Cloud Deposition Monitoring
Clingmans Dome, Tennessee
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
2011
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Markets Division
Office of Air and Radiation
Washington, DC
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring
Clingmans Dome, TN
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
2011
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Markets Division
Office of Air and Radiation
Washington, DC
EPA Contract Number: EP-W-09-028
Prepared by:
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
Gainesville, FL
AMEC Project Number: 6064110217
April 2012
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Site Description and Methods 3
2.1 Site Description 3
2.2 Field Operations 3
2.3 Laboratory Operations 6
2.4 Data Management 7
2.5 Quality Assurance 7
3.0 Liquid Water Content and Cloud Water Chemistry 10
3.1 Cloud Frequency and Mean Liquid Water Content 10
3.2 Cloud Water Chemistry 10
3.3 Comparison of Cloud Water versus Precipitation Concentrations 12
4.0 Cloud Deposition 14
4.1 Cloud Water Deposition Model 14
4.2 Results 15
4.3 Comparison of Cloud Water versus Wet Deposition Estimates 16
5.0 Filter Pack Concentrations, Dry Deposition, and Total Deposition 18
5.1 Filter Pack Concentrations 18
5.2 Dry Deposition 19
5.3 Total Deposition 20
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 22
7.0 References 23
Tables
Figures
Appendix A: Cloud Water Deposition to Clingmans Dome in 2011
Appendix B: Cloud Water Data and QC Summary
Appendix C: Filter Pack Data and QC Summary
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List of Tables
Table 3-1. Monthly Mean Cloud Frequency Summary
Table 3-2. Summary Statistics for Cloud Water Samples 2011
Table 3-3. Number of Cloud Water Samples Accepted for Analyses
Table 3-4. Summary Statistics of Major Ion and Calcium Concentrations (|ieq/L) of Cloud
Water Samples (1994-2007, 2009-2011)
Table 4-1. Cloud Water Monthly Deposition Estimates Produced by the CLOUD
Model (kg/ha)
Table 4-2. Cloud Water Monthly Mean Deposition Rates for Several Ions (kg/ha/month) and
Water (cm/month)
Table 4-3. Cloud Water Seasonal Deposition Estimates Produced by the CLOUD
Model (kg/ha)
Table 5-1. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420) Ambient Concentrations
(|jg/m3) - June through September 2011
Table 5-2. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420) Dry Deposition Fluxes
(kg/ha) Report for the 2011 Deposition Season (June through September)
Table 5-3. Cloud Water and Dry Sulfur and Nitrogen Deposition for Clingmans Dome
(June through September, 1999-2007, 2009-2011)
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List of Figures
Figure 3-1. Monthly Cloud Frequency Statistics (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 3-2. Monthly Mean Cloud Frequency - 2011 versus Historical Mean Values
(1995-2007, 2009-2010)
Figure 3-3. Monthly Mean Liquid Water Content Statistics (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 3-4. Monthly Mean Liquid Water Content - 2011 versus Historical Mean Values
(1995-2007, 2009-2010)
Figure 3-5. Frequency Distribution for Cloud Water pH (Laboratory) at Clingmans Dome,
TN (2011)
Figure 3-6. Frequency Distribution for Cloud Water pH (Field) at Clingmans Dome, TN (2011)
Figure 3-7. Mean Major Ion Concentrations of Cloud Water Samples (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 3-8. Mean Monthly Major Ion Concentrations for 2011
Figure 3-9. Mean Minor Ion Concentrations of Cloud Water Samples (Cations and Chloride)
1995-2007, 2009-2011
Figure 3-10. Mean Monthly Minor Ion Concentrations for 2011
Figure 3-11. Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Sulfate
Concentrations, 2000-2011
Figure 3-12. Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Nitrate
Concentrations, 2000-2011
Figure 4-1. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (S024)
Figure 4-2. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (NOj)
Figure 4-3. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (NBL4)
Figure 4-4. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (Ft)
Figure 4-5. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (Ca2+)
Figure 4-6. Seasonal Deposition Estimates for Major Ions (1999-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 4-7. Seasonal Deposition Estimates for Hydrogen (1999-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 4-8. Cloud Water and Wet Sulfate Deposition Estimates (June through September,
2000-2011)
Figure 4-9. Cloud Water and Wet Nitrate Deposition Estimates (June through September,
2000-2011)
Figure 5-1. Total Sulfur and Nitrogen Cloud Water and Dry Deposition Estimates
(June through September, 1999-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 6-1. Total Sulfur and Nitrogen Deposition Estimates (Dry + Cloud Components)
1999-2007, 2009-2011
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
AMEC
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
°C
degrees Celsius
Ca2+
calcium ion
CAAA
Clean Air Act Amendments
CAIR
Clean Air Interstate Rule
Campbell
Campbell Scientific, Inc.
CASTNET
Clean Air Status and Trends Network
CCV
continuing calibration verification spikes
CLOUD
cloud water deposition computer model
cr
chloride ion
CLD303
Clingmans Dome, TN sampling site
cm
centimeter
cm/s
centimeters per second
CSAPR
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
DAS
data acquisition system
EGU
electric generating unit
Element
Element DataSystem for laboratory information management
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
g/cm2/min
grams per square centimeter per minute
g/m3
grams per cubic meter
GRS420
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN dry deposition sampling site
ft
hydrogen ion
hno3
nitric acid
K+
potassium ion
kg/ha
kilograms per hectare
Lpm
liters per minute
LWC
liquid water content
m
meters
m/sec
meters per second
MACTEC
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc.
MADPro
Mountain Acid Deposition Program
MCCP
Mountain Cloud Chemistry Program
Mg2+
magnesium ion
mL
milliliter
MLM
Multi-Layer Model dry deposition computer model
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations (continued)
N
Na+
NADP/NTN
NAPAP
NBP
NH4+
NIST
N03
NOx
NPS
OTC
pH
PVM
QA
QAPP
QC
RPD
S
so2;
so2
SSRF
TNI 1
TVA
|ieq/L
|ig/filter
|ig/m3
nitrogen
sodium ion
National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
NOx Budget Trading Program
ammonium ion
National Institute for Standards and Technology
nitrate ion
oxides of nitrogen
National Park Service
Ozone Transport Commission
p(otential of) H(ydrogen)
particle volume monitor
quality assurance
Quality Assurance Project Plan
quality control
relative percent difference
sulfur
sulfate ion
sulfur dioxide
Site Status Report Form
Elkmont, TN NADP/NTN wet deposition sampling site
Tennessee Valley Authority
microequivalents per liter
micrograms per filter
micrograms per cubic meter
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Acknowledgements
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Tennessee Valley Authority provided funding
for the 2011 cloud deposition monitoring season at Clingmans Dome. The success and longevity
of this project are due to the support of these agencies and key individuals. We would like to
thank Artra Cooper, Melissa Puchalski, and Gary Lear of EPA and Suzanne Fisher and Tom
Burnett of TVA. The National Park Service provided invaluable infrastructure support, and
integral to this effort was the constant support of Jim Renfro. A big thank you to our site operator
Nicholas Mann for his dedication to the cause.
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1.0 Introduction
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) established the Acid Rain Program, which
mandated significant reductions in sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions
from electric generating units (EGUs). The SO, emission reductions were implemented in two
phases. The first phase began in 1995 when large electric generating facilities reduced emissions.
The second phase began in 2000 and targeted other power plants. More recent NOx emission
control programs also produced substantive declines in NOx emissions in the eastern United
States. These programs include the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) NOx Budget (1999-
2002) and the NOx State Implementation Plan Call/NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP), which
operated from 2003 through 2008. The NBP placed a cap on total NOx emissions from EGUs in
the eastern United States during the ozone season (May 1 through September 30) when the
potential for ozone formation is high. The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), which was issued in
March 2005, aimed to permanently lower SO, and NOx emissions in the eastern United States.
CAIR, as promulgated, established three compliance programs: an annual NOx program, an
ozone season NOx program, and an annual SO, program. The first phase of the annual and ozone
season NOx requirements began in 2009. The SO, requirements began in 2010. On July 6, 2011,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Cross-State Air Pollution
Rule (CSAPR) to replace CAIR. The CSAPR, which is also known as the Transport Rule,
requires 28 states to achieve additional reductions in power plant SO, and NOx emissions. On
December 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
issued its ruling to stay the CSAPR pending judicial review. This decision is not a ruling on the
merits of the CSAPR. EPA will continue to administer CAIR pending the Court's resolution of
the petitions for review.
Titles IV and IX of the CAAA require that the environmental effectiveness of the Acid Rain
Program be assessed through environmental monitoring. This monitoring is required to gauge the
impact of emission reductions on air pollution, atmospheric deposition, and the health of affected
human populations and ecosystems. The Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) was
established by EPA in 1991 to provide an effective monitoring and assessment network for
determining the status and trends in air quality and pollutant deposition, as well as relationships
between emissions, air quality, deposition, and ecological effects. CASTNET measurements
collected over the period 1990 through 2010 (AMEC, 2012a) have shown significant declines in
atmospheric sulfur pollutants [SO, and particulate sulfate (S024)] and more recently, declines in
nitrogen pollutants [nitric acid (HN03) and particulate nitrate (NO,)]. The Mountain Acid
Deposition Program (MADPro) was initiated in 1993 as part of the research necessary to support
CASTNET's objectives. AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC) operates both
CASTNET and MADPro on behalf of EPA and other agencies.
MADPro's main objective is to update the cloud water concentration and deposition data
collected in the Appalachian Mountains during the National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) in the 1980s. MADPro measurements were conducted from 1994 through
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park —2011
1999 during the warm season (May through October) at three mountaintop sampling stations.
These sampling stations were located at Whiteface Mountain, NY; Clingmans Dome, TN; and
Whitetop Mountain, VA. A mobile manual sampling station also was operated at two locations
in the Catskill Mountains in New York during 1995, 1997, and 1998. Measurements during the
2000 and 2001 sampling seasons were collected from two sites: Whiteface Mountain, NY and
Clingmans Dome, TN. From the 2002 sampling season forward, cloud water measurements
have been collected solely from the site at Clingmans Dome, TN (CLD303). The project was
not funded in 2008; therefore, the CLD303 site did not operate. Since the 2009 season
CLD303 has been operated under the direction and funding of EPA and the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) with infrastructure support provided by the National Park Service (NPS). This
report is specifically for the activities and results from the CLD303 site during the 2011 field
sampling season.
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GRS420
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Cades Cove Visitor Center
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CLD303
FCNTAHA
For 2011, cloud water and meteorological parameters were measured at the CLD303 site.
Atmospheric pollutant concentrations for estimating dry deposition were obtained from the
nearest CASTNET site (GRS420, TN). Wet deposition data were obtained from Elkmont, TN
(TNI 1), which is operated by NPS for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program /
National Trends Network (NADP/NTN).
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2.0 Site Description and Methods
2.1 Site Description
Clingmans Dome (35'33'47"N, 83'29'55"W) is the highest mountain [summit 2,025 meters (m)]
in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The solar-powered MADPro site is situated at an
elevation of 2,014 m approximately 100 m southeast of the summit tourist observation tower.
Electronic instrumentation is housed in a small NPS building, and the cloud water collector,
particle volume monitor (PVM), and meteorological sensors are positioned on top of a 50 foot
scaffold tower.
Collection at the site is initiated each spring as soon as local weather conditions allow. In 2011,
the site was installed in mid-May, and sample collection began in early June.
2.2 Field Operations
The site collects cloud water samples and measures those meteorological parameters necessary
for operation of the automated cloud collection system and PVM. The cloud collection system
consists of an automated cloud water collector for bulk cloud water sampling, a PVM for
continuous determination of cloud liquid water content (LWC), and a data acquisition system
(DAS) for collection and storage of electronic information from the various monitors and
sensors. The DAS was upgraded in 2009 with a Campbell Scientific, Inc. (Campbell) data logger
fitted with a relay bank to control mechanical functions and monitor the status of all components
of the cloud water collector. Continuous measurements of wind speed, wind direction,
temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wetness, and precipitation were collected through
2004. Beginning in 2005, only those sensors essential for the operation of the cloud collector
(namely, temperature and precipitation sensors and a rain gauge) were deployed. The scalar wind
speed data required for calculation of cloud deposition estimates were obtained from the NPS
instrument situated on a tower located next to the cloud collection tower. Prior to 2005, the site
deployed the same 3-stage filter pack system for dry deposition estimation that is used at all
CASTNET sites. Starting in 2005, these data were obtained from the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park, TN, CASTNET site (GRS420), which is located 26 miles west, northwest of the
Clingmans Dome cloud water sampling site.
The core of the automated cloud collection system is a passive string collector previously used in
the Mountain Cloud Chemistry Program (MCCP) study. Collection occurs when ambient winds
transport cloud water droplets onto 0.4-millimeter diameter Teflon fibers strung between two
circular disks (Falconer and Falconer, 1980; Mohnen and Kadlecek, 1989). Once impacted, the
droplets slide down the strings, are collected into a funnel, and flow through Teflon tubing into a
tipping bucket for sample volume determination and then into sample collection bottles housed
in an enclosure. The development and design of the original system is described in detail in
Baumgardner etcil. (1997).
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The PVM-100 by Gerber Scientific (Gerber, 1984) measures LWC and effective droplet radius
of ambient clouds by directing a diode-emitted 780-nanometer wavelength laser beam along a
40-centimeter (cm) path. The forward scatter of the cloud droplets in the open air along the path
is measured, translated, and expressed as
water in grams per cubic meter (g/m3) of
air. The data logger is programmed so that
the collector will be activated and
projected out of the protective housing
when threshold levels for LWC (0.05 g/m')
and ambient air temperature [> 2 degrees
Celsius (°C)] are reached. In addition, the
system is activated only when no
precipitation is measured. Within the
context of MADPro, a cloud is defined by
a LWC of 0.05 g/mJ or higher, as measured
by the PVM. This threshold was
established to maintain comparability with
the MCCP measurements, which were
made for the most part with Mall ant
Optical Cloud Detectors set at a threshold of approximately 0.04 g/m' (Mohnen el al., 1990). In
previous years, a wind speed threshold of 2.5 meters per second (m/sec) was also used because
hourly cloud water collection is erratic and inefficient at lower wind speeds. Higher wind speeds
were necessary to yield the minimum 30 milliliters (mL) of cloud water required for sample
analysis. Since the commencement of 24-hour bulk sampling in 2000, however, the collection of
at least 30 mL of sample has not been an issue. Therefore, the wind speed threshold criterion was
eliminated starting in 2004. The temperature limit serves to protect against damage from rime ice
formation. The absence of rainfall is required because within the objectives of this study, as well
as MCCP, only samples from non-precipitating clouds are collected. If a rain detector is
activated, the string collector will retract into the protective case and collection will
be suspended.
Beginning with the 1999 field season, a modified automated cloud collector has been used.
The collector was modified by switching from an electrical to a pneumatic system to send
the collector up and down. This collector measures and accumulates the cloud sample using a
funnel positioned under a tipping bucket that is hooked up to the cloud collector with Teflon
tubing. In 2004, the tipping bucket was removed from the cloud collection system, as it was no
longer necessary to track hourly collection volumes. In 2009, the tipping bucket was reintegrated
into the system for determination of total sample volume. The tipping bucket provides another
method for determining sample volume and complements the manual determination of this
important parameter. Modifications made to the cloud collection system during 2009 included:
¦ upgrading the communication system to conform with the Federal Communications
Commission's mandated transition from analog to digital communication
Particle Volume Monitor
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installing a Campbell data logger
incorporating a tipping bucket into the sampling stream for determination of
sample volume
installing a pressure transducer for monitoring the air tank pressure
installing a new optical rain detector
reconfiguring and installing new control boxes to house the DAS and
communications system, as well as the valve system for directing the flow of
cloud water
installing additional collection bottles
upgrading the electrical and plumbing systems
automating the cloud water rinse mechanism
For the 2010 season, the upgraded valve/plumbing system was further modified/redesigned
in order to eliminate the problem of air leakage through the valves, which was experienced
during the 2009 season.
The PVM is operated continuously. Consequently, collection of cloud samples only when the
threshold criteria are met does not result in the loss of cloud frequency and cloud duration
information. All LWC values of 0.05 g/m3 or greater, independent of the type of cloud
(i.e., precipitating or non-precipitating), are used to calculate cloud frequency and cloud duration
information. It is possible that the cloud deposition estimates presented later in Section 4.0 may
underestimate actual cloud deposition because clouds are not sampled when precipitating.
However, the bias due to this lack of sampling during a precipitation event is offset by the fact
that cloud deposition totals are estimated by multiplying the duration-weighted mean chemical
fluxes by the cloud hours for the month. The cloud hours are calculated as the cloud frequency
times the total hours in the month. The PVM is calibrated at start-up and again at the end of the
season (weather permitting). Calibration checks of the PVM were performed biweekly (weather
permitting) throughout the field season. The results were used to adjust the instrument
immediately after the calibration check.
The site operator visits the site at least twice a week, whether or not collection has occurred, to
perform his duties, which include gathering cloud water samples from the collector. The time,
date, and volume of each 24-hour bulk sample are recorded on the Cloud Water Sample Report
Form. Each sample is then carefully decanted into one pre-cleaned 250-mL sample bottle.
Excess sample volume is discarded. The sample date and time are recorded on the 250-mL
sample bottle label. The site operator analyzes each sample for pH and conductivity and records
the results on the Cloud Water Sample Report Form. The samples are then packed into coolers
with the corresponding form and shipped to the CASTNET laboratory in Gainesville, FL.
Periodically, selected rinse samples are included in shipments. Starting in 2005, some of the
24-hour samples shipped from the field were bulked together in the AMEC laboratory in order to
keep the number of samples analyzed by the laboratory within the number of samples allotted for
analysis in the budget. In 2011, none of the 24-hour samples were combined into bulk samples.
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Filter packs for collection of dry deposition samples at the nearby GRS420 site are prepared and
shipped to the field on a weekly basis and exchanged at the site every Tuesday. For a description
of the filter pack set-up, types of filters used, and the fraction collected on each filter, refer to the
CASTNET Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Revision 7.0 (MACTEC, 2011). A
discussion of filter pack sampling artifacts can be found in Anlauf el al (1986) and Lavery el ah
(2007). Filter pack flow is maintained at 3.0 liters per minute (Lpm) with a mass flow controller.
3-Stage Filter Pack
2.3 Laboratory Operations
Cloud water samples and filter extracts were stored at 4 °C until analysis. All analyses were
performed within 30 days of sample receipt at the laboratory. The effects of storage on wet
deposition samples have been addressed inNAPAP Report #6 (Sisterson et al, 1991). This
discussion applies, for the most part, to cloud water samples as well. Results of all valid filter
pack and cloud water analyses are stored in the laboratory information management system,
Element DataSystem (Element).
Cloud water samples for the 2011 sampling season were analyzed for sodium (Na ), potassium
(K+), ammonium (NH ,), calcium (Ca ). magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (CI"), NOj, and SO2, ions in
the AMEC CASTNET laboratory. All samples were analyzed for pH and conductivity in the
AMEC CASTNET laboratory in Gainesville, FL for comparison with the field values.
Concentrations of the three anions (SO4, NO-,, and CI") were determined by micromembrane-
suppressed ion chromatography. Analysis of samples for Na+, Mg2H, Ca2+, and K was performed
with a Perkin-Elmer Optima 7300 Dual View inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission
spectrometer. The automated indophenol method using a Bran+Luebbe Autoanalyzer 3 was used
to determine NH4+ concentrations. The 2011 hydrogen (H+) ion concentrations for each sample
were determined based on laboratory pH measurements.
Filter pack samples were loaded, shipped, received, extracted, and analyzed at the CASTNET
laboratory. For specific extraction procedures refer to Anlauf et al (1986) and the CASTNET
QAPP (MACTEC, 2011). Filter packs contain three filter types in sequence: a Teflon filter
for collection of aerosols, a nylon filter for collection of HNO, and S02, and dual potassium
carbonate-impregnated cellulose filters for collection of S02. Following receipt from the field,
exposed filters and unexposed blanks were extracted and analyzed for SO2,, N03, CI", and the
cations, NH,+; Naf, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K , as described previously for cloud water samples. Refer to
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the CASTNET QAPP (MACTEC, 2011) for detailed descriptions of laboratory receipt,
breakdown, storage, extraction, and analytical procedures.
Atmospheric concentrations derived from filter extracts are calculated based on the volume of air
sampled following validation of the hourly flow data. Atmospheric concentrations of particulate
SO4, NOj, NH4, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and CI" are calculated based on analysis of Teflon filter
extracts; HN03 is calculated based on the NOj found in the nylon filter extracts; some SO, is
trapped by the nylon filter, so SO, is calculated based on the sum of S024 found in nylon and
cellulose filter extracts.
2.4 Data Management
Continuous data (temperature, precipitation, LWC, and cloud collector status information) are
collected in hourly and 5-minute averages. Hourly data are collected daily via Internet protocol-
based polling. The polling software also recovers status files and power failure logs from the
previous seven days. The hourly data and associated status flags are ingested into Microsoft
Excel spreadsheets. The PVM data are validated based on the end-of-season calibration results,
periodic calibration check results, and information provided by status flags and logbook entries.
Discrete data for cloud water sample results and filter pack sample results are managed by
Element. In Element, the analytical batches are processed through an automated quality
control (QC) check routine. For each analytical batch, an alarm flag is generated if any of the
following occur:
Insufficient QC data were run for the batch;
Sample response exceeded the maximum standard response in the standard curve
(i.e., sample required dilution);
Continuing calibration verification (CCV) spikes exceeded recovery limits; or
Reference samples exceeded accuracy acceptance limits.
A batch with one or more flags is accepted only if written justification is provided by the
Laboratory Operations Manager or his designee.
For cloud water samples, an additional check involves calculating the percent difference of
cations versus anions (ion balance), which provides another diagnostic for determining whether
the analysis should be repeated or verified.
Atmospheric concentrations for filter pack samples are calculated by merging validated
continuous flow data with the laboratory data [micrograms per filter (jag/filter)].
2.5 Quality Assurance
The quality assurance (QA) program consists of the same routine audits performed for
CASTNET, if applicable, and testing/comparison of instruments unique to cloud water sampling.
QA procedures are documented in greater detail in the MADPro Quality Assurance Plan, which
is an appendix to the CASTNET QAPP (MACTEC, 2011). The sections below provide a brief
description of those procedures.
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2.5.1 Field Data Audits
The following audits are conducted for field data:
Review of reported problems with sensors and equipment at the site and of the actions
taken to solve such problems.
Comparison of final validated data tables to the raw data tables for identification and
verification of all changes made to the data. Summary statistics and results of
diagnostic tests for assessment of data accuracy are also reviewed.
2.5.2 Laboratory Data Audits
Laboratory data audits consist of:
Review of all media acceptance test results,
Review of chain-of-custody documentation, and
Review of all QC sample results associated with analytical batches.
2.5.3 Precision and Accuracy
With the exception of the automated cloud collector and PVM, accuracy of field measurements
(i.e., meteorological instruments used in conjunction with the cloud collection system and PVM)
is determined by challenging instruments with standards that are traceable to the National
Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Continuing accuracy is verified by end-of-season
calibrations by AMEC personnel. No certified standards are currently available for determination
of cloud collector and the PVM accuracy on a routine basis. Overall precision of field
measurements is best determined by collocating instruments and assessing the difference
between simultaneous measurements. Even though collocated dry deposition and meteorological
sampling is not conducted at the CLD303 site, it is conducted at two other CASTNET sites.
Since the meteorological instrumentation on the CLD303 tower is identical to that used at
CASTNET sites, precision of these instruments can be inferred from the precision and accuracy
results presented in the CASTNET Quarterly QA Reports (e.g., MACTEC, 2012b) and the
CASTNET annual reports for 1998 through 2010, the most recent of which can be found on
EPA's Web site: http://java.epa.gov/castnet/documents.do.
Accuracy of laboratory measurements is determined by analyzing an independently prepared
reference sample in each batch and calculating the percent recovery relative to the target value.
The percent recovery is expected to meet or exceed the acceptance criteria listed in the
CASTNET QAPP (MACTEC, 2011). When possible, the references are traceable to NIST or
obtained directly from NIST. On occasion, references are ordered from other laboratories.
Analytical precision within sample batches is assessed by calculating the relative percent
difference (RPD) and percent recovery of CCV run within that batch. CCV are independently
produced standards that approximate the midpoint of the analytical range for an analyte and are
run after every tenth environmental sample. Precision within a batch is also assessed by
replicating 5 percent of the samples within a run. Replicated samples are selected randomly.
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Cloud Water Collector
Collector in Up Position
Cloud Collection Tower
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3.0 Liquid Water Content and Cloud Water Chemistry
3.1 Cloud Frequency and Mean Liquid Water Content
Monthly mean cloud frequencies by year from 1995 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 are
summarized in Table 3-1. Monthly mean, minimum, and maximum cloud frequency statistics are
also depicted as a bar chart in Figure 3-1. Monthly mean cloud frequency values for 2011 versus
the historical monthly means (1994-2007, 2009-2010) are shown in Figure 3-2. Monthly cloud
frequencies were determined by calculating the relative percent of all hourly LWC values equal to
or greater than 0.05 g/m3, or:
100* (# of valid hourly LWC values > 0.05 g in ' j
C r =
n
where: n is the number of valid hourly LWC values per month and
CF is cloud frequency
Any month with less than 70 percent valid LWC data is usually not considered representative of
the monthly weather conditions for that month. Cloud frequencies vary from month to month, year
to year, and from location to location. As can be seen from Figure 3-2, the monthly cloud
frequencies for 2011 were lower than the historical means for June and July, but were slightly
higher for August and September. The 2011 monthly mean cloud frequency value is also slightly
lower than the monthly mean historical value. None of the 2011 monthly cloud frequency values
were close to approaching project minimum or maximum values (Table 3-1, Figure 3-1).
Monthly mean, minimum, and maximum LWC values for the months of June through September
for 1994 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 are shown in Figure 3-3. Mean LWC was
calculated by taking the average of all hourly LWC values equal to or greater than 0.05 g/m3
during the month. Monthly mean LWC values for 2011 versus the historical monthly means
(1994-2007, 2009-2010) are shown in Figure 3-4. Only valid values passing the 70 percent
completeness criterion are plotted. The 2011 annual mean LWC value of 0.277 g/m3 is slightly
lower than the project mean of 0.287 g/m3. Only three other years, 2000, 2007, and 2010, had
lower annual mean LWC values.
3.2 Cloud Water Chemistry
During the 2011 sampling season, the CASTNET laboratory received 43 cloud water samples
from CLD303. Samples sent to the CASTNET laboratory for analysis were packed in
polystyrene foam coolers with frozen ice packs to keep the samples cool during shipping. Upon
receipt of the samples, the sample receiving technician verified the condition of the samples and
the contents of the shipment against the enclosed Cloud Water Sample Report Form. All samples
were received in good condition and stored at 4°C until analysis.
Annual summary statistics for cloud water chemistry and LWC for all analyzed samples are
presented in Table 3-2. Table 3-3 lists the total number of samples or "records" that were
collected each season of operation at CLD303. Samples were accepted and used for estimation of
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cloud water deposition if they met acceptance criteria based on the cation-to-anion ratio. Samples
were usually eliminated if:
Both the anion sum and cation sum were <100 microequivalents per liter (|ieq/L), and
the absolute value of the RPD was >100 percent; or
Either the anion sum or the cation sum was >100 |ieq/L, and the absolute value of the
RPD was > 25 percent.
The RPD was calculated from the following formula:
RPD = 200* (cations - anions|/(cations + anions)
On occasion, samples exceeding these criteria will be accepted and used for analyses if there is
valid justification to do so. In most of these cases, a low field pH value (high hydrogen
concentration) causes the cation sum to be larger, which in turn causes exceedance of the
acceptance criteria.
3.2.1 Samples Accepted for Analysis
Cloud water analytical and QC data for the 2011 sampling season are presented in Appendix B.
One sample collected in June was invalidated resulting in a final count of 42 samples used for
data analysis.
The June sample was invalidated because an accurate collection date could not be determined for
this sample. There were no cloud events on the date assigned to this sample. Without an actual
date and duration time, it is impossible to determine the sample LWC and wind speed. In
addition, the sample volume was too low to allow for pH and conductivity analyses.
The field pH value for the sample collected on 7/1/2011 was also invalidated since either
contamination or erroneous documentation is suspected to have occurred. The field pH value for
this sample was 7.29, which is a value that is highly unlikely for a cloud water sample. The
laboratory pH value for this sample was 5.04, which is much more reasonable.
3.2.2 Cloud Water pH
The pH values for CLD303 are shown in Figures 3-5 and 3-6. The frequency distribution in both
figures shows that a minority of the 2011 samples (approximately 7 percent for laboratory pH
and 5 percent for field pH) had values of pH 3.9 or lower. The minimum pH values in 2011 for
laboratory and field pH were 3.73 and 3.67, respectively, as listed in Table 3-2. The 2011 mean
pH value of 4.29 for laboratory pH was lower than the 2010 mean laboratory pH value of 4.32.
The 2010 mean pH value is the highest mean annual pH value in the history of the project.
Historically (1994-2007, 2009-2010), the majority of the pH values measured at CLD303 fell
within the range of pH 3.2 to 3.8, which is the range identified in the 1992 NAPAP report to
Congress (1993) as "acidic cloud water." Annual pH values for 2009 through 2011 are the only
years in which the majority of the pH values were above 3.9.
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3.2.3 Major Ions in Cloud Water
The major ions are identified as SO2,, If", NH4, and N03. Figure 3-7 presents the seasonal mean
major ion concentrations in cloud water samples for 1995 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011.
All 2011 mean major ion concentrations, except for If, show an increase with respect to
2010 mean concentrations. The 2011 meanNOj concentration (148.48 |j,eq/L) shows a
31.9 percent increase from the 2010 mean, and the 2011 mean S024" concentration (278.45 |j,eq/L)
is 21.8 percent higher than the 2010 mean. All 2011 seasonal concentrations, except If, peaked
in August (Figure 3-8). If concentrations peaked in July. All concentrations, except If, were
lowest in September. If concentrations were lowest in June. Summary statistics of all major
ion concentrations, as well as Ca2+ concentrations, averaged across all years (1994-2007,
2009-2011) are presented in Table 3-4.
The increases in seasonal concentrations since 2009 may be partially explained by the lower
LWC values during the 2010 and 2011 seasons. Lower LWC is often associated with higher
concentrations as a result of the concentration of the ions in the lesser amount of water within
the cloud.
3.2.4 Minor Ions in Cloud Water
Seasonal mean concentrations of the minor ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and CI") for 1995 through
2007 and 2009 through 2011 are presented in Figure 3-9. Concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+
increased with respect to 2010 concentrations; whereas, Na+ and CI" concentrations decreased.
Seasonal concentrations for the minor ions peaked in June except for Ca2+, which peaked in
August (Figure 3-10). All minor ions, except for Ca2+ and Mg2+, again exhibited their lowest
concentrations in September. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were lowest in July.
3.3 Comparison of Cloud Water versus Precipitation Concentrations
Precipitation concentration data were obtained from the NADP/NTN site at Elkmont, TN (TNI 1)
to assess whether mean seasonal (June through September) precipitation SO2," and N03
concentrations exhibited the same pattern as mean seasonal cloud water SO2," and N03
concentrations. Figures 3-11 and 3-12 show mean seasonal cloud water and precipitation
concentrations for SO2," and N03, respectively, from 2000 through 2011. The cloud water
concentrations are plotted on the left y-axis and the precipitation concentrations are plotted on
the right y-axis. Both figures show that the increases in the 2011 cloud water SO2," and N03
concentrations were mirrored by increases in precipitation SO2," and NO"3 concentrations, although
the increases in the precipitation concentrations were not as great. The 21.8 percent increase in
2011 cloud water SO2," concentrations from 2010 concentrations is tracked by a 10.3 percent
increase in precipitation SO2," concentrations. The 31.8 percent increase in 2011 cloud water NO"3
concentrations from 2010 concentrations is echoed by a 9.2 percent increase in 2011
precipitation NO"3 concentrations. On average, the seasonal precipitation SO2," and NO"3
concentrations are within 6 to 17 percent of the seasonal cloud water concentrations from 2000
through 2011.
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View from Tower
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4.0 Cloud Deposition
This section presents the modeled cloud water deposition estimates for Clingmans Dome from
1994 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011. Deposition was estimated by applying the CLOUD
model (Lovett, 1984), parameterized with site-specific cloud water chemistry and meteorological
data from CLD303 as screened and provided by AMEC. The complete report discussing 2011
cloud deposition modeling results by Gary M. Lovett, (2011) is presented in Appendix A. The
following subsections present a summary of Dr. Lovett's results.
4.1 Cloud Water Deposition Model
Briefly, the CLOUD model uses an electrical resistance network analogy to model the deposition
of cloud water to forest canopies. The model is one-dimensional, assuming vertical mixing of
droplet-laden air into the canopy from the top. Turbulence mixes the droplets into the canopy
space where they cross the boundary layers of canopy tissues by impaction and sedimentation.
Sedimentation rates are strictly a function of droplet size. Impaction efficiencies are a function of
the Stokes number, which integrates droplet size, obstacle size, and wind speed (Lovett, 1984).
The impaction efficiency as a function of the Stokes number is based on wind tunnel
measurements by Thorne et al. (1982).
The forest canopy is modeled as stacked 1-m layers containing specified amounts of various
canopy tissues such as leaves, twigs, and trunks. Wind speed at any height within the canopy
space is determined based on the above-canopy wind speed and an exponential decline of wind
speed as a function of downward-cumulated canopy surface area. The wind speed determines the
efficiency of mixing of air and droplets into the canopy and also the efficiency with which
droplets impact onto canopy surfaces. The model is deterministic and assumes a steady state, so
that for one set of above-canopy conditions it calculates one deposition rate. The model requires
as input data:
The surface area index of canopy tissues in each height layer in the canopy,
The zero-plane displacement height and roughness length of the canopy,
The wind speed at the canopy top,
The LWC of the cloud above the canopy, and
The mode of the droplet diameter distribution in the cloud.
From these input parameters, the model calculates the deposition of cloud water expressed both
as a water flux rate in grams per square centimeter per minute (g/cm2/min) and as a deposition
velocity [flux rate/LWC, in units of centimeters per second (cm/s)]. Deposition rates of ions are
calculated by multiplying the water deposition velocity by the ion concentration in cloud water
above the canopy. In the original version of the model, a calculation of the evaporation rate from
the canopy was also included in order to estimate net deposition of cloud water. For this project,
the calculation of the evaporation rate from the canopy was not invoked, resulting in estimation
of only the gross deposition rate.
The structure of the CLOUD model and its application to these data followed exactly the
procedures used to calculate fluxes for the MADPro cloud sites reported by Lovett (2000).
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After the model was run for all time periods, seasonal and monthly means and totals were
calculated in a SAS program. Approaches in data analysis that were different between this effort
and the analysis reported by Lovett (2000) are:
The data provided to Lovett for this report were pre-screened by AMEC.
Because there were no missing months, summed deposition fluxes were calculated for
the season by simply summing all the monthly deposition amounts.
The 2011 data set contained 42 samples (or time periods), and the model was run for all 42
samples. Seasonal depositions for 2011, presented in Appendix A, were calculated by summing
the monthly depositions for June through September. Slightly different procedures were
employed for the 2003 and 2006 seasons because of either a shorter sampling season or lack of
data completeness for some of the months due to equipment malfunction. Please refer to the
2003 and 2006 MADPro Reports, Appendix A (MACTEC, 2004; 2007) for details of the 2003
and 2006 procedures.
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Monthly Means
For the 2011 season, wind speed and cloud water deposition velocity values were relatively
constant from month to month with the highest values for both parameters occurring in August
(Appendix A, Figure 4). Duration-weighted mean monthly concentrations for SO2,, NOj, and
were highest in August, whereas H+ peaked in July (Appendix A, Figure 1). All major ion
concentrations were lowest in September. Ca2+ and Mg2+ exhibited lowest concentrations in July,
and Na+, K+, and CI" concentrations were lowest in September (Appendix A, Table 1-2). The
volume-weighted mean LWC in 2011 (0.27 g/m3) was slightly higher than in 2010 (0.23 g/m3)
and lower than the project mean of 0.31 g/m3.
Monthly deposition estimates [kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)] for major ions, Ca2+, and water
for all months sampled during 1994, 1995, 1997 through 2007, and 2009 through 2011 are
presented in Table 4-1. All concentrations, except Ft, increased in 2011 (Appendix A, Figure 2),
as did total cloud deposition, including H+, which showed a very slight increase from 0.07 kg/ha
in 2010 to 0.08 kg/ha in 2011 (Appendix A, Tables 1-1,1-2,1-3, and Figure 6).
The seasonal (June through September) monthly CLOUD model deposition estimates for the
major ions and Ca2+ for years 1999 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 are presented in
Figures 4-1 through 4-5. There is no readily apparent trend for the seasonal monthly deposition
estimates other than estimates of three of the major ions (SO2,", NH+4, and NO,) peaked in August
and were lowest in September. Ft depositions peaked in July and were lowest in June.
Table 4-2 presents the mean monthly deposition rates estimated for 1995 through 2007 and 2009
through 2011. These estimates are based on available data shown in Table 4-1. It is difficult to
compare the estimates from year to year since the mean monthly deposition rates were calculated
for different combinations of months for different years depending on data completeness.
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4.2.2 Seasonal Deposition Estimates
The seasonal deposition values for major ions and Ca2+ are presented in Table 4-3. Data sets from
1997, 1999 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 were sufficiently complete to estimate a
seasonal value. A season is defined as June through September, and three of the four months
were required to calculate the seasonal deposition. The 2011 data show that deposition estimates
for all ions increased with respect to 2010 estimates. This increase in deposition estimates
mirrors the increase in seasonal concentrations (except for Ft) and could reflect the lower water
deposition in 2011. The water deposition was 9.1 cm/month in 2009, 2.9 cm/month in 2010, and
3.8 cm/month in 2011. The lowest water deposition before 2010 occurred during 2007
(3.5 cm/month), which was a drought year.
The information in Table 4-3 can also be compared by averaging the data in 3-year increments
from 1999 through 2001 and from 2009 through 2011. When analyzed this way, the decreases in
average SO2,, NOj, and NH , deposition estimates between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011 are
77 percent (84.2 kg/ha versus 19.6 kg/ha), 74 percent (48.8 kg/ha versus 12.6 kg/ha), and
56 percent (13.7 kg/ha versus 6.0 kg/ha), respectively. Figure 4-6 depicts in graphical form the
same data as in Table 4-3 for SO2,, NOj, NH4, and Ft. In this figure, the overall decrease in the
seasonal deposition estimates is readily apparent. Because the H+ deposition estimates are much
lower with respect to the other three ions, only H+ deposition estimates are plotted in Figure 4-7
to better illustrate the decrease in these values over the years.
4.3 Comparison of Cloud Water versus Wet Deposition Estimates
Wet deposition data from 2000 through 2011 were obtained from the NADP/NTN site TNI 1 for
comparison to cloud water deposition estimates for 2000 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011.
Figures 4-8 and 4-9 show the seasonal SO2, and NOj deposition estimates, respectively, for both
cloud water and precipitation data. The cloud water deposition estimates are plotted against the
left y-axis, and the wet deposition values are plotted against the right y-axis. Starting in 2003,
both species follow a similar pattern for cloud water and wet deposition estimates with some
exceptions. The main exceptions are: 1) the wet SO2," deposition value for 2009 decreased with
respect to the 2007 value, while the cloud SO2," deposition value increased with respect to the 2007
value; 2) the wet NO"3 deposition value shows a minor increase (0.63 percent) in 2010 with respect
to the 2009 value, while the cloud NO"3 deposition value shows a 48.9 percent decrease; and
3) both the wet deposition SO2," and NO"3 estimates show a greater variability from year to year,
since 2003, than the cloud water deposition SO2," and NO"3 estimates. In 2011, both SO2," and NO"3
deposition estimates increased with respect to 2010 values, but the cloud SO2," deposition showed
a greater increase (29 percent) than the wet SO2," deposition, which increased by 14 percent. The
cloud NO"3 deposition increased by 38 percent versus a 13 percent increase in wet NOj with
respect to 2010 values.
The June through September deposition values for cloud water and precipitation show a larger
range of percentages with respect to each other from year to year than the concentration values.
Wet deposition SO2," values are from 7 to 39 percent of cloud water SO2," depositions, and wet
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deposition N03 values are from 8 to 51 percent of cloud water N03 depositions from 2000
through 2011. Both the SO',' and NOj seasonal precipitation concentrations were 6 to 17 percent
of cloud water concentrations from 2000 through 2011.
View from Clingmans Dome Parking Area
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5.0 Filter Pack Concentrations, Dry Deposition, and Total Deposition
Atmospheric sampling for sulfur and nitrogen species was integrated over weekly collection
periods (Tuesday to Tuesday) using a 3-stage filter pack. In this approach, particles and selected
gases were collected by passing air at a controlled flow rate through a sequence of Teflon, nylon,
and dual impregnated cellulose filters. Weekly air pollutant concentrations measured during the
2011 field season, together with the weekly dry deposition values estimated from the
concentrations and modeled deposition velocities, are presented in this section. The data presented
here are from the NPS CASTNET site at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420)
since filter pack sampling at CLD303 was discontinued after the 2004 sampling season.
5.1 Filter Pack Concentrations
Over the course of the 2011 sampling season (June through September), the CASTNET
laboratory analyzed 18 filter pack samples. The filter packs were installed on the sampling tower
each Tuesday and then removed the following Tuesday. At the site, the site operator sealed each
exposed filter pack with end caps and placed it in a resealable plastic bag. Subsequently, each
filter pack was securely packed into a polyvinyl chloride shipping tube with its corresponding
Site Status Report Form (SSRF) and returned to AMEC weekly. Any discrepancies or problems
with the shipment were recorded on the SSRF by the receiving laboratory technician. All of the
filter pack samples were received in good condition.
Upon receipt, all of the samples were logged in and unpacked. Each filter type was extracted and
analyzed by the CASTNET laboratory for S024 and/or NOj. The Teflon filter received additional
analyses for CI", NH4, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+. Sample handling and analyses followed the
procedures described in the CASTNET Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures
(MACTEC, 2011). The filter pack analytical and QC data for the sampling season are presented
in Appendix C.
Table 5-1 presents the atmospheric concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (|ig/m3)
resulting from analysis of each weekly filter pack exposed for sampling during the 2011
sampling season. Upon receipt of each weekly filter pack, the receiving technician assigned a
sample number composed of various identifiers for sample type, year, week, and site. The on/off
dates and times presented in Table 5-1 correspond with the entries recorded on the SSRF.
Starting in 1996 and continuing through the 2003 sampling season, the flow to the filter pack at
the CLD303 site was programmed to shut off during a cloud or rain event to allow for
determination of dry deposition only. In 2004, the filter pack sampled during rain events as well,
and the flow was shut off only during a cloud event. This procedural change was implemented to
better match CASTNET protocols. CASTNET sites sample continuously, and due to their lower
elevations, most of the CASTNET sites do not experience cloud events.
Filter pack sampling at CLD303 was discontinued altogether after 2004 due to funding
limitations. From 2005 on, filter pack data have been obtained from the GRS420 CASTNET site.
Besides continuous filter pack sampling, there is an elevation difference of 1,221 meters between
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the CLD303 site (elevation 2,014 m) and the GRS420 site (elevation 793 m). The differences in
sampling protocols and elevation should be taken into consideration by the data user when
comparing filter pack concentrations before and after 2005. Use of GRS420 data may result in an
overestimate in dry deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species at CLD303. However, dry deposition
is a small component of the total deposition at CLD303 (see Section 5.3), and the uncertainty
due to use of GRS420 data should not be considered significant when evaluating total deposition
at CLD303.
The average flow is presented in units of Lpm and represents the average filter pack flow during
dry deposition sampling events. The volume for each sample was determined by using the hours
sampled and average flow in the following equation:
Volume in cubic meters = hoars sampled (hr) x average flow x 60
1,000
The atmospheric concentrations for the filter pack samples were calculated by using the
laboratory data (|ig/filter) in the following equation.
Atmospheric
concentrations = us of anal vie filler x analyte dependent constant
(jugm3) volume
The following constants were used for converting the chemistry data:
Teflon
Ny
on
Cellulose
Parameter
Constant
Parameter
Constant
Parameter
Constant
so2;
1.0
so2;
1.0
SO,
0.667
NO,
4.429
hno3
4.5
NA
NA
nh4+
1.286
NA
NA
NA
NA
Note: NA = not applicable
Table 5-1 presents the ambient concentrations for each sample and filter type for the captured
particles and gases. Total ambient SO, was determined by this equation:
Total SO2 = cellulose S02 + (nylon S(f~4 * 0.667)
5.2 Dry Deposition
The Multi-Layer Model (MLM) was used to calculate dry deposition velocities (Meyers et al.,
1998; Finkelstein et al., 2000), which were combined with the measured concentrations to
estimate dry deposition for Clingmans Dome. The MLM calculations were considered
reasonable and representative for Clingmans Dome, at least through 2004, because on-site
meteorological measurements were used directly in the model as well as filter pack
measurements obtained from a filter pack system collocated with the automated cloud sampler.
Starting in 2005, both the filter pack and meteorological measurements used for estimating dry
deposition were obtained from the GRS420 site. The representativeness of these measurements
to Clingmans Dome is questionable due to the difference in elevation, distance, and sampling
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protocol with respect to the CLD303 site. However, the data are presented here since the results
may still be useful in a very general way.
Even though the MLM was developed and evaluated using measurements from flat terrain
settings, the model evaluation results are considered roughly applicable to this site. The data
from Meyers et al. (1998) show little overall bias and up to 100 percent differences for
individual 1/2-hour simulations. Other data (Finkelstein et al., 2000) suggest that the MLM
underestimates deposition velocities for SO, for complex, forested sites. The differences are
expected to be lower for longer averaging times (i.e., monthly and seasonal periods).
Consequently, the uncertainty in the dry deposition estimates is approximately 100 percent or
lower, and the MLM calculations probably underestimate the dry fluxes.
The weekly dry deposition estimates, the seasonal (June through September) fluxes, and the
seasonal mean deposition velocities for 2011 are presented in Table 5-2. The seasonal fluxes
were calculated by summing the weekly fluxes and then multiplying this sum by the number of
weeks in the season and dividing by the number of weeks with valid flux estimates. The formula
used for the 2011 field season is:
Total seasonal flux = 18/18 (sum of all valid weekly deposition estimates)
All 18 filter packs analyzed were used to calculate dry deposition estimates.
Since 1999, total dry sulfur deposition estimates have decreased 66.8 percent and total dry
nitrogen deposition estimates have decreased 75.2 percent (Figure 5-1).
5.3 Total Deposition
Total sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates for the 1999 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011
sampling seasons are presented in Table 5-3. The deposition season is defined as the period from
June through September. For cloud water, the total sulfur deposition was determined by
converting the S024 deposition estimated from the CLOUD model to sulfur (S). Total sulfur for
the dry component was determined by using the SO, and S024 total seasonal fluxes presented in
Table 5-2. These values were converted to S and then summed to determine the total dry
sulfur deposition.
Total cloud water nitrogen deposition was determined by converting the NOj and NH4
deposition estimated from the CLOUD model to nitrogen (N). Total dry nitrogen deposition was
determined by converting the HN03, NOj, and NH4 total seasonal fluxes presented in Table 5-2
to N. All of the nitrogen species were summed to provide the total nitrogen deposition.
Figure 5-1 presents total sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates for both the cloud water and
dry components during the 1999 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 sampling seasons. This
figure shows that cloud water sulfur deposition for 2011 increased approximately 29 percent
from 2010 measurements, and dry sulfur deposition remained virtually the same . Total nitrogen
deposition increased 39.8 percent for cloud water and decreased 5.0 percent for dry deposition
with respect to 2010. Despite the fact that the filter pack data for 2011 are from a different site
with a substantially lower elevation, it is still evident that dry deposition was and continues to be
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a small contributor to the deposition of pollutants to high elevations, while cloud deposition was
and still is a significant source. This figure does not present the contribution from deposition
produced by precipitation.
CASTNET Dry Deposition Site at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420)
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6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
The Clingmans Dome cloud water deposition estimates show an overall decline in sulfur and
nitrogen deposition estimates over the history of the project despite interannual increases
observed for both species in 2001, 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011. Despite some annual variability,
estimates of total deposition, i.e. deposition produced by cloud + dry components, show a
general, overall decline since 1999 (Figure 6-1). Since 1999, total sulfur deposition decreased
80.1 percent and total nitrogen deposition decreased 64.5 percent. Total cloud water sulfur
deposition has decreased 80.5 percent since 1999 with a 63.3 percent decrease in total cloud
water nitrogen deposition. The 2011 seasonal estimates show that dry deposition is a small
contributor to the deposition of pollutants at high elevations (Table 5-1). Cloud deposition is the
significant pathway for deposition at these elevations.
The principal recommendation for the 2012 season is to continue cloud water sampling at
CLD303, especially since all concentrations, except for IT, and all depositions increased in 2011.
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7.0 References
AM EC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC). 2012a. Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET) 2010 Annual Report. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division,
Washington, D.C. Contract No. EP-W-09-028. Gainesville, FL.
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC). 2012b. Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET): Fourth Quarter 2011 Quality Assurance Report with 2011 Annual
Summary. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air
and Radiation, Clean Air Markets Division, Washington, D.C. Contract No. EP-W-09-
028. Gainesville, FL.
Anlauf, K.G., Wiebe, H.A., and Fellin, P. 1986. Characterization of Several Integrative Sampling
Methods for Nitric Acid, Sulfur Dioxide, and Atmospheric Particles. JAPCA,
36:715-723.
Baumgardner, R.E., Kronmiller, K.G., Anderson, J.B., Bowser, J. J., and Edgerton, E.S. 1997.
Development of an Automated Cloud Water Collection System for Use in Atmospheric
Monitoring Networks. Atmospheric Environment, 31(13):2003-2010.
Falconer, R.E. and Falconer, P.D. 1980. Determination of Cloud Water Acidity at a Mountain
Observatory in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State. JGR, 85(C):7465-7470.
Finkelstein, P.L., Ellestad, T.G., Clarke, J.F., Meyers, T.P., Schwede, D.B., Hebert, E.O., and
Neal, J. A. 2000. Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Dry Deposition to Forests: Observations and
Model Evaluation. Atrnos. Environ., 105:D12:15,365-15,377.
Gerber, H. 1984. Liquid Water Content of Fogs and Hazes from Visible Light Scattering
Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology, 23:1247-1252.
Lavery, T.F., Rogers, C.M., Baumgardner, R., and Mishoe, K.P. 2007. Intercomparison of
CASTNET NOj and HN03 Measurements with Data from Other Monitoring Programs.
Journal of Air & Waste Management Association (JAWMA).
Lovett, G.M. 2012. Cloud Water Deposition to Clingmans Dome in 2011. Prepared for
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. Gainesville, FL.
Lovett, G.M. 2000. Modeling Cloud Water Deposition to the Sites of the CASTNET Cloud
Network. Prepared for Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc. now known as
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. Gainesville, FL.
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References (continued)
Lovett, G.M. 1984. Rates and Mechanisms of Cloud Water Deposition to a Subalpine Balsam Fir
Forest. Atmospheric Environment. 18:361-371.
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (MACTEC)*. 2011. Clean Air Status and Trends
Network (CASTNET) Quality Assurance Project Plan Revision 7.0. Prepared for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Radiation, Clean Air Markets
Division, Washington, D.C. Contract No. EP-W-09-028. Gainesville, FL.
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (MACTEC)*. 2007. Cloud Deposition Monitoring,
Clingmans Dome, TN, Great Smoky Mountains National Park-2006. Prepared for
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Contract No. 68-D-03-052.
Gainesville, FL.
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (MACTEC)*. 2004. Cloud and Dry Deposition
Monitoring at Great Smoky Mountains National Park - Clingmans Dome 2003 Final
Annual Report. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Contract
No. 68-D-03-052. Gainesville, FL.
Meyers, T.P., Finkelstein, P., Clarke, J., Ellestad, T.G., and Sims, P.F. 1998. A Multilayer Model
for Inferring Dry Deposition Using Standard Meteorological Measurements. J. Geophys.
Res., 103:22,645-22,661.
Mohnen, V.A., Aneja, V., Bailey, B., Cowling, E., Goltz, S.M., Healey, J., Kadlecek, J.A.,
Meagher, J., Mueller, S.M., and Sigmon, J.T. 1990. An Assessment of Atmospheric
Exposure and Deposition to High-Elevation Forests in the Eastern United States. Report
EPA/600/3-90/058 Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of
Research and Development, Washington, DC.
Mohnen, V.A. and Kadlecek, J. A. 1989. Cloud Chemistry Research at Whiteface Mountain.
Tellus, 4IB:79-91.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). 1993. 1992 Report to Congress.
Sisterson, D.L., Bowersox, V.C., Meyers, T. P., Simpson, J.C., Mohnen, V. 1991. Deposition
Monitoring Methods and Results. State of Science and Technology Report Number 6.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, DC.
Thorne, P.G., Lovett, G.M., and Reiners, W.A. 1982. Experimental Determination of Droplet
Deposition on Canopy Components of Balsam Fir. J. Appl. Meteorol., 21:1413-1416.
* Now known as AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC)
24
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Tables
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 3-1. Monthly Mean Cloud Frequency Summary
Clingmans Dome
(CLD303) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 Mean3
May
Cloud
Frequency1
81.78%
31.07%
47.17%
34.50%
91.67%
99.29%
44.52%
39.32%
Cloud Hours2
67
174
350
256
330
279
329
Completeness
11%
75%
100%
100%
48%
38%
99%
June
Cloud
Frequency1
61.63%
48.58%
41.38%
49.72%
43.33%
43.47%
54.61%
67.89%
54.93%
23.62%
36.64%
48.80%
22.97%
24.03%
42.62%
Cloud Hours2
106
205
276
270
312
313
361
387
390
163
255
326
164
173
Completeness
24%
59%
93%
75%
100%
100%
92%
79%
99%
96%
97%
93%
99%
100%
July
Cloud
Frequency1
29.47%
46.64%
34.34%
55.42%
44.75%
41.67%
57.08%
49.06%
42.78%
56.66%
40.50%
15.50%
48.38%
55.00%
28.67%
35.35%
43.35%
Cloud Hours2
84
139
227
399
328
140
391
340
314
370
290
97
314
412
213
263
Completeness
38%
40%
89%
97%
99%
45%
92%
93%
99%
0s
oo
oo
96%
84%
87%
100%
100%
100%
August
Cloud
Frequency1
49.44%
41.49%
71.43%
24.93%
43.45%
67.84%
28.02%
42.58%
46.64%
30.63%
50.87%
23.39%
56.41%
27.36%
41.78%
40.12%
Cloud Hours2
351
256
5
185
305
367
202
152
347
223
264
174
418
203
254
Completeness
95%
83%
1%
100%
94%
73%
97%
48%
100%
98%
65%
100%
100%
100%
82%
September
Cloud
Frequency1
30.37%
33.18%
43.93%
27.65%
50.65%
37.78%
51.60%
39.74%
47.18%
12.92%
50.42%
62.54%
51.07%
28.15%
43.14%
41.52%
Cloud Hours2
106
212
170
172
349
136
322
242
334
89
363
394
359
201
283
Completeness
48%
93%
54%
oo
96%
50%
87%
85%
98%
96%
100%
0s
oo
oo
98%
99%
91%
October
Cloud
Frequency1
23.64%
35.52%
30.32%
5.98%
41.72%
48.56%
46.91%
32.65%
37.56%
44.49%
36.20%
Cloud Hours2
78
200
211
34
141
287
296
159
246
331
Completeness
44%
76%
94%
76%
46%3
79%
85%
66%
0s
oo
oo
100%
November
Cloud
Frequency1
59.70%
Cloud Hours2
40
Completeness
9%
Note: 1 Cloud frequency is not used in subsequent analyses if the completeness criterion of 70 percent is not met.
2 Number of records where LWC > 0.05 g/m
3 The mean cloud frequency values are calculated only from those annual values that meet the completeness criterion and include data from 1994 (not shown in this table).
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 3-2. Summary Statistics for Cloud Water Samples 2011
2011
Total Records Accepted = 42
n mean std dev min max
LWC
42
0.309
0.168
0.138
1.11
pH - Field
39
4.31
0.40
3.67
5.57
pH - Lab
41
4.29
0.40
3.73
5.40
Cond - Field
40
86.4
44.80
9.2
199.90
Cond - Lab
38
83.2
43.70
5.7
181.60
H+-Field
39
49.51
39.83
2.69
213.80
H+ - Lab
41
51.05
41.25
3.98
186.21
nh4+
42
253.03
163.03
3.80
619.13
SO4
42
278.45
167.32
12.62
679.55
1 <*1
O
Z
42
148.48
111.12
7.71
628.70
Ca2+
42
94.94
109.24
3.25
656.22
Mg2+
42
25.13
24.54
1.14
146.63
Na+
42
30.18
25.0
0.88
114.18
K+
42
7.80
6.78
0.29
30.36
cr
42
21.58
15.05
0.90
64.40
Cations - Field
39
469.03
298.76
15.18
1351.62
Cations - Lab
41
463.80
290.64
25.10
1360.31
Anions
42
448.52
274.56
21.23
1301.60
Note: All units are (.ieq/L except for LWC (g/m3), pH (standard units), and conductivity (micro ohms/cm)
The following acceptance criteria were used based on the cation and anion concentrations:
1) If both cation and anion sums were less than or equal to 100 (.ieq/L, then the RPD criterion (defined below) was < 100 percent for a
record to be accepted.
2) If either or both of the cation or anion sums were greater than 100 (.ieq/L, then the RPD criterion was < 25 percent for a record to be
accepted.
max =
maximum
min =
minimum
n =
sample size used in calculations
RPD =
The absolute value of difference in cation and anion concentrations divided by the average of the cation and
anion concentrations multiplied by 200
std dev =
sample standard deviation
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 3-3. Number of Cloud Water Samples Accepted for Analyses
Total Number of
Number of Samples
Year
Samples
Accepted
Percent Accepted
1994*
14
9
64
1995a
142
136
96
1996a
122
105
86
1997*
334
324
97
1998a
341
269
79
1999*
174
174
100
2000b
104
102
98
2oor
73
70
96
2002c
75
65
87
2003c
78
78
100
2004c
73
73
100
2005c
64
63
98
2006c
45
45
100
2007c
54
54
100
2009c
85
58
68
2010c
55
50
91
201 lc
43
42
98
Total
1876
1717
92%
Note: a Hourly samples — sample collection bottle changed every hour.
b Hourly + daily samples (62 hourly and 42 24-hour samples in year 2000)
c Daily samples — sample collection bottle changed every 24 hours.
Table 3-4. Summary Statistics of Major Ion and Calcium Concentrations (|ieq/L) of Cloud
Water Samples (1994-2007, 2009-2011)
H*
nh4+
sot
¦ «
O
z
Ca2+
Mean
304.44
221.51
400.15
166.21
50.26
Minimum
0.26
0.71
3.54
0.29
0.15
Maximum
2137.96
1650.01
3686.91
1342.88
1051.89
Median
213.80
174.69
306.20
130.80
27.64
Note: * Laboratory pH data instead of field pH data were used for calculating the 2001-2002, 2006-2007, and 2009-2011 hydrogen values.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 4-1. Cloud Water Monthly Deposition Estimates Produced by the CLOUD Model (kg/ha)a
Year
Month
H+
SO4
i «
o
z
nh4
Ca2+
H20 (cm)
1994
October
0.04
3.90
2.30
1.05
0.24
6.42
1995
August
0.13
9.33
4.96
1.67
0.35
9.83
July
0.23
14.13
6.87
3.03
0.54
5.54
1997
August
0.24
14.16
8.37
3.04
0.69
8.74
September
0.18
11.10
4.52
2.03
0.28
10.43
October
0.31
19.71
12.22
4.71
0.67
7.02
1998
July
0.45
23.58
13.33
7.61
0.75
10.76
October
0.22
11.79
9.83
3.02
0.78
9.10
June
0.61
30.31
15.90
6.36
0.76
20.27
1999
July
0.88
39.79
18.75
4.67
1.57
7.80
August
0.23
13.25
6.94
2.29
0.92
7.37
September
0.16
7.58
4.25
1.23
0.47
8.56
May
0.05
6.88
4.46
2.00
0.56
4.74
June
0.18
13.00
9.40
2.89
0.93
9.68
2000
August
0.41
25.54
12.52
3.78
1.31
10.22
September
0.30
14.36
5.85
1.84
0.11
12.82
October
0.09
4.63
2.86
1.14
0.15
1.11
May
0.09
8.19
6.72
2.83
0.64
5.01
2001
June
0.28
18.84
18.92
3.87
3.53
9.34
July
0.30
16.85
9.22
2.63
0.64
9.16
August
0.44
26.77
18.88
4.35
1.20
10.50
May
0.14
9.51
4.08
1.97
0.50
9.50
June
0.15
8.84
5.34
1.95
0.53
5.98
2002
July
0.17
9.33
5.40
1.64
0.36
10.80
August
0.17
10.18
5.12
1.84
0.33
4.90
September
0.29
21.41
10.61
3.92
1.10
14.86
Mayb
0.09
7.32
4.23
1.60
0.60
14.52
June
0.11
7.35
3.18
1.32
0.42
8.53
2003
July
0.11
6.72
3.69
1.25
0.37
7.63
Augustc
0.19
10.93
5.01
1.83
0.42
5.89
September
0.17
10.68
5.43
2.20
0.50
7.20
June
0.17
9.43
3.77
1.67
0.34
9.69
July
0.27
11.12
4.82
1.83
0.46
11.81
2004
August
0.25
11.88
4.57
2.08
0.30
6.44
September
0.28
13.12
3.97
2.05
0.25
16.96
October
0.35
12.10
6.71
2.69
0.46
8.06
June
0.17
12.77
4.89
2.66
0.63
14.85
July
0.13
7.65
2.93
1.18
0.41
9.85
2005
August
0.12
7.59
3.16
1.42
0.24
6.83
September
0.06
5.25
2.49
1.24
0.39
1.75
October
0.15
5.68
3.97
0.92
0.20
10.35
June
0.04
2.92
1.37
0.71
0.17
3.72
2006
July
0.04
4.05
1.47
1.07
0.16
1.57
August11
0.47
30.62
8.16
4.81
0.65
10.32
June
0.03
3.54
1.75
1.00
0.19
2.66
2007
July
0.05
5.17
2.23
1.22
0.23
4.88
August
0.04
4.06
1.65
0.91
0.20
1.02
September
0.14
9.76
4.38
1.94
0.34
5.53
June
0.06
9.52
5.22
2.83
1.04
9.02
2009
July
0.05
7.83
4.69
2.29
1.05
8.90
August
0.07
7.05
4.14
1.60
0.56
11.54
September
0.05
4.13
2.08
1.02
0.22
6.95
June
0.02
2.95
2.13
0.99
0.31
3.19
July
0.02
3.20
2.34
0.80
0.43
2.72
2010
August
0.02
4.09
2.21
1.28
0.32
3.05
September
0.01
2.31
1.57
0.68
0.32
2.71
October
0.00
1.63
2.33
0.57
0.62
2.89
June
0.01
3.37
2.21
1.41
0.43
2.7
2011
July
0.04
5.08
3.19
1.49
0.47
3.6
August
0.02
6.77
5.71
2.65
1.36
4.1
September
0.01
2.53
2.17
0.82
0.49
4.8
Note: a Deposition estimates for 1996 were not calculated. c August 2003 had only 48 percent completeness.
b May 2003 data represent May 17-31, 2003, only. 11 August 2006 deposition estimate includes one invalid sample
LWC value.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 4-2. Cloud Water Monthly Mean Deposition Rates for Several Ions (kg/ha/month) and
Water (cm/month)
Year
Water
(cm/month)
H+
nh4+
SO4
¦ «
O
z
Ca2+
1995-983
8.1
0.23
3.0
14.3
7.7
0.54
1999b
11.0
0.47
3.6
22.7
11.5
0.93
2000a
9.7
0.29
3.0
16.9
OO
*00
0.68
2001a
8.6
0.31
3.3
18.4
12.5
1.28
2002a
9.2
0.18
2.3
11.9
6.1
0.56
2003a
10.5
0.14
1.8
9.3
4.7
0.53
2004c
10.6
0.27
2.1
11.5
4.8
0.36
2005c
8.7
0.12
1.5
7.8
3.5
0.37
2006d
5.2
0.18
2.2
12.6
3.7
0.33
2007b
3.5
0.07
1.3
5.6
2.5
0.24
2009b
9.1
0.06
1.9
7.1
4.0
0.72
2010c
2.9
0.02
0.9
2.8
2.1
0.40
201 lb
3.8
0.02
1.6
4.4
3.3
0.69
Note: a May through September
b June through September
c June through October
11 June through August
*
Table 4-3. Cloud Water Seasonal Deposition Estimates Produced by the CLOUD
Model (kg/ha)
Year
H+
nh4
sot
¦ «
O
z
Ca2+
1997
0.86
10.20
52.53
26.35
2.01
1999
1.88
14.55
90.93
45.84
3.72
2000
1.19
11.35
70.53
37.03
3.13
2001
1.36
14.47
83.28
62.69
7.16
2002
0.78
9.35
49.76
26.47
2.32
2003
0.58
6.60
35.68
17.31
1.71
2004
0.97
7.63
45.55
17.13
1.35
2005
0.48
6.50
33.26
13.47
1.67
2006
0.73
8.80
50.40
14.80
1.32
2007
0.27
5.07
22.54
10.01
0.95
2009
0.24
7.74
28.53
16.13
2.87
2010
0.07
3.76
12.56
8.24
1.37
2011
0.08
6.37
17.76
13.28
2.75
Note: * Season is defined from June through September
Three of the four months were required to calculate seasonal deposition. The 3-month deposition was multiplied by 4/3.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 5-1. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420) Ambient Concentrations (ng/m3) - June through September 2011
Sample
Number
On
Date/Time
Off
Date/Time
Teflon
Nylon
SO-
NO,
MI]
Ca
2+
Mg
.2+
Na
K
a
so
>
HNO,
Cellulose
SO,
Total
SO,
Total
NO,
Comment
Codes
Valid
Hours
Actual
Volume
(m3)
1122001-35
1123001-35
1124001-35
1125001-35
1126001-35
1127001-35
1128001-35
1129001-35
1130001-35
1131001-35
1132001-35
1133001-35
1134001-35
1135001-35
1136001-35
1137001-35
1138001-35
1139001-35
5/31/11
6/7/11
6/14/11
6/21/11
6/28/11
7/5/11
7/12/11
7/19/11
7/26/11
8/2/11
8/9/11
8/16/11
8/23/11
8/30/11
9/6/11
9/13/11
9/20/11
9/27/11
11:45
10:24
11:55
11:00
10:44
13:14
11:45
11:07
11:37
11:25
10:35
10:52
10:37
10:55
13:10
11:20
11:05
11:03
6/7/11 10:15
6/14/11 11:50
6/21/11 10:55
6/28/11 10:38
7/5/11 13:08
7/12/11 11:00
7/19/11 11:00
7/26/11 11:30
8/2/11 11:20
8/9/11 10:30
8/16/11 10:47
8/23/11 10:28
8/30/11 10:10
9/6/11 13:04
9/13/11 11:10
9/20/11 10:57
9/27/11 10:55
10/4/11 11:38
6.111
4.690
2.878
2.119
3.423
3.904
3.717
6.434
5.038
3.711
3.679
3.962
3.285
3.334
1.950
2.125
1.906
1.323
0.099
0.111
0.059
0.053
0.139
0.065
0.235
0.029U
0.030
0.136
0.057
0.077
0.201
0.172
0.289
0.085
0.055
0.456
1.815
1.691
0.791
0.535
1.056
1.199
0.949
1.729
1.575
1.186
1.071
1.392
1.178
1.176
0.717
0.674
0.621
0.516
0.519
0.216
0.159
0.119
0.304
0.140
0.131
0.233
0.138
0.204
0.243
0.135
0.236
0.146
0.197
0.140
0.051
0.299
0.094
0.040
0.038
0.031
0.049
0.029
0.068
0.048
0.026
0.030
0.035
0.023
0.041
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.011
0.041
0.191
0.074
0.118
0.121
0.029
0.062
0.420
0.120
0.045
0.045
0.029
0.030
0.057
0.083
0.013
0.028
0.036
0.022
0.134
0.105
0.080
0.082
0.107
0.109
0.085
0.062
0.048
0.055
0.064
0.050
0.052
0.049
0.048
0.078
0.040
0.047
0.017U
0.016U
0.017U
0.017U
0.016U
0.017U
0.017U
0.016U
0.017U
0.017U
0.017U
0.017U
0.017U
0.016U
0.017U
0.018U
0.017U
0.017U
0.597
0.318
0.731
0.435
0.709
0.357
0.836
0.645
0.650
0.495
0.830
0.427
0.482
0.223
0.481
0.341
0.131
0.358
2.775
1.696
1.405
1.027
1.720
1.310
1.537
1.606
1.261
1.227
1.547
1.222
1.273
1.027
0.923
1.109
0.795
0.650
1.406
0.684
0.857
0.313
1.548
0.310
0.773
0.444
0.583
0.936
1.034
0.618
1.233
0.329
0.638
0.382
0.138
0.936
1.804
0.897
1.345
0.604
2.021
0.548
1.331
0.874
1.017
1.266
1.588
0.903
1.555
0.478
0.959
0.610
0.225
1.174
2.830
1.780
1.441
1.064
1.832
1.354
1.748
1.609
1.271
1.344
1.579
1.279
1.453
1.183
1.198
1.176
0.838
1.096
W03
167
30.013
169
30.405
W03
167
30.043
W03
162
30.225
W03
171
30.764
W03
162
29.844
W03
168
30.214
W03
168
30.321
W03
168
30.192
W03
167
30.046
168
30.224
168
30.214
168
30.228
W03
164
30.620
W03
166
29.910
W03
167
27.065
W03
167
30.038
168
30.226
Mean
Standard Deviation
3.533 0.130
1.407 0.109
1.104
0.416
0.201
0.103
0.038
0.019
0.085
0.096
0.072
0.027
0.017
0.000
0.503
0.202
1.339
0.468
0.731
0.397
1.067
0.486
1.449
0.436
Data Status Flags:
Comment Codes:
U = Value is less than detection limit.
03 = excessively wet filter
W= cellulose
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 5-2. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN (GRS420) Dry Deposition Fluxes (kg/ha) Report for
the 2011 Deposition Season (June through September)
Sample
Number* On Date Off Date
Fluxes (kg/ha)
Deposition Velocities (cm/sec)
S02 HN03 SO 4 N03 NH4
S02 HNO3 Particle
1122001-35
5/31/11 9:00
6/7/11 8:00
0.026
0.256
0.049
0.001
0.015
0.261
1.680
0.146
1123001-35
6/7/11 9:00
6/14/11 8:00
0.012
0.159
0.036
0.001
0.013
0.233
1.695
0.137
1124001-35
6/14/11 9:00
6/21/11 8:00
0.020
0.148
0.021
0.000
0.006
0.269
1.872
0.129
1125001-35
6/21/11 9:00
6/28/11 8:00
0.010
0.099
0.012
0.000
0.003
0.300
1.729
0.105
1126001-35
6/28/11 9:00
7/5/11 8:00
0.028
0.177
0.031
0.001
0.009
0.252
1.857
0.163
1127001-35
7/5/11 9:00
7/12/11 8:00
0.010
0.107
0.025
0.000
0.008
0.301
1.460
0.118
1128001-35
7/12/11 9:00
7/19/11 8:00
0.028
0.100
0.017
0.001
0.004
0.373
1.173
0.080
1129001-35
7/19/11 9:00
7/26/11 8:00
0.020
0.115
0.036
0.000
0.010
0.399
1.309
0.104
1130001-35
7/26/11 9:00
8/2/11 8:00
0.020
0.098
0.031
0.000
0.010
0.365
1.405
0.113
1131001-35
8/2/11 9:00
8/9/11 8:00
0.025
0.104
0.021
0.001
0.007
0.352
1.535
0.103
1132001-35
8/9/11 9:00
8/16/11 8:00
0.028
0.151
0.028
0.000
0.008
0.318
1.764
0.136
1133001-35
8/16/11 9:00
8/23/11 8:00
0.014
0.127
0.030
0.001
0.010
0.268
1.870
0.135
1134001-35
8/23/11 9:00
8/30/11 8:00
0.020
0.158
0.033
0.002
0.012
0.234
2.239
0.179
1135001-35
8/30/11 9:00
9/6/11 8:00
0.006
0.098
0.020
0.001
0.007
0.229
1.726
0.108
1136001-35
9/6/11 9:00
9/13/11 8:00
0.015
0.052
0.007
0.001
0.003
0.291
0.991
0.065
1137001-35
9/13/11 9:00
9/20/11 8:00
0.011
0.075
0.010
0.000
0.003
0.308
1.199
0.082
1138001-35
9/20/11 9:00
9/27/11 8:00
0.005
0.068
0.009
0.000
0.003
0.354
1.516
0.086
1139001-35
9/27/11 9:00
10/4/11 8:00
0.022
0.070
0.011
0.004
0.004
0.336
1.859
0.149
Total Seasonal Flux
Mean Seasonal Deposition
0.318 2.162 0.427 0.016 0.135
0.302 1.604 0.119
Note: MLM simulations were performed for each 168-hour period from 0800 on the On Date to 0800 on the Off Date.
* Original sample numbers within the AMEC laboratory information management system contain the suffix "-35" to indicate that the sample
was collected from the GRS420, TN site
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table 5-3. Cloud Water and Dry Sulfur and Nitrogen Deposition for Clingmans Dome
(June through September, 1999-2007, 2009-2011)
Total Sulfur8
Total NO",-N
Total NH4+-N
Total Nitrogenb
Year
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
1999
30.362
10.36
11.298
21.658
2000
28.288
10.003
11.460
21.463
2001
30.670
14.127
12.882
27.009
2002
16.610
5.982
7.260
13.242
2003
11.917
3.912
5.129
9.041
Cloud Water
2004
2005
15.210
11.100
3.871
3.043
5.925
5.047
9.796
8.090
2006
16.828
3.345
6.833
10.178
2007
7.526
2.262
3.937
6.199
2009
9.526
3.645
6.010
9.655
2010
4.194
1.862
2.920
4.782
2011
5.930
3.001
4.946
7.947
1999
0.907
2.184
0.194
2.378
2000
0.572
1.453
0.124
1.577
2001
0.843
2.043
0.214
2.257
2002
0.675
1.904
0.183
2.087
2003
0.439
1.027
0.107
1.134
Dry
2004
0.434
1.212
0.107
1.319
2005*
0.829
0.657
0.165
0.822
2006*
0.738
0.624
0.165
0.789
2007*
0.888
0.783
0.222
1.005
2009*
0.247
0.325
0.076
0.401
2010*
0.300
0.510
0.110
0.620
2011*
0.301
0.485
0.105
0.589
Note: Season is defined as June through September.
2- . 2-
a Total sulfur deposition includes SO^ in cloud water plus ambient SO, and SO^.
b Total nitrogen deposition includes N03 and NHj in cloud water plus ambient N03, NHj, and HN03.
*Dry deposition values for 2005 through 2007 and 2009 through 2011 were obtained from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSR420) site at Look Rock, TN.
33
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figures
34
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-1. Monthly Cloud Frequency Statistics (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
Sh
3
&
.
o
a
-a
3
o
a
"S
50 n
45
40 H
35
30
25
20 -
15 ¦
10 -
5
0
~ Historical Mean
¦2011
June
July
August
September
Seasonal Mean
35
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-3. Monthly Mean Liquid Water Content Statistics (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
"Si)
Ch
o
O
S-H
U
o3
£
3
3
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
~
2002
¦
1999
¦
2005
¦
2009
2009
¦
¦
2000
June
2006
2007
2000
2000
~Project Mean
¦ Project Minimum
¦ Project Maximum
July
August September Project Mean*
Note: * Values associated with this column are based on seasonal averages.
Figure 3-4. Monthly Mean Liquid Water Content - 2011 versus Historical Mean Values
(1995-2007, 2009-2010)
"5b
Ch
o
O
o3
£
3
3
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05 H
0
~ Historical Mean
¦2011
June
July
August September Seasonal Mean
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-5. Frequency Distribution for Cloud Water pH (Laboratory) at
Clingmans Dome, TN (2011)
Figure 3-6. Frequency Distribution for Cloud Water pH (Field) at Clingmans Dome, TN (2011)
"Sc
a
&
GO
o
3
£
7 -
6 -
5
4 -
3
2 -
1
0
t —^^—¦-1
3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6
PH
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-7. Mean Major Ion Concentrations of Cloud Water Samples (1995-2007, 2009-2011)
Note: * Laboratory pH data instead of field pH data were used for calculating the 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011 hydrogen
concentration values.
Figure 3-8. Mean Monthly Major Ion Concentrations for 2011
Sh
'3
400 n
350
300 -
250 -
200
150 -
100 -
50
0
¦ Sulfate
¦ Hydrogen (Lab)
¦Ammonium
¦Nitrate
June
July
August
September
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-9. Mean Minor Ion Concentrations of Cloud Water Samples (Cations and Chloride)
1995-2007, 2009-2011
3
>
'B
cr
CD
O
100 n
60 -
40 -
20 -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011
-Calcium
-Magnesium
- Sodium
Potassium
-Chloride
Figure 3-10. Mean Monthly Minor Ion Concentrations for 2011
G
>
g-
1)
o
160 -i
140 -
120 -
100 -
¦ Calcium
¦Magnesium
¦ Sodium
n Potassium
¦ Chloride
August
September
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 3-11. Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Sulfate
Concentrations, 2000-2011
#o
%
8
o
O
S-H
"03
"d
O
O
2
cr
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
60
50
40
30
20
10
o
a
0
TJ
a
o
&
I"
o"
o
o
P
o
a
o'
P
¦Cloud Sulfate
-Precipitation
Sulfate
Figure 3-12. Mean Seasonal Cloud Water versus Mean Seasonal Precipitation Nitrate
Concentrations, 2000-2011
Sh
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 4-1. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (S024)
o3
i
45 ¦
40 -
35 ¦
30
25 ¦
20 ¦
15 ¦
10
5 \
0
i
01
m
k
June
July
Aug
Sept
~ 1999
¦2000
~2001
~2002
¦2003
~2004
¦2005
~2006
¦2007
~2009
~2010
~2011
Figure 4-2. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (NOj)
00
45
40 ¦
35 -
30 -
25 ¦
20 ¦
15
10 ¦
5 -
0
m
to.
m
ta
Mi
Ilk
~ 1999
¦2000
~ 2001
~ 2002
¦2003
~ 2004
¦2005
~ 2006
¦2007
~ 2009
~ 2010
~ 2011
June
July
Aug
Sept
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 4-3. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (NH^)
o3
i
10 ¦
9 ¦
8 -
7 ¦
6 -
5 -
4 ¦
3
2
l H
o
M
June
July
Aug
M
ta
Sept
~ 1999
¦2000
~2001
~2002
¦2003
~2004
¦2005
~2006
¦2007
~2009
~2010
~2011
Figure 4-4. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (H+)
00
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
i\
June
r-
1
11
Aug
Ilk.
Sept
~ 1999
¦2000
~2001
~2002
¦2003
~2004
¦2005
~2006
¦2007
~2009
~2010
~2011
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 4-5. Monthly Deposition Estimates - CLOUD Model (Ca2+)
4
3.5
3
— 2-5
m 2 -
1.5 -
"muJ
k
June
July
hiffl
~ 1999
¦2000
~2001
~2002
¦2003
~2004
¦2005
~2006
¦2007
~2009
~2010
~2011
Sept
Figure 4-6. Seasonal Deposition Estimates for Major Ions (1999-2007, 2009-2011)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
—Sulfate
—¦—Nitrate
Ammonium
A Hydrogen
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 4-7. Seasonal Deposition Estimates for Hydrogen (1999-2007, 2009-2011)
Figure 4-8. Cloud Water and Wet Sulfate Deposition Estimates (June through September,
2000-2011)
44
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 4-9. Cloud Water and Wet Nitrate Deposition Estimates (June through September,
2000-2011)
Figure 5-1. Total Sulfur and Nitrogen Cloud Water and Dry Deposition Estimates
(June through September, 1999-2007, 2009-2011)
00
¦ Cloud Water -
Sulfur
~ Cloud Water -
Nitrogen
~ Dry-Sulfur
~ Dry - Nitrogen
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 6-1. Total Sulfur and Nitrogen Deposition Estimates (Dry + Cloud Components)
1999-2007, 2009-2011
03
35 -|
30 -
25
20
15 -
10 -
5 -
~ Total Sulfur
¦ TotalNitrogen
I I I I I I I I I I I I
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Appendix A
Cloud Water Deposition to Clingmans Dome in 2011
Appendix A
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Cloud Water Deposition to Clingmans Dome in 2011
Report to AMEC Environment and Infrastructure
by
Gary M. Lovett, Ph.D.
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545
AMEC Work Order CO 12300254
AMEC Proj ect Number 6064110217 (MADPro)
Report Date: March 14, 2012
Introduction
This brief report accompanies the Excel spreadsheet CLD 201 l.xls, which gives
the results of the cloud water deposition modeling for the Clingmans Dome (CLD303)
site for the field season of 2011. Raw chemical concentration, meteorological, and cloud
frequency data were provided to me by AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
(Selma Isil). I ran the CLOUD model (Lovett 1984) on these data to estimate cloud
water deposition to this site, and calculated seasonal and monthly mean values of key
parameters.
Briefly, the CLOUD model uses an electrical resistance network analogy to
model the deposition of cloud water to forest canopies. The model is one-dimensional,
assuming vertical mixing of droplet4aden air in to the canopy from the top. Turbulence
mixes the droplets into the canopy space, where they cross the boundary layers of canopy
tissues by impaction and sedimentation. Sedimentation rates are strictly a function of
droplet size. Impaction efficiencies are a function of the Stokes number, which integrates
droplet size, obstacle size, and wind speed (Lovett 1984). The impaction efficiency is
calculated as a function of the Stokes number based on wind tunnel measurements by
Thorne et al (1982).
The forest canopy is modeled as stacked 1-m layers containing specified amounts of
various canopy tissues such as leaves, twigs, and trunks. Wind speed at any height
within the canopy space is determined based on the above-canopy wind speed and an
exponential decline of wind speed as function of downward-cumulated canopy surface
area. The wind speed determines the efficiency of mixing of air and droplets into the
canopy and also the efficiency with which droplets impact onto canopy surfaces. The
model is deterministic and assumes a steady-state, so that for one set of above-canopy
conditions it calculates one deposition rate. The model requires as input data:
1) the surface area index of canopy tissues in each height layer in the canopy,
2) the zero-plane displacement height and roughness length of the canopy
3) the wind speed at the canopy top
4) the liquid water content (LWC) of the cloud above the canopy
5) the mode of the droplet diameter distribution in the cloud
Appendix A
A-l
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
From these input parameters, the model calculates the deposition of cloud water,
2*1
expressed both as a water flux rate (g cm" min" ), and as a deposition velocity (flux
rate/LWC, in units of cm/s). Deposition rates of ions are calculated by multiplying the
water deposition rate by the ion concentration in cloud water above the canopy. In the
original version of the model, a calculation of the evaporation rate from the canopy was
also included in order to estimate net deposition of cloud water. For this project, only
gross deposition rate was required so the evaporation routine was not invoked.
The 2011 data set covered the period June-September 2011. Only cloud events in this
4-month period having valid wind speed, cloud LWC and event duration data were used
for this modeling. Events meeting these criteria included 12 events in June, 16 in July, 5
in August, and 9 in September, for a total of 42 events for the season. Sampling
completeness was 100% for June and July, 82% for August, and 91% for September.
The calculations done here for 2011 followed closely those done previously for the
Clingmans Dome site (e.g., Lovett 2011). As in previous reports, these model runs were
made assuming a 10-m tall, intact, homogeneous conifer canopy. The actual canopy
structure at Clingmans Dome has not been quantified, and may differ substantially from
the modeled canopy structure. Consequently, this deposition estimate is best viewed as
an index of cloud deposition that can be used to compare the effects of changing
meteorological and cloud chemical conditions across different sites and different times,
assuming that the same "standard" canopy was present at each site and time.
Because the measurement periods vary in length, all the means presented here are
weighted by the duration of the sampling event. Duration-weighting the seasonal and
monthly means in this way avoids giving a 10-minute event the same weight as a 10-hour
event. This is analogous to the standard practice of volume-weighting the means of
precipitation chemistry. After the model was run for all sample periods, seasonal and
monthly means and totals were calculated in a SAS program. Monthly deposition totals
were calculated as the product of the duration-weighted mean concentration and the total
measured cloud duration for the month. Total seasonal deposition was calculated by
summing the five monthly totals.
Results
The model was run on 42 time periods as discussed above, and the results are
presented as deposition velocities and deposition fluxes in the CLD 201 l.xls spreadsheet
and in Appendix I.
Monthly mean concentrations of ions in cloud water and in meteorological and
deposition variables are given in Appendix I. During the measurement period, duration-
weighted mean concentrations of SO42", NO3" and NH4+ were highest in August, but H+
concentrations were highest in July (Fig. 1).
Appendix A
A-2
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
CLD 2011 Mean Chemistry
450
—350
Month
Figure 1. Duration-weighted mean concentration of four ions in cloud water, calculated
by month.
Trends in seasonal mean concentrations (duration-weighted) of several key ions are
shown in Figure 2. Since the late 1990s, the concentrations of hydrogen ion and sulfate
have been in general declining. However, there has been an increasing trend in the
anions sulfate and nitrate since 2009. This has not been accompanied by an increase in
acidity (H+), probably because neutralizing cations (calcium and ammonium) have also
been increasing (Fig. 2). The reason for the increasing calcium and ammonium
concentrations is unclear. In a continental location such as this one, ammonium
emissions to the atmosphere are largely from agricultural activities, but can also include
automobiles. Calcium emissions are usually associated with dust and fly ash.
Some of the variation from year to year in ion concentrations can be explained by
dilution, as higher LWC is often associated with lower concentrations. In essence, if the
same amount of sulfate (or any soluble pollutant) is dissolved in a larger amount of water,
the result will be a lower concentration. We can correct the sulfate trend for changes in
LWC by calculating the amount of dissolved sulfate per cubic meter of air (by
multiplying the sulfate concentration in cloud water by the LWC), which removes some
of the noise in the sulfate trend. There has been a general downward trend in dissolved
sulfate since the 1990s (Fig. 3). However, the 2011 values show a slight increase over
2010 (Fig. 3), reflecting the fact that the cloud water sulfate concentration increased
while the LWC remained nearly the same (Fig. 2).
Appendix A
A-3
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN— Great Smoky Mountains National Park— 2011
a-
0)
c
o
c
0)
o
c
o
o
c
o
Trends in Ion Concentrations, Clingmans Dome
(Duration-weighted means)
600
500 -
400 -
300 -
200 -
o 100 -
3.0
2.5
2.0
£
O)
1.5
1.0
c
0)
c
o
o
i.
0)
re
5
;o
"5
o-
0.5
0.0
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Figure 2. Trends in ion concentrations andLWC at Clingmans Dome, 1995-2011. Data
are duration-weighted means for the warm season and include only the samples for
which deposition was modeled (i.e. LWC and meteorological data were also present).
0.25
0.20
Dissolved Sulfate in Air
a- 0.
aj
=i.
ro
•r 0.
¦a
aj
1°
i/i
i/i
15
10
05
~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
~
0.00
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year
Figure 3. Mean values of dissolved sulfate per cubic meter of air ( = cloud water sulfate
concentration x LWC 1000) for Clingmans Dome. Circled year (1996) has anomalously
low LWC data, perhaps because of instrument error.
Appendix A
A-4
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
The trends shown in Figures 2 and 3 are based on duration-weighted mean concentrations
and represent only those data used for modeling cloud water deposition (i.e. those events
for which liquid water content and wind speed were also measured). These trends may
not match other calculations of trends if more complete chemistry datasets or non-
duration-weighted means are used. Also, the trends in hydrogen ion shown in Fig. 2 must
be interpreted with caution because of the variation from year to year in whether lab pH
or field pH was used. In general, lab pH values are higher (i.e. lower H+ concentration,
less acidic) than field pH values because H+ is very reactive and is consumed during the
sample holding period prior to laboratory analysis. Since 2006 we have used exclusively
lab pH values in this analysis because of an incomplete record of field pH.
Wind speed and cloud water deposition velocity were relatively constant from month to
month during the sampling period, with the highest values of both parameters in August
(Fig. 4). Mean duration-weighted deposition velocity for the 2011 season was 14.7 cm/s,
well below the 1995-2011 mean of 20.3 cm/s (see accompanying Excel workbook). The
deposition velocity probably was lower than the long-term mean because the wind speed
(3.2 m/s) was also lower than the long-term mean (4.5 m/s), and wind drives cloud water
deposition.
—~"Wind Speed
-¦-Dep. Vel.
8
Month
Figure 4. Mean wind speed and deposition velocity for each month.
CLD 2011 Mean Wind Speed and Deposition Velocity
Appendix A
A-5
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Monthly mean cloud LWC was lowest in August and highest in September (Fig. 5), with
a seasonal mean of 0.27 g/m3, slightly below the long-term mean of 0.31.
CLD2011 LWC
0.35
0.30
0.25
« 0.20
O)
O 0.15
§
0.10
0.05
0.00
Figure 5. Mean liquid water content for each month of the study.
Seasonal deposition totals were calculated by summing across all 4 months. For
comparison with the results of previous reports, these means are expressed in Figure 6 as
the mean monthly deposition rate, calculated by dividing the seasonal total by 4. The
rates for water and ion deposition for 2011 are low compared to early years in the record,
but show a slight increase in sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ion deposition compared to
2010 because of the increased concentrations discussed above (Fig. 6).
6 7 8 9
Month
Appendix A
A-6
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Figure 6. Mean monthly deposition rates for several ions (in kg ha month) and water
(cm month) for the Clingmans Dome site for the 1995-2011 period. The seasonal
averages include the months of Jane-September for 2007, 2009 and 2011; Jane-October
for 2004-2006 and 2010; and May-September for years prior to 2004.
Appendix A
A-7
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Literature Cited
Lovett, G. M. 1984. Rates and mechanisms of cloud water deposition to a subalpine
balsam fir forest. Atmospheric Environment 18:361-371.
Lovett, G.M. 2011. Cloud water deposition to Clingmans Dome in 2010. Report to
MACTEC, March 2011. 8 pp.
MACTEC. 2007. Cloud Deposition Monitoring,Clingmans Dome, TN,Great Smoky
Mountains National Park,2006. Report for EPA Contract 68-D-03-052.
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. Gainesville, FL.
Thorne, P. G., G. M. Lovett, and W. A. Reiners. 1982. Experimental determination of
droplet deposition on canopy components of balsam fir. J.Appl. Meteorol.
21:1413-1416.
Appendix A
A-8
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Appendix I. Monthly mean values of meteorological, chemical and deposition variables for 2011.
Table 1-1. Monthly mean meteorological and deposition variables. All means are duration-weighted. TUBFLUX , SEDFLUX
2
and TOTFLUX are turbulent, sedimentation and total water fluxes (g/cm /min) for the time period, and TURBVD, SEDVD and
TOTVD are the corresponding deposition velocities (cm/s). WS is wind speed (m/s) and LWC is cloud liquid water content in g/m3.
MONTH
OBS DURATION
VOLUME
WS LWC
TURBFLUX
SEDFLUX
TOTFLUX
TURBVD
SED
VD
TOT
VD
6
12 4.79
457.57
3.56 0.27
1.55E-04
1.03E-04
2.58E-04
9.53
6.20
15.73
7
16 7.31
507.36
2.75 0.28
1.13E-04
1.12E-04
2.25E-04
6.57
6.59
13.16
8
5 17.76
468.19
4.77 0.19
1.58E-04
5.93E-05
2.17E-04
13.37
4.98
18.35
9
9 13.53
1596.14
2.19 0.33
1.01E-04
1.57E-04
2.58E-04
4.90
7.59
12.48
Table I- 2. Monthly mean ion concentrations (|j,eq/L). All means are duration-weighted.
Month
H+ (lab) Ca
Mg
K
Na NH4
S04
N03
CI
6
33.10 76.31
26.45
9.42
51.23 276.79 253.77
131.08
36.38
7
91.92 64.31
16.28
6.03
20.20 234.65 287.54
142.03
14.69
8
53.72 190.37
36.11
8.20
27.99 369.79 382.03
243.29
16.94
9
25.50 87.99
22.29
3.55
16.24 129.27 149.91
109.58
10.95
Appendix A
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AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
9
Table 1-3. Monthly deposition in |j,eq/m /month. Water deposition in cm/month.
Month
HDEP
KDEP
NADEP
CADEP
MGDEP
NH4DEP
S04DEP
N03DEP
CLDEP
H20DEP
6
857.37
255.19
1280.38
2152.91
712.04
7806.72
7021.11
3564.17
927.76
2.68
7
3632.29
218.87
756.43
2329.01
590.41
8284.21
10580.08
5140.52
530.81
3.56
8
1837.51
306.99
1058.16
6779.43
1247.13
14703.08
14094.71
9200.23
639.52
4.06
9
1222.66
113.25
710.89
2449.29
663.29
4572.16
5270.27
3503.75
443.17
4.81
Appendix A
A-10
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Appendix B
Cloud Water Data and QC Summary
Appendix B
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Cloud Water Data and QC Summary
Analytical data for the 43 cloud deposition samples are presented in Table B-l including
measured field pH, field conductivity, sample volume, average LWC, valid hours, average scalar
wind speed, and calculated cations and anions. A cumulative volume-weighted mean is shown
for the various indicated analytes and ions.
Tables B-2, B-3, and B-4 provide summaries of the QC results associated with the samples. The
QC results for all parameters are within the measured criteria of the C ASTNET QC program
(MACTEC, 2011). Table B-2 summarizes the QC data for the reference samples for each
parameter in each analytical batch. The reference sample is traceable to NIST and is supplied in
a matrix similar to the cloud samples. An independent laboratory supplies these reference
samples with a certificate of analysis stating the target values. A reference sample is analyzed at
the beginning and end of each analytical batch to verify the accuracy and stability of the
calibration curve. The QC limits require the measured value to be within ± 5 percent of the
known value for anions, and within ±10 percent of the known value for cations. The data from
all required reference samples analyzed with the Clingmans Dome samples are within the
CASTNET QC criteria.
The results of the analyses of the CC V for each parameter in each analytical batch are provided
in Table B-3. A CCV is a NIST-traceable solution supplied in a matrix similar to that of the
sample being analyzed with a target value at approximately the midpoint of the calibration curve.
This QC solution is supplied to AMEC by a laboratory independent of the laboratory supplying
the reference sample solution. A CCV is analyzed after every 10 environmental samples to verify
that the instrument calibration has not drifted more than ± 5 percent for anions and base cations,
±10 percent for NH4, and ± 0.05 pH units for pH. The results of all CCV analyses were within
acceptance criteria.
Table B-4 summarizes the percent difference between samples reanalyzed within the same
analytical batch. Five percent of the samples in each analytical batch were randomly selected for
replicate analysis. This table presents only the samples that were replicated. The replicate percent
difference criterion is ± 20 percent for anions and cations. For pH, the difference between the
two values cannot be more than ± 0.05 pH units. The data from all required replicate samples are
within the CASTNET QC criteria.
Appendix B
B-l
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-l. Cloud Water Analytical Data for 2011 Sampling Season (1 of 2)
6/7/2011
6/8/2011
6/10/2011
6/12/2011
6/13/2011
6/14/2011
6/15/2011
6/16/2011
6/19/2011
6/20/2011
6/21/2011
6/22/2011
6/24/2011
7/1/2011
7/4/2011
7/7/2011
7/8/2011
7/9/2011
7/10/2011
7/12/2011
7/13/2011
7/14/2011
7/15/2011
7/18/2011
7/19/2011
7/22/2011
7/25/2011
7/29/2011
7/30/2011
7/31/2011
8/4/2011
5.89
0.23
NA
4.78
1.28
1.94
1.62
0.34
4.33
3.32
5.06
7.37
0.52
0.75
6.20
2.14
8.58
4.67
2.50
2.38
1.59
8.77
0.03
4.30
0.63
13.52
0.01
2.43
1.88
4.91
5.49
568
36
36
246
73
36
127
55
664
246
373
846
100
127
346
109
1027
191
155
200
55
310
55
200
100
973
36
175
150
50
428
0.295
0.254
NA
0.341
0.182
0.138
0.307
0.307
0.334
0.205
0.204
0.286
0.230
0.233
0.248
0.202
0.379
0.235
0.283
0.377
0.164
0.263
1.111
0.234
0.429
0.269
0.399
0.243
0.336
0.141
0.303
3.12
2.30
0.80
2.69
4.50
4.95
5.27
4.70
4.84
4.18
2.90
2.78
6.30
5.00
2.83
4.10
3.22
2.42
2.30
3.63
3.80
1.91
3.40
3.62
3.50
2.39
3.80
2.07
2.57
2.95
3.07
3.99
4.51
NA
4.32
4.52
NA
4.05
4.44
4.48
4.58
4.39
4.40
5.50
I
4.49
4.31
3.89
4.17
4.04
4.44
4.11
4.07
4.36
4.45
3.67
4.24
NA
4.24
4.06
4.88
4.12
4.63
4.68
NA
4.44
5.08
5.09
4.54
4.67
4.84
4.57
4.53
4.29
5.40
5.04
4.26
4.23
3.73
4.05
3.92
4.32
NA
3.96
4.23
4.39
4.08
4.17
4.13
4.27
3.85
4.81
3.97
100.7
81.2
NA
74.2
64.9
NA
146.3
63.2
53.1
97.6
80.1
55.6
70.5
199.9
127.7
102.8
126.9
101.9
101.8
97.8
107.9
105.6
49.3
32.5
199.9
79.9
NA
92.6
117.5
45.9
132.4
109.1
98.6
NA
86.9
NA
NA
146.3
76.9
49.6
100.5
75.3
46.8
56.1
93.5
110.0
108.0
130.7
99.2
95.6
96.1
NA
102.4
40.1
24.7
155.7
69.9
NA
94.4
115.3
37.6
137.5
101.477
129.398
I
93.268
156.395
17.311
222.965
130.296
46.921
71.012
73.656
30.960
89.476
144.468
127.701
88.078
39.902
72.059
47.807
147.961
31.247
31.186
30.411
9.142
142.223
49.404
55.192
165.877
63.376
25.458
148.211
23.452
46.294
I
27.912
42.972
5.928
59.748
31.334
17.895
35.752
32.564
19.250
21.612
34.876
32.446
28.107
9.709
12.058
12.096
25.312
8.299
8.193
7.899
3.168
55.309
16.322
17.252
25.962
25.270
8.721
28.737
19.990
23.584
I
26.979
52.110
9.508
60.200
14.836
42.757
109.830
83.080
61.679
27.936
32.283
24.937
23.507
10.809
13.247
13.410
41.287
16.017
15.652
14.713
5.252
114.180
24.647
30.242
26.586
25.695
26.849
20.604
10.093
19.744
I
9.230
20.320
1.299
19.698
6.253
7.151
12.617
9.994
6.373
8.366
30.358
14.422
14.690
4.766
1.821
1.859
5.985
4.954
4.750
4.668
1.342
15.253
4.457
9.162
6.325
5.979
2.756
5.999
492.583
349.402
I
350.687
449.496
15.178
619.128
293.286
199.332
413.371
222.178
39.502
262.087
411.515
383.386
381.815
195.477
255.019
151.212
322.844
281.792
281.149
16.813
5.754
461.705
168.061
89.107
296.571
227.247
153.997
440.644
364.340
382.662
I
324.159
337.067
28.335
551.507
321.869
172.614
373.709
249.105
94.333
176.195
376.416
409.519
373.709
328.947
308.149
262.221
306.671
300.217
295.449
110.926
36.434
679.547
222.206
205.467
267.926
414.932
177.028
525.483
182.805
160.708
I
109.661
227.033
17.277
300.712
128.795
88.529
181.698
149.142
68.181
137.505
178.200
202.759
208.400
144.573
166.206
116.658
212.255
144.573
141.789
50.190
19.776
284.149
104.592
108.019
233.744
108.162
30.128
202.902
20.844
64.395
I
17.347
37.514
6.516
48.684
13.201
26.091
48.459
46.710
60.192
30.858
24.681
20.562
19.632
10.916
14.724
12.213
20.986
13.652
13.313
11.283
4.908
44.199
14.047
21.662
16.190
20.506
12.890
12.834
722.691
599.325
NA
555.939
751.493
NA
1070.865
512.313
347.169
668.885
462.210
197.574
412.639
NA
615.251
585.175
389.488
421.814
317.586
579.697
419.934
426.045
118.156
60.141
1002.466
320.434
NA
578.864
434.665
230.964
720.052
694.150
589.315
NA
544.384
729.611
57.353
1010.580
497.385
328.510
669.497
450.984
209.050
413.458
662.621
637.845
595.082
446.872
443.330
346.611
591.252
NA
450.579
133.388
65.397
871.846
330.499
275.085
575.024
488.822
233.270
751.347
567.990
607.765
NA
451.167
601.615
52.128
900.904
463.864
287.234
603.866
444.957
222.707
344.558
579.296
632.840
601.740
484.436
489.078
391.092
539.911
458.442
450.551
172.399
61.118
1007.895
340.845
335.149
517.860
543.600
220.046
741.219
23.97
-1.40
NA
20.81
22.15
NA
17.24
9.93
18.90
10.22
3.80
-11.96
17.98
NA
-2.82
-2.79
-21.73
-14.77
-20.74
7.11
-8.77
-5.59
-37.34
-1.61
-0.54
-6.17
NA
11.12
-22.27
4.84
-2.90
19.99
-3.08
NA
18.73
19.23
9.54
11.48
6.97
13.41
10.31
1.35
-6.33
18.18
13.42
0.79
-1.11
-8.07
-9.81
¦12.06
9.08
NA
0.01
¦25.51
6.76
¦14.48
-3.C
¦19.69
10.46
¦10.61
5.83
1.36
Appendix B
B-2
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-l. Cloud Water Analytical Data for 2011 Sampling Season (2 of 2)
I
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8/20/2011
22.23
227
0.138
4.60
4.13
4.08
144.2
153.3
303.009
58.962
34.107
11.641
443.142
521.944
349.97
21.521
924.993
934.038
893.439
3.47
4.44
8/21/2011
20.20
864
0.228
5.87
4.55
4.83
80.9
72.6
122.212
19.970
23.389
6.659
322.844
236.155
191.55
13.454
523.257
509.864
441.160
17.03
14.45
8/30/2011
1.09
138
0.254
4.70
4.33
4.11
89.5
108.5
111.632
29.636
30.896
2.376
358.969
433.045
189.90
26.937
580.283
611.134
649.890
-11.32
-6.15
9/1/2011
7.32
255
0.208
2.17
4.80
4.61
137.1
181.6
656.220
146.630
24.112
20.826
487.978
646.444
628.69
26.458
1351.615
1360.314
1301.598
3.77
4.41
9/4/2011
4.86
600
0.289
3.05
4.70
4.49
72.8
77.5
75.253
28.707
44.106
4.320
315.204
288.349
136.14
19.547
487.543
499.950
444.045
9.34
11.84
9/5/2011
1.71
184
0.244
5.00
4.16
3.97
83.9
93.3
50.002
18.089
41.274
3.880
207.756
267.030
136.93
28.545
390.184
428.153
432.509
-10.29
-1.01
9/6/2011
0.19
91
0.609
4.50
4.58
4.40
30.7
29.6
36.402
11.529
10.915
2.240
27.322
81.258
42.765
11.339
114.711
128.219
135.362
-16.52
-5.42
9/7/2011
15.85
3357
0.381
1.69
5.41
4.86
13.1
5.7
3.421
1.362
0.882
0.286
5.340
12.617
7.711
0.903
15.182
25.095
21.230
-33.22
16.69
9/8/2011
21.98
1775
0.319
1.75
4.68
4.43
39.3
41.9
28.087
10.441
26.463
1.826
114.752
132.016
65.111
15.626
202.462
218.723
212.754
-4.96
2.77
9/9/2011
7.20
609
0.245
3.19
5.57
5.02
27.6
14.3
3.246
1.433
2.106
1.128
77.327
38.599
38.910
4.005
87.931
94.790
81.514
7.57
15.06
9/15/2011
1.86
882
0.689
4.60
4.90
4.52
17.4
13.9
4.465
1.141
14.855
0.402
3.798
25.462
18.919
6.205
37.250
54.860
50.587
-30.37
8.10
9/16/2011
7.77
818
0.424
1.72
5.24
5.08
9.2
11.5
10.761
2.913
1.870
1.266
32.291
35.018
20.347
1.890
54.857
57.420
57.255
-4.28
0.29
Volume Weighted Mean
94.942
25.125
30.176
7.799
253.025
278.454
148.47
21.582
469.028
463.798
448.515
-1.62
3.14
Note: NA
I
not available
invalid
Appendix B
B-3
AA1EC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-2. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - Reference Samples (1 of 3)
Lab pH
NH
4 ~N
SO4
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
STD
Units
Found
STD
Units
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
LI07023
L107023-SRM1
4.28
4.31
100.7
L106046
L106046-SRM1
0.760
0.7759
102.1
L107001
L107001-SRM1
9.0
8.90
98.9
LI07023
L107023-SRM2
4.28
4.32
100.9
L106046
L106046-SRM2
0.760
0.7993
105.2
L107001
L107001-SRM2
9.0
8.84
98.3
L108010
L108010-SRM1
7.65
7.64
99.9
L108008
L108008-SRM1
0.760
0.7773
102.3
L108012
L108012-SRM1
9.0
8.98
99.8
L108010
L108010-SRM2
7.65
7.63
99.7
L108008
L108008-SRM2
0.760
0.7849
103.3
L108012
L108012-SRM2
9.0
8.91
99.0
L108056
L108056-SRM1
4.28
4.30
100.5
L108023
L108023-SRM1
0.760
0.7622
100.3
L108054
L108054-SRM1
9.0
8.89
98.8
L108056
L108056-SRM2
4.28
4.31
100.7
L108023
L108023-SRM2
0.760
0.7525
99.0
L108054
L108054-SRM2
9.0
8.96
99.6
L109030
L109030-SRM1
7.65
7.60
99.3
L108050
L108050-SRM1
0.760
0.7827
103.0
L108054
L108054-SRM3
9.0
9.08
100.9
L109030
L109030-SRM2
7.65
7.61
99.5
L108050
L108050-SRM2
0.760
0.7999
105.3
L108054
L108054-SRM4
9.0
9.17
101.9
LI 10041
L110041-SRM1
9.01
9.00
99.9
L109037
L109037-SRM1
0.760
0.7756
102.1
L109040
L109040-SRM1
9.0
8.94
99.3
LI 10041
L110041-SRM2
9.01
9.00
99.9
L109037
L109037-SRM2
0.760
0.7932
104.4
L109040
L109040-SRM2
9.0
9.08
100.9
LI 10021
L110021-SRM1
0.760
0.7582
99.8
LI 10023
L110023-SRM1
9.0
9.07
100.7
LI 10021
L110021-SRM2
0.760
0.7590
99.9
LI 10023
L110023-SRM2
9.0
8.89
98.8
Mean
100.1
Mean
102.2
Mean
99.7
Standard Deviation
0.56
Standard Deviation
2.13
Standard Deviation
1.11
Count
10
Count
12
Count
12
Appendix B
B-4
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-2. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - Re:
no3
-N
CI
Ca2+
Batch
Target
Found
Percent
Batch
Target
Found
Percent
Batch
Target
Found
Percent
Number
Lab Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Number
Lab Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Number
Lab Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
LI07001
L107001-SRM1
1.6
1.62
101.1
LI07001
L107001-SRM1
0.93
0.969
104.2
L107003
L107003-SRM1
0.054
0.0526
97.4
LI 07001
L107001-SRM2
1.6
1.60
100.2
LI07001
L107001-SRM2
0.93
0.968
104.1
L107003
LI 07003-SRM2
0.054
0.0531
98.4
L108012
L108012-SRM1
1.6
1.63
101.6
L108012
L108012-SRM1
0.94
0.985
104.8
L108013
L108013-SRM1
0.054
0.0536
99.3
L108012
L108012-SRM2
1.6
1.59
99.1
L108012
L108012-SRM2
0.94
0.953
101.4
L108013
L108013-SRM2
0.054
0.0537
99.5
L108054
L108054-SRM1
1.6
1.61
100.7
L108054
L108054-SRM1
0.94
0.980
104.3
L108051
L108051-SRM1
0.054
0.0536
99.3
L108054
L108054-SRM2
1.6
1.56
97.3
L108054
L108054-SRM2
0.94
0.939
99.9
L108051
L108051-SRM2
0.054
0.0531
98.3
L108054
L108054-SRM3
1.6
1.63
101.6
L108054
L108054-SRM3
0.94
0.973
103.5
L109041
L109041-SRM1
0.054
0.0530
98.1
L108054
L108054-SRM4
1.6
1.63
101.7
L108054
L108054-SRM4
0.94
0.970
103.2
L109041
L109041-SRM2
0.054
0.0541
100.2
LI09040
L109040-SRM1
1.6
1.61
100.8
L109040
L109040-SRM1
0.94
0.978
104.0
LI 10024
L110024-SRM1
0.054
0.0538
99.6
LI09040
L109040-SRM2
1.6
1.66
103.8
LI09040
L109040-SRM2
0.94
0.980
104.3
LI 10024
L110024-SRM2
0.054
0.0538
99.6
LI 10023
LI 10023-SRM1
1.6
1.61
100.4
LI 10023
L110023-SRM1
0.94
0.975
103.7
LI 10023
LI 10023-SRM2
1.6
1.61
100.3
LI 10023
L110023-SRM2
0.94
0.981
104.4
Mean
100.7
Mean
103.5
Mean
99.0
Standard Deviation
1.57
Standard Deviation
1.42
Standard Deviation
0.89
Count
12
Count
12
Count
10
erence Samples (2 of 3)
Appendix B
B-5
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-2. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - Re:
Mg2+
Na+
K+
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L107003
L107003-SRM1
0.052
0.0532
102.4
L107003
L107003-SRM1
0.40
0.399
99.9
L107003
L107003-SRM1
0.100
0.0996
99.6
L107003
L107003-SRM2
0.052
0.0533
102.4
L107003
L107003-SRM2
0.40
0.405
101.2
L107003
L107003-SRM2
0.100
0.1001
100.1
L108013
L108013-SRM1
0.052
0.0539
103.6
L108013
L108013-SRM1
0.40
0.402
100.6
L108013
L108013-SRM1
0.100
0.0994
99.4
L108013
L108013-SRM2
0.052
0.0540
103.8
L108013
L108013-SRM2
0.40
0.395
98.8
L108013
L108013-SRM2
0.100
0.0983
98.3
L108051
L108051-SRM1
0.052
0.0537
103.2
L108051
L108051-SRM1
0.40
0.402
100.5
L108051
L108051-SRM1
0.100
0.0995
99.5
L108051
L108051-SRM2
0.052
0.0537
103.3
L108051
L108051-SRM2
0.40
0.395
98.7
L108051
L108051-SRM2
0.100
0.0982
98.2
L109041
L109041-SRM1
0.052
0.0526
101.1
L109041
L109041-SRM1
0.40
0.394
98.4
L109041
L109041-SRM1
0.100
0.1011
101.1
L109041
L109041-SRM2
0.052
0.0535
102.9
L109041
L109041-SRM2
0.40
0.402
100.4
L109041
L109041-SRM2
0.100
0.1010
101.0
LI 10024
L110024-SRM1
0.052
0.0543
104.4
LI 10024
L110024-SRM1
0.40
0.404
100.9
LI 10024
L110024-SRM1
0.100
0.1027
102.7
LI 10024
L110024-SRM2
0.052
0.0545
104.8
LI 10024
L110024-SRM2
0.40
0.402
100.6
LI 10024
L110024-SRM2
0.100
0.1027
102.7
Mean
103.2
Mean
100.0
Mean
100.3
Standard Deviation
1.07
Standard Deviation
0.99
Standard Deviation
1.59
Count
10
Count
10
Count
10
erence Samples (3 of 3)
Appendix B
B-6
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-3. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - CCV (1 of 3)
Lab pH
NH4 -N
sot
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
STD Units
Found Percent
STD Units Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L107023
L107023-CCV1
5.00
5.01
100.2
L106046
L106046-CCV1
1.0
1.0120
101.2
L107001
L107001-CCV1
2.50
2.491
99.6
L107023
LI 07023-CCV2
5.00
5.00
100.0
L106046
L106046-CCV2
1.0
0.9862
98.6
L107001
L107001-CCV2
2.50
2.459
98.4
L107023
LI 07023-CCV3
5.00
5.03
100.6
L106046
L106046-CCV3
1.0
1.0311
103.1
L107001
L107001-CCV3
2.50
2.541
101.6
L107023
LI 07023-CCV4
5.00
5.00
100.0
L106046
L106046-CCV4
1.0
1.0356
103.6
L107001
L107001-CCV4
2.50
2.479
99.2
L107023
LI 07023-CCV5
5.00
5.03
100.6
L106046
L106046-CCV5
1.0
1.0398
104.0
L108012
L108012-CCV1
2.50
2.477
99.1
L108010
L108010-CCV1
5.00
5.01
100.2
L108008
L108008-CCV1
1.0
1.0080
100.8
L108012
L108012-CCV2
2.50
2.455
98.2
L108010
L108010-CCV2
5.00
5.03
100.6
L108008
L108008-CCV2
1.0
1.0232
102.3
L108012
L108012-CCV3
2.50
2.495
99.8
L108010
L108010-CCV3
5.00
5.03
100.6
L108008
L108008-CCV3
1.0
0.9928
99.3
L108012
L108012-CCV4
2.50
2.481
99.2
L108056
L108056-CCV1
5.00
5.02
100.4
L108008
L108008-CCV4
1.0
0.9952
99.5
L108012
L108012-CCV5
2.50
2.481
99.2
L108056
L108056-CCV2
5.00
5.01
100.2
L108008
L108008-CCV5
1.0
1.0112
101.1
L108054
L108054-CCV1
2.50
2.436
97.4
L108056
L108056-CCV3
5.00
5.03
100.6
L108008
L108008-CCV6
1.0
1.0284
102.8
L108054
L108054-CCV2
2.50
2.407
96.3
L109030
L109030-CCV1
5.00
5.03
100.6
L108023
L108023-CCV1
1.0
0.9911
99.1
L108054
L108054-CCV3
2.50
2.399
96.0
L109030
L109030-CCV2
5.00
4.98
99.6
L108023
L108023-CCV2
1.0
0.9990
99.9
L108054
L108054-CCV4
2.50
2.398
95.9
L109030
L109030-CCV3
5.00
5.04
100.8
L108050
L108050-CCV1
1.0
1.0259
102.6
L108054
L108054-CCV5
2.50
2.495
99.8
L109030
L109030-CCV4
5.00
4.98
99.6
L108050
L108050-CCV2
1.0
1.0290
102.9
L108054
L108054-CCV6
2.50
2.436
97.4
LI 10041
L110041-CCV1
5.00
5.03
100.6
L108050
L108050-CCV3
1.0
1.0340
103.4
L109040
L109040-CCV1
2.50
2.449
98.0
LI 10041
L110041-CCV2
5.00
5.02
100.4
L108050
L108050-CCV4
1.0
1.0338
103.4
L109040
L109040-CCV2
2.50
2.449
98.0
L108050
L108050-CCV5
1.0
1.0313
103.1
L109040
L109040-CCV3
2.50
2.509
100.4
L109037
L109037-CCV1
1.0
1.0169
101.7
L109040
L109040-CCV4
2.50
2.468
98.7
L109037
L109037-CCV2
1.0
1.0111
101.1
L109040
L109040-CCV5
2.50
2.487
99.5
L109037
L109037-CCV3
1.0
1.0016
100.2
LI 10023
LI 10023-CCV1
2.50
2.499
100.0
L109037
L109037-CCV4
1.0
1.0281
102.8
LI10023
LI 10023-CCV2
2.50
2.457
98.3
L109037
L109037-CCV5
1.0
1.0269
102.7
L109037
L109037-CCV6
1.0
1.0377
103.8
LI 10021
L110021-CCV1
1.0
0.9876
98.8
LI 10021
L110021-CCV2
1.0
0.9887
98.9
Mean
100.3
Mean
101.6
Mean
98.6
Standard Deviation
0.36
Standard Deviation
1.78
Standard Deviation
1.44
Count
17
Count
26
Count
22
Appendix B
B-7
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-3. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - CCV (2 of 3)
no3 -n
CI
2+
Ca
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L107001
L107001-CCV1
0.50
0.498
99.6
L107001
L107001-CCV1
0.50
0.490
98.0
L107003
L107003-CCV1
0.50
0.4974
99.5
L107001
L107001-CCV2
0.50
0.500
100.0
L107001
L107001-CCV2
0.50
0.497
99.4
L107003
L107003-CCV2
0.50
0.5017
100.3
L107001
L107001-CCV3
0.50
0.511
102.2
L107001
L107001-CCV3
0.50
0.494
98.8
L107003
L107003-CCV3
0.50
0.4963
99.3
L107001
L107001-CCV4
0.50
0.503
100.6
L107001
L107001-CCV4
0.50
0.509
101.8
L108013
L108013-CCV1
0.50
0.4949
99.0
L108012
L108012-CCV1
0.50
0.502
100.4
L108012
L108012-CCV1
0.50
0.502
100.4
L108013
L108013-CCV2
0.50
0.4977
99.5
L108012
L108012-CCV2
0.50
0.504
100.8
L108012
L108012-CCV2
0.50
0.510
102.0
L108013
L108013-CCV3
0.50
0.5071
101.4
L108012
L108012-CCV3
0.50
0.503
100.6
L108012
L108012-CCV3
0.50
0.505
101.0
L108013
L108013-CCV4
0.50
0.4961
99.2
L108012
L108012-CCV4
0.50
0.496
99.2
L108012
L108012-CCV4
0.50
0.493
98.6
L108051
L108051-CCV1
0.50
0.5074
101.5
L108012
L108012-CCV5
0.50
0.495
99.0
L108012
L108012-CCV5
0.50
0.489
97.8
L108051
L108051-CCV2
0.50
0.4987
99.7
L108054
L108054-CCV1
0.50
0.496
99.2
L108054
L108054-CCV1
0.50
0.495
99.0
L108051
L108051-CCV3
0.50
0.4949
99.0
L108054
L108054-CCV2
0.50
0.483
96.6
L108054
L108054-CCV2
0.50
0.501
100.2
L108051
L108051-CCV4
0.50
0.4974
99.5
L108054
L108054-CCV3
0.50
0.484
96.8
L108054
L108054-CCV3
0.50
0.490
98.0
L109041
LI 09041-CCV1
0.50
0.4939
98.8
L108054
L108054-CCV4
0.50
0.484
96.8
L108054
L108054-CCV4
0.50
0.478
95.6
L109041
L109041-CCV2
0.50
0.5094
101.9
L108054
L108054-CCV5
0.50
0.509
101.8
L108054
L108054-CCV5
0.50
0.484
96.8
L109041
L109041-CCV3
0.50
0.5044
100.9
L108054
L108054-CCV6
0.50
0.500
100.0
L108054
L108054-CCV6
0.50
0.493
98.6
L109041
L109041-CCV4
0.50
0.5021
100.4
L109040
L109040-CCV1
0.50
0.501
100.2
L109040
L109040-CCV1
0.50
0.506
101.2
LI 10024
L110024-CCV1
0.50
0.5022
100.4
L109040
L109040-CCV2
0.50
0.505
101.0
L109040
L109040-CCV2
0.50
0.510
102.0
LI 10024
L110024-CCV2
0.50
0.5023
100.5
L109040
L109040-CCV3
0.50
0.508
101.6
L109040
L109040-CCV3
0.50
0.500
100.0
L109040
L109040-CCV4
0.50
0.510
102.0
L109040
L109040-CCV4
0.50
0.510
102.0
L109040
L109040-CCV5
0.50
0.516
103.2
L109040
L109040-CCV5
0.50
0.505
101.0
LI 10023
LI 10023-CCV1
0.50
0.501
100.2
LI 10023
LI 10023-CCV1
0.50
0.502
100.4
LI 10023
L110023-CCV2
0.50
0.501
100.2
LI 10023
LI 10023-CCV2
0.50
0.501
100.2
Mean
100.1
Mean
99.7
Mean
100.0
Standard Deviation
1.72
Standard Deviation
1.77
Standard Deviation
0.96
Count
22
Count
22
Count
17
Appendix B
B-8
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-3. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cloud Samples - CCV (3 of 3)
2+
Mg
Na+
+
K
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
Number
Lab Key
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L107003
L107003-CCV1
0.50
0.5007
100.1
L107003
L107003-CCV1
0.50
0.4979
99.6
L107003
L107003-CCV1
0.50
0.4970
99.4
L107003
L107003-CCV2
0.50
0.5017
100.3
L107003
L107003-CCV2
0.50
0.5006
100.1
L107003
L107003-CCV2
0.50
0.5011
100.2
L107003
L107003-CCV3
0.50
0.4953
99.1
L107003
L107003-CCV3
0.50
0.4957
99.1
L107003
L107003-CCV3
0.50
0.4936
98.7
L108013
L108013-CCV1
0.50
0.4956
99.1
L108013
L108013-CCV1
0.50
0.4941
98.8
L108013
L108013-CCV1
0.50
0.4960
99.2
L108013
L108013-CCV2
0.50
0.4989
99.8
L108013
L108013-CCV2
0.50
0.4967
99.3
L108013
L108013-CCV2
0.50
0.4992
99.8
L108013
L108013-CCV3
0.50
0.5050
101.0
L108013
L108013-CCV3
0.50
0.5067
101.3
L108013
L108013-CCV3
0.50
0.5071
101.4
L108013
L108013-CCV4
0.50
0.5003
100.1
L108013
L108013-CCV4
0.50
0.4965
99.3
L108013
L108013-CCV4
0.50
0.4955
99.1
L108051
L108051-CCV1
0.50
0.5015
100.3
L108051
L108051-CCV1
0.50
0.5065
101.3
L108051
L108051-CCV1
0.50
0.5082
101.6
L108051
L108051-CCV2
0.50
0.4967
99.3
L108051
L108051-CCV2
0.50
0.4978
99.6
L108051
L108051-CCV2
0.50
0.4993
99.9
L108051
L108051-CCV3
0.50
0.4951
99.0
L108051
L108051-CCV3
0.50
0.4942
98.8
L108051
L108051-CCV3
0.50
0.4956
99.1
L108051
L108051-CCV4
0.50
0.4979
99.6
L108051
L108051-CCV4
0.50
0.4974
99.5
L108051
L108051-CCV4
0.50
0.4959
99.2
L109041
L109041-CCV1
0.50
0.4885
97.7
L109041
L109041-CCV1
0.50
0.4938
98.8
L109041
LI 09041-CCV1
0.50
0.4961
99.2
L109041
L109041-CCV2
0.50
0.5091
101.8
L109041
L109041-CCV2
0.50
0.5092
101.8
L109041
L109041-CCV2
0.50
0.5061
101.2
L109041
L109041-CCV3
0.50
0.4995
99.9
L109041
L109041-CCV3
0.50
0.5043
100.9
L109041
L109041-CCV3
0.50
0.5040
100.8
L109041
L109041-CCV4
0.50
0.4999
100.0
L109041
L109041-CCV4
0.50
0.5012
100.2
L109041
L109041-CCV4
0.50
0.5012
100.2
LI 10024
L110024-CCV1
0.50
0.5034
100.7
LI 10024
L110024-CCV1
0.50
0.5026
100.5
LI 10024
L110024-CCV1
0.50
0.5009
100.2
LI 10024
L110024-CCV2
0.50
0.4987
99.7
LI 10024
L110024-CCV2
0.50
0.5001
100.0
LI 10024
L110024-CCV2
0.50
0.5014
100.3
Mean
99.9
Mean
99.9
Mean
100.0
Standard Deviation
0.91
Standard Deviation
0.95
Standard Deviation
0.89
Count
17
Count
17
Count
17
Appendix B
B-9
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
"able B-4. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Replicate Summary for Cloud Samples (1 of 3)
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
SO4
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1124008-01
1125020-01
1134010-01
1136015-01
1136019-01
1137018-01
L107001-DUP1
L108012-DUP1
L108054-DUP1
L109040-DUP3
L109040-DUP4
L110023-DUP1
CLD303
CLD303
CLD303
CLD303
CLD303
CLD303
6/30/2011
8/4/2011
8/30/2011
9/29/2011
9/29/2011
10/14/2011
16.190
4.531
25.070
12.830
1.854
1.682
16.130
4.574
25.090
12.980
1.854
1.711
0.37%
0.95%
0.08%
1.17%
0.00%
1.72%
Mean Percent Difference
Standard Deviation
0.72%
0.007
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
NOj - N
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1124008-01
L107001-DUP1
CLD303
6/30/2011
3.180
3.191
0.35%
1125020-01
L108012-DUP1
CLD303
8/4/2011
0.955
0.959
0.42%
1134010-01
L108054-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
4.902
4.921
0.39%
1136015-01
L109040-DUP3
CLD303
9/29/2011
1.918
1.914
0.21%
1136019-01
L109040-DUP4
CLD303
9/29/2011
0.545
0.548
0.55%
1137018-01
L110023-DUP1
CLD303
10/14/2011
0.285
0.289
1.40%
Mean Percent Difference
Standard Deviation
0.55%
0.004
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
CI
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1124008-01
L107001-DUP1
CLD303
6/30/2011
1.330
1.356
1.95%
1125020-01
L108012-DUP1
CLD303
8/4/2011
2.134
2.126
0.37%
1134010-01
L108054-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
0.763
0.765
0.26%
1136015-01
L109040-DUP3
CLD303
9/29/2011
1.012
1.006
0.59%
1136019-01
L109040-DUP4
CLD303
9/29/2011
0.142
0.140
1.41%
1137018-01
L110023-DUP1
CLD303
10/14/2011
0.067
0.067
0.00%
Mean Percent Difference
Standard Deviation
0.77%
0.008
Appendix B
B-10
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-4. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Replicate Summary for Cloud Samples (2 of 3)
NH
4~N
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1123015-01
L106046-DUP1
CLD303
6/30/2011
4.8940
4.8960
0.04%
1125020-01
L108008-DUP1
CLD303
8/4/2011
0.5533
0.5490
0.78%
1127010-01
L108023-DUP1
CLD303
8/15/2011
5.3700
5.3420
0.52%
1129011-01
L108050-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
2.3540
2.3520
0.08%
1135012-01
L109037-DUP3
CLD303
9/29/2011
4.4150
4.4380
0.52%
1136017-01
L109037-DUP4
CLD303
9/29/2011
0.0748
0.0733
2.01%
1137018-01
L110021-DUP1
CLD303
10/14/2011
0.4523
0.4509
0.31%
Mean Percent Difference
0.61%
Standard Deviation
0.007
Ca2+
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1125015-01
L107003-DUP1
CLD303
7/1/2011
0.9402
0.9271
1.39%
1125020-01
L108013-DUP1
CLD303
8/5/2011
0.6204
0.6177
0.44%
1130010-01
L108051-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
0.1832
0.1838
0.33%
1136015-01
L109041-DUP3
CLD303
9/30/2011
1.0020
0.9990
0.30%
1136019-01
L109041-DUP4
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.0651
0.0659
1.29%
1137018-01
L110024-DUP1
CLD303
10/17/2011
0.2156
0.2149
0.32%
Mean Percent Difference
0.68%
Standard Deviation
0.005
Mg2+
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1125015-01
L107003-DUP1
CLD303
7/1/2011
0.2175
0.2176
0.05%
1125020-01
L108013-DUP1
CLD303
8/5/2011
0.2339
0.2331
0.34%
1130010-01
L108051-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
0.0385
0.0387
0.62%
1136015-01
L109041-DUP3
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.2198
0.2201
0.14%
1136019-01
L109041-DUP4
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.0174
0.0174
0.00%
1137018-01
L110024-DUP1
CLD303
10/17/2011
0.0354
0.0350
1.13%
Mean Percent Difference
0.38%
Standard Deviation
0.004
Appendix B
B-ll
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table B-4. Cloud Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Replicate Summary for Cloud Samples (3 of 3)
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Na+
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1125015-01
L107003-DUP1
CLD303
7/1/2011
0.9830
0.9770
0.61%
1125020-01
L108013-DUP1
CLD303
8/5/2011
1.4180
1.4010
1.20%
1130010-01
L108051-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
0.1207
0.1221
1.16%
1136015-01
L109041-DUP3
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.9489
0.9534
0.47%
1136019-01
L109041-DUP4
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.0484
0.0489
1.03%
1137018-01
L110024-DUP1
CLD303
10/17/2011
0.0430
0.0430
0.07%
Mean Percent Difference 0 .76%
Standard Deviation 0.004
K+
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1125015-01
L107003-DUP1
CLD303
7/1/2011
0.2796
0.2784
0.43%
1125020-01
L108013-DUP1
CLD303
8/5/2011
0.2492
0.2480
0.48%
1130010-01
L108051-DUP1
CLD303
8/30/2011
0.0525
0.0542
3.18%
1136015-01
L109041-DUP3
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.1517
0.1521
0.26%
1136019-01
L109041-DUP4
CLD303
9/30/2011
0.0441
0.0445
0.91%
1137018-01
L110024-DUP1
CLD303
10/17/2011
0.0495
0.0490
1.01%
Mean Percent Difference
1.05%
Standard Deviation
0.011
pH
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Station ID
Analysis Date
Sample Result
Replicate Result
Absolute RPD
1124007-01
L107023-DUP2
CLD303
7/14/2011
4.44
4.44
0.00%
1128014-01
L108010-DUP1
CLD303
8/5/2011
3.96
3.96
0.00%
1134012-01
L108056-DUP1
CLD303
8/31/2011
4.83
4.87
0.83%
1136019-01
L109030-DUP2
CLD303
9/23/2011
5.02
5.04
0.40%
1137018-01
L110041-DUP1
CLD303
10/27/2011
5.08
5.06
0.39%
Mean Percent Difference
0.32%
Standard Deviation
0.003
Appendix B
B-12
AA1EC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Appendix C
Filter Pack Data and QC Summary
Appendix C
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Filter Pack Data and QC Summary
Table C-l presents the total microgram data for each filter type from each sample.
Table C-2 presents the results of the analyses of the laboratory filter blank samples. Laboratory
filter blanks are prepared weekly while the filter packs are being prepared for the field. Each
laboratory blank is prepared using filters from the same lot of filters used to prepare the field filter
packs. The analytical results of the laboratory blanks demonstrate no significant contamination.
There is one laboratory blank for the Teflon filters with minor hits for calcium and sodium. The
field and laboratory blank results indicate that logistical and analytical processes did not contribute
to the measured analytes.
The QC results for all parameters are within the measurement criteria of the CASTNET program
(MACTEC, 2011). Tables C-3 through C-5 summarize the reference sample QC data for each
filter type and parameter in each analytical batch. Each reference sample is a NIST-traceable
solution in a matrix similar to the filter sample extracts. An independent laboratory supplies these
reference samples with a certificate of analysis stating the known or target value. A reference
sample is analyzed at the beginning and end of each analytical batch to verify the accuracy and
stability of the instrument response. The QC limits require the measured value be within ± 5
percent of the known value for anions and within ±10 percent of the known value for cations. The
data from all reference samples analyzed with the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN
(GSR420) samples are within the CASTNET QC criteria.
Summary statistics from the analysis of CCV for each parameter and filter type are presented in
Table C-6. A CCV is a NIST-traceable solution supplied in a matrix similar to that of the sample
being analyzed with a target value at approximately the midpoint of the calibration curve. This QC
solution is supplied to AMEC by a second independent laboratory. A CCV is analyzed after every
10 environmental samples to verify that the instrument calibration has not drifted more than ± 5
percent for anions and base cations, and ±10 percent for NH4. All CCV analyzed with the
GSR420 samples are within the CASTNET QC criteria.
Table C-l summarizes the percent difference of replicate samples reanalyzed within the same
analytical batch. Samples are randomly selected from each analytical batch for replicate analysis.
This table presents only the GRS420 samples that were replicated. The replicate percent difference
criterion is ± 20 percent for all analytes.
Appendix C
C-l
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-l. Dry Deposition Filter Concentrations for 2011 Sampling Season - GRS420, TN
Teflon
Nylon
Cellulose
Teflon
2-
so4
N03-N
2-
so4
NO3-N
2-
so4
nh|-n
2+
Ca
2+
Mg
Na+
+
K
a
Sample No.
Station ID
Filter Date
T.Jtg
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
T.Jig
1122001-35
GRS420
31-May-11
183.40
0.67
17.92
18.51
63.26
42.37
15.58
2.82
5.74
4.02
0.50U
1123001-35
GRS420
07-Jun-ll
142.60
0.76
9.67
11.46
31.20
39.99
6.57
1.23
2.25
3.20
0.50U
1124001-35
GRS420
14-Jun-ll
86.47
0.40
21.95
9.38
38.62
18.49
4.78
1.15
3.55
2.42
0.50U
1125001-35
GRS420
21-Jun-ll
64.05
0.37
13.16
6.90
14.20
12.57
3.59
0.93
3.66
2.48
0.50U
1126001-35
GRS420
28-Jun-ll
105.30
0.97
21.80
11.76
71.42
25.26
9.35
1.50
0.89
3.30
0.50U
1127001-35
GRS420
05-Jul-ll
116.50
0.44
10.64
8.69
13.86
27.82
4.18
0.86
1.86
3.26
0.50U
1128001-35
GRS420
12-Jul-11
112.30
1.61
25.25
10.32
35.02
22.29
3.96
2.07
12.68
2.56
0.50U
1129001-35
GRS420
19-Jul-11
195.10
0.20U
19.56
10.82
20.18
40.77
7.05
1.46
3.64
1.88
0.50U
1130001-35
GRS420
26-Jul-ll
152.10
0.21
19.62
8.46
26.41
36.97
4.16
0.78
1.35
1.46
0.50U
1131001-35
GRS420
02-Aug-11
111.50
0.93
14.86
8.19
42.18
27.70
6.12
0.90
1.36
1.66
0.50U
1132001-35
GRS420
09-Aug-11
111.20
0.39
25.08
10.39
46.86
25.17
7.35
1.07
0.89
1.92
0.50U
1133001-35
GRS420
16-Aug-ll
119.70
0.52
12.91
8.20
27.99
32.70
4.09
0.69
0.91
1.50
0.50U
1134001-35
GRS420
23-Aug-11
99.30
1.37
14.58
8.55
55.88
27.68
7.13
1.23
1.73
1.56
0.50U
1135001-35
GRS420
30-Aug-ll
102.10
1.19
6.83
6.99
15.10
28.00
4.47
0.84
2.54
1.50
0.50U
1136001-35
GRS420
06-Sep-ll
58.33
1.95
14.38
6.14
28.62
16.68
5.89
0.74
0.38
1.44
0.50U
1137001-35
GRS420
13-Sep-ll
57.51
0.52
9.24
6.67
15.52
14.18
3.78
0.63
0.75
2.11
0.50U
1138001-35
GRS420
20-Sep-l1
57.26
0.38
3.94
5.31
6.20
14.51
1.54
0.34
1.07
1.19
0.50U
1139001-35
GRS420
27-Sep-ll
39.98
3.11
10.82
4.36
42.40
12.13
9.02
1.25
0.68
1.41
0.50U
Note: U = value is less than detection limit
I = invalid
T.jLig = total micrograms
Appendix C
C-2
AA1EC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-2. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Laboratory Filter Pack Blanks - GRS420, TN (1 of 2)
Teflon
Nylon
Cellulose
Teflon
Analysis
2-
so4
\Oj-\
2-
so4
NOj-N
2-
so4
NH4-N
2+
Ca
2+
Mg
Na+
+
K
a
Lab Key
Date
T.Jtg
T.Jig
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
T-MS
1123002-01
22-Jun-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1123002-02
22-Jun-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1124002-01
29-Jun-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1124002-02
29-Jun-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1125002-01
07-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1125002-02
07-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1126002-01
13-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1126002-02
13-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1127002-02
20-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
1127002-02
20-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
1128002-01
27-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1128002-02
27-Jul-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1129002-01
03-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1129002-02
03-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1130002-01
10-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1130002-02
10-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
Appendix C
C-3
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-2. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Laboratory Filter Pack Blanks - GRS420, TN (2 of 2)
Teflon
Nylon
Cellulose
Teflon
2-
2-
2-
+
2+
2+
+
+
Analysis
so4
\Oj-\
so4
\Oj-\
so4
nh4-n
Ca
Mg
Na
K
a
Lab Key
Date
T.Jtg
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
T.jig
1131002-01
17-Aug-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1131002-02
17-Aug-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1132002-01
24-Aug-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
1132002-02
25-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
1133002-01
31-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1133002-02
31-Aug-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1134002-01
07-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1134002-02
07-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1135002-01
15-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1135002-02
15-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1136002-01
21-Sep-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1136002-02
21-Sep-11
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
0.3828
<0.075
0.1399
<0.15
<0.500
1137002-01
28-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1137002-02
28-Sep-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1138002-01
06-Oct-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
1138002-02
06-Oct-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
1139002-01
12-Oct-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
1139002-02
12-Oct-ll
<1.000
<0.200
<1.000
<0.200
<2.000
<0.500
<0.15
<0.075
<0.125
<0.15
<0.500
Note: T.jig = total micrograms
Appendix C
C-4
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-3. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Teflon Filters - Reference Samples -
GRS420, TN (1 of 3)
2-
so4
NO
3-N
NH4 -N
Target
Found
Percent
Target
Found
Percent
Target
Found
Percent
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
L106036
L106036-SRM1
9
8.919
99.10
L106036
L106036-SRM1
1.6
1.601
100.06
L106033
L106033-SRM1
0.75999
0.7755
102.04
L106036
L106036-SRM2
9
8.984
99.82
L106036
L106036-SRM2
1.6
1.614
100.88
L106033
L106033-SRM2
0.75999
0.7979
104.99
L106045
LI 06045-SRM1
9
8.912
99.02
L106045
LI 06045-SRM1
1.6
1.605
100.31
L106043
L106043-SRM1
0.75999
0.7746
101.92
L106045
LI 06045-SRM2
9
8.952
99.47
L106045
LI 06045-SRM2
1.6
1.618
101.13
L106043
L106043-SRM2
0.75999
0.7942
104.50
L107007
L107007-SRM1
9
8.948
99.42
L107007
L107007-SRM1
1.6
1.599
99.94
L107005
L107005-SRM1
0.75999
0.7715
101.51
L107007
L107007-SRM2
9
9.013
100.14
L107007
L107007-SRM2
1.6
1.616
101.00
L107005
L107005-SRM2
0.75999
0.7870
103.55
L107016
L107016-SRM1
9
8.908
98.98
L107016
L107016-SRM1
1.6
1.594
99.63
L107013
L107013-SRM1
0.75999
0.7783
102.41
L107016
L107016-SRM2
9
9.002
100.02
L107016
L107016-SRM2
1.6
1.604
100.25
L107013
L107013-SRM2
0.75999
0.7856
103.37
L107033
L107033-SRM1
9
8.921
99.12
L107033
L107033-SRM1
1.6
1.599
99.94
LI07031
L107031-SRM1
0.75999
0.7731
101.73
L107033
L107033-SRM2
9
9.079
100.88
L107033
L107033-SRM2
1.6
1.621
101.31
LI07031
L107031-SRM2
0.75999
0.7893
103.86
L108003
L108003-SRM1
9
8.904
98.93
L108003
L108003-SRM1
1.6
1.594
99.63
L108001
L108001-SRM1
0.75999
0.7829
103.01
L108003
L108003-SRM2
9
8.953
99.48
L108003
L108003-SRM2
1.6
1.599
99.94
L108001
L108001-SRM2
0.75999
0.7959
104.73
L108006
L108006-SRM1
9
8.954
99.49
L108006
L108006-SRM1
1.6
1.603
100.19
L108004
L108004-SRM1
0.75999
0.7710
101.45
L108006
L108006-SRM2
9
8.977
99.74
L108006
L108006-SRM2
1.6
1.611
100.69
L108004
L108004-SRM2
0.75999
0.7593
99.91
L108018
L108018-SRM1
9
8.918
99.09
L108018
L108018-SRM1
1.6
1.599
99.94
L108015
L108015-SRM1
0.75999
0.7802
102.66
L108018
L108018-SRM2
9
8.981
99.79
L108018
L108018-SRM2
1.6
1.610
100.63
L108015
L108015-SRM2
0.75999
0.7874
103.61
L108030
L108030-SRM1
9
8.900
98.89
L108030
L108030-SRM1
1.6
1.605
100.31
L108027
L108027-SRM1
0.75999
0.7995
105.20
L108030
L108030-SRM2
9
8.915
99.06
L108030
L108030-SRM2
1.6
1.610
100.63
L108027
L108027-SRM2
0.75999
0.8279
108.94
L108052
L108052-SRM1
9
8.912
99.02
L108052
L108052-SRM1
1.6
1.599
99.94
L108048
L108048-SRM1
0.75999
0.7858
103.40
L108052
L108052-SRM2
9
8.998
99.98
L108052
L108052-SRM2
1.6
1.618
101.13
L108048
L108048-SRM2
0.75999
0.7980
105.00
LI09001
L109001-SRM1
9
8.949
99.43
L109001
L109001-SRM1
1.6
1.609
100.56
L108053
L108053-SRM1
0.75999
0.7683
101.09
LI 09001
L109001-SRM2
9
8.992
99.91
L109001
L109001-SRM2
1.6
1.616
101.00
L108053
L108053-SRM2
0.75999
0.8080
106.32
L109009
L109009-SRM1
9
8.936
99.29
L109009
L109009-SRM1
1.6
1.605
100.31
L109005
L109005-SRM1
0.75999
0.7855
103.36
L109009
L109009-SRM2
9
8.961
99.57
L109009
L109009-SRM2
1.6
1.606
100.38
L109005
L109005-SRM2
0.75999
0.8117
106.80
L109017
L109017-SRM1
9
8.972
99.69
L109017
L109017-SRM1
1.6
1.606
100.38
L109013
L109013-SRM1
0.75999
0.7736
101.79
L109017
L109017-SRM2
9
9.209
102.32
L109017
L109017-SRM2
1.6
1.651
103.19
L109013
L109013-SRM2
0.75999
0.8150
107.24
L109025
LI 09025-SRM1
9
8.959
99.54
L109025
LI 09025-SRM1
1.6
1.599
99.94
LI09023
L109023-SRM1
0.75999
0.7848
103.26
L109025
LI 09025-SRM2
9
9.066
100.73
L109025
LI 09025-SRM2
1.6
1.616
101.00
LI09023
L109023-SRM2
0.75999
0.8122
106.87
LI09038
L109038-SRM1
9
8.918
99.09
L109038
L109038-SRM1
1.6
1.602
100.13
L109032
L109032-SRM1
0.75999
0.7805
102.70
LI09038
L109038-SRM2
9
8.988
99.87
L109038
L109038-SRM2
1.6
1.612
100.75
L109032
L109032-SRM2
0.75999
0.8186
107.71
L110016
L110016-SRM1
9
8.930
99.22
L110016
L110016-SRM1
1.6
1.603
100.19
L110014
L110014-SRM1
0.75999
0.7769
102.23
L110016
L110016-SRM2
9
8.988
99.87
L110016
L110016-SRM2
1.6
1.620
101.25
L110014
L110014-SRM2
0.75999
0.7946
104.55
LI 10022
L110022-SRM1
9
8.996
99.96
LI 10022
L110022-SRM1
1.6
1.616
101.00
L110018
L110018-SRM1
0.75999
0.7763
102.15
LI 10022
L110022-SRM2
9
9.193
102.14
LI 10022
L110022-SRM2
1.6
1.643
102.69
L110018
L110018-SRM2
0.75999
0.8027
105.62
Mean
99.71
Mean
100.59
Mean
103.81
Standard Deviation
0.80
Standard Deviation
0.76
Standard Deviation
2.12
Count
34
Count
34
Count
34
Appendix C
C-5
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
-------
Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-3. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Teflon Filters - Reference Samples -
GRS420, TN (2 of 3)
2+
Ca
2+
Mg
Na+
Target
Found
Percent
Target
Found
Percent
Target
Found
Percent
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
L106034
L106034-SRM1
0.054
0.05321
98.54
L106034
L106034-SRM1
0.052
0.05350
102.88
L106034
L106034-SRM1
0.4
0.4054
101.35
L106034
L106034-SRM2
0.054
0.05346
99.00
L106034
L106034-SRM2
0.052
0.05362
103.12
L106034
L106034-SRM2
0.4
0.4050
101.25
L106044
L106044-SRM1
0.054
0.05379
99.61
L106044
L106044-SRM1
0.052
0.05416
104.15
L106044
L106044-SRM1
0.4
0.3975
99.38
L106044
L106044-SRM2
0.054
0.05430
100.56
L106044
L106044-SRM2
0.052
0.05485
105.48
L106044
L106044-SRM2
0.4
0.4124
103.10
L107006
L107006-SRM1
0.054
0.05241
97.06
L107006
L107006-SRM1
0.052
0.05359
103.06
L107006
L107006-SRM1
0.4
0.4028
100.70
L107006
L107006-SRM2
0.054
0.05284
97.85
L107006
L107006-SRM2
0.052
0.05397
103.79
L107006
L107006-SRM2
0.4
0.4051
101.28
L107014
L107014-SRM1
0.054
0.05300
98.15
L107014
L107014-SRM1
0.052
0.05281
101.56
L107014
L107014-SRM1
0.4
0.4079
101.98
L107014
L107014-SRM2
0.054
0.05327
98.65
L107014
L107014-SRM2
0.052
0.05358
103.04
L107014
L107014-SRM2
0.4
0.4050
101.25
L107035
L107035-SRM1
0.054
0.05420
100.37
LI 07035
L107035-SRM1
0.052
0.05301
101.94
L107035
L107035-SRM1
0.4
0.3995
99.88
L107035
L107035-SRM2
0.054
0.05412
100.22
LI 07035
L107035-SRM2
0.052
0.05309
102.10
L107035
L107035-SRM2
0.4
0.4000
100.00
L107035
L107035-SRM3
0.054
0.05469
101.28
LI 07035
L107035-SRM3
0.052
0.05381
103.48
L107035
L107035-SRM3
0.4
0.3986
99.65
L108002
L108002-SRM1
0.054
0.05421
100.39
L108002
L108002-SRM1
0.052
0.05408
104.00
L108002
L108002-SRM1
0.4
0.4050
101.25
L108002
L108002-SRM2
0.054
0.05477
101.43
L108002
L108002-SRM2
0.052
0.05399
103.83
L108002
L108002-SRM2
0.4
0.4000
100.00
L108005
L108005-SRM1
0.054
0.05299
98.13
L108005
L108005-SRM1
0.052
0.05325
102.40
L108005
L108005-SRM1
0.4
0.3924
98.10
L108005
L108005-SRM2
0.054
0.05353
99.13
L108005
L108005-SRM2
0.052
0.05385
103.56
L108005
L108005-SRM2
0.4
0.3999
99.98
L108017
L108017-SRM1
0.054
0.05308
98.30
L108017
L108017-SRM1
0.052
0.05349
102.87
L108017
L108017-SRM1
0.4
0.3982
99.55
L108017
L108017-SRM2
0.054
0.05331
98.72
L108017
L108017-SRM2
0.052
0.05391
103.67
L108017
L108017-SRM2
0.4
0.3986
99.65
L108028
L108028-SRM1
0.054
0.05345
98.98
L108028
L108028-SRM1
0.052
0.05362
103.12
L108028
L108028-SRM1
0.4
0.4042
101.05
L108028
L108028-SRM2
0.054
0.05392
99.85
L108028
L108028-SRM2
0.052
0.05379
103.44
L108028
L108028-SRM2
0.4
0.4020
100.50
L108049
L108049-SRM1
0.054
0.05340
98.89
L108049
L108049-SRM1
0.052
0.05255
101.06
L108049
L108049-SRM1
0.4
0.3961
99.03
L108049
L108049-SRM2
0.054
0.05369
99.43
L108049
L108049-SRM2
0.052
0.05335
102.60
L108049
L108049-SRM2
0.4
0.3989
99.73
L108057
L108057-SRM1
0.054
0.05374
99.52
L108057
L108057-SRM1
0.052
0.05308
102.08
L108057
L108057-SRM1
0.4
0.4035
100.88
L108057
L108057-SRM2
0.054
0.05370
99.44
L108057
L108057-SRM2
0.052
0.05347
102.83
L108057
L108057-SRM2
0.4
0.3976
99.40
L109007
L109007-SRM1
0.054
0.05295
98.06
L109007
L109007-SRM1
0.052
0.05340
102.69
L109007
L109007-SRM1
0.4
0.4016
100.40
L109007
L109007-SRM2
0.054
0.05322
98.56
L109007
L109007-SRM2
0.052
0.05395
103.75
L109007
L109007-SRM2
0.4
0.4043
101.08
L109015
L109015-SRM1
0.054
0.05358
99.22
L109015
L109015-SRM1
0.052
0.05409
104.02
L109015
L109015-SRM1
0.4
0.4099
102.48
L109015
L109015-SRM2
0.054
0.05331
98.72
L109015
L109015-SRM2
0.052
0.05387
103.60
L109015
L109015-SRM2
0.4
0.4028
100.70
L109024
L109024-SRM1
0.054
0.05326
98.63
LI09024
L109024-SRM1
0.052
0.05406
103.96
L109024
L109024-SRM1
0.4
0.4063
101.58
L109024
L109024-SRM2
0.054
0.05280
97.78
LI09024
L109024-SRM2
0.052
0.05437
104.56
L109024
L109024-SRM2
0.4
0.4020
100.50
L109035
L109035-SRM1
0.054
0.05388
99.78
LI09035
L109035-SRM1
0.052
0.05396
103.77
L109035
L109035-SRM1
0.4
0.4028
100.70
L109035
L109035-SRM2
0.054
0.05434
100.63
LI 09035
L109035-SRM2
0.052
0.05435
104.52
L109035
L109035-SRM2
0.4
0.4051
101.28
LI 10015
L110015-SRM1
0.054
0.05506
101.96
LI 10015
L110015-SRM1
0.052
0.05470
105.19
LI 10015
L110015-SRM1
0.4
0.4046
101.15
LI 10015
L110015-SRM2
0.054
0.05502
101.89
LI 10015
L110015-SRM2
0.052
0.05467
105.13
LI 10015
L110015-SRM2
0.4
0.4050
101.25
LI 10020
L110020-SRM1
0.054
0.05303
98.20
LI 10020
L110020-SRM1
0.052
0.05371
103.29
LI 10020
L110020-SRM1
0.4
0.4015
100.38
LI 10020
L110020-SRM2
0.054
0.05487
101.61
LI 10020
L110020-SRM2
0.052
0.05405
103.94
LI 10020
L110020-SRM2
0.4
0.3963
99.08
Mean
99.39
Mean
103.38
Mean
100.56
Standard Deviation
1.25
Standard Deviation
1.00
Standard Deviation
1.03
Count
35
Count
35
Count
35
Appendix C
C-6
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-3. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Teflon Filters - Reference Samples -
GRS420, TN (3 of 3)
Batch
QC Key
+
K
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
a
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L107014
L107014-SRM2
0.1
0.1016
101.60
L107016
L107016-SRM2
0.9400
0.9669
102.86
L107035
L107035-SRM1
0.1
0.1033
103.30
L107033
L107033-SRM1
0.9400
0.9591
102.03
L107035
L107035-SRM2
0.1
0.1019
101.90
L107033
L107033-SRM2
0.9400
0.9656
102.72
L107035
L107035-SRM3
0.1
0.1008
100.80
L108003
L108003-SRM1
0.9400
0.9576
101.87
L108002
L108002-SRM1
0.1
0.1002
100.20
L108003
L108003-SRM2
0.9400
0.9721
103.42
L108002
L108002-SRM2
0.1
0.0995
99.53
L108006
L108006-SRM1
0.9400
0.9525
101.33
L108005
L108005-SRM1
0.1
0.1032
103.20
L108006
L108006-SRM2
0.9400
0.9606
102.19
L108005
L108005-SRM2
0.1
0.1026
102.60
L108018
L108018-SRM1
0.9400
0.9619
102.33
L108017
L108017-SRM1
0.1
0.0994
99.36
L108018
L108018-SRM2
0.9400
0.9624
102.38
L108017
L108017-SRM2
0.1
0.1008
100.80
L108030
L108030-SRM1
0.9400
0.9652
102.68
L108028
L108028-SRM1
0.1
0.1010
101.00
L108030
L108030-SRM2
0.9400
0.9687
103.05
L108028
L108028-SRM2
0.1
0.1009
100.90
L108052
L108052-SRM1
0.9400
0.9702
103.21
L108049
L108049-SRM1
0.1
0.1020
102.00
L108052
L108052-SRM2
0.9400
0.9686
103.04
L108049
L108049-SRM2
0.1
0.1011
101.10
LI09001
L109001-SRM1
0.9400
0.9578
101.89
L108057
L108057-SRM1
0.1
0.1002
100.20
LI09001
L109001-SRM2
0.9400
0.9765
103.88
L108057
L108057-SRM2
0.1
0.0999
99.90
L109009
L109009-SRM1
0.9400
0.9684
103.02
L109007
L109007-SRM1
0.1
0.1007
100.70
L109009
L109009-SRM2
0.9400
0.9778
104.02
L109007
L109007-SRM2
0.1
0.0996
99.59
L109017
L109017-SRM1
0.9400
0.9666
102.83
L109015
L109015-SRM1
0.1
0.1000
99.99
L109017
L109017-SRM2
0.9400
0.9707
103.27
L109015
L109015-SRM2
0.1
0.1008
100.80
L109025
L109025-SRM1
0.9400
0.9614
102.28
L109024
L109024-SRM1
0.1
0.1030
103.00
L109025
L109025-SRM2
0.9400
0.9801
104.27
L109024
L109024-SRM2
0.1
0.1025
102.50
LI09038
L109038-SRM1
0.9400
0.9738
103.60
L109035
L109035-SRM1
0.1
0.1031
103.10
LI 09038
L109038-SRM2
0.9400
0.9719
103.39
L109035
L109035-SRM2
0.1
0.1009
100.90
L110016
L110016-SRM1
0.9400
0.9664
102.81
LI 10015
L110015-SRM1
0.1
0.1013
101.30
L110016
L110016-SRM2
0.9400
0.9789
104.14
LI 10015
L110015-SRM2
0.1
0.1014
101.40
LI 10022
L110022-SRM1
0.9400
0.9688
103.06
LI 10020
L110020-SRM1
0.1
0.1037
103.70
LI 10022
L110022-SRM2
0.9400
0.9760
103.83
LI 10020
L110020-SRM2
0.1
0.1029
102.90
Mean
Standard Deviation
Count
101.21
1.63
35
Mean
Standard Deviation
Count
102.98
0.96
34
Appendix C
C-7
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-4. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Nylon Filters - Reference Samples -
GRS420, TN
Batch
QC Key
2-
so4
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
Batch
QC Key
no3
Target
mg/L
Found
mg/L
Percent
Recovery
L106037
L106037-SRM1
9
8.830
98.11
L106037
L106037-SRM1
1.6
1.609
100.56
L106037
L106037-SRM2
9
8.888
98.75
L106037
L106037-SRM2
1.6
1.613
100.83
L107004
L107004-SRM1
9
8.941
99.34
L107004
L107004-SRM1
1.6
1.584
99.01
L107004
L107004-SRM2
9
8.805
97.83
L107004
L107004-SRM2
1.6
1.567
97.92
L107004
L107004-SRM3
9
8.804
97.82
L107004
L107004-SRM3
1.6
1.570
98.14
L107008
L107008-SRM1
9
8.919
99.10
L107008
L107008-SRM1
1.6
1.601
100.04
L107008
L107008-SRM2
9
9.184
102.05
L107008
L107008-SRM2
1.6
1.612
100.74
L107019
L107019-SRM1
9
8.830
98.11
L107019
L107019-SRM1
1.6
1.574
98.38
L107019
L107019-SRM2
9
9.052
100.57
L107019
L107019-SRM2
1.6
1.612
100.74
L107028
L107028-SRM1
9
8.888
98.75
L107028
L107028-SRM1
1.6
1.610
100.61
L107028
L107028-SRM2
9
8.942
99.36
L107028
L107028-SRM2
1.6
1.615
100.94
L107032
L107032-SRM1
9
8.944
99.38
L107032
L107032-SRM1
1.6
1.613
100.83
L107032
L107032-SRM2
9
8.897
98.86
L107032
L107032-SRM2
1.6
1.607
100.44
L108007
L108007-SRM1
9
8.875
98.61
L108007
L108007-SRM1
1.6
1.589
99.30
L108007
L108007-SRM2
9
8.928
99.20
L108007
L108007-SRM2
1.6
1.594
99.63
L108019
L108019-SRM1
9
8.863
98.48
L108019
L108019-SRM1
1.6
1.602
100.11
L108019
L108019-SRM2
9
8.870
98.56
L108019
L108019-SRM2
1.6
1.598
99.89
L108029
L108029-SRM1
9
8.862
98.47
L108029
L108029-SRM1
1.6
1.600
100.03
L108029
L108029-SRM2
9
8.812
97.91
L108029
L108029-SRM2
1.6
1.607
100.44
L108046
L108046-SRM1
9
8.891
98.79
L108046
L108046-SRM1
1.6
1.611
100.68
L108046
L108046-SRM2
9
8.877
98.63
L108046
L108046-SRM2
1.6
1.599
99.93
L109002
L109002-SRM1
9
8.883
98.70
L109002
L109002-SRM1
1.6
1.593
99.56
L109002
L109002-SRM2
9
8.928
99.20
L109002
L109002-SRM2
1.6
1.596
99.76
L109006
L109006-SRM1
9
8.994
99.93
L109006
L109006-SRM1
1.6
1.622
101.38
L109006
L109006-SRM2
9
8.904
98.93
L109006
L109006-SRM2
1.6
1.600
100.03
L109018
L109018-SRM1
9
8.853
98.36
L109018
L109018-SRM1
1.6
1.587
99.16
L109018
L109018-SRM2
9
8.971
99.68
L109018
L109018-SRM2
1.6
1.602
100.09
L109027
L109027-SRM1
9
8.898
98.86
L109027
L109027-SRM1
1.6
1.596
99.77
L109027
L109027-SRM2
9
8.936
99.29
L109027
L109027-SRM2
1.6
1.611
100.69
L109039
L109039-SRM1
9
8.835
98.17
L109039
L109039-SRM1
1.6
1.595
99.71
L109039
L109039-SRM2
9
9.095
101.05
L109039
L109039-SRM2
1.6
1.630
101.90
L109039
L109039-SRM3
9
9.129
101.43
L109039
L109039-SRM3
1.6
1.630
101.85
LI 10009
L110009-SRM1
9
8.919
99.10
LI 10009
L110009-SRM1
1.6
1.595
99.67
LI 10009
L110009-SRM2
9
9.212
102.35
LI 10009
L110009-SRM2
1.6
1.646
102.89
L110019
L110019-SRM1
9
8.894
98.83
L110019
L110019-SRM1
1.6
1.601
100.04
L110019
L110019-SRM2
9
9.013
100.15
L110019
L110019-SRM2
1.6
1.613
100.83
Mean
Standard Deviation
Count
99.19
1.11
36
Mean
Standard Deviation
Count
100.18
1.01
36
Appendix C
C-8
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-5. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - QC Batch Summary for Cellulose Filters -
Reference Samples - GRS420, TN
2-
so4
Target
Found
Percent
Batch
QC Key
mg/L
mg/L
Recovery
L106038
L106038-SRM1
9
8.916
99.06
L106038
L106038-SRM2
9
8.727
96.97
L107002
L107002-SRM1
9
9.082
100.91
L107002
L107002-SRM2
9
8.868
98.53
L107017
L107017-SRM1
9
8.942
99.36
L107017
L107017-SRM2
9
8.629
95.88
L107021
L107021-SRM1
9
8.797
97.74
L107021
L107021-SRM2
9
8.604
95.60
L107030
L107030-SRM1
9
8.833
98.14
L107030
L107030-SRM2
9
8.592
95.46
L107036
L107036-SRM1
9
8.824
98.04
L107036
L107036-SRM2
9
8.582
95.35
L108009
L108009-SRM1
9
8.836
98.18
L108009
L108009-SRM2
9
8.602
95.58
L108009
L108009-SRM3
9
8.794
97.71
L108020
L108020-SRM1
9
8.861
98.46
L108020
L108020-SRM2
9
8.828
98.09
L108032
L108032-SRM1
9
8.844
98.27
L108032
L108032-SRM2
9
8.662
96.24
L108032
L108032-SRM3
9
8.763
97.37
L108047
L108047-SRM1
9
8.863
98.47
L108047
L108047-SRM2
9
8.601
95.57
L109004
L109004-SRM1
9
8.857
98.41
L109004
L109004-SRM2
9
8.627
95.86
L109008
L109008-SRM1
9
8.869
98.54
L109008
L109008-SRM2
9
8.576
95.29
L109016
L109016-SRM1
9
8.889
98.77
L109016
L109016-SRM2
9
8.671
96.34
L109028
L109028-SRM1
9
8.856
98.40
L109028
L109028-SRM2
9
8.754
97.27
LI 10008
L110008-SRM1
9
8.908
98.98
LI 10008
L110008-SRM2
9
8.589
95.44
L110010
L110010-SRM1
9
8.915
99.06
L110010
L110010-SRM2
9
8.598
95.53
L110017
L110017-SRM1
9
8.917
99.07
L110017
L110017-SRM2
9
8.590
95.45
Mean
97.43
Standard Deviation
1.51
Count
36
Appendix C
C-9
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-6. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - CCV (%R) - GRS420, TN
Filter Type
Parameter
Mean
Standard Deviation
Count
Teflon
so2;
99.06
1.12
169
2
0
1
2
100.33
0.88
169
cr
101.23
0.92
169
NH^-N
102.49
1.84
169
Ca2+
100.43
0.78
175
Mg2+
100.02
0.72
175
Na+
99.11
0.90
175
K+
100.04
0.81
175
Nylon
so2;
99.65
1.73
187
2
0
1
100.64
1.02
187
Cellulose
so2;
98.07
1.23
137
Note: %R = percent recovery
Appendix C
C-10
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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Cloud Deposition Monitoring — Clingmans Dome, TN — Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2011
Table C-7. Dry Deposition 2011 Sampling Season - Replicate Summary - GRS420, TN
Sample
Replicate
Percent
Mean Percent
Standard
Sample No.
Replicate No.
Date
Parameter
Filter Type
Result
Result
Difference
Difference
Deviation
Count
1124001-35
L107002-DUP4
30-Jun-ll
so2;
Cellulose
38.6200
38.3500
0.70
NA
NA
1
1137001-35
L109035-DUP5
28-Sep-ll
Ca2+
Teflon
3.7800
3.7390
1.08
NA
NA
1
1137001-35
L109035-DUP5
28-Sep-ll
Mg2+
Teflon
0.6324
0.6311
0.21
NA
NA
1
1137001-35
L109035-DUP5
28-Sep-ll
K+
Teflon
2.1060
2.1010
0.24
NA
NA
1
1137001-35
L109035-DUP5
28-Sep-ll
Na+
Teflon
0.7470
0.7373
1.30
NA
NA
1
Note: NA = not applicable
Appendix C
C-ll
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
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