place since
before cleanup. The sections below present economic data, property values and tax data for sites in reuse or continued
use in Washington.
Businesses and Jobs
EPA has collected economic data for 737 businesses and organizations operating on 28 sites in reuse or continued use
in Washington.
Table 9. Detailed Site and Business Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Washington (2022)
Sitesฐ
Sites with
Businesses
Businesses
Total Annual
Sales
Total
Employees
Total Annual
Employee
Income
In Reuse
25
17
37
$569 million
868
$60 million
In Continued Use
5
1
1
$2 million
15
$855,000
In Reuse and
in Continued Use
18
10
699
$5 billion
17,150
$1.2 billion
Total
48
28
737
$5.6 billion
18,033
$1.3 billion
a Three sites are federal facilities. Federal facility sites are excluded from all other detailed site arid business data presented above.
Property Values and Property Tax Revenues
EPA has collected property value data for 31 Superfund sites in reuse or continued use in Washington. These sites span
552 property parcels and 3,608 acres.
Table 10. Property Value and Tax Information for Sites in Reuse and Continued Use in Washingtona
Total Land Value
Total Improvement Value
Total Property Value
Total Annual Property
(31 sites)
(31 sites)
(31 sites)
Taxes (31 sites)
$1.3 billion
$665 million
$2 billion
$12 million
3 The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value year and tax data year available in county assessor datasets, which varied
from 2021 to 2023.
Did You Know?
EPA added the Lakewood Superfund site in Lakewood,
Washington, to the NPL in 1982 due to contamination from a
dry-cleaning business. An electrical supply and lighting company
is now active on site. It contributes nearly $1.5 million in
estimated annual employee income.
Figure 29. Lakewood (Washington).
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EPA REGION 10
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REUSE INFORMATION SOURCES
Write-ups of sites in reuse or continued use included in this profile are based on available EPA resources, including
Superfund Redevelopment Program case studies as well as other resources. Links to EPA's Superfund Redevelopment
Program case studies and other resources are included below.
EPA Resources
Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter). EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/alcoa-vancouver
Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/bunker-hill
Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex. 2017. Beneficial Effects Economic Case Study, semspub.epa.gov/src/
document/HQ/100001220
Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex. 2018. Site Redevelopment Profile, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/
HQ/403527
Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex. 2019. Reuse Framework. semspub.epa.gov/src/document/HQ/100002277
Lockheed West Seattle. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/lockheed-west-seattle
Lockheed West Seattle. 2013. Record of Decision, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/10/690142
Lockheed West Seattle. 2022. Redevelopment Opportunity Sites, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/HQ/100003124
Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/martin-marietta-aluminum
Martin-Marietta Aluminum Co. 2022. Reuse Assessment. semspub.epa.gov/src/document/HQ/100003001
Midway Landfill. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/midwav-landfill
Midway Landfill. 2020. Fourth Five-Year Review, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/10/100430189
Portland Harbor. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/portland-harbor
Portland Harbor. 2020. Community Involvement Plan, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/10/100261772
Portland Harbor. 2023. Remedial Design Status Fact Sheet, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/10/100473115
Spokane Junkyard/Associated Properties. EPA Site Profile, www.epa.gov/superfund/spokane-iunkvard
Spokane Junkyard/Associated Properties. 2022. Site Redevelopment Profile, semspub.epa.gov/src/document/
HQ/100003123
Other Resources
Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter). Clark Public Utilities Integrated Resource Plan, www.clarkpublicutilities.com/about-cpu/
public-documents/integrated-resource-plan/
Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter). 2010. Port completes Terminal 5 rail loop track, www.portvanusa.com/centennial/timeline/
rail-loop-completed
Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter). 2020. Port of Vancouver USA receives longest wind blades ever to enter the West Coast of
U.S. www.portvanusa.com/news-releases/port-of-vancouver-usa-receives-longest-wind-blades-ever-to-enter-the-west-
coast-of-u-s/
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Alcoa (Vancouver Smelter). 2022. 2022 was a success, Port of Vancouver reports, www.columbian.com/news/2023/
apr/30/2022-was-a-success-port-of-vancouver-reports/
Grant Warehouse Removal. 2018. Beatrice building offers 80 units of affordable housing, www.portlandtribune.com/
news/beatrice-building-offers-80-units-of-affordable-housing/article f0579f72-82bf-51f5-9401-e23439725afd.html
Grant Warehouse Removal. 2018. Top 5 Things to Know About the Beatrice Morrow Cannady Building.
www.earthadvantage.org/news/top-5-things-to-know-about-the-beatrice-morrow-cannadv-.html
Grant Warehouse Removal. 2019. Portland Community Reinvestment Initiatives (PCRI): The Beatrice Morrow Cannady.
www.portland.gov/sites/default/files/2019-ll/beatrice-morrow-7-9-19.pdf
Lockheed West Seattle. The Northwest Seaport Alliance: Terminal 5. www.nwseaportalliance.com/cargo-operations/
terminals/terminal-5
Midway Landfill. 2021. Washington Department of Ecology. Seattle Public Utilities Midway Landfill, apps.ecology.wa.gov/
cleanupsearch/site/4729
Midway Landfill. 2021. Sound Transit Operations and Maintenance Facility South: Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Executive Summary, www.soundtransit.org/sites/default/files/documents/omfs-draft-environmental-impact-statement-
executive-summarv.pdf
Portland Harbor. 2021. Port of Portland Container Service Forecast and Economic Contribution Assessment, popcdn.
azureedge.net/pdfs/Portland Marine Cargo Forecast 2021 FINAL.pdf
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BUSINESS, JOBS, SALES AND
INCOME INFORMATION
Information on the number of employees and sales volume for on-site businesses comes from the Hoovers/Dun &
Bradstreet (D&B) (www.dnb.com) database. EPA also gathers information on businesses and corporations from D&B.
D&B maintains a database of over 330 million businesses worldwide.
When Hoovers/D&B research was unable to identify employment and sales volume for on-site businesses, EPA used
the ReferenceSolutions database (thereferencegroup.com). In cases where ReferenceUSA did not include employment
and sales volume for on-site businesses, EPA used the Manta database (www.manta.com). The databases include
data reported by businesses. Accordingly, some reported values might be underestimates or overestimates. In some
instances, business and employment information came from local newspaper articles and discussions with local officials
and business representatives. While sales values typically exceed estimated totals of annual income, sales can sometimes
be lower than estimated income. This can be attributed to a number of business conditions and/or data reporting.
EPA obtained wage and income information from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Part of the U.S. Department
of Labor, the BLS is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring labor market activity, working conditions and
price changes in the economy. All BLS data meet high standards of accuracy, statistical quality and impartiality.
EPA used the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages database to obtain average weekly wage data for site
businesses. Average weekly wage data were identified by matching the North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) codes for each type of business with weekly wage data for corresponding businesses in site counties. If weekly
wage data were not available at the county level, EPA sought wage data by state or national level, respectively. In cases
where wage data were not available for the six-digit NAICS code, EPA used higher-level (less-detailed) NAICS codes to
obtain the wage data.
To estimate the annual income earned from jobs at site businesses, EPA multiplied the average weekly wage figure by the
number of weeks in a year (52) and by the number of jobs (employees) for each business.
Business and employment data used for this profile were collected in 2022. Estimated annual employment income was
calculated using 2022 jobs data and BLS average weekly wage data for those jobs from 2021 (the latest available wage
data at the time of this profile). Federal facility sites are included in calculations of total sites in reuse or continued use
only. Federal facility sites are excluded from all other calculations (i.e., number of sites with businesses, number of
businesses, total jobs, total income and total annual sales). All sales and income figures presented have been rounded for
the convenience of the reader. Throughout this report, sales and annual employee income may not sum exactly to the
totals presented due to rounding.
PROPERTY VALUE AND TAX
INFORMATION
EPA collected on-site property values and property taxes included in this profile for a subset of Superfund sites by
comparing available site boundary information with available parcel boundary information and gathering information
for selected parcels from county assessor datasets. The property value and tax amounts reflect the latest property value
year and tax data year available in county assessor datasets, which varied from 2021 to 2023. Throughout this report,
property and tax values may not sum exactly to the totals presented due to rounding.
EPA REGION 10
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Back cover photos: Asarco Inc. (Washington), Puget Sound Naval Shipyard Complex (Washington), Bremerton Glassworks (Washington), Palermo
Well Field Ground Water Contamination (Washington), Eastern Michaud Flats Contamination (Idaho).
Any mention of trade names, manufacturers or products in this document and its appendices
does not constitute an endorsement by the United States Government or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA and its employees do not endorse any commercial products, services or entities.
32
EPA REGION 10
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 1 55
Seattle, WA 98101
October 2023
www.epa.aov/aboutepa/epa-reaion-10-pacific-northwest
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