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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REPORT COVER AND PHOTO CREDITS

The map on the cover shows the boundaries of the Navajo Nation and Hopi Reservation on a shaded-relief map The Navajo Nation encompasses
approximately 27,000 square miles in portions of three states: Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. The map also shows the areas where uranium
was mined across the Navajo Nation. Abandoned uranium mines (AUM) with mapped locations are shown in yellow on the map. Uranium
mines were generally clustered in six regions of the Navajo Nation: North Central, Northern, Central, Eastern, Southern, and Western. The six
regions are shown in orange on the map.

Photos from each of the six regions are depicted on the cover (clockwise from top left):

North Central Region: West Mitten Butte located in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, Oljato Chapter, Utah. Photo courtesy of
TerraSpectra Geomatics (November 22, 2002).

Northern Region: Shiprock Peak (Tse' Bit' A'i' - Rock with Wings), a volcanic neck and dike located about 13 miles southwest of Ship-
rock, New Mexico in the Shiprock Chapter. Photo courtesy of TerraSpectra Geomatics (August 20, 2002).

Central Region: Spider Rock, an 800 foot red sandstone monolith located in Canyon de Chelly National Park, in the Chinle Chapter,
Arizona. Photo courtesy of TerraSpectra Geomatics (May 7, 2001).

Eastern Region: Church Rock is a steeple shaped sandstone pillar located in the Red Rock State Park, about 10 miles east of Gallup,
New Mexico, in Church Rock Chapter. Photo courtesy the McKinley Soil and Water Conservation District, USDA Service Center,
(Accessed on April 6, 2007 at \j'RLhttp://mckinleyswcd.com/chnrchrock.jpg).

Southern Region: Aerial view of the Hopi Buttes Volcanic Fields looking west. Photo courtesy Louis J. Maher, Dept. of Geology and
Geophysics, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison (Accessed on April 11, 2007 at URL http://esp.cr.nsgs.gov/hopibnttes).

Western Region: Standing Rock Well in the central area of the Tuba City Chapter, Arizona. Photo courtesy the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (August 12, 1998).

Graphic elements used throughout this report are patterned after the Navajo Nation seal and flag. The seal (shown above) was designed by John
Claw, Jr. of Many Farms, Arizona and was officially adopted by the Navajo Tribal Council in 1952, by resolution CJ-9-52. The original Navajo
Nation seal bears a ring of 48 arrowheads that symbolize the Tribe's protection within the 48 states (as of 1952). Within this ring of arrowheads
are three concentric circles that are open at the top. The circles represent a rainbow and symbolize the Navajo Nation. Within these rings are two
corn plants, the sustainer of life for the Navajo, their tips yellow with pollen. Between the com plants are a horse, cow, and sheep, representing
livestock. The yellow sun shines from the east (at the top) on the four sacred mountains that are represented by their ceremonial colors: white,
turquoise, yellow, and black. In May 1988, the Navajo Nation Council amended the original wording from "the Great Seal of the Navajo Tribe"
to ""the Great Seal of the Navajo Nation " They also increased the number of arrowheads to 50 to include representation of the states of Hawaii
and Alaska (Navajo Nation Hospitality Enterprise, 2005).

In the Navajo Creation Story, it is told that their Creator placed them on a land between the following four mountains, which represent the four
cardinal directions:

• Mount Blanca Sacred Mountain of the East — Dawn or White Shell Mountain,

• Mount Taylor Sacred Mountain of the South — Blue Bead or Turquoise Mountain

• San Francisco Peaks Sacred Mountain of the West — Abalone Shell Mountain

• Mount Hesperus Sacred Mountain of the North — Obsidian Mountain

The Navajo Nation flag (shown below), was designed by Jay R. Degroat, a Navajo student from Mariano Lake, New Mexico. It was officially
adopted by die Navajo Nation Council in 1968 by Resolution CMY-55-68. On a tan background, the outline of the Navajo Nation is shown in
copper, with the outline of the original 1868 Treaty Reservation in dark brown. At the cardinal points in the tan field are the four sacred moun-
tains. A rainbow symbolizing Nava]o sovereignty arches over the Navajo Nation and the sacred mountains. In the center of the Nation, a circular
symbol depicts the sun above two green stalks of corn, which surrounds three animals representing the Navajo livestock economy, and a tradi-
tional hogan and modem home. Between the hogan and the home is an oil derrick symbolizing the resource potential of the Nation, and above
this are representations of the wild fauna of the Nation. At the top, near the sun. the modern sawmill symbolizes the progress and industry char-
acteristics of the Navajo Nation's economic development (Navajo Nation Hospitality Enterprise, 2005).

The Navajo consider east to be where everything begins — east signifies dawn and all things good and beautiful. On the Navajo Nation seal, the
Navajo convention of east as "up" is used. For this document, the placement of the sacred mountains on the borders follows the cartographic
convention of north at the top, as depicted on the Navajo Nation flag.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES
AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

and

Atlas with Geospatial Data

Prepared for:



<
o

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, California 94105

(415) 972-3167
Project Manager: Andrew Bain

Through an Interagency Agreement with:

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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

915 Wilshire Blvd.
Los Angeles, California 90017
(213)452-3997
Project Manager: Kathleen S. Anderson

Prepared by

T erraSpectra Geomatics
2700 E. Sunset Road, Suite A-10
Las Vegas, Nevada 89120
(702) 795-8254
Project Manager: Elaine Ezra

In Cooperation with:

Navajo Nation
Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 339
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Project Manager: Stanley W. Edison

'4
'

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program
P.O. Box 3605
Shiprock, New Mexico 87420
Project Manager: Melvin H. Yazzie

August 2007

iii

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many individuals and organizations assisted in reconstructing the history of uranium mining on the Navajo Nation, and in developing the
geospatial datasets presented in this report and Atlas.

The authors would like to extend their appreciation to William Chenoweth, Consulting Geologist, whose personal knowledge of the his- tory of
uranium mining on the Navajo Nation proved invaluable.

Special recognition is also extended to Glynn R. Alsup in honor of his tireless efforts on behalf of the United States Army Corps of Engi- neers
and his devotion, commitment, and dedicated service to improving conditions on the Navajo Nation.

Report contributors from TerraSpectra Geomatics included Elaine Ezra, David Brickey, Larry Tinney, Teresa Bell, Ronald Ezra, Katahdin
Withnall, Joseph Scepan, and Rick Van Remortel.

The following is a list of the organizations who generously shared knowledge, identified where to seek data, contributed data, and/or provided
critical reviews and evaluations. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.

Ahehee'

THANK YOU

Dine College Uranium Education Program
Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program
Navajo Area Indian Health Service
Navajo Department of Data Resources
Navajo Department of Water Resources
Navajo Land Department - GIS Section
Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency
Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency
Navajo Tribal Utility Authority
Southwest Research Information Center (SRIC)

Sustainable Energy Solutions at Northern Arizona University
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District
U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Navajo Nation Studies Program
U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff
U.S. Geological Survey, Albuquerque

Navajo Superfund Program

Surface and Ground Water Protection Department

This report is dedicated to Navajo Miners and their families.

Photo of Navajo Miners Working at the King Tutt Point Mine Plot 2, East Reser-
vation Lease taken by Kenneth Hatfield, 1953. Photo courtesy William
Chenoweth.

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A.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CONTENTS	D M h

Page Number

PART 1 - NAVAJO NATION AUM SCREENING ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY		vii

COMMUNITY INTRODUCTION		1

Environment		1

Health		1

BACKGROUND		3

Mission Statements		3

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency		3

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program		4

United States Environmental Protection Agency		4

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)		5

REPORT ORGANIZATION		7

Part 1. Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report		7

Part 2. Atlas and Geospatial Data		7

Mining History and Mine Site Information		7

Mine Waste Characteristics		7

Environmental Setting		7

Geospatial Data 		7

PURPOSE		s

PROJECT APPROACH	

Contaminants and Exposure Pathways

NAVAJO NATION AUM REGIONS		10

North Central AUM Region		10

Northern AUM Region		10

Western AUM Region		10

Central AUM Region		10

Southern AUM Region		11

Eastern AUM Region		11

METHODOLOGY 		12

Hazard Ranking System (HRS) Derived Model		12

Data 		13

~u

RESULTS		14

Soil Pathway and Air Pathway		14

Ground Water Pathway		15

Surface W ater Pathway		16

Combined Pathways		17

DISCUSSION 		78

North Central AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		78

Northern AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		79

Western AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		80

Central AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		81

Southern AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		82

Eastern AUM Region Screening Assessment Score Results		83

RECOMMENDATIONS		84

Additional Possible Scoring Factors		84

Non-Potable Water Samples with Uranium Exceeding Maximum Contaminant Levels		85

Perched or Shallow Water Tables		87

Mine Water Extraction		87

AUMs with Surface Water Pathways to Water Sources		89

Mine Subsidence in the Eastern AUM Region		89

Exploration Drilling		89

Aerial Radiation Survey Excess Bismuth-214 Areas		91

REFERENCES	 91

FIGURES

Figure 1. Points, Lines, and Polygons Displayed on Raster Imagery	5

Figure 2. Using Attributes to Symbolize Information	5

Figure 3. Using Buffer Analyses		6

Figure 4. Developing Spatial Models	6

Figure 5. Superfund Process	8

Figure 6. Location of AUM Regions on the Navajo Nation Map		11

Figure 7. Example Photographs of Modified HRS Scoring Factors	13

Figure 8. Potential Air Pathway	14

Figure 9. Example Comparison of Wells Data Used in March 2006 and Updated May 2007			15

Figure 10. Surface Water Drainages Downstream from AUM Sites	16

Figure 11. Crownpoint ISL and Section 29 - Conoco AUMs Combined Pathways Factors	18

Figure 12. North Central AUM Region Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index	29

Figure 13. Combined Pathways in the Monitor Mesa Area Map	30

Figure 14. Combined Pathways in the Mexican Hat Area Map.			31

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CONTENTS (continued) Pa9e Number

Figure 15. Combined Pathways in the North Nokai Mesa Area Map 32

Figure 16. Combined Pathways in the Oljato Area Map 33

Figure 17. Combined Pathways in the South Nokai Mesa Area Map 34

Figure 18. Combined Pathways in the South El Capitan Flat Area Map 35

Figure 19. Combined Pathways in the Monument Valley Area Map 36

Figure 20. Combined Pathways in the Cane Valley Area Map 37

Figure 21. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index 38

Figure 22. Combined Pathways in the North Central Aneth Area Map 39

Figure 23. Combined Pathways in the Northwest Red Mesa Area Map 40

Figure 24. Combined Pathways in the North Teec Nos Pos Area Map 41

Figure 25. Combined Pathways in the South Red Mesa Area Map 42

Figure 26. Combined Pathways in the Tse Tah Area Map 43

Figure 27. Combined Pathways in the Northeast Carrizo Area Map 44

Figure 28. Combined Pathways in the Southwest Sweetwater Area Map 45

Figure 29. Combined Pathways in the West Carrizo Area Map 46

Figure 30. Combined Pathways in the East Carrizo Area Map 47

Figure 31. Combined Pathways in the Shiprock Area Map 48

Figure 32. Combined Pathways in the Lukachukai Area Map 49

Figure 33. Combined Pathways in the Chuska Area Map 50

Figure 34. Western AUM Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index 51

Figure 35. Combined Pathways in the Echo Cliffs Region 52

Figure 36. Combined Pathways in the Southeastern Bodaway/Gap Area Map 53

Figure 37. Combined Pathways in the Cameron Area Map 54

Figure 38. Combined Pathways in the Adeii Eechii Cliffs Area Map 55

Figure 39. Combined Pathways in the Southern Little Colorado Area Map 56

Figure 40. Combined Pathways in the East Black Falls Area Map 57

Figure 41. Central AUM Region Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index 58

Figure 42. Combined Pathways in the Rough Rock Area Map 59

Figure 43. Combined Pathways in the Tachee Area Map 60

Figure 44. Combined Pathways in the Chinle Area Map 61

Figure 45. Southern AUM Region Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index 62

Figure 46. Combined Pathways in the Cedar Springs Area Map 63

Figure 47. Combined Pathways in the Bidahochi Area Map 64

Figure 48. Combined Pathways in the Greasewood Area Map 65

Figure 49. Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathways - Map Figure Index 66

Figure 50. Combined Pathways in the Northwest Church Rock Area Map 67

Figure 51. Combined Pathways in the Northeast Church Rock Area Map 68

Figure 52. Combined Pathways in the Nahodishgish Area Map 69

Figure 53. Combined Pathways in the Becenti Area Map 70

Figure 54. Combined Pathways in the Church Rock Area Map 71

Figure 55. Combined Pathways in the Iyanbito Area Map 72

Figure 56. Combined Pathways in the Mariano Lake Area Map 73

Figure 57. Combined Pathways in the Crownpoint Area Map 74

Figure 58. Combined Pathways in the Western Haystack Area Map 75

Figure 59. Combined Pathways in the Ambrosia Lake Area Map 76

Figure 60. Combined Pathways in the Haystack Area Map 77

Figure 61. North Central AUM Region Combined Pathways Map With Three Score Ranges 78

Figure 62. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges 79

Figure 63. Western AUM Region Combined Pathways Map With Three Score Ranges 80

Figure 64. Central AUM Region Combined Pathways Map With Three Score Ranges 81

Figure 65. Southern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map With Three Score Ranges 82

Figure 66. Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map With Three Score Ranges 83

Figure 67. Non-Potable Water Sample Locations on the Navajo Nation with Elevated Uranium 87

Figure 68. Bootjack Mine Surface and Underground Workings and Proximal Areas with Excess Bismuth 214 88

Figure 69. Plan Map of the Underground Workings and Surface Features of the Bootjack Uranium Mine 88

Figure 70. Whirlwind Mine on the South Bank of Lake Powell 89

Figure 71. Mexican Hat Stockpile 89

Figure 72. Exploration Drilling in the Tracts 10 and 11 Area of the North Central AUM Region 90

Figure 73. Exploration Areas in the North Central AUM Region 90

Figure 74. Cove Transfer Station 91

TABLES

Table 1. Selected Attributes for the Water Source Dataset 5

Table 2. Possible Pathways, Exposure Routes, and Human and Ecological Receptors 8

Table 3. MAP-ID Correspondence to Figure Number 17

Table 4. North Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 19

Table 5. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 20

Table 6. Western AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 24

Table 7. Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 26

Table 8. Southern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 26

Table 9. Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores 27

Table 10. USACE Water Samples with Elevated Uranium 85

Table 11. NNEPA Water Samples with Elevated Gross Alpha 86

Table 12. USGS Water Samples with Elevated Uranium 86

Table 13. AUMs With Uranium Ore Deposits Below the Water 88

PART 2 - ATLAS WITH GEOSPATIAL DATA

The Table of Contents for the Atlas with Geospatial Data is provided at the beginning of Part 2

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From Testimony of the
Navajo Nation Before
the Subcommittee on
Oversight and Investi-
gations and the Sub-
committee on Native
American Affairs
Regarding Abandoned
Uranium Mines on the
Navajo Nation -
November 4, 1993:

"From the 1920s to the
early 1970s, uranium
ore was mined on the
Navajo reservation for
the U.S. atomic energy
program. The primary
purchaser and benefi-
ciary of this mining
activity was the U.S.
government and the
development of
uranium resources was
entrusted to the Atomic
Energy Commission.

As a result of this
mining, the Navajo
Nation has been left
with at least 1,104
known abandoned
uranium mines and
tons of hazardous
radioactive uranium
mine waste scattered
across our lands.

Many Navajo people
live and work in close
proximity to highly
contaminated soil, and
breathe and drink
contaminated air and
water. Some residents
live within a few
hundred feet of highly
radioactive wastes.
Sheep and livestock -
the basis for our
subsistence - graze on
contaminated vegeta-
tion and drink
contaminated water.
Often, Navajo homes
are built with radioac-
tive mine waste rocks
and children play daily
in the vicinity of mines
and on mill tailing
piles. "

Based on a review of
production records it is
estimated that approxi-
mately 14% of the
uranium used for the
United States World
War il and Cold War
nuclear weapons and
energy programs were
mined from the Navajo
Nation.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Navajo Nation covers over 27,000 square miles in portions of three states: Arizona, New Mexico,
and Utah. There has been widespread uranium mining on the Navajo Nation, beginning in the early
1900's. Peak uranium mining occurred between the 1940's and 1960's in support of the U.S. Govern-
ment's defense programs. Substantial amounts of land throughout the Navajo Nation were disturbed
by surface and underground mining. Over 1,200 mine features (e.g., portals, prospects, rim strips, pits,
vertical shafts or waste piles) associated with abandoned uranium mines (AUMs) have been identified.
More than 600 AUM sites or related areas have been mapped throughout and within one mile of the
Navajo Nation.

In November 1993, U.S. Congressional Subcommittee hearings were conducted in which the Navajo
Nation presented testimony about AUMs on the Navajo Nation and requested assistance to determine if
the AUMs posed a health risk to Navajo residents. Shortly thereafter, in 1994, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Region 9 initiated the Navajo Abandoned Uranium Mines (NAUM) Project.

This Abandoned Uranium Mines and the Navajo Nation report documents NAUM Project data collec-
tion and screening results for all known AUMs on the Navajo Nation. The report has two parts: the
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report and the accompanying Atlas with Geospatial Data.

In 2002, the EPA Region 9 Superfund Site Assessment and Technical Support Team developed a
custom set of Hazard Ranking System (ITRS) screening criteria to assess AUMs on the Navajo Nation
for possible remedial actions. The large geographic area covered by the Navajo Nation is beyond the
normal scope for the HRS, so a custom model was developed to fit these unique circumstances. The
method used to prioritize the AUM sites is based on a limited subset of the locational-distance criteria
in the HRS. It does not include the complete set of criteria and factors built into the full HRS model.
The scoring is not intended to identify actual risks, but rather to identify and prioritize areas for future
investigation and response decisions.

The HRS-derived model used for this study was developed based on the presence of downstream
surface water drainages and the numbers of structures and wells proximal to AUM sites. A Geographic
Information System (GIS) database was developed for the study and included the following geospatial
datasets for the analysis: 1) locations of all known abandoned uranium mines on and within 1 mile of
the Navajo Nation, 2) structures within 1 mile of an AUM, 3) drinking water sources within 4 miles of
an AUM, and 4) surface drainages 15 miles downstream from an AUM. The GIS was used to compare
the individual AUM sites by distance from the human receptors. The Navajo Nation AUM Screening
Assessment Report presents the analysis results from the model in data tables and maps. Based on the
results of this broad-based screening process, EPA will consult with the Navajo Nation about the
recommended follow-up investigations or cleanup responses that require attention.

The Atlas with Geospatial Data portion of this report describes the geospatial datasets used for the
screening analysis. Due to the limited subset of criteria used in the HRS-derived model, the analysis
resulted in some cases where AUM sites with little to no waste (e.g., a prospect with no uranium
production) scored high due to close proximity to structures and wells. Conversely, some AUM sites
with high volumes of waste scored low due to their remote locations with few structures or wells in
close proximity. The prioritization process can be enhanced by the addition of more factors, criteria,
and data into the model.

The EPA, Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA), Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program (NAMLRP) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collectively developed a list of
key data needed for the further assessment of AUMs. In order to minimize redundancy and costs, an
important aspect of this effort was the systematic collection and review of existing data suitable for use
in preliminary assessments and for model refinement. The list focused on data related to contaminant
sources and their transport pathways, such as air, soil, ground water and surface water. The NAUM
Project Team then carefully examined existing data sources, including those from other federal, state,
Navajo agencies, and universities to identify data that could assist with providing answers to questions
about the AUMs and the transport of potential contaminants on a Navajo Nationwide level.

The Atlas and Geospatial Data includes readily available regional scale data that were compiled for the
Navajo Nation. The Atlas and Geospatial Data portion of the report is organized into three Sections:
Section 1 - Mining History and Mine Site Information; Section 2 - Mine Waste Characteristics; and
Section 3 - Environmental Setting. The Sections generally follow an Atlas format, with a text descrip-
tion of the dataset and a facing page with a map example. Referenced documents have been scanned
and are provided in digital format on Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), along with the report, all geospa-
tial datasets used, and associated metadata.

This report can support improved decision-making and provides the following:

• Final documentation and di stribution of GIS data, analyses, and maps generated for the
screening phase of the NAUM study.

• Compil ation of regional GIS data that will support the NNEPA and NAMLRP with further
assessment of priority AUM sites.

The target audience of this report is broad, ranging from residents and Chapter Officials, students and
teachers, community groups, and technical specialists in various Navajo Nation, State and Federal gov-
ernment agencies, and academic institutions. The content ranges from introductory tutorials to disci-
pline-specific discussions related to environmental assessments.

vii

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rA. i

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

COMMUNITY INTRODUCTION

In April 2000, the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA), the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation
Program (NAMLRP)1 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 9 made a decision to map and screen all
abandoned uranium mines on the Navajo Nation for possible remedial actions. In addition to their own data, the three agencies collected
information from tribal, state, and federal agencies, including census, cultural, wildlife, and water resource agencies.

The Navajo Nation screening assessment that follows this introduction provides valuable information and maps of mine locations, the
mine type, and how close the mines are to homes and water sources. If you have questions about the information or about our programs
or the science involved, please feel free to contact any member of our team listed in the contact information provided (see MISSION
STATEMENTS, page 3). Tribal and federal agencies will use the information to determine appropriate assessments, including possible
cleanup actions.

For the purposes of this introduction, "abandoned uranium mines" are uranium mines that have been deserted and are no longer being
maintained. Based upon several chapter meetings, the following are questions that the agencies have been frequently asked in their out-
reach work. These questions are important to people who live in areas with abandoned uranium mines. These questions focus on the
environment and health.

ENVIRONMENT

1. What are the impacts of abandoned uranium mines to the water we drink (ground water and surface water) ?

Uranium is a common, naturally occurring radioactive material that is present in our environment and may be found in water, soil,
rock formations, and air. If water is present in the ground next to rocks containing uranium, there will be a certain amount of
uranium in the water. Uranium in water comes from different sources. Most of it comes from the water running over uranium bear-
ing rocks and through the soil. Only a small amount comes from airborne dust that settles on water. In some cases, the uranium can
be suspended in water, like mixing dirt to make muddy water. Human activities, such as mining, can move the uranium around and
change the levels that you are exposed to.

2. What are the impacts of abandoned uranium mines to soil?

Mining practices at abandoned uranium mines often disturbed the soils, thus making them less stable and more susceptible to
erosion. Concentrated ore was brought to the surface and indirectly caused the spread of contaminated soils in staging areas. During
the digging, the sandstone rock containing the ore was separated by hand, loaded into trucks and transported off-site for milling.
Uranium was also spread by erosion and blowing dust and can be found concentrated at the waste piles and ore transfer stations.
Soils disturbed by mining are also likely to support less vegetation or they may support a totally new species mix due to the changes
in soil composition. Several of these locations on the Navajo Nation have been assessed to identify areas of concern.

3. What are the impacts of abandoned uranium mines to air?

In the air, uranium exists as dust. Very small dust-like particles of uranium in the air fall out of the air onto surface water, plant
surfaces, and soil either by themselves or when rain falls. The amount of uranium dust particles in air is usually very small, so it is
not considered a significant concern for health impacts.

HEALTH

Uranium is naturally found everywhere in small amounts. We take uranium into our bodies through the food and water we ingest and
from the air we breathe. Additionally, we are exposed to radiation from cosmic and natural sources on earth all the time. In a few places,
there is more natural uranium in water than in food. People living in these areas take in more uranium from their drinking water than
from their foods. When we breathe uranium dust, some of it is exhaled and some stays in our lungs. The size of the uranium dust parti-
cles and how easily they dissolve determines where in the body the uranium goes and how it leaves the body. Some of the uranium dust
may gradually dissolve and go into the blood. The blood carries the uranium throughout the body and most of it leaves in your urine in a
few days, but a little stays in your kidneys and bones.

1. How far should I live fi'om an abandoned uranium mine, whether it is reclaimed or not?

Reclaimed abandoned uranium mines should pose little risk for health hazards because work has been done to make the physical
mine area safe and stable. The soils were carefully surveyed with radiation detecting equipment to identify problem areas. The
uranium-contaminated soils were buried and many steep areas were stabilized to prevent further movement of the uranium contain-
ing soils. Drainage patterns have been diverted away from reclaimed areas to reduce the leaching capability of surface water. Any
unreclaimed abandoned uranium mines may pose some risk. The agencies strongly advise people to reduce their exposure to places
where there are abandoned uranium mines or mine wastes. People who already live near a mine, or a community considering an area
for future development, will want to ask specific questions about a particular mine site or waste pile to better understand the risks.
These questions are based on radiation safety principles known as ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable), and follow three
basic principles that can be applied to reduce potential exposures to radiation: time, distance, and shielding. Questions could include
the following: How long is the person exposed, including residential, farming and recreational activities (time)? How close is the
person to the source of exposure while doing these activities (distance)? Is there something between the person and the source of
exposure that can absorb some of the radiation (shielding)?

The agencies looked at how close structures (e.g., homes, churches, businesses) were located to the abandoned uranium mines to
assess the potential for people to be exposed. This report serves as a tool for the agencies to discuss where cleanup decisions are
needed, as well as how and who can address them.

1 NAMLRP provided technical and review assistance to the project.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

2. What will happen if I drink water that contains small particles (dissolved) of uranium and heavy metals?

The Navajo Nation issued a health advisory in 2001 recommending people drink water from regulated safe drinking water sources
such as Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA) and Indian Health Services (IHS) systems. These sources of water are sampled and
tested routinely to ensure it is safe to drink. Water containing natural uranium is radioactive, but only to a weak extent. At high
concentrations, uranium also has a toxic, chemical effect, and people have developed kidney disease drinking highly contaminated
water for long periods. This is why EPA has established standards for uranium in drinking water throughout the United States which
are safe for long-term water use. As long as the levels in the drinking water are below these concentrations, the water is safe to
drink. The uranium drinking water standard is 30 parts per billion. Please refer to the EPA website for the list of drinking water
standards for other elements of concern, including arsenic and lead: http://www.epa.sov safewater mcl.html. For more information
on the health effects of uranium, arsenic and lead, please refer to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry website:
http: www.atsdr.cdc.gov toxfaq-u.html#bookmark05.

Across the Navajo Nation we looked at how close water sources (for example wells, developed springs, and stock tanks) were
located to the abandoned uranium mines to assess the potential for people to be exposed. Please see Figures 12 through 60 for maps
showing the locations of water sources and mines on and within 1 mile of the Navajo Nation.

3. What are the effects of ingesting uranium that has been taken up by livestock?

There is not enough research in this area, but it is advisable that livestock not graze on areas where abandoned uranium mines are
located.

4. What can people do to reduce the risk of exposure to uranium?

The most common and easiest things to do are the following:

• Avoid abandoned uranium mines, waste piles, or mill tailings piles.

• Do not collect any rocks from the vicinity of known uranium mines, waste ore piles, or transfer stations.

• Do not use suspect rocks for building homes, foundations, root cellars, corrals, bread ovens, fireplaces, or any other struc-
tures.

• If you have yellowish rocks or any rock you know has come from a uranium mine area in your home or yard, call the Navajo
Superfund Project Manager at 928-871-6859 for additional information.

• Do not drink from unregulated water sources such as windmills, stock tanks, and springs.

5. Is it safe to wash dishes or laundry with contaminated water?

No, the agencies recommend using water from a regulated source such as NTUA and IHS systems.

If you have questions about your drinking water quality, please contact NNEPA Public Water Systems Supervision Program at
928-871-7600. You can reach NTUA at 928-729-5721.

Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA)

Where can I apply for Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) benefits?

The Uranium Office in Shiprock, New Mexico can provide application packets and pertinent information
for miners, transporters, millers, and "downwinders"

Larry Martinez

Uranium Office

Post Office Box 1890

Shiprock, New Mexico 87420

Telephone: 505-368-1261 Fax: 505-368-1266

Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program (RESEP)

Where can I get screened for compensation requirements under the Radiation Exposure Screening and

Education Program?

The following are screening facilities:

RESEP Coordinator

Shiprock Northern Indian Health Service

Utah Navajo Health System

Post Office Box 160

Montezuma Creek Clinic

Shiprock, New Mexico 87420

Post Office Box 130

Telephone: 505-368-7032

Montezuma Creek, Utah 84534

Telephone: 435-651-3291

RESEP Coordinator

Lake Powell Medical Center

North Country Community Health Center

647 Vista Avenue

2500 North Rose Street

Page, Arizona 86040

Flagstaff, Arizona 86004

Telephone: 928-645-8123, ext. 206

Telephone: 928-213-6100

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rA. i

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

BACKGROUND

Uranium mining on the Navajo Nation began in the early 1900's. Widespread mining of uranium ore for Cold War weapons and nuclear
energy production occurred, with peak activities between the 1940's and 1960's on the Navajo Nation and throughout the Colorado
Plateau. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the Navajo Nation negotiated mining leases and mining permits with a number of
private mining companies, who in turn processed the ore at their own facilities (mill sites) or sold the raw uranium ore to such facilities.
Ultimately, the former United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) acted as the sole market for all uranium concentrate
(yellowcake) processed from the Navajo Nation during the period from 1947 - 1970. After 1970, milling companies sold their concen-
trate to electric utilities. All of the vanadium recovered from the ore was sold to the steel industry. Copper recovered from the Monu-
ment Valley ores was sold to copper smelters in Arizona (Chenoweth, 2007 - S07110701).

Most uranium mining activities ended in 1968 on the Navajo Nation, but the legacy of abandoned uranium mines (AUM), widely distrib-
uted wastes, and collateral environmental, cultural, and economic impacts continue (Sowder, 2001 - S12190201). It is probable that the
mining activities led to dispersion of radioactive and heavy metal contaminated dusts, sediments, ground water, and surface water to
varying degrees, depending on site conditions, mining practices, and the amount and grade of material extracted. Since uranium is a
naturally occurring element, questions about how much dispersion or contamination occurred as a direct result of mining, who is at risk,
and to what extent, are difficult to answer without a systematic review and analysis of the AUM sites.

Congressional hearings were held on November 4, 1993, regarding AUMs on the Navajo Nation (U.S. House of Representatives, 1993 -
S12120224). The Navajo Nation presented testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and the Subcommittee
on Native American Affairs regarding concerns about the mines and the Navajo Nation requested assistance to determine if the uranium
mines posed a health risk to Navajo residents (Hoskie, 1993 - S12120225). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presented
testimony to describe its federal authority under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA), also known as Superfund, and how the EPA could assist the tribe.

The risk of human and ecological exposure to uranium on Navajo Lands occurs in the following three ways: 1) Naturally occurring
radioactive material (NORM), 2) the AUM sites, and 3) uranium milling activities. CERCLA only addresses wastes resulting from man-
made activities, such as mining, which includes waste piles. With respect to naturally occurring ore, EPA has no authority under
CERCLA. EPA is also excluded from addressing mill sites; DOE and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) have authority under
the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (UMTRCA) to investigate and address the former mill sites located near the
Navajo communities of Shiprock, New Mexico; Mexican Hat, Utah; Tuba City, Arizona; and Monument Valley, Arizona.

In response to the concerns raised by the Navajo Nation at the Congressional hearings, the EPA initiated the NAUM Project in 1994.
Since the beginning of the NAUM Project, several studies have been conducted to determine the scope and impact of uranium mining on
the Navajo Nation. The following describes the missions of the primary NAUM Project agencies.

MISSION STATEMENTS

NAVAJO NATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

On April 21, 1995, the Navajo Nation Council established the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA). NNEPA is
an independent regulatory agency within the Executive Branch of the Navajo Nation Government with regulatory, monitoring, and
enforcement authority over matters relating to the quality of the environment and over any person or entity doing business within, or
otherwise affecting the environment of the Navajo Nation. Funding for NNEPA is provided by Navajo Nation general funds, federal
grants from the EPA, the U.S. Department of Justice, and from fees that are collected under existing Tribal environmental laws.

On May 22, 2001, the NNEPA received approval to amend the plans of operations for the Air & Toxics Department, the Surface and
Ground Water Protection Department, the Waste Regulatory Compliance Department (WRCD), and the Criminal Enforcement Depart-
ment. The first three departments are responsible for the civil and administrative enforcement of Tribal environmental laws and regula-
tions. Criminal environmental crimes are investigated by the Criminal Enforcement Department. Each department consists of several
programs that are responsible for program development, technical and enforcement development, conducting research, investigating and
assessing environmental problems and concerns, monitoring cleanup and/or corrective actions, and providing technical assistance and
training.

The Navajo Superfund Program (NSP) is one of several programs within the WRCD and is funded under an EPA CERCLA grant. Under
CERCLA, NSP is responsible for conducting site assessments where hazardous substances may have been used by past development
activities, such as uranium mining and milling activities that occurred on the Navajo Nation. NSP has conducted assessments at several
AUM. Activities related to these assessments included collecting samples of soil sediments and both surface water and ground water.
Other activities included conducting surveys using instruments to detect different types of radiation, conducting interviews of chapter
officials and local residents, and reviewing U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) lease information to identify the companies that devel-
oped the mines. The information was submitted to EPA for use in the federal Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to score each site and to
determine the threat associated with actual or potential releases of hazardous substances. EPA uses the HRS to set priorities for further
site evaluation and determine possible remedial action if the site is eligible for placement on the National Priorities List (NPL). The NPL
identifies sites at which EPA may conduct remedial response actions.

For further information about NNEPA, you may contact the following:

Stephen B. Etsitty, Executive Director
NNEPA

Post Office Box 339
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Telephone: 928-871-7692

Arlene C. Luther, Department Director
Waste Regulatory Compliance Department
NNEPA

Post Office Box 339
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Telephone: 928-871-7993

Diana J. Mai one, Program Manager
Navajo Superfund Program
NNEPA

Post Office Box 2946
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Telephone: 928-871-6859

L -WJ-

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO ABANDONED MINE LANDS RECLAMATION PROGRAM (NAMLRP)

The NAMLRP was established in August 1988 as a program under the Navajo Nation's Division of Natural Resources. The purpose of
the program is to fulfill the abandoned mine reclamation requirements of Public Law 95-87 "Surface Mining Control and Reclamation
Act (SMCRA) of 1977." This legislation was amended and reauthorized in the Amendments Act of 2006.

Through SMCRA, reclamation funds for abandoned mine lands were established to address land and water resources impacted by
abandoned mines for which there were no responsible parties. Reclamation could only be addressed to lands that have tribal trust status.
Since SMCRA is directed towards the reclamation of coal related mining problems, NAMLRP was required to concentrate first on the
reclamation of all known coal mining sites.

A trust fund was established in the U.S. Treasury as the Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Reclamation Fund to be administered by the
Secretary of the Interior. All active coal mining operations deposit 35 cents per ton of coal produced into the fund, while underground
mining operations deposit 15 cents per ton of coal produced as of 2007. Fifty percent of the Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation funds
go to eligible tribes and states who can use it for administration, project development, and construction costs.

Since 1988 NAMLRP has been reclaiming abandoned coal and non-coal mine sites within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation. After the
establishment of the NAMLRP, the following tasks were completed in order to understand the mining scenario throughout the Navajo
Nation. NAMLRP completed an inventory, prioritized the abandoned mine sites according to Office of Surface Mining criteria, and
made a determination as to which sites would be reclaimed. Several factors were taken into consideration, such as the need to protect
public health, environmental problems, and overall safety for employees.

For further information about NAMLRP, you may contact the following:

Main Office

Madeline Roanhorse, Department Manager
AML Reclamation/UMTRA Department
Post Office Box 1875
Window Rock, Arizona 86515
Telephone: 928-871-6982

Shiprock AML Reclamation Program

Rose Grey, Program Manager
Post Office Box 3605
Shiprock, New Mexico 87420
Telephone: 505-368-1220

Tuba City AML Reclamation Program

Ray Tsingine, Program Manager
Post Office Box 730
Tuba City, Arizona 86045
Telephone: 928-283-3188

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)

The mission of the EPA is to protect human health and the environment. Since 1970, EPA has been working for a cleaner, healthier
environment for the American people. EPA employs 18,000 people across the country, including the Washington, DC headquarters of-
fices, ten regional offices, and more than a dozen laboratories. EPA conducts environmental science, research, education, and assess-
ment efforts. EPA develops and enforces regulations, provides financial assistance, performs environmental research and cleanup of
contaminated sites.

EPA's Region 9 covers the southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Hawaii) and it works with 147 federally
recognized tribes. EPA Region 9 has a Memorandum of Understanding with the Navajo Nation to work with the NNEPA in a govern-
ment to government relationship. In response to concerns raised by the Navajo Nation during a 1993 Congressional hearing, the EPA
Region 9 Superfund Program initiated an investigation aimed at assessing human exposure to radiation and heavy metals from aban-
doned uranium mines. EPA conducted extensive field sampling of abandoned uranium mines, water sources, and homes during the
1990s. In 2002, EPA developed the Abandoned Uranium Mine Project Management Plan in partnership with the NNEPA to create a
screening assessment mechanism, with close involvement by the NAMLRP.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has produced a Geographic Information System (GIS) database and this report for EPA in support of
AUM screening assessments on the Navajo Nation. The GIS database identifies the locations of all known abandoned uranium mines
and uranium mining-related areas on the Navajo Nation and their proximity to structures, water sources, and surface water drainages.
This report will allow the project team to recommend Superfund removal actions or assessments to determine a site's eligibility for
Superfund removal actions and/or Superfund Site listing to the NNEPA. Based on the results of the mine screening study, EPA will
consult with the Navajo Nation about the recommended follow-up investigations or cleanup responses requiring prompt attention.

With respect to future work, EPA and NNEPA will coordinate closely with the NAMLRP to directly address, or to seek additional
resources to address sites such as waste piles, unreclaimed mines, and mine contaminated water sources.

For further information about EPA or the Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report, you may contact the following:

Andrew Bain, Remedial Project Manager (SFD-8-2)

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, California 94105
Telephone: 415-972-3167

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ABANDONED I RAMI \1 MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

The Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report and Atlas presents map products that were developed using a Geographic Infor-
mation System (GIS). A GIS is a system of computer software, hardware, data, and personnel to manipulate, analyze, and present infor-
mation that is tied to a spatial location.

A geographic or spatial location refers to the
location on the earth where an object occurs.

This may be in vector (point, line or polygon)
or raster (grid or image) form. The location
of these basic objects may be expressed in lati-
tude and longitude, Universal Transverse Mer-
cator (UTM) northing and easting coordinates,
or some other standard coordinate system.

Figure 1 presents an example of mapped
features that are represented as points
(structures as red squares and wells as blue
dots), lines (drainages that are downstream
from an AUM and shown as blue lines), poly-
gons (AUM boundary shown as a yellow poly-
gon), and a raster digital orthophotograph as
the base image.

As with any database, once it is populated with
data, it is possible to search and select on spe-
cific parameters. The GIS provides the func-
tionality to select features by attributes or by
location. Table 1 lists the results of selecting
the wells that are shown in Figure 1. An
example of some of the "attributes" that are
stored in the wells data layer are shown in
Table 1. The database includes information
about each well or spring location, which is
stored as a point (x,y coordinate) in the GIS.

The selected attributes include the well identi- Fi",,rc '• Points'Lines'and Polygons Displayed on Raster Imagery.

fier, alias names, the type of well, a code for use of the well, the depth of the well, the source aquifer, the static water level (SWL), and

the U.S. Geological Survey identification number.

Table 1. Selected Attributes for the Water Source Dataset.

Well ID

Alias

Type

Use

Well Depth

Aquifer

SWL

USGS ID

15-0579

CROWNPOINT #1

Water Well

MUN

2345.0

221WSRC

423.0

354105108091001

15-0580

15-UNK-0006/17N 12W 173333

Observation Well

OTH

2450.0

221WSRC

349.6

354148108083801

15-0581

CONOCO #2 (NTUA)

Water Well

MUN

2377.0

221WSRC

443.2

15K-303

CROWNPOINT POWERHOUSE WELL

Water Well

DOM

2436.0

221MRSN

225.0

354033108091501

CRWNPT PM5

CROWNPOINT CANYON WELL PM5

Water Well

DOM

2544.0

221MRSN

335.0

354017108092201

CRWNPT PM6

CROWNPOINT BOARD. SCH. PM6

Water Well

DOM

2500.0

221MRSN

350.0

354103108083901

CRWNPT PM7

Water Well

UNK

2345.0

221WSRC

385.0

SJ 01624

Well

IND

Using a GIS, it is possible to symbolize the data
based on attributes. In Figure 2 wells are sym-
bolize by "Use" which includes the following
categories:

Domestic (DOM)

Industrial (IND)

Municipal (MUN)

Other (OTH)

Unknown (UNK)

Structures are symbolized by how the location
was determined. Green structures were photo
interpreted using orthophotography that was
flown in 1997. Utility meter locations collected
with a Global Positioning System (GPS) were
provided by the Navajo Tribal Utility Author-
ity. These meter data were used to add loca-
tions for "assumed structures", and are shown
as red squares on Figure 2. These structures
were not present on the orthophotography, indi-
cating they were constructed after 1997. See
DATA, page 13 for more discussion about the
structures, wells, and AUM GIS datasets.

.81 ¦

WELL USE

STRUCTURES

(Mapping Source)

1 )

DOM

IND

DOQQ

¦ NTUA GPS

•

MUN

OTH

UNK

0.5

Figure 2. Using Attributes to Symbolize Information.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) (continued)

GIS provides analytical tools to allow the user
to extract information from the data and the
cartographic tools to present the results in a
meaningful way. In the example shown in
Figure 3, the GIS has been used to generate
buffers around the Crownpoint ISL AUM at
distances of 200 feet, 1/4 mile, and 1 mile.
The GIS overlay functionality was used to
tabulate the number of structures and wells
that are located within each of these distances
from the AUM. The 200 feet buffer is inclu-
sive of the AUM.

The results of the buffer overlays are shown in
the table below. Structure counts and well
counts for each buffer distance are listed. Fig-
ure 3 provides a spatial view of the results,
showing the locations of the wells and struc-
ture within each buffer.

BUFFER DISTANCE

STRUCTURE
COUNT

200 Ft

1/4 Mile

1 Mile

642

Total

670

BUFFER DISTANCE

WELLS COUNT

200 Ft

1/4 Mile

1 Mile

Total

By integrating spatial information with statisti-
cal and analytical processes in a GIS it is pos-
sible to develop models that can show spatial
patterns that are not otherwise readily appar-
ent. Figure 4 is an example of results of a
model that uses broad physical characteristics
to describe the potential for contamination of
the aquifer from surface and near surface con-
taminants. These factors included: geology,
precipitation, soil properties, slope, and stream
courses (Blanchard, 2002 - S01200301).

Numeric scores were developed for each of the
datasets listed above based on attributes in the
database. For example, slope of the land af-
fects the ability of precipitation to infiltrate
soils and geology. Three slope ranges were
assigned numerical values as follows: slopes
less than 6 degrees increase infiltration of wa-
ter into the land surface and were give a score
of 3. Slopes of 6 to 12 degrees were assigned
an intermediate score of 2. Slopes greater than
12 degrees were given a low score (1) because
infiltration is minimized due to the runoff of
water.

Figure 3. Using Buffer Analyses. Example of Crownpoint In Situ Leaching (ISL) Site.

Figure 4. Developing Spatial Models.

~
~
~
~

Insignificant potential for contamination of the aquifer
Least potential for contamination of the aquifer
Intermediate potential for contamination of the aquifer, and
Most potential for contamination of the aquifer.

1Tb

Each of the other factors were scored in a
similar manner as slope. The GIS datasets of
geology, precipitation, soil properties, and
slope were overlain using the GIS resulting in
a combined GIS dataset. For each combined
GIS polygon, the scores for precipitation, soil
properties, and slope were summed and then multiplied by
scores were converted to four (4) categories of "potential for contamination" (shown above).

The area shown in Figure 4 covers the Eastern AUM Region (boundary shown in white), with the locations of the AUMs and buffers out
to 15 miles. The modeled results for aquifer sensitivity may prove useful for further assessments of potential contamination from AUMs
through ground water pathways.

the geologic score to determine the final numeric score. These numeric

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REPORT ORGANIZATION
PART I - NAVAJO NATION AUM SCREENING ASSESSMENT REPORT

This first part of the report documents the approach and methodology used to develop scores for each of the AUMs on or within one (1)
mile of the Navajo Nation. These scores will be used by the NAUM Project Team for screening and prioritization efforts. Results from
the initial screening assessment are presented for each of six (6) AUM regions across the Navajo Nation in the form of tables and maps.
Some observations about the results and recommendations for improving the scoring process are provided.

PART II - ATLAS AND GEOSPATIAL DATA

The second part of this report describes the geospatial data used to perform the screening assessments in the form of a map Atlas. Each
of the GIS datasets are described with an example map on the facing page. This part of the report also presents other geospatial data that
have been compiled across the Navajo Nation that could provide useful information for further screening assessment studies and refined
prioritization efforts. The data are organized into three (3) Sections:

Section 1: Mining History and Mine Site Information
Section 2: Mine Waste Characteristics
Section 3: Environmental Setting

Mining History and Mine Site Information

Mining History and Mine Site Information presents an overview of the status of our knowledge of the location of abandoned uranium
mines on and within 1 mile of the Navajo Nation (e.g., where they are found, what their uranium and vanadium production histories
were, what their current reclamation status is, and why they are important as potential risks to human health and the environment). This
section provides a description of the history of radium, vanadium, and uranium mining in the United States and the Navajo Nation. The
process used to acquire a mining lease or tribal mining permit on the Navajo Nation is discussed. The methods used to evaluate and
process different data sources, and the challenges each source presented, are discussed. Ownership and operator histories were
researched and compiled for each of the leases and mining permits. The uranium and vanadium ore productions by mine (including ton-
nages and concentrations of vanadium and uranium ore) were compiled for the Navajo Nation AUMs. Summary tables and associated
maps are presented. A key data layer in the NAUM Project GIS is the location and type of AUM site and mine features associated with
uranium mining. Determining locations for the AUMs that were suitable for entry into the GIS database was challenging. The data
sources and techniques used to develop the AUM sites and mine feature GIS datasets are described in this section.

Mine Waste Characteristics

A thorough site characterization should include an understanding of the different mining processes that occurred throughout mining
operations. This type of information can be useful in determining the different types of waste that may be encountered at the site, and
where additional sampling should occur, if required. This section provides available sampling data that have been collected on the
Navajo Nation that may provide useful insights about the characteristics of the AUM sites (such as size and locations of sites, volumes of
potential contaminants, and types of wastes). Information from data sampling and reclamation efforts are presented.

Environmental Setting

The last section of the Atlas provides information that describes the physical and cultural characteristics of the AUM Regions on the
Navajo Nation. These types of data can be useful to better understand potential pathways and exposure risks. Data have been compiled
from a variety of sources and include the following general categories:

Administrative Boundaries, Population, and Infrastructure

Landscape and Environment

Climate

Elevation and Topography
Physiography and Geology

Ground Water
Surface Water

Soils, Vegetation. Land Cover and Land Use
Basemaps

Geospatial Data

The maps in this Screening Assessment Report and Atlas present the uranium mining history, mine locations and production, and
environmental setting data that were compiled for the Navajo Nation. These data were processed into GIS datasets. The data covers the
full extent of the Navajo Nation, whereas the earlier Assessment Reports were regionally-based. One of the purposes of the Atlas is to
provide a description of these geospatial datasets. The data were developed and the Atlas maps were generated using Environmental
Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) GIS software, ArcGIS 9.I.1

All of the datasets used in the Navajo Nation Atlas are provided on electronic media (DVD). The vector datasets are in geographic deci-
mal degrees coordinates, using the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). The raster datasets have been projected to Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM), Zones 12 or 13 as appropriate, NAD83, meters.

Each thematic dataset has an associated metadata file. ESRI's ArcCatalog can be used to view the xml-based metadata for each dataset,
or the .xml metadata file can be viewed in a text editor. Metadata describes the content, quality, condition, data sources, processing
history, data usage constraints, and contact information.

A brief description of the data sources that were used to prepare the map are presented for most maps in the Atlas. With ESRI's Arc-
Catalog, a user can navigate to the file and view its metadata. The metadata includes a source key (Skey) for each data source used to
develop a GIS dataset. An Skey number has the format, SMMDDYY###. The S stands for source, MM for the month number, DD for
the date, YY for year, and ## for a unique sequential number beginning with 01.

The Skey is also assigned to source documents that were used as references to develop the accompanying text and tables for the report
and each Atlas map. Reference documents used in the preparation of this Atlas have been scanned into Adobe Acrobat Portable Docu-
ment Format or PDF format. These electronic versions of the reference documents are included on the GIS References DVD, with the
exception of those that are copyrighted, or are in draft form, considered limited distribution, confidential, or proprietary by the document
providers.

Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

PURPOSE

The primary purpose of the NAUM Project is to identify AUMs, potential exposures, and to recommend methods to reduce exposure
from AUMs on the Navajo Nation. There are more than 1,200 AUM features (e.g., adits, pits, rim strips) located throughout the Navajo
Nation. Potential long-term exposure risks can persist even after the surface reclamation of AUM sites is completed. Therefore, an
assessment of potential impacts to humans and the environment from the abandoned mines is needed.

A key goal for the NAUM Project is to provide a preliminary screening assessment mechanism to help prioritize Navajo Nation AUM
sites using existing, readily available data through a GIS. The focus is to identify the areas with the highest apparent level of risk in
order to recommend additional investigations by the appropriate Navajo or lead federal agency. In June 2005, the NAUM Project
initiated a series of reports to document preliminary scoring results for AUMs in the six (6) AUM Regions on the Navajo Nation. These
six (6) reports were completed and are provided on the GIS References DVD.

Northern AUM Region Screening Assessment Report March, 2006

Western AUM Region Screening Assessment Report May, 2006

North Central AUM Region Screening Assessment Report July, 2006

Central AUM Region Screening Assessment Report August 2006

Southern AUM Region Screening Assessment Report October, 2006

Eastern AUM Region Screening Assessment Report November, 2006

Scoring was accomplished using the methodology described in this report (See METHODOLOGY, page 12). Subsequent to publication
of the individual AUM region screening assessment reports, additional information about the AUMs was researched as part of an effort
to assign mine names and uranium/vanadium production values to each of the mapped AUMs. The purpose of this Navajo Nation AUM
Screening Assessment Report is to provide an updated preliminary scoring for all AUMs mapped on and within one (1) mile of the
Navajo Nation in a single document. A brief overview of the CERCLA process and a discussion of potential contaminants and ex-

posure pathways related to AUMs is provided for background.

PROJECT APPROACH

This screening assessment was undertaken by using existing data, selecting indicators from the EPA's Hazard Ranking System (HRS),
and applying the analytical capabilities of a GIS to score the AUMs. Key elements of this effort include identifying:

1. The location of the original sources (i.e., AUM)

2. The potential pathways for source exposures

3. The location of population indicators (structures) and water sources at risk for exposure

EPA's Superfund program uses the HRS to evaluate whether a site is serious enough to be listed on the National Priorities List (NPL).
Because there are over 1,200 known AUM mine features on the Navajo Nation, EPA needed to screen and prioritize all sites before
applying the CERCLA process shown in Figure 5.

SITE ASSESSMENT PHASE

' If the site scores and It meets USKPA Headquarters' criteria far NPL site listing, then the final phase is the preparation of an "HRS Data Package" that is used by the
Office of Solid Waste and fcmergency Response as the basis for publishing a ruling In the federal Register.

Figure 5. Superfund Process (modified after EPA, 1991— S01230301).

EPA decided to use the geographic measures from the HRS to develop a basic screening model for the AUMs. This screening model
includes the location of all known AUM sites as potential sources of exposure. Table 2 provides the possible release mechanisms, path-
ways, exposure routes, and human and ecological receptors (targets) associated with AUMs.

PRIMARY
SOURCES

RELEASE
MECHANISM

PATHWAYS

EXPOSURE
ROUTE

RECEPTOR

Area Resident

Livestock
and Terrestrial
Wildlife

Aquatic
Wildlife

Uranium
Mines and
Natural Ore
Bodies

Infiltration / Percolation

Ground water

Direct Contact

Storm Water Runoff

Surface Water
and Sediments

Direct Contact

Particles/Dust

Soil Exposure

Inhalation

Direct Contact

Particles/Dust

Air

Inhalation

Direct Contact

Table 2. Possible Pathways, Exposure Routes, and Human and Ecological Receptors (after EPA, 1991 - S01230301).

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rA. i

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

EPA's project team created an HRS-derived model to compare the individual AUM sites by distance from the human receptors. Radia-
tion and toxic metals released from an AUM site can travel through the air, through the soils, and through surface- and ground water.
The HRS-derived model includes those pathways of potential contamination, and then evaluates the presence of structures and drinking
water sources as indicators of population at potential risk to exposure. This report presents the results from the model in maps and data
tables that were designed to identify and prioritize the AUM sites that might pose the highest threat to their surrounding communities.

The results in this report were not generated using a complete HRS model, nor does the screening assessment specify NPL site candi-
dates. Based on results from this broad-based screening process, the EPA, NNEPA and NAMLRP will discuss next steps. One of the
possible results of the analysis in this report might be to conduct a Preliminary Assessment (PA) or Site Inspection (SI) at any specific
sites identified as a priority via the scoring criteria and Navajo knowledge about the setting. Other decisions might entail referrals for
EPA removal actions, referrals to other agencies, or a determination that no further action is necessary.

CONTAMINANTS AND EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

EPA identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation using the HRS. These sites make up the National Priorities List
(NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. Elevated uranium levels have been found in at least 54 of the
1,517 current or former NPL sites. However, the total number of NPL sites evaluated for uranium is not known. As more sites are
evaluated, the sites at which uranium is found may increase (ATSDR, 19991 - S05160701. Uranium is a natural and commonly occur-
ring radioactive element. It is found in very small amounts in nature in the form of minerals, but may be processed into a metal. Rocks,
soil, surface and underground water, air, and plants and animals all contain varying amounts of uranium. Typical concentrations in most
materials are a few parts per million (ppm). Some parts of the Navajo Nation exhibit higher than average uranium levels due to natural
geological formations. Most uranium ores contain between 0.05 and 0.2% uranium, up to 1,000 times the levels normally found in soil.
After the uranium is extracted, it is converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms by a series of chemical milling processes.
The residue remaining after the uranium has been extracted is called mill tailings. Mill tailings contain a small amount of uranium, as
well as other naturally radioactive waste products such as radium and thorium.

Natural uranium is a mixture of three isotopes of uranium, U-234, U-235, and U-238. Radioactive isotopes are constantly changing into
different isotopes by giving off radiation. The half-life is the time it takes for half of that uranium isotope to give off its radiation and
change into a different element. The half-lives of uranium isotopes are very long (244 thousand years for U-234, 710 million years for U-
235, and AV2 billion years for U-238). The shorter half-life makes U-234 the most radioactive, and the longer half-life makes U-238 the
least radioactive. U-234 will be about 20,000 times more radioactive and the U-235 will be 6 times more radioactive than the U-238.
Radioactive decay of the parent U-238 material produces a series of new elements and radiation, including radium and radon, alpha and
beta particles, and gamma radiation that individually interact and contaminate the air, water and soil media. Ultimately, uranium decays
into a stable form of lead.

Because of the slow rate of decay, the total amount of natural uranium in the earth stays almost the same, but it can be moved from place
to place through natural processes or by human activities. When rocks are eroded by water or wind, uranium minerals become a part of
the soil. When it rains, the soil containing uranium minerals can be transported via leached material and deposited into rivers and lakes.
Although exposure to uranium in natural settings may be limited, mining activities often result in increased exposure risks. Mining, mill-
ing, and other human activities, such as construction of structures using radioactive waste ore materials, can also move uranium around
natural environments as an additional long-term exposure pathway. Mining activities disturb mineralization that can affect exposures.
Traditionally, uranium has been extracted from open-pits and underground mines. In the past decade, alternative techniques such as in-
situ leach mining, in which solutions are injected into underground deposits to dissolve uranium, have become more widely used.
Activities such as removing overburden, tunneling, and transporting ore can expose previously protected mineral deposits to accelerated
oxidation and increase their mobility through the environment. (EPA, 2000 - S02200302). These activities can also lead to the release of
hazardous materials into the environment through air, water, and soil.

Air - Natural weathering processes of crustal rock and soil can change the crustal ratio of uranium isotopes. In some cases, human ac-
tivities have also altered the normal crustal distribution of naturally occurring radioactive materials, resulting in what has been termed
Technologically Enhanced Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Material (TNORM). No new radioactivity is produced, but uranium and its
progeny are redistributed in such a way that real exposure or the potential for human exposure may increase. A major localized source
of enhanced natural uranium can result from mining and milling operations. Uranium ore is removed from its natural location during
open-pit, in-situ leach, or underground mining operations. The primary sources of airborne releases are from the actual mining, from ore
crushing and grinding, from ore debris piles, and from ore stockpiles. Currently, mining and milling operations represent a minimal
source of uranium release. Another method by which uranium may be introduced into the atmosphere is the natural process of erosion
and wind activity. Wind erosion of tailings at uranium mining and milling activities can also result in the resuspension ofuranium.

Water - The redistribution of uranium and uranium progeny to both surface water and ground water occurs primarily from the natural
erosion of rock and soil; some redistribution also comes from the mining and milling. Uranium is discharged to surface water and/or
ground water during mining operations. If an open-pit or underground mine extends below the water table, ground water must be
removed to permit mining operations to continue. This is usually accomplished by pumping and discharging excess water into the
ground or nearby bodies of water. Since mine water is generally concentrated with uranium, its introduction into surface water bodies
may produce measurable increases in uranium levels. Waste waters from open-pit mines are typically one to two orders of magnitude
greater in volume and radioactivity content than waters from shaft or underground mines. Contamination of ground water and surface
water can also occur by water erosion of tailings piles.

Soil - Uranium is a naturally occurring radionuclide that is present in nearly all rocks and soils (soils being derived from erosion of the
rocks). The average concentration in U.S. soils is about 2 pCi/g (3 ppm); however, much higher levels are found in areas such as the
Colorado Plateau. The uranium present in the rocks and soil as a natural constituent represents natural background levels. Contamina-
tion of the soil can occur either from deposition of uranium originally discharged into the atmosphere, or from waste products discharged
directly into or on the ground (e.g., water containing uranium from either underground or open-pit mines).

Uranium ore concentrations and associated radioactivity varies widely at mining areas and geological formations across the Navajo
Nation. Other potential contaminants of concern include arsenic and lead. EPA is evaluating the likelihood for offsite migration of
contaminants due to historic mining activities, but is not assessing natural occurrences (EPA, 2004 - S01130602).

1 Unless otherwise cited, the information contained in this section is from "Toxicological Profile for Uranium," (ATSDR, 1999 - S051607001).

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NAVAJO NATION AUM REGIONS

The Navajo Nation is located on the Colorado Plateau and covers over 27,000 square miles in northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico,
and southeast Utah and occupies portions of twelve (12) counties within those states. The tribal government structure consists of 110
Chapters. Section 3 "Environmental Setting" of the Atlas provides more detailed information about the administrative boundaries.

Significant amounts of uranium were produced from deposits in the Chinle and Morrison formations, and minor deposits occurred in the
Bidahochi, Dakota Sandstone, Todilto Limestone, Navajo Sandstone, Kayenta, Moenkopi and Toreva formations. Uranium ores were
mined from deposits located across the Navajo Nation. For the purposes of this report, six (6) AUM Regions are identified: North
Central, Northern, Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern (Figure 6). The following provides brief descriptions of the six (6) AUM
Regions and presents statistics about the number of AUMs that were mapped, how many AUMs had records of uranium/vanadium
production, and how many AUMs were not productive or for which no records of uranium production were found.1

NORTH CENTRAL AUM REGION

The North Central AUM Region lies in northeastern Arizona and southeastern Utah. It spans four (4) counties: Apache, Coconino, and
Navajo Counties in Arizona, and San Juan County, Utah. The region is comprised of five (5) Navajo Nation Chapters: Dennehotso,
Kayenta, Mexican Water, Oljato, and Shonto. The region covers approximately 2,829 square miles in the Monument Valley and Navajo
Uplands area of the Navajo Nation.

Uranium was mined in the North Central AUM Region in 1944 and between 1947 and 1969. A total of 68 AUM-related polygons were
identified in the region. The Harvey Lee Sampson No.s 1 and 9 mine was the only AUM in the region that had reported production, but
could not be located and, therefore, was not entered into the GIS dataset. Forty (40) productive AUMs were located in the region.
Twenty-three (23) AUMs were mapped that had no records of uranium production, but did have evidence of surface disturbance (e.g.,
NAMLRP reclamation sites) and were located within a mining claim. The Mexican Hat Stockpile was also located in the North Central
AUM Region. The Gothe Mine in Oljato Chapter was added to the GIS database after publication of the preliminary North Central
AUM Region screening assessment report.

NORTHERN AUM REGION

The Northern AUM Region is located in the northeastern portion of the Navajo Nation, straddling three (3) counties and three (3) states:
Apache County, Arizona; San Juan County, New Mexico; and San Juan County, Utah. The region is comprised of eleven (11) Chapters:
Aneth, Beclabito, Cove, Lukachukai, Red Mesa, Red Valley, Round Rock, Sanostee, Shiprock, Sweetwater, and Teec Nos Pos. The re-
gion covers approximately 3,009 square miles in the hilly, high-altitude mountains and plains of the Navajo Nation.

Uranium was mined in the Northern AUM Region from 1948 to 1967 in the Carrizo Mountains and in the Sanostee area from 1952 to
1982. A small amount of radium was mined in 1920. A total of 271 AUM-related polygons were identified in the Northern AUM Re-

gion, which is 14 fewer than the preliminary Northern AUM Region screening assessment report. This is due to aggregation of several
AUM polygons that were originally entered as separate NAMLRP reclamation projects. As part of the effort to assign mine names and
production values to AUMs, it was determined that many of the reclamation projects covered a single AUM (e.g., reclamation projects
NA-0303, NA-0304, NA-0305, NA-0307, NA-0309 and NA-0340 were all part of the Cove Mesa Mines AEC Lease Plot 7). A total of
174 productive uranium mines were located, and 55 AUMs were mapped with no production or records of production. Two (2) of the
non-productive AUMs were transfer stations (Cove and Climax Transfer Stations).

WESTERN AUM REGION

The Western AUM Region is located on the western edge of the Navajo Nation, and is contained within Coconino County, Arizona.
The region is comprised of seven (7) Chapters: Bodaway/Gap, Cameron, Coalmine Canyon, Coppermine, LeChee, Leupp, and Tuba
City, covering approximately 4,028 square miles in the Painted Desert area of the NavajoNation.

Uranium was mined in the Western AUM Region between 1951 and 1963. A total of 126 AUM-related polygons were identified in the
region, which is two (2) more than reported in the preliminary Western AUM Region screening assessment report. The Julius Chee #4
was split into two (2) AUMs and the Hosteen Nez AUM was added. There were 98 productive uranium/vanadium AUMs located on or
within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation. Thirteen (13) AUMs were mapped with no production history, but which exhibited evidence
of surface disturbance (e.g., trenches) and they were located within a mining claim.

CENTRAL AUM REGION

The Central AUM Region is located predominantly in northeastern Arizona, with a small portion of the Tsaile/Wheatfields Chapter
extending into northwestern New Mexico. The region spans three (3) counties: Apache and Navajo Counties in Arizona, and San Juan
County in New Mexico. The Central AUM Region is comprised of nine (9) Navajo Nation Chapters: Black Mesa, Chilchinbeto, Chinle,
Many Farms, Rock Point, Rough Rock, Tachee/Blue Gap, Tsai 1 e/Wheatfields, and Tselani/Conttonwood. The region covers approxi-
mately 2,196 square miles in the Black Mesa, Chinle Valley, and Defiance Plateau areas of the Navajo Nation.

Uranium was mined in the Central AUM Region between 1954 and 1968. There were a total of 34 AUM related polygons mapped in the
Central AUM Region. Fifteen (15) AUMs with documented production were located in the region and thirteen (13) AUMs were mapped
for which no records of uranium production were located.

1 It should noted that in some cases there are multiple surface disturbances (AUM polygons) associated with a single AUM site. In these cases, each AUM polygon
that was associated with a productive AUM site was assigned the same mine name. For example, uranium was mined from eleven (11) pits/rim strips on the Tom
Wilson AUM in the Central AUM Region. Four (4) surface AUM polygons were mapped around these pits/rim strips, but uranium production was reported as a
single value for the Tom Wilson mine. All four of these polygons were assigned the mine name "Tom Wilson." For this reason the number of AUM-related
polygons that were mapped may be higher than the total number of AUM site reported in this section and throughout the report.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOUTHERN AUM REGION

The Southern AUM Region is located on the south central border of the Navajo Nation. The region spans two (2) counties: Apache and
Navajo Counties in Arizona. The region is comprised of six (6) Chapters: Dilkon, Greasewood Springs, Indian Wells, Steamboat,
Teesto, and White Cone. The Southern AUM Region covers approximately 1,726 square miles in the Navajo Section of the Colorado
Plateaus Province. A large part of the Southern AUM Region is located in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field.

Uranium was mined in the Southern AUM Region between 1954 and 1959. There was only one (1) productive AUM located in the re-
gion, the Morale mine. Five (5) AUMs were mapped that had no records of uranium production, but did had evidence of surface distur-
bance and they were located within a mining permit. A total of six (6) AUMs were mapped in the region.

EASTERN AUM REGION

The Eastern AUM Region is located in northwestern New Mexico and crosses into portions of three (3) counties: Cibola, McKinley, and
San Juan. The region is comprised of seventeen (17) Navajo Nation Chapters: Haystack, Becenti, Bread Springs, Casamero Lake,
Church Rock, Coyote Canyon, Crownpoint, Iyanbito, Littlewater, Mariano Lake, Nahodishgish, Pinedale, Red Rock, Rock Springs,
Smith Lake, Standing Rock, and Thoreau. The Eastern AUM Region covers approximately 1,784 square miles in the "Checkerboard
Area" of the Navajo Nation, which includes Tribal Trust Lands, fee lands, allotment lands, privately owned, and federal lands. See
Section 3 - Land Status, page 3-4 in the Atlas. The Eastern AUM Region is located within the highly productive Grants Uranium
District in northwestern New Mexico.

During a period spanning nearly three decades (1951 to at least 1989), the Grants Uranium District produced more uranium than any
other district in the United States (McLemore and Chenoweth, 2003 - S08020606). There were 97 AUM-related areas mapped in the
region. Sixty-five (65) AUMs with documented production were located in the region and 18 AUMs were mapped for which no records
of uranium production were located. Changes from the preliminary Eastern AUM Region screening assessment report include: removal
of six (6) AUM polygons associated with the Crownpoint Monument In-Situ Leach (ISL) and Crownpoint South Trend ISL plant sites,
which were proposed but never constructed. The Section 25 Shaft AUM polygon was merged with the Section 25 mine AUM. The
Section 32/33 AUM polygon was split into two (2) AUMs and individual production values were assigned. Finally, two (2) AUM poly-
gons were added for the productive Haystack mine.

17 i

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Western
AUM Region

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North Central
AUM Region

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Figure 6. Locations of AUM Regions on the Navajo Nation.

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NATION

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Eastern
AUM Region

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

4

METHODOLOGY

The methodology used to develop this Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report applied the following steps:

•	Develop a Hazard Ranking System (HRS) derived model to assess and compare AUM priorities on the Navajo Nation

•	Acquire data inputs for the HRS model and automate into a GIS database

•	Apply the screening criteria using GIS analysis tools

•	Generate a scoring list for each pathway and compile a composite scoring list for each AUM
HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DERIVED MODEU

EPA's Region 9 Superfund Site Assessment and Technical Support Team selected a subset of HRS criteria to develop preliminary
screening scores for the AUMs. The purpose of this analytical model is to prioritize Navajo AUM sites using readily available data. The
level of detail in this study is not as robust as required for remedy decision making, since the purpose of the screening model is not to
determine actual risks, but rather to identify priority areas for future investigation. The EPA team considered probable Navajo exposure
pathways as the basis for the model. The large area involved in the assessment falls beyond the normal scope for HRS, so a custom
model was developed to best fit these unique circumstances.

Due to the unique nature of the task, the EPA team considered the probable Navajo exposure pathways and used 40 CFR 300, Federal
Register Notice, HRS Final Rule, December 1990 (EPA, 1990 - S01130601) as the basis for the HRS-derived model. Given the EPA's
experience collecting available and pertinent Navajo Nation environmental data and the large land area under consideration, the EPA
decided to conservatively address all known release points (i.e., AUMs, mine related features, and waste piles), drainages downstream
from AUMs, all known water wells (domestic, agricultural, and municipal), and all structures. However, sensitive environments, such as
endangered species, and cultural data, were not readily available with enough locational specificity (compatible with GIS format) to
input into the model. The inclusion of HRS criteria for sensitive environments would be recommended during future site-specific char-
acterization activities, where the Navajo Nation would also be able to protect sensitive information with appropriate controls.

Consideration was given to the general fate and transport of radionuclides, as well as probable Navajo Nation exposure assessment
scenarios. For example, the scenario of a rural homestead adjacent to an unfenced AUM site where the residents spend considerable
hours outdoors with access to a nearby surface water source was considered. As a conservative assumption, it was presumed that all
water sources may be used for human consumption and that uranium ore is mobile in dissolved media. For the two water pathways, a
simple numeric progression was chosen. A high bias was used in weighting the soil and air pathway for close proximity (within 200
feet) due to the rural, agrarian lifestyle of the residents. A low bias was used in weighting the soil and air pathway for more distant
proximity (>200 feet) due to the difficulty in attributing sources.

The AUM Project HRS-derived model for each of the pathways is listed below.

Air Pathway - 200 feet, 1,320 feet (1/4 mile), and 1 mile

•	For structures within 200 feet of an AUM site, assign 100 points per structure

•	For structures that exist between 200 feet and 1,320 feet, assign 25 points per structure

•	For structures that exist between 1,320 feet and 1 mile, assign 10 points per structure

•	For structures beyond 1 mile, assign 0 points

Soil Exposure - 200 feet, 1,320 feet, and 1 mile

•	For structures within 200 feet of an AUM site, assign 100 points per structure

•	For structures that exist between 200 feet and 1,320 feet, assign 25 points per structure

•	For structures that exist between 1,320 feet and 1 mile, assign 10 points per structure

•	For structures beyond 1 mile, assign 0 points

Ground water Pathway - 1,320 feet, 1 mile, and 4 miles

•	For wells within 1,320 feet of an AUM site, assign 100 points per well

•	For wells that exist between 1,320 feet and 1 mile, assign 50 points per well

•	For wells that exist between 1 mile and 4 miles, assign 10 points per well

•	For wells beyond 4 miles, assign 0 points

Surface Water Pathway - 1 mile, 4 miles, and 15 miles

•	For perennial or intermittent surface water within one mile of an AUM site, assign 100 points

•	For perennial or intermittent surface water that exist between 1 mile and 4 miles, assign 50 points

•	For perennial or intermittent surface water that exists between 4 miles and within 15 miles, assign 10 points

•	For perennial or intermittent surface water beyond 15 miles, assign 0 points

&

12

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

DATA

The following data were required to apply the HRS-derived scoring algorithm. GIS datasets were generated and the primary sources
used to develop these GIS datasets are listed below:

AUM Sites - Locations for AUMs on and within 1 mile of the Navajo Nation were derived from several sources. Primary
sources included: NAMLRP Reclamation Project boundaries; unpublished NAMLRP field inventory locations; numerous ura-
nium mine history reports and written communications from William L. Chenoweth; Navajo Tribal Mining Department Claim
Maps, a database of uranium mines, prospects, occurrences, and mills in New Mexico (McLemore et al., 2005 - S09290601); a
Monument Valley District property map (Malan, 1964 - S03010603), a report on radioactive occurrences and uranium production
in Arizona (Scarborough, 1981 - S09240202), maps showing uranium-bearing diatremes of the Hopi Buttes, Arizona (Wenrich
and Mascarenas, 1982 - S06280601 and 1989 - S07270601); U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Certification Reports; U.S.
Department of Energy aerial radiation surveys funded by EPA, Region 9, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Digital Orthophoto
Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ); and USGS 7.5' topographic maps scanned as Digital Raster Graphic (DRG)files.

AUM boundary polygons were generated for each AUM. These polygons were used to represent the surface extents and loca-
tions of AUMs. Polygon boundaries for AUMs with underground workings were also generated when maps or drawings were
available. In addition, the location of three (3) stockpiles used as a transfer station for uranium ore were identified and mapped:
Cove, Climax, and Mexican Hat.

Structures - Structures include residences or other types of buildings where people may live, work, or gather. Locations of
structures within 1 mile of AUMs were interpreted from DOQQs, DRGs, and utility meter locations. Structures are the target for
the air and soil pathways.

Wells - A wells database was acquired from the Navajo Department of Water Resources and augmented using data from the
Arizona Department of Water Resources, New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, Utah Department of Water Resources, U. S
Army Corps of Engineers water sample locations, USGS/EPA National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), Geographic Names Infor-
mation System, USGS Ground Water Site Investigations Database, DRGs, DOQQs, and the Church Rock Uranium Monitoring
Project (CRUMP, 2003 - SOI 140501). Wells were used as a target for the ground-water pathway.

Drainages - The high resolution NHD, DOQQs and DRGS were used to identify perennial and intermittent drainages down-
stream from AUMs.

Part II"Atlas and Geospatial Data" provides additional descriptions of the GIS datasets and their sources and provides examples of map
products that were developed from the GIS datasets

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Spoil from the Haystack mine in the Haystack Chapter.

Photo courtesy of TerraSpectra Geomatics (photo taken August

2006).

Structures

Structure within 200 feet of the Harvey Blackwater No. 3 Mine
(NAMLRP reclamation project site NA-0226 in the Kayenta Chapter).
Photo courtesy of TerraSpectra Geomatics (photo taken April 2005).

Wells

Windmill and water tank 8K-402 in the southeast portion of Oljato
Chapter. Photo courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (photo
taken September 1998

Surface Water

Little Colorado River looking west from Cameron Trading Post
Photo courtesy of TerraSpectra Geomatics (photo taken April 2005).

Figure 7. Example Photographs of Modified HRS Scoring Factors.

"^hjr

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r£4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

RESULTS

This section presents results from the HRS-derived screening model for AUM sites located on and within one (1) mile of the Navajo
Nation. As previously stated, these scores are not intended to indicate actual risk, but will be used to assist with establishing priorities
for future investigations. Previous screening assessment reports presented tables for each of the component pathway scores. The
"Ground Water Pathway Score" tables presented the counts of wells that are located within the 1/4 mile, 1 mile, and 4 mile buffers and
the total number of wells within 4 miles of each AUM. The scores for each buffer zone were tabulated and presented in a table for each
AUM. The "Soil Pathway and Air Pathway Score" tables presented the counts of structures that are within the 200 foot, 1/4 mile, and 1
mile buffers as well as the total number of structures within 1 mile of each AUM. The scores for each buffer zone were tabulated and
presented for each AUM. Since the air and soil pathway criteria are the same, the total score results for the soil pathway and air pathway
were shown in the same table. These component pathway score tables have been generated for all AUMs mapped on the Navajo Nation,
but due to the volume of information, they are not presented as individual tables in this report. They can be found on the GIS Data DVT)
as an MS Excel spreadsheet (DB/AUM/NN_Scoring.xls). Notable results for the ground water, soil, air, and surface water pathways are
discussed in following sections.

Tables for the "Combined Pathway Score" for each AUM Region are presented in this report. The combined pathway score is the sum
of the scores for each pathway for each AUM. There are six (6) Combined Pathway Score Tables and several associated maps showing
the locations of the scored AUMs. The score tables are sorted by MAP-ID, which is an arbitrary number to facilitate map labeling. The
MAP-ID is generally assigned so that MAP-ID increases from west to east and north to south within each AUMRegion.

: MAP-ID numbers have a prefix that is associated with the AUM Region in which it occurs (shown at
). The region prefix has been added to the MAP-ID to allow correspondence with the previous six (6)
iening assessment reports for comparison purposes. There are some changes to the AUMs from the pre-
us reports, including:

Added AUM - new MAP-ID
Deleted AUM - gap in MAP-ID sequence
Merged AUM - gap in MAP-ID sequence

Split AUM - new information was obtained that allowed refinement to the boundary of an AUM.
In these cases the MAP-ID are the same as the previous report, but the split polygons will share
the same MAP-ID with the addition of a suffix (e.g., W112a and W112b).

C = Central

VI01

The
left;

E = Eastern sere

N = Northern
NC = North Central
S = Southern
W = Western

SOIL PATHWAY AND AIR PATHWAY

The soil exposure pathway involves direct exposure to hazardous substances and areas of suspected contamination. This pathway differs
from the three migration pathways in that it accounts for contact with in-place hazardous substances at the site rather than migration of
substances from the site. Evaluation of the soil pathway using the modified HRS required knowing the location of the AUM sites and
distance to structures. The HRS criteria used to evaluate the soil pathway were:

» For structures within 200 feet of an AUM site, assign 100 points per structure

• For structures between 200 feet and 1,320 feet, assign 25 points per structure

• For structures between 1,320 feet and 1 mile, assign 10 points per structure

• If no structures exist within 1 mile, assign 0 points

The air pathway involves wind that can entrain
particulates from mine waste piles, roads, and
other disturbed areas. Waste rock at AUM sites
contains radionuclides and metals that may be
released as fugitive dust, where they can be
inhaled or ingested. This material can contami-
nate areas downwind as particles settle out of
suspension in the air (EPA, 2000 - S02200302).

Evaluation of the air pathway using the modi-
fied FIRS also required knowing the location of
AUM sites and distance to structures. Figure 8
(right) shows an example photograph depicting
wind blown dust preceding a storm. These dust
events can increase the potential for inhalation,
ingestion, and transport of radionuclide parti-
cles associated with uranium mining.

The buffer distances around the AUM sites and
the factors associated with each distance are the
same for both the soil and air pathways. A sin-
gle table was generated for both pathways.

Results for the soil and air pathway assessment
can be found on the GIS Data DVD and are

presented in the spreadsheet "DB/AUM/NN_scoring.xls" in the "Air_Soil Scores" tab. The spreadsheet shows the number of structures
that occur within 200 feet, 1/4 mile, and 1 mile of AUM sites. The number of structures within each buffer are multiplied by the scoring
factor for each buffer. The scores for each buffer are summed to obtain the total score for each AUM site.

Figure 8. Potential Air Pathway. Example of wind-blown dust during a storm in Monument
Valley, Utah. Photo courtesy TerraSpectra Geomatics (taken 9/4/2004).

The highest scored AUM for the soil and the air pathways is the Crownpoint ISL AUM in the Crownpoint Chapter (MAP-ID #E35 -
Figure 57). The soil pathway score for Crownpoint ISL is 8,470 and air pathway score is 8,470 for a total soil and air pathway score of
16,940. The soil and air pathway scores calculated for this site are based on eighteen (18) structures within 200 feet of the AUM, ten
(10) structures in the 200 foot to 1/4 mile buffer, and 642 structures in the 1/4 mile to 1 mile buffer, for a total of 670 structures within
one (1) mile of the AUM.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GROUND WATER PATHWAY

Mining operations can affect ground water quality in several ways. For example, underground workings can provide a direct conduit to
aquifers. Ground water quality is also affected when waters infiltrate through surface materials (e.g., mine debris piles) into ground
water. Contamination can also occur when there is a hydraulic connection between surface water and ground water. Any of these situa-
tions can cause elevated contaminant levels in ground water. In addition, contaminated ground water may discharge to surface water
down gradient of the AUM site as contributions to base flow in a stream channel or spring (EPA, 2000 - S02200302).

Evaluation of the ground water pathway using the HRS-derived criteria required the location of the AUM sites and distance to wells
(including developed springs). For the ground water pathway, when available, underground workings of the AUMs were mapped and
the total area of the surface and underground extent of the AUM was used to generate the buffers. The FIRS criteria used to evaluate the
ground water pathway were:

• For wells within 1,320 feet of an AUM site, assign 100 points per well

• For wells between 1,320 feet and 1 mile, assign 50 points per well

• For wells between 1 mile and 4 miles, assign 10 points perwell

• If no well exists within 4 miles, assign 0 points

Results for the ground water pathway assessment can be found on the GIS Data DVD and are presented in the spreadsheet
"DB/AUM/NN_scoring.xls" in the "Groundwater_Scores" tab. The highest ground water pathway score is 1,290 and is located at the
unproductive NAMLRP reclamation site NA-0238 in the Red Mesa Chapter (MAP-ID #N2 - Figure 23). The total ground water pathway
score for this site is comprised of 0 wells within 1/4 mile of the AUM, 0 wells in the 1/4 mile to 1 mile buffer, and 129 wells in the 1
mile to 4 mile buffer.

Water Well Added to the
Updated 2007 Wells Dataset

Water Well in Both 2006
and 2007 Wells Dataset

RED MESA

Oil Related Well Removed
from the Updated 2007
Wells Dataset

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AI M Screening Assessment Report

WELLS DATA (MARCH 2006 AND MAY 2007 UPDATE)

Mites

Map tkalfi I 49.000
Legend

O MAP-ID

Abandoned Uranium Mine

® Wet withm 4 miles ot AUM - (May 2007)
• We#B vwthin 4 miles of AUM Marcn 2006

Mine Butters
200 Feel
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 9. Example Comparison of Wells Data Used in March 2006 and Updated May 2007.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

It should be noted that the wells dataset used for this report was updated from the version used for the previous AUM Region screening
assessment reports. Figure 9 shows site NA-0238 (MAP-ID #N2) with the 1/4 mile, 1 mile, and 4 mile buffer around the AUM. Wells
used in the Northern AUM Region screening assessment report (March, 2006) are shown as red dots. The updated wells dataset used for
this report are shown as larger blue dots. This figure illustrates that several wells have been added, particularly near the community of
Bluff, Utah. These new wells were made available from the Utah Division of Water Rights Database (dated 2/19/2007). A few wells
were removed after determining they were oil or gas related wells and not likely used as drinking water sources. The updates to the
wells data have resulted in some substantial changes in scores for some AUMs (e.g., the NA-0238 ground water score was 360 in the
Northern AUM Region screening assessment report).

SURFACE WATER PATHWAY

Water erosion is the process by which soil particles are detached and transported from their original location. Sedimentation is the by-
product of erosion, whereby eroded particles are deposited at a location different from their origin. Erosion is a concern for AUMs pri-
marily because of the mine wastes. Major sources of erosion and sediment loadings at mining sites include waste rock and overburden
piles, haul and access roads, exploration areas, and reclamation areas. Hazardous constituents (e.g., radionuclides and metals) associated
with discharges from mining operations may be found at elevated levels in sediments (EPA, 2000 - S02200302).

Evaluation of the surface water pathway using the modified HRS required knowing the location of the AUM sites and distance to peren-
nial and intermittent streams or drainages. The HRS criteria used to evaluate the surface water pathway were:

• For perennial or intermittent surface water within one mile of an AUM site, assign 100 points

• For perennial or intermittent surface water between 1 mile and 4 miles, assign 50 points

• For perennial or intermittent surface water between 4 miles and 15 miles, assign 10 points

• If no perennial or intermittent surface water exists within 15 miles, assign 0 points

All but two (2) of the AUM sites on or within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation were located within one (1) mile of a downstream inter-
mittent stream or drainage (see Figure 10) and scored 160 (score = 100+50+10). The two AUMs that do not have downstream drainages
are both located in the Western AUM Region in the Coalmine Canyon Chapter. The Evans Huskon No. 35 mine (MAP-ID #W79 - Fig-
ure 37, page 54) was a rim strip/pit that produced about 170 pounds of uranium. There is no record that the AUM has been reclaimed.
The Cam061 prospect (MAP-ID #W80 - Figure 37, page 54) is located within a quarter mile to the north-east of the Evan Huskon No. 35
mine. No records of production were located for this AUM. This AUM is a mine feature that was mapped by NAMLRP, but did not
require reclamation.

DRAINAGES DOWNSTREAM FROM AI MS

100

Miles

Map Scale 1:2,000,000

Figure 10. Surface Water Drainages Downstream from AUM Sites.

LEGEND

Downstream Drainages

Buffers Around AUMs

1 Mlte

4 Miles
IS Miles

110WW

HOPI
RESERVATION

NAVAJO
NATION

IWUUW

-------
r^i

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

COMBINED PATHWAYS

After total scores were developed for each of the four pathways it was possible to tabulate a combined pathways score for each of the
AUM sites. Scores for air, soil, surface water, and ground water were summed to obtain combined scores, which are presented in the
following tables by AUM Region. The tables are sorted by MAP-ID number.

Table 4. North Central Combined Pathway Scores Table	Table 7. Central Combined Pathway Scores Table

Table 5. Northern Combined Pathway Scores Table	Table 8. Southern Combined Pathway Scores Table

Table 6. Western Combined Pathway Scores Table	Table 9. Eastern Combined Pathway Scores Table

The GIS database was used to generate several maps depicting the combined pathways results. A map index was developed for each of
the AUM Regions to show the locations of the AUM sites and the extents of the aggregated buffers that were generated around the AUM
sites. Also shown on AUM Region Index figures are the extents of the map figures (enlargement) for the combined pathways. AUM
sites are labeled with their corresponding MAP-ID on the map enlargements. Also shown are structures, wells, and drainages. Table 3
below lists the map figure number, title, and the range of MAP-IDs on each map. As previously discussed, there are some changes to the
AUMs from the previous six (6) screening assessment reports, including: added AUMs have a new MAP-ID; deleted and merged AUM
polygons do not appear in the score tables or maps; split AUMs polygons share the same MAP-ID with an alpha suffix (e.g., W112a).

Table 3. MAP-ID Correspondence to Figure Number.

FIGURE
NUMBER

FIGURE TITLE

RANGE OF
MAP-IDS



FIGURE
NUMBER

FIGURE TITLE

RANGE OF MAP-
IDS

Figure 12

North Central AUM Region Combined Pathways
- Map Figure Index

NC1 - NC68



Figure 37

Combined Pathways in the Cameron
Region

W18-W70*
W72 - W91

Figure 13

Combined Pathways in the Monitor Mesa Area
Map

NC1



Figure 38

Combined Pathways in the Adeii Eechii Cliffs
Region

W71 and W125*

Figure 14

Combined Pathways in the Mexican Hat Area
Map

NC2



Figure 39

Combined Pathways in the Southern Little
Colorado Region

W92-W122*

Figure 15

Combined Pathways in the North Nokai Mesa
Area Map

NC3-NC9
and N68*



Figure 40

Combined Pathways in the East Black Falls
Region

W123-W124

Figure 16

Combined Pathways in the Oljato Area Map

NC10-NC45



Figure 41

Central Region Combined Pathways
- Map Figure Index

C1 - C34

Figure 17

Combined Pathways in the South Nokai Mesa
Area Map

NC46



Figure 42

Combined Pathways in the Rough Rock
Area Map

C1 -C10

Figure 18

Combined Pathways in the South El Capitan
Flat Area Map

NC47 - NC53



Figure 43

Combined Pathways in the Tachee Area
Map

C11 -C30

Figure 19

Combined Pathways in the Monument Valley
Area Map

NC54 - NC60



Figure 44

Combined Pathways in the Chinle Area Map

C31 - C34

Figure 20

Combined Pathways in the Cane Valley Area
Map

NC61 - NC67



Figure 45

Southern Region Combined Pathways
- Map Figure Index

S1 - S6

Figure 21

Northern Region Combined Pathways
- Map Index Map

N1 - N285



Figure 46

Combined Pathways in the Cedar Springs
Area Map

S1

Figure 22

Combined Pathways in the North Central Aneth
Area Map

N1



Figure 47

Combined Pathways in the Bidahochi Area
Map

S2-S5

Figure 23

Combined Pathways in the Northwest Red
Mesa Area Map

N2



Figure 48

Combined Pathways in the Greasewood
Area Map

S6

Figure 24

Combined Pathways in the North Teec Nos Pos
Area Map

N3-N4



Figure 49

Eastern Region Combined Pathways
- Map Figure Index

E1 - E103

Figure 25

Combined Pathways in the South Red Mesa
Area Map

N5-N10



Figure 50

Combined Pathways in the Northwest
Church Rock Area Map

E1 - E2

Figure 26

Combined Pathways in the Tse Tah Area Map

N11 - N58



Figure 51

Combined Pathways in the Northeast Church
Rock Area Map

E3 - E9

Figure 27

Combined Pathways in the Northeast Carrizo
Area Map

N59-N85



Figure 52

Combined Pathways in the Nahodishgish
Area Map

E10 - E11*

Figure 28

Combined Pathways in the Southwest Sweet-
water Area Map

N86



Figure 53

Combined Pathways in the Becenti Area
Map

E16

Figure 29

Combined Pathways in the West Carrizo Area
Map

N87-N124*



Figure 54

Combined Pathways in the Church Rock
Area Map

E17 - E21

Figure 30

Combined Pathways in the East Carrizo Area
Map

N129-N190



Figure 55

Combined Pathways in the lyanbito Area
Map

E22 - E28

Figure 31

Combined Pathways in the Shiprock Area Map

N191



Figure 56

Combined Pathways in the Mariano Lake
Area Map

E29 - E34

Figure 32

Combined Pathways in the Lukachukai Area
Map

N192-263



Figure 57

Combined Pathways in the Crownpoint Area
Map

E35 - E36*

Figure 33

Combined Pathways in the Chuska Area Map

N264-N285



Figure 58

Combined Pathways in the Western Hay-
stack Area Map

E40 - E56

Figure 34

Western Combined Pathways
- Map Figure Index

W1 -W125



Figure 59

Combined Pathways in the Ambrosia Lake
Area Map

E57 - E76

Figure 35

Combined Pathways in the Echo Cliffs
Region

W1 - W4



Figure 60

Combined Pathways in the Haystack Area
Map

E77 - E103*

Figure 36

Combined Pathways in the Southeastern
Bodaway/Gap Region

W5-W17



* Indicates MAP-ID ranges where AUM polygons were added, deleted, or
merged, resulting in gaps in the MAP-ID numbers.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

COMBINED PATHWAYS (continued)

Based on the modified HRS model used for this assessment, scores for AUM sites on and within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation range
from 10 to 17,640. The highest composite pathway score on the Navajo Nation is the Crownpoint ISL (In-Situ Leach) AUM. This
AUM is located in the Eastern AUM Region in the Crownpoint Chapter (MAP-ID #E35 - Figure 57, page 74). The Composite Score of
17,640 is comprised of the following contributions from the individual pathways:

Air Pathway

18 structures within the 200 foot buffer	18 x100 = 1,800

10 staxctures between 200 feet and 1/4 mile, and	10 x 25 = 250

642 structures between 1/4 mile and 1 mile	642 x 10 = 6.420

8,470

Soil Pathway

18 structures within the 200 foot buffer	18 x 100 = 1,800

10 structures between 200 feet and 1/4 mile, and	10 x 25 = 250

642 structures between 1/4 mile and 1 mile	642 x 10 = 6,420

8,470

Groundwater Pathway

1 wells within 1/4 mile	1 x 100 = 100

4 wells between 1/4 mile and 1 mile, and	4 x 50 = 200

24 wells between 1 mile and 4 miles of the AUM site 24 x 10 = 240

540

Surface Water Pathway

Presence of downstream drainage from the AUM	160

site through each of the buffers.

Composite Pathway Score for Crownpoint ISL	8,470 + 8,470 + 540 + 160 = 17,640

Figure 11 below shows an enlargement of the one (1) mile buffer area around the Crownpoint ISL and the Section 29-Conoco (the fourth
highest scoring AUM on the Navajo Nation) to illustrate the significance that proximity to the community of Crownpoint has on the
scoring. The Crownpoint ISL AUM was shutdown when the price of uranium collapsed and there was no producti on from this AUM.
However, a shaft was sunk to the ore horizon and surface facilities were constructed. Section 29 Conoco was also unproductive, al-
though a shaft was sunk to the ore horizon just before the uranium market collapsed.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION





Nawjti N.ition AlIM Scrccnins: AMCstmntl Report





COMBINED PATHWAYS - CROWNPOINT ISL AND SECTION 29 CONOCO AI MS

Sources



Legend

The base imagery used (or this map are USGS q • t



Abandoned Uranium Mine
Mine Buffers

Quadrangles iDOQQ): Crownpoint_NE Crown-

p»nt_SE Heart Rook_NW and Heart Rock_SW MapScnic 1 M.oao
quarter quads The imagery was (town In 1997

~D |

200 Feet
1/4 MUe
1 Mile
4 Miles

Downstream Waiter Pathway



•

Structure within 1 Mile

Figure 11. Crownpoint ISL and Section 29-Conoco AUMs Combined Pathways Factors.

•

Well within 4 Miles

D

18

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 4. North Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores.

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

NC1

Oljato

Whirlwind

0

0

0

160

160

NC2

Off Navajo Nation

Mexican Hat Stockpile

910

775

775

160

2620

NC3

Oljato

Horsetrail

10

10

10

160

190

NC4

Oljato

Tract 15

10

0

0

160

170

NC5

Oljato

Alfred Mills

10

0

0

160

170

NC6

Oljato

Tract 12

10

0

0

160

170

NC7

Oljato

Tract 14

0

0

0

160

160

NC8

Oljato

Mon060

0

0

0

160

160

NC9

Shonto

Tract 17

0

0

0

160

160

NC10

Oljato

Tract 7

50

0

0

160

210

NC11

Oljato

Taylor Reid No. 1

390

0

0

160

550

NC12

Oljato

Taylor Reid No. 1

330

10

10

160

510

NC13

Oljato

C-3

340

20

20

160

540

NC14

Oljato

Mitten No. 3

390

70

70

160

690

NC15

Oljato

Charles Keith

710

1105

1105

160

3080

NC16

Oljato

Copper Point

570

230

230

160

1190

NC17

Oljato

Norcross

460

450

450

160

1520

NC18

Oljato

Skyline Road

460

30

30

160

680

NC19

Oljato

Tom Holliday

440

30

30

160

660

NC20

Oljato

Mitten No. 1

410

40

40

160

650

NC21

Oljato

Mitten No. 1

400

70

70

160

700

NC22

Oljato

Utah No. 1 Lease

370

200

200

160

930

NC23

Oljato

Skyline

380

240

240

160

1020

NC24

Oljato

Rock Door No. 1

490

1145

1145

160

2940

NC25

Oljato

Monument No. 3

240

70

70

160

540

NC26

Oljato

Utah No. 1

460

20

20

160

660

NC27

Oljato

Radium Hill No. 1

520

20

20

160

720

NC28

Oljato

Fern No. 1

470

0

0

160

630

NC29

Oljato

Harve Black No. 2

730

240

240

160

1370

NC30

Oljato

Tract 11

30

10

10

160

210

NC31

Oljato

Tract 11E

60

10

10

160

240

NC32

Oljato

Tract 24 Mine - B

270

90

90

160

610

NC33

Oljato

Tract 24 Mine - A

280

80

80

160

600

NC34

Oljato

Starlight

480

10

10

160

660

NC35

Oljato

Starlight East

540

10

10

160

720

NC36

Oljato

Moonlight

530

150

150

160

990

NC37

Oljato

Daylight

420

30

30

160

640

NC38

Oljato

Mitten No. 2

410

200

200

160

970

NC39

Oljato

Monument No. 1 North

390

220

220

160

990

NC40

Oljato

Golden Crown

450

305

305

160

1220

NC41

Oljato

Monument No. 1

360

190

190

160

900

NC42

Oljato

Sunlight

500

35

35

160

730

NC43

Oljato

South Sunlight

520

35

35

160

750

NC44

Oljato

Big Four No. 2

470

40

40

160

710

NC45

Oljato

Big Chief

330

0

0

160

490

NC46

Oljato

Tract 2B

40

20

20

160

240

NC47

Oljato

Joe Rock #7-9

110

20

20

160

310

NC48

Oljato

Bootjack

130

20

20

160

330

NC49

Oljato

Firelight No. 6

120

115

115

160

510

NC50

Oljato

Alma-Seegan

80

210

210

160

660

NC51

Oljato

Black Rock Trench

40

185

185

160

570

NC52

Oljato

Black Rock

40

150

150

160

500

NC53

Oljato

Sally

40

180

180

160

560

NC54

Oljato

Binale 2

70

0

0

160

230

NC55

Oljato

Mitchell Mesa

30

0

0

160

190

NC56

Oljato

Binale 1

30

0

0

160

190

NC57

Oljato

Lone Mesa 2 Claim

120

0

0

160

280

NC58

Kayenta

Round Mesa Claim

50

0

0

160

210

NC59

Kayenta

AEC Sample 13756 & USGS Sample MV-8

20

0

0

160

180

NC60

Kayenta

Sam Charlie No. 1

20

0

0

160

180

NC61

Kayenta

Harvey Blackwater No. 3

40

305

305

160

810

NC62

Kayenta

Harvey Blackwater No. 1

90

50

50

160

350

NC63

Kayenta

Harvey Blackwater Claim (South)

150

80

80

160

470

NC64

Kayenta

Harvey Blackwater No. 4

160

70

70

160

460

NC65

Kayenta

Monument No. 2

130

0

0

160

290

NC66

Kayenta

Monument No. 2

500

160

160

160

980

NC67

Dennehotso

Bluestone No. 1

120

60

60

160

400

NC68

Oljato

Gothe Mine

0

0

0

160

160

-------


ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 5. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores.

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

N1

Off Navajo Nation

Pete

420

10

10

160

600

N2

Red Mesa

NA-0238

1290

0

0

160

1450

N3

Aneth

Montezuma Creek Mine

620

60

60

160

900

N4

Teec Nos Pos

Aneth 1

210

70

70

160

510

N5

Red Mesa

Tom Morgan 1

40

80

80

160

360

N6

Red Mesa

Barton 3

50

140

140

160

490

N7

Red Mesa

John Lee Benally

120

80

80

160

440

N8

Red Mesa

Phillip Dee 1

180

150

150

160

640

N9

Red Mesa

NA-0509A

230

240

240

160

870

N10

Sweetwater

Johnny McCoy 1

470

440

440

160

1510

N11

Teec Nos Pos

John Kee 4

190

305

305

160

960

N12

Teec Nos Pos

Capitan Benally No. 4A

70

80

80

160

390

N13

Red Mesa

Brodie 1

130

260

260

160

810

N14

Teec Nos Pos

Block K

200

215

215

160

790

N15

Teec Nos Pos

NA-0928

230

100

100

160

590

N16

Teec Nos Pos

Silentman 1

190

125

125

160

600

N17

Teec Nos Pos

McKenzie 3

270

145

145

160

720

N18

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 2

270

185

185

160

800

N19

Teec Nos Pos

NA-0904

290

160

160

160

770

N20

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 1

310

150

150

160

770

N21

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 4

220

170

170

160

720

N22

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 3

220

185

185

160

750

N23

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 5

220

295

295

160

970

N24

Sweetwater

NA-0926

230

130

130

160

650

N25

Sweetwater

NA-0924

220

160

160

160

700

N26

Teec Nos Pos

Hoskie Henry

160

560

560

160

1440

N27

Teec Nos Pos

Pope 1

160

420

420

160

1160

N28

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 6

170

575

575

160

1480

N29

Teec Nos Pos

Hoskie Henry

170

525

525

160

1380

N30

Teec Nos Pos

NA-0919B

160

270

270

160

860

N31

Teec Nos Pos

NA-0919A

160

300

300

160

920

N32

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 7

170

390

390

160

1110

N33

Teec Nos Pos

Tse079

170

410

410

160

1150

N34

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 8

170

400

400

160

1130

N35

Teec Nos Pos

Black Rock Point Mines

170

430

430

160

1190

N36

Teec Nos Pos

NA-0917A

170

460

460

160

1250

N37

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 9

170

200

200

160

730

N38

Teec Nos Pos

Jimmie Bileen 1

170

170

170

160

670

N39

Teec Nos Pos

Sandy K

170

200

200

160

730

N40

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 10

170

200

200

160

730

N41

Teec Nos Pos

Plot 11

170

170

170

160

670

N42

Sweetwater

North Martin

450

255

255

160

1120

N43

Sweetwater

Grover Cleveland 1

490

110

110

160

870

N44

Sweetwater

Martin Mine & George Simpson No. 1

590

250

250

160

1250

N45

Sweetwater

Rattlesnake No. 8

690

150

150

160

1150

N46

Sweetwater

Tsosie 1

490

110

110

160

870

N47

Sweetwater

George Simpson 1 Incline

680

280

280

160

1400

N48

Sweetwater

Saytah

640

300

300

160

1400

N49

Sweetwater

Carson

840

170

170

160

1340

N50

Sweetwater

AEC Plot 3

690

90

90

160

1030

N51

Sweetwater

Plot 13

890

270

270

160

1590

N52

Sweetwater

Last Chance

670

270

270

160

1370

N53

Sweetwater

Melvin Benally No. 1

120

130

130

160

540

N54

Sweetwater

Saytah Canyon

120

130

130

160

540

N55

Sweetwater

CBW-MC Mine

140

140

140

160

580

N56

Sweetwater

Saytah Canyon

140

120

120

160

540

N57

Sweetwater

Melvin Benally No. 3

110

185

185

160

640

N58

Sweetwater

School Boy

90

0

0

160

250

N59

Teec Nos Pos

Rattlesnake No. 1

190

10

10

160

370

N60

Teec Nos Pos

Bettie No. 1

50

0

0

160

210

N61

Beclabito

Zona No. 1

80

0

0

160

240

N62

Beclabito

Ruben No. 1

80

0

0

160

240

N63

Beclabito

Jim Lee No. 1, Richard King No. 1

140

0

0

160

300

N64

Beclabito

Todakonzie No. 1

90

0

0

160

250

N65

Beclabito

NA-0424

310

1985

1985

160

4440

N66

Beclabito

NA-0420

210

2815

2815

160

6000

N67

Beclabito

Harvey Begay 3

140

0

0

160

300

N68

Red Valley

Tony Tuc

100

0

0

160

260

20

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 5. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

N69

Beclabito

Upper Red Canyon

100

0

0

160

260

N70

Beclabito

Kings 6

110

100

100

160

470

N71

Beclabito

Barton & Begay

100

100

100

160

460

N72

Beclabito

Barton & Begay

180

20

20

160

380

N73

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 2

140

20

20

160

340

N74

Beclabito

Bec064

110

0

0

160

270

N75

Beclabito

Canyon No. 1

110

0

0

160

270

N76

Beclabito

Bec068

110

0

0

160

270

N77

Beclabito

John John 1

140

20

20

160

340

N78

Beclabito

John John 1

130

20

20

160

330

N79

Beclabito

John John 1

130

20

20

160

330

N80

Beclabito

King No. 2

130

20

20

160

330

N81

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 1

130

0

0

160

290

N82

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 1

130

0

0

160

290

N83

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 1

180

0

0

160

340

N84

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 1

180

30

30

160

400

N85

Beclabito

Rocky Flats No. 1

170

30

30

160

390

N86

Sweetwater

Chester Mud No. 1

10

90

90

160

350

N87

Sweetwater

Eurida Mine

20

50

50

160

280

N88

Sweetwater

Plot 14

20

20

20

160

220

N89

Sweetwater

East Workings

10

50

50

160

270

N90

Sweetwater

NA-0505B

10

50

50

160

270

N91

Sweetwater

Plot 16

10

50

50

160

270

N92

Sweetwater

Plot 15

10

0

0

160

170

N93

Sweetwater

NA-0504

20

80

80

160

340

N94

Sweetwater

Chimney No. 1

10

0

0

160

170

N95

Sweetwater

Sunnyside

0

10

10

160

180

N96

Sweetwater

Sunnyside

0

10

10

160

180

N97

Sweetwater

Swt018

0

120

120

160

400

N98

Red Valley

Tohe Thlany Begay Mine

0

0

0

160

160

N99

Red Valley

Cov192

0

0

0

160

160

N100

Sweetwater

AEC Plot B

0

40

40

160

240

N101

Sweetwater

Mildred 1

0

0

0

160

160

N102

Sweetwater

NA-0512

0

10

10

160

180

N103

Sweetwater

AEC Plot D

0

20

20

160

200

N104

Sweetwater

Sheepskin Mesa

0

10

10

160

180

N105

Sweetwater

Tree Mesa

0

10

10

160

180

N106

Sweetwater

Swt003

0

10

10

160

180

N107

Sweetwater

NA-0510

0

0

0

160

160

N108

Sweetwater

Kinusta Mesa

0

20

20

160

200

N109

Sweetwater

NA-0511

0

20

20

160

200

N110

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (Cato Sells)

0

0

0

160

160

N111

Red Valley

Cove Mesa Mines (Cato Sells)

0

10

10

160

180

N112

Red Valley

Cove Mesa Mines (Cato Sells)

0

10

10

160

180

N113

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

0

0

0

160

160

N114

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

0

0

0

160

160

N116

Red Valley

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

0

0

0

160

160

N118

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

0

0

0

160

160

N119

Red Valley

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

0

0

0

160

160

N120

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

10

0

0

160

170

N122

Red Valley

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

10

0

0

160

170

N123

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

10

0

0

160

170

N124

Sweetwater

Cove Mesa Mines (AEC Lease Plot 7)

10

0

0

160

170

N129

Red Valley

Cottonwood Butte

190

30

30

160

410

N130

Red Valley

Syracuse Mine

160

0

0

160

320

N131

Red Valley

Hazel

170

30

30

160

390

N132

Red Valley

NA-0410

200

30

30

160

420

N133

Red Valley

North Star

210

30

30

160

430

N134

Red Valley

Lone Star

200

30

30

160

420

N135

Red Valley

Valley View

150

50

50

160

410

N136

Red Valley

White Cap

160

0

0

160

320

N137

Red Valley

Upper Canyon

250

160

160

160

730

N138

Red Valley

Leroy

250

130

130

160

670

N139

Red Valley

Lower Canyon

240

130

130

160

660

N140

Red Valley

NA-0405

240

200

200

160

800

N141

Red Valley

Oak Springs Mine (Gravel Cap)

400

540

540

160

1640

N142

Red Valley

Oak Springs Mine

400

475

475

160

1510

N143

Red Valley

Oak238

260

235

235

160

890

-------


ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 5. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

N144

Red Valley

VCA Plot 7 Mines

260

195

195

160

810

N145

Red Valley

VCA Plot 7 Mines

260

135

135

160

690

N146

Red Valley

Franks Point

230

90

90

160

570

N147

Red Valley

Upper Salt Rock

190

30

30

160

410

N148

Red Valley

VCA Plot 7 Mines

180

30

30

160

400

N149

Red Valley

Lower Salt Rock

180

30

30

160

400

N150

Red Valley

Williams Point

270

40

40

160

510

N151

Red Valley

Salt Canyon

220

0

0

160

380

N152

Red Valley

Salt Canyon

220

10

10

160

400

N153

Red Valley

VCA Plot 3

310

170

170

160

810

N154

Red Valley

Lookout Point

270

90

90

160

610

N155

Red Valley

Lookout Point Incline

310

190

190

160

850

N157

Red Valley

VCA Plot 3

170

20

20

160

370

N158

Red Valley

Shadyside No. 2

170

30

30

160

390

N159

Red Valley

Shadyside No. 1

180

50

50

160

440

N160

Red Valley

VCA Plot 3

180

40

40

160

420

N161

Red Valley

Begay No. 2

180

40

40

160

420

N162

Red Valley

Begay Incline

180

90

90

160

520

N164

Red Valley

Shadyside Incline

260

90

90

160

600

N166

Red Valley

VCA Plot 3

400

460

460

160

1480

N167

Red Valley

Nelson Point

360

360

360

160

1240

N168

Red Valley

Tent No. 1

360

200

200

160

920

N169

Red Valley

Oak143, Oak146

310

350

350

160

1170

N174

Red Valley

NA-0824

270

60

60

160

550

N175

Red Valley

Junction

220

80

80

160

540

N176

Red Valley

King Tutt Point

250

210

210

160

830

N177

Red Valley

Carrizo No. 1

170

90

90

160

510

N178

Red Valley

Begay No. 1

170

120

120

160

570

N179

Red Valley

King Tutt 1

210

120

120

160

610

N180

Red Valley

Red Wash Point

210

135

135

160

640

N181

Red Valley

Oak124, Oak125

170

120

120

160

570

N182

Red Valley

Begay No. 1

210

120

120

160

610

N183

Red Valley

Alongo Mines

220

145

145

160

670

N184

Red Valley

Red Rock

290

395

395

160

1240

N185

Red Valley

NA-0828

250

305

305

160

1020

N186

Red Valley

Oak230

250

290

290

160

990

N187

Red Valley

Red Wash (Leroy Pettigrew)

250

290

290

160

990

N188

Red Valley

Red Wash (Hosteen S. Begay)

160

80

80

160

480

N189

Red Valley

Upper Red Wash

140

120

120

160

540

N190

Red Valley

Upper Red Wash

140

35

35

160

370

N191

Shiprock

Climax Transfer Station

70

1705

1705

160

3640

N192

Red Valley

East Mesa Mines

70

0

0

160

230

N193

Red Valley

West Mesa Mine

80

0

0

160

240

N194

Cove

Cove Transfer Station

330

2030

2030

160

4550

N195

Round Rock

Mexican Cry Mine

30

0

0

160

190

N196

Round Rock

Mexican Cry Mine

30

0

0

160

190

N197

Round Rock

Hall Mine

30

0

0

160

190

N198

Round Rock

Tom Joe No. 6

30

0

0

160

190

N199

Round Rock

Nakai Chee Begay Mine

30

0

0

160

190

N200

Cove

Cato No. 2

120

10

10

160

300

N201

Cove

Cato No. 1 Pit

120

340

340

160

960

N202

Cove

Frank Jr. Mine

120

60

60

160

400

N203

Cove

NA-0319

120

20

20

160

320

N204

Cove

Mesa VI Mine

160

20

20

160

360

N205

Cove

NA-0319

160

20

20

160

360

N206

Cove

Mesa V Adit

120

0

0

160

280

N207

Cove

Mesa V Incline

120

0

0

160

280

N208

Cove

Mesa V Mine

160

0

0

160

320

N209

Cove

Mesa V Mine

160

20

20

160

360

N210

Cove

NA-0318

120

0

0

160

280

N211

Cove

Cov087

160

20

20

160

360

N212

Cove

Mesa IV 1/2 Mine and Simpson 181

160

20

20

160

360

N213

Cove

North Portal, Frank No. 1 Mine

160

20

20

160

360

N214

Cove

East Portal, Frank No. 1 Mine

160

20

20

160

360

N215

Cove

Frank No. 2

150

20

20

160

350

N216

Cove

South Portal, Frank No. 1 Mine

130

20

20

160

330

N217

Cove

NA-0316

130

20

20

160

330

N218

Cove

Cov068

120

0

0

160

280

22

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 5. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

N219

Cove

Mesa IV, Mine No. 2

120

0

0

160

280

N220

Cove

Mesa IV, Mine No. 3

120

0

0

160

280

N221

Cove

Mesa IV, Mine No. 1

120

10

10

160

300

N222

Cove

Mesa II Pit

120

0

0

160

280

N223

Cove

Mesa IV 1/4 Mine

130

20

20

160

330

N224

Cove

Mesa IV, West Mine

120

30

30

160

340

N225

Cove

Mesa I Mine 11

100

0

0

160

260

N226

Cove

Mesa I Mine 15

110

0

0

160

270

N227

Cove

Mesa I Mine 10

140

0

0

160

300

N228

Cove

Mesa I Mine 13

140

0

0

160

300

N229

Cove

Mesa I Mine 12

100

0

0

160

260

N230

Cove

Mesa I Mine 14

70

0

0

160

230

N231

Round Rock

Jimmie King No. 9 Mine

30

0

0

160

190

N232

Cove

Mesa IV, East Side

70

10

10

160

250

N233

Cove

Mesa III, Northwest Mine

70

25

25

160

280

N234

Cove

CovOOO

70

10

10

160

250

N235

Cove

Mesa III, West Mine

80

25

25

160

290

N236

Cove

Mesa III Mine

70

25

25

160

280

N237

Cove

Mesa II 1/2, Mine 4

70

25

25

160

280

N238

Cove

Mesa II 1/2 Mine

70

10

10

160

250

N239

Cove

NA-0313

70

10

10

160

250

N240

Cove

Mesa II 1/4 Mine

70

10

10

160

250

N241

Cove

Mesa II, Mine 4

70

0

0

160

230

N242

Cove

Henry Phillips Mine

70

0

0

160

230

N243

Cove

Mesa I 1/2 Mine

60

0

0

160

220

N244

Cove

Mesa II, Mine No. 1, P-150

70

10

10

160

250

N245

Cove

Mesa II, Mine No. 1 & 2, P-21

70

10

10

160

250

N246

Cove

Mesa I 3/4, Mine No. 2, P150

70

10

10

160

250

N247

Cove

Mesa I 1/2, West Mine

60

0

0

160

220

N248

Cove

Mesa I 1/4 Mine

100

30

30

160

320

N249

Round Rock

NA-0333

40

0

0

160

200

N250

Round Rock

NA-0332

40

0

0

160

200

N251

Round Rock

Tommy James Mine

50

0

0

160

210

N252

Round Rock

Step Mesa Mine

60

0

0

160

220

N253

Cove

Mesa I 3/4 Incline

80

0

0

160

240

N254

Round Rock

Flag No. 1 Mine

70

0

0

160

230

N255

Round Rock

Black No. 1 Mine

60

0

0

160

220

N256

Round Rock

Black No. 2 Mine (West)

50

0

0

160

210

N257

Round Rock

Black No. 2 Mine

50

0

0

160

210

N258

Cove

Billy Topaha Mine

50

0

0

160

210

N259

Round Rock

Joleo Mine

50

0

0

160

210

N260

Round Rock

Cisco Mine

50

0

0

160

210

N261

Round Rock

Camp Mine

40

0

0

160

200

N262

Round Rock

Knife Edge Mesa Mine

60

0

0

160

220

N263

Round Rock

NA-0343

60

0

0

160

220

N264

Red Valley

Rocky Spring

150

380

380

160

1070

N265

Red Valley

H. B. Roy No. 1

30

0

0

160

190

N266

Sanostee

Key and Tohe

20

20

20

160

220

N267

Sanostee

Castle Tsosie

10

0

0

160

170

N268

Sanostee

Joe Ben 1

10

0

0

160

170

N269

Sanostee

Joe Ben 2

10

0

0

160

170

N270

Sanostee

Deneh Nezz 3

10

0

0

160

170

N271

Sanostee

Deneh Nezz 1,2

10

0

0

160

170

N272

Sanostee

Enos Johnson Claim?

10

0

0

160

170

N273

Sanostee

John Joe 1

10

0

0

160

170

N274

Sanostee

Enos Johnson

10

0

0

160

170

N275

Sanostee

Enos Johnson

10

0

0

160

170

N276

Sanostee

Joe Ben 3

10

0

0

160

170

N277

Sanostee

NA-0603

10

0

0

160

170

N278

Sanostee

Enos Johnson 3

10

0

0

160

170

N279

Sanostee

Enos Johnson 1, Enos Johnson 2

10

0

0

160

170

N280

Sanostee

Enos Johnson

10

0

0

160

170

N281

Sanostee

Enos Johnson

10

0

0

160

170

N282

Sanostee

Horace Ben

10

0

0

160

170

N283

Sanostee

Carl Yazzie 1

10

0

0

160

170

N284

Sanostee

H. B. Roy No. 2

10

10

10

160

190

N285

Sanostee

Reed Henderson

0

0

0

160

160

-------


ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 6. Western AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground

Total Soil

Total Air

Total Surface

Combined

Water Score

Score

Score

Water Score

Score

W1

Bodaway/Gap

Jimmie Boone

40

0

0

160

200

W2

Bodaway/Gap

Tommy

50

120

120

160

450

W3

Bodaway/Gap

June

50

40

40

160

290

W4

Bodaway/Gap

Thomas No. 1

190

10

10

160

370

W5

Bodaway/Gap

Martin Johnson No. 4

110

490

490

160

1250

W6

Bodaway/Gap

Earl Huskon No. 1

20

10

10

160

200

W7

Bodaway/Gap

Max Huskon No. 5

30

0

0

160

190

W8

Bodaway/Gap

Paul Huskie No. 21

30

0

0

160

190

W9

Bodaway/Gap

Earl Huskon No. 3

30

0

0

160

190

W10

Bodaway/Gap

A & B No. 5

20

0

0

160

180

W11

Bodaway/Gap

Max Huskon No. 1

20

40

40

160

260

W12

Bodaway/Gap

Henry Sloan No. 1

30

110

110

160

410

W13

Bodaway/Gap

Henry Sloan No. 1

20

95

95

160

370

W14

Bodaway/Gap

Charles Huskon No. 7 (MP-357)

20

25

25

160

230

W15

Bodaway/Gap

A&B No. 13

70

80

80

160

390

W16

Bodaway/Gap

A&B No. 7

40

50

50

160

300

W17

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 5

40

20

20

160

240

W18

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 6

40

45

45

160

290

W19

Coalmine Canyon

Lemuel Littleman No. 7

80

40

40

160

320

W20

Coalmine Canyon

Jeepster No. 1

80

60

60

160

360

W21

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 7C

40

0

0

160

200

W22

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 7B

40

0

0

160

200

W23

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 7B

100

0

0

160

260

W24

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 7A

130

0

0

160

290

W25

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 2

130

0

0

160

290

W26

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 2

130

0

0

160

290

W27

Bodaway/Gap

Montezuma No. 2

130

150

150

160

590

W28

Coalmine Canyon

Casey No. 3

130

190

190

160

670

W29

Coalmine Canyon

Jack Daniels No. 3

50

0

0

160

210

W30

Coalmine Canyon

Kachina No. 6

190

205

205

160

760

W31

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 19

190

160

160

160

670

W32

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 19

240

265

265

160

930

W33

Coalmine Canyon

Jack Daniels No. 5

300

555

555

160

1570

W34

Coalmine Canyon

Jack Daniels No. 1

250

555

555

160

1520

W35

Coalmine Canyon

Jack Daniels No. 4

320

520

520

160

1520

W36

Coalmine Canyon

Evans Huskon No. 34

60

20

20

160

260

W37

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 20

60

20

20

160

260

W38

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 12

230

560

560

160

1510

W39

Cameron

A&B No. 3

650

2535

2535

160

5880

W40

Coalmine Canyon

Max Johnson No. 1

340

430

430

160

1360

W41

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 1

380

590

590

160

1720

W42

Coalmine Canyon

Max Johnson No. 10

340

360

360

160

1220

W43

Coalmine Canyon

Lemuel Littleman No. 2

200

260

260

160

880

W44

Coalmine Canyon

Harvey Begay No. 1

180

0

0

160

340

W45

Coalmine Canyon

Max Johnson No. 9

280

0

0

160

440

W46

Coalmine Canyon

Elwood Canyon No. 1

230

0

0

160

390

W47

Coalmine Canyon

Alyce Tolino No. 1 & 3

280

110

110

160

660

W48

Coalmine Canyon

Evans Huskon No.2

280

40

40

160

520

W49

Coalmine Canyon

Yazzie No. 101

270

40

40

160

510

W50

Coalmine Canyon

Yazzie No. 312

280

70

70

160

580

W51

Coalmine Canyon

Boyd Tisi No. 2

360

130

130

160

780

W52

Coalmine Canyon

Juan Horse No. 3

360

130

130

160

780

W53

Cameron

Lemuel Littleman No. 3

260

170

170

160

760

W54

Coalmine Canyon

Juan Horse No. 4

270

70

70

160

570

W55

Coalmine Canyon

Pat Lynch

60

0

0

160

220

W56

Cameron

A&B No. 2

440

915

915

160

2430

W57

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 14

270

25

25

160

480

W58

Cameron

Harry Walker No. 19

210

20

20

160

410

W59

Cameron

Montezuma No. 1

250

10

10

160

430

W60

Coalmine Canyon

Manuel Denetsone No. 2

220

0

0

160

380

W61

Coalmine Canyon

Jefferson Canyon No. 1

140

0

0

160

300

W62

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 3

120

0

0

160

280

W63

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 3

80

0

0

160

240

W64

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 3

90

0

0

160

250

W65

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 3

110

10

10

160

290

W66

Coalmine Canyon

Jack Huskon No. 3

60

0

0

160

220

W67

Cameron

Black Hair No.4

180

190

190

160

720

W68

Cameron

Paul Huskie No. 20

80

110

110

160

460

24

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 6. Western AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

W69

Cameron

Huskon No. 7

80

0

0

160

240

W70

Cameron

Yazzie No. 102

80

0

0

160

240

W71

Coalmine Canyon

Yellow Jeep No. 7A and 7B

10

0

0

160

170

W72

Cameron

Yazzie No. 105

50

0

0

160

210

W73

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 10

70

0

0

160

230

W74

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 10

70

10

10

160

250

W75

Coalmine Canyon

Lloyd House

20

0

0

160

180

W76

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 8

60

0

0

160

220

W77

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 8

100

0

0

160

260

W78

Cameron

Boyd Tisi No. 1

140

0

0

160

300

W79

Coalmine Canyon

Evans Huskon No. 35

10

0

0

0

10

W80

Coalmine Canyon

Cam061

10

0

0

0

10

W81

Coalmine Canyon

Mel Gardner

30

10

10

160

210

W82

Coalmine Canyon

Ryan No. 1

30

0

0

160

190

W83

Cameron

Taylor Reid No. 2

200

10

10

160

380

W84

Cameron

Taylor Reid No. 3

140

10

10

160

320

W85

Off Navajo Nation

Section 1 Lease

130

10

10

160

310

W86

Off Navajo Nation

Section 1 Lease

140

10

10

160

320

W87

Off Navajo Nation

Ada and Nordell

200

10

10

160

380

W88

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 26

30

10

10

160

210

W89

Cameron

Charles Huskon No. 11

30

10

10

160

210

W90

Off Navajo Nation

New Liba Group

30

0

0

160

190

W91

Off Navajo Nation

New Liba Group

30

0

0

160

190

W92

Off Navajo Nation

Section 9 Lease

30

0

0

160

190

W93

Coalmine Canyon

Ramco No. 21

30

25

25

160

240

W94

Coalmine Canyon

Ramco No. 20

40

35

35

160

270

W95

Coalmine Canyon

Ramco No. 22

30

35

35

160

260

W96

Coalmine Canyon

Ryan No. 2

20

20

20

160

220

W97

Coalmine Canyon

Ryan No. 3

20

20

20

160

220

W98

Off Navajo Nation

Section 9 Lease

40

0

0

160

200

W99

Off Navajo Nation

Section 9 Lease

40

0

0

160

200

W100

Coalmine Canyon

Yazzie No. 1

40

10

10

160

220

W101

Coalmine Canyon

Yazzie No. 2

40

20

20

160

240

W102

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 17

30

20

20

160

230

W103

Coalmine Canyon

Jackpot No. 40

30

10

10

160

210

W104

Coalmine Canyon

Jackpot No. 1

30

20

20

160

230

W105

Coalmine Canyon

Jackpot No. 5

30

10

10

160

210

W106

Off Navajo Nation

Grub No. 14

50

0

0

160

210

W107

Off Navajo Nation

Black Point-Murphy Group

30

45

45

160

280

W108

Coalmine Canyon

Amos Chee No. 8

70

10

10

160

250

W109

Coalmine Canyon

Max Johnson No. 7

110

0

0

160

270

W110

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 9

110

30

30

160

330

W111

Coalmine Canyon

Emmett Lee No. 1

120

30

30

160

340

W112a

Coalmine Canyon

Julius Chee No. 4

120

30

30

160

340

W112b

Coalmine Canyon

Julius Chee No. 2

120

30

30

160

340

W113

Coalmine Canyon

Julius Chee No. 3

120

30

30

160

340

W114

Coalmine Canyon

Elwood Thompson No. 1

120

30

30

160

340

W115

Coalmine Canyon

Ramco No. 24

90

40

40

160

330

W116

Coalmine Canyon

Harry Walker No. 16

90

30

30

160

310

W117

Coalmine Canyon

Julius Chee No. 2

80

30

30

160

300

W118

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 4

80

40

40

160

320

W119

Coalmine Canyon

Paul Huskie No. 3

80

40

40

160

320

W120

Coalmine Canyon

Charles Huskon No. 18

80

30

30

160

300

W121

Coalmine Canyon

Julia Semallie

80

10

10

160

260

W122

Coalmine Canyon

Emmett Lee No. 3

80

10

10

160

260

W123

Leupp

Adolf Maloney No. 2

30

40

40

160

270

W124

Leupp

Amos Chee No. 2 and No. 3

30

0

0

160

190

W125

Coalmine Canyon

Hosteen Nez

110

0

0

160

270

-------


ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 7. Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground

Total Soil

Total Air

Total Surface

Combined

Water Score

Score

Score

Water Score

Score

C1

Chilchinbeto

Tom Wilson

110

135

135

160

540

C2

Chilchinbeto

Tom Wilson

110

135

135

160

540

C3

Chilchinbeto

Tom Wilson

100

180

180

160

620

C4

Chilchinbeto

Tom Wilson

100

180

180

160

620

C5

Chilchinbeto

Jim Hatattly

120

140

140

160

560

C6

Chilchinbeto

Jim Hatattly

210

120

120

160

610

C7

Chilchinbeto

Tom Klee

270

290

290

160

1010

C8

Chilchinbeto

Tom Klee

130

110

110

160

510

C9

Rough Rock

Rough Rock Slope No. 9

190

40

40

160

430

C10

Many Farms

Dan Taylor No. 1

210

10

10

160

390

C11

Black Mesa

Frank Todecheenie No. 1

100

0

0

160

260

C12

Black Mesa

Sam Charley No. 1

100

0

0

160

260

C13

Black Mesa

Kasewood Bahe No. 1

100

0

0

160

260

C14

Black Mesa

Thomas Begay No. 1

100

0

0

160

260

C15

Black Mesa

Etsitty No. 1

30

90

90

160

370

C16

Black Mesa

Blk029

50

140

140

160

490

C17

Tachee/Blue Gap

Claim 35

40

535

535

160

1270

C18

Black Mesa

Claim 28

80

395

395

160

1030

C19

Black Mesa

Claim 28

80

395

395

160

1030

C20

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 16

20

0

0

160

180

C21

Tselani/Cottonwood

Edward Steve No. 1

20

40

40

160

260

C22

Tselani/Cottonwood

Blk022

20

40

40

160

260

C23

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 7

80

10

10

160

260

C24

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 10

80

10

10

160

260

C25

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 6

80

0

0

160

240

C26

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 3

40

0

0

160

200

C27

Tselani/Cottonwood

Claim 3 / Claim 4

40

0

0

160

200

C28

Tselani/Cottonwood

Arrowhead No. 2

40

0

0

160

200

C29

Tselani/Cottonwood

Arrowhead No. 1

40

0

0

160

200

C30

Tselani/Cottonwood

Black Mountain Vase

40

0

0

160

200

C31

Chinle

ZhealyTso, North Prospect

80

80

80

160

400

C32

Chinle

ZheaiyTso, Pits

80

30

30

160

300

C33

Chinle

ZhealyTso, South Prospect

80

60

60

160

360

C34

Chinle

Occurrence B

50

1980

1980

160

4170

Table 8. Southern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

S1

Teesto

NA-0750

320

150

150

160

780

S2

Indian Wells

Mail Box claim

210

380

380

160

1130

S3

Indian Wells

Morale Mine

190

50

50

160

450

S4

Indian Wells

Gwen claim

220

90

90

160

560

S5

Indian Wells

Hoskie Tso No. 1

230

165

165

160

720

S6

Steamboat

Sjodin claim

270

100

100

160

630

. _ ,	Morale Mine

Livestock Corral	Water Tank

V

Photo showing the reclaimed Morale Mine with a water tank and livestock corral in close proximity. Photo courtesy TerraSpectra
Geomatics (photo taken May 2006).

26

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 9. Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

E1

Church Rock

Grace Insitu Leach

110

255

255

160

780

E2

Church Rock

Section 13

120

270

270

160

820

E3

Coyote Canyon

NE Church Rock No. 2

510

140

140

160

950

E4

Coyote Canyon

NE Church Rock No. 1

320

770

770

160

2020

E5

Nahodishgish

NE Church Rock No. 1-East

350

520

520

160

1550

E6

Pinedale

NE Church Rock

540

1025

1025

160

2750

E7

Church Rock

Church Rock ISL

300

90

90

160

640

E8

Church Rock

Church Rock

470

640

640

160

1910

E9

Church Rock

Section 16 deposit

390

1430

1430

160

3410

E10

Nahodishgish

Standing Rock

200

635

635

160

1630

E11

Nahodishgish

Crownpoint, Section 9

650

380

380

160

1570

E16

Becenti

Nose Rock No. 1

100

300

300

160

860

E17

Church Rock

Hogback No. 4

500

140

140

160

940

E18

Church Rock

C D and S

300

620

620

160

1700

E19

Church Rock

Delter

240

520

520

160

1440

E20

Church Rock

Eunice Becenti

420

395

395

160

1370

E21

Church Rock

Diamond No. 2

400

115

115

160

790

E22

Church Rock

Foutz No. 3

210

615

615

160

1600

E23

Church Rock

Foutz No. 2

140

300

300

160

900

E24

lyanbito

Foutz No. 1

140

300

300

160

900

E25

lyanbito

Williams and Reynolds

100

10

10

160

280

E26

lyanbito

Christensen Mine

130

0

0

160

290

E27

lyanbito

Rats Nest Mine

140

0

0

160

300

E28

lyanbito

Westwater #1

130

0

0

160

290

E29

Mariano Lake

Mariano Lake

130

465

465

160

1220

E30

Mariano Lake

Mariano Lake

200

785

785

160

1930

E31

Mariano Lake

Mac No. 1

230

790

790

160

1970

E32

Smith Lake

Black Jack No. 2

250

370

370

160

1150

E33

Smith Lake

Mac No. 2

170

80

80

160

490

E34

Smith Lake

Ruby No. 1

690

320

320

160

1490

E35

Crownpoint

Crownpoint ISL

540

8470

8470

160

17640

E36

Crownpoint

Section 29-Conoco

240

2725

2725

160

5850

E39

Smith Lake

Black Jack No. 1

530

540

540

160

1770

E40

Smith Lake

Ruby No. 3

700

295

295

160

1450

E41a

Casamero Lake

Section 32

230

115

115

160

620

E41 b

Casamero Lake

Section 33

230

115

115

160

620

E42

Thoreau

Largo

780

60

60

160

1060

E43

Smith Lake

Reynolds

670

0

0

160

830

E44

Baca/Prewitt

Silver Bit No. 15

350

20

20

160

550

E45

Baca/Prewitt

Silver Bit No. 18

350

70

70

160

650

E46

Baca/Prewitt

Alta

360

0

0

160

520

E47

Baca/Prewitt

Francis

300

0

0

160

460

E48

Baca/Prewitt

Evelyn

320

0

0

160

480

E49

Baca/Prewitt

Elkins

780

190

190

160

1320

E50

Baca/Prewitt

Elkins

780

200

200

160

1340

E51

Baca/Prewitt

Billy the Kid

1210

1795

1795

160

4960

E52

Baca/Prewitt

Glover

1100

705

705

160

2670

E53

Baca/Prewitt

Red Top

950

465

465

160

2040

E54

Baca/Prewitt

Haven

690

240

240

160

1330

E55

Baca/Prewitt

Yucca

720

70

70

160

1020

E56

Baca/Prewitt

Red Cap

680

10

10

160

860

E57

Off Navajo Nation

Mary No. 1

210

130

130

160

630

E58

Off Navajo Nation

Kermac Mine No. 10

220

40

40

160

460

E59

Off Navajo Nation

Dysart No. 1

260

60

60

160

540

E60

Off Navajo Nation

Buckey

330

180

180

160

850

E61

Off Navajo Nation

Homestake Sapin Mine No. 15

370

50

50

160

630

E62

Baca/Prewitt

Kermac Mine No. 22

410

50

50

160

670

E63

Off Navajo Nation

Homestake Sapin Mine No. 23

430

60

60

160

710

E64

Off Navajo Nation

Kermac Mine No. 24

300

130

130

160

720

E65

Off Navajo Nation

Homestake Sapin Mine No. 25

300

315

315

160

1090

E66

Baca/Prewitt

Section 34

530

0

0

160

690

E67

Baca/Prewitt

Lost Mine

290

0

0

160

450

E68

Baca/Prewitt

Section 2

390

160

160

160

870

E69

Baca/Prewitt

Section 1

80

280

280

160

800

E70

Baca/Prewitt

Febco

70

230

230

160

690

E71

Baca/Prewitt

Silver Spur

90

150

150

160

550

E72

Baca/Prewitt

Section 5

140

250

250

160

800

E73

Baca/Prewitt

Junior

110

40

40

160

350

-------


ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 9. Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (continued)

Map-ID

Chapter

Mine Name / Identifier Name

Total Ground
Water Score

Total Soil
Score

Total Air
Score

Total Surface
Water Score

Combined
Score

E74

Baca/Prewitt

Section 4

150

60

60

160

430

E75

Baca/Prewitt

Dakota

110

50

50

160

370

E76

Baca/Prewitt

Pat

110

80

80

160

430

E77

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack

350

320

320

160

1150

E78

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack No. 2

410

420

420

160

1410

E79

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack

290

465

465

160

1380

E80

Baca/Prewitt

Bibo Trespass

270

610

610

160

1650

E81

Baca/Prewitt

Section 24

300

575

575

160

1610

E82

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack No. 1

280

815

815

160

2070

E83

Baca/Prewitt

Section 18

250

685

685

160

1780

E84

Baca/Prewitt

Section 18

240

820

820

160

2040

E85

Baca/Prewitt

Section 18 SEQ

260

590

590

160

1600

E86

Baca/Prewitt

Red Point Lode

100

0

0

160

260

E87

Baca/Prewitt

Section 22

220

110

110

160

600

E88

Off Navajo Nation

Bobcat

330

40

40

160

570

E89

Off Navajo Nation

Blue Peak

360

10

10

160

540

E90

Baca/Prewitt

Section 23

380

355

355

160

1250

E91

Baca/Prewitt

Section 26

260

655

655

160

1730

E92

Baca/Prewitt

Section 26

370

250

250

160

1030

E93

Off Navajo Nation

Section 25

580

140

140

160

1020

E95

Off Navajo Nation

Divide

440

10

10

160

620

E96

Off Navajo Nation

Section 25 Decline

610

10

10

160

790

E97

Baca/Prewitt

Section 26

290

250

250

160

950

E98

Off Navajo Nation

Section 25

590

90

90

160

930

E99

Off Navajo Nation

Section 25

690

10

10

160

870

E100

Off Navajo Nation

Section 30

550

10

10

160

730

E101

Off Navajo Nation

Section 36

570

10

10

160

750

E102

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack

290

510

510

160

1470

E103

Baca/Prewitt

Haystack

220

545

545

160

1470

Occupied home within 500 feet of the NE Churchrock AUM tailings piie. Photo courtesy of Southwest
Research and Information Center.

28

-------
109°30'0'W

White
Mesa

Halls Crossing

Clay Hills
Crossing

nselakai Dezza

Mexicat

¦Hale hit a

Little Water

OLJATO

MEXICAN

WATER

! ainbow

•Navajo Mountain

Gouldihg'

ARIZONA

NAVAJO

MOUNTAIN

TesNezIah

Mountain
Mission

Mexican Watei
TradingPost

SHONTO

KAYENTA

Dennehotso,

¦Sand
Springs

Diamond Fields

Taby Rocks

Kayenta

DENNEHOTSO

\RockPoint

INSCRIPTION
HOUSE

Betatckin * y
Overlook 4

ROCK
POINT

Shonto

NAVAJO

NATION

'ChilcHinbita

ROUND

CHILCHINBETO

ROCK

ROUGH ROCK

¦RoughRock

Springs'

MANY

FARMS

'anyh'arms

BLACKMESA

HOPI RESERVATION

LAKE

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

NORTH CENTRAL AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - MAP FIGURE INDEX

Sources

Abandoned uranium mine areas are primarily from the
Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program

(NAMLRP) and augmented by several other sources.
The Navajo Nation and Chapter boundaries are from
the Navajo Land Department. Hydrographic data for
streams are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
National Hydrographic Dataset. Selected Populated
Places are from the USGS Geographic Names Infor-

are approximate.

Map Area Designations

Figure

13	- Monitor Mesa

14	- Mexican Hat

15	- North Nokai Mesa

16	- Oljato

17	- South Nokai Mesa

18	- South El CapitanFlat

19	- Monument Valley

20	- Cane Valley

Miles

-Pig	12—No—fr-6e	I-A1IM-Regi 11 Co—Mnctf-P—h-

Map Scale 1:500,0Q0
-M-p-Fig	in#—

Legend

P North Central AUM Region

Chapter

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Populated Places
Highways

29

-------
Legend

I Downstream Water Pathway-
MAP-ID

Mine Feature

Abandoned Uranium Mine
intermittent Stream
North Central AUM Region
Chapter

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - MONITOR MESA

N

Figure 13. Combined Pathways in the Monitor Mesa Area.

110°30'0"W
I

110°22'30"W
I

Clay Hills
Crossing

OLJATO

	. L— -J	

North Central AUM Region

30

-------
Mexican
Hat

KAYENTA

North Central AUM Region

109°52'30"W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - MEXICAN HAT

Downstream Water Pathway-

¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:80,000
Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine
I ntermittent Stream

North Central AUM Region

Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

Miles

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

MAP-ID

Figure 14. Combined Pathways in the Mexican Hat Area.

31

-------
y ...jL. , \ /\sk n

y J	\ \K k ^

—< f VI ''t- { !>( \ > '•

v. \ V,s i Y ' f.) > I

^-vr^1 A( ->/f' ( •
			 ^=c f /r4 7) !i

North Central AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTH NOKAI MESA

N

WrasgrvjE

Miles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

MAP-ID*



[I I

Abandoned Uranium Mine



Intermittent Stream



Mine Buffers

Mine Feature

Chapter



200 Feet

¦ Structure within 1 mile



1/4 Mile





^¦l

1 Mile







4 Miles

* MAP-IDNC68added





15 Miles

Figure 15. Combined Pathways in the North Nokai Mesa Area.

32

-------
110°22'30"W

I

North Central AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - OLJATO

B

W iyKi B:

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Highway
Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 16. Combined Pathways in the Qljato Area.

33

-------
110°30'0"W

J	

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Region Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - SOUTH NOKAI MESA

H

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
Structure within 1 mile

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Chapter

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 17. Combined Pathways in the South Nokai Mesa Area.

34

-------
110°22'30'W

J

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - SOUTH EL CAPITAN FLAT

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile

® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Chapter

Highway
Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 18. Combined Pathways in the South EI Capitan Flat Area.

35

-------
110°0'0'W
I

(	\ s> f" / 'W

f V \	7 V

v - ( \	,X~' s j i

t \ V	» i J { \

* > v"\	/ v t- k /

x i \	. \ ' i S v

*-. )
"•v.

4

(, f

1

s VS f f

.. \ S> VA \ /	s

\ (	\ /	!s

	v-- ) I 7	s-



DENNEHOTSO

\

"Vi

¦\

\ / T

.. L.-

Worth Central AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - MONUMENT VALLEY

H

S®F

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Chapters

Highway
Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 19. Combined Pathways in the Monument Valley Area.

36

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CANE VALLEY

N

Miles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 mile
<§> Well within 4miles

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
intermittent Stream
Chapter

Highway
Paved Road

~

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

37

-------
110°0'0"W

J

109°0'0'W
L

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

NORTHERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - MAP INDEX

Sources

Abandoned uranium mine areas are primarily from the

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program
(NAMLRP) and augmented by several other sources.
The Navajo Nation and Chapter boundaries are from

the Navajo Land Department. Hydrographic data for
streams are from the U.S. Geological "Survey (USGS)

National Hydrogra
by TerraSpectra G

are approximate.

National Hydrographic Dataset. Bufferswere generated
by TerraSpectra Geomatics. Map index figure outlines

Map Index Area Designations

Figure

22	- North Central Arieth

23	- Northwest Red Mesa 29 - West Carrizo

24	- North Teec Nos Pos 30 - East Carrizo

28 - Southwest Sweetwater

25	- South Red Mesa

26	- Tse Tah

31	- Shiprock

32	- Lukachukai

27 - Northeast Carrizo 33 - Chuska

20

Miles

Map Scale 1:600,Q00

Figure 21. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map Figure Index.

5

Legend

Northern AUM Region

~ Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

1/4 Mile

«SS

4 Miles

Highways

38

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTH CENTRAL ANETH

Miles
Map Scale 1:80,000

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 Mile
® Well within 4 Miles

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

Intermittent Stream
Northern AUM Region
Chapter
Paved Road

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 22. Combined Pathways in the North Central Aneth Area.

COLORADO

39

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTHWEST RED MESA

N

109°37'30'W

109°30'0'W

I

109°37'30'W

109°30'0"W

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

RED MESA

MEXICAN WATER

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
Intermittent Stream

Northern AUM Region
Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

Structure within 1 Mile
© Well within 4 Miles

Figure 23. Combined Pathways in the Northwest Red Mesa Area.

Northern AUM Region

vnM,, /"

V /

40

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTH TEEC NOS POS

N

Miles

Map Scale 1:82,500

Northern AUM Region

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
Intermittent Stream

Northern AUM Region
Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

Structure within 1 Mile
® Well within 4 Miles

Figure 24. Combined Pathways in the North Teec Nos Pos Area.

41

-------
V •

i ./

-* *,_

f%-' 4

../I

v
/

/ (,.

f f
/ /

/ < (/ j /}

//. i'fJ I ( f
V . •' ^ / s

ifVif / / / ,

J ( \j } i / / / 1 f

/ ( J '/<>/ } { U*

' '¦¦ !
/ I j

/ i*

MEXICAN WATER

5
>

\ / r J/w rL&>

l / r fj Y

/"' ) V
jf

\ ¦>

x /
/

/ ,//

/ ~* i

/ r

/ s

/ S

//w (
*

•' /» >
!,

/
)

f ^

r
>

( x
/ /

«/

^foTotacon

A ~\

\ E

\ 1

( 1

V> •

I V

/ }

ROCK POINT

/ /

/ r

/ f S<

> f
/' / /
/ ./
/ \ / /"
' 3 y

..—T-y.—^

SWEETWATER

. 6 i

/ />'

S ) '

/ f
i

/ A

< /

/ //

/ .J

i „ ^
i v );

/ ;
/ r

\ r
\ /

tyfr.mmnmiefMijsfarf

i h/

I y
/

.
-------
Northern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - TSE TAH

N
S

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 Mile
® Well within 4 Miles

Map Scale 1:82,500

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

Intermittent Stream
Northern AUM Region
Chapter

Paved Road

, ije

-lighway

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 26. Combined Pathways in the Tse Tah Area.

-------
Northern AI M Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTHEAST CARRIZO

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 Mile
® Well within 4 Miles

Figure 27. Combined Pathways in the Northeast Carrizo Area.

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream

Intermittent Stream

Northern AUM Region

Chapter

State

Highway

Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

-------
SWEETWATER

ROCK POINT

ROUND ROCK

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - SOUTHWEST SWEETWATER

Miles

Map Scale 1 ;77,500

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 Mile
® Well within 4 Miles

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Northern AUM Region
Chapter
Highway

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 28. Combined Pathways in the Southwest Sweetwater Area.

-------
SWEETWATER

RED VALLEY

OUNDR*

COVE

Northern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (AUM) AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHW AYS - WEST CARRIZO

w'iraftjrv/E

Downstream Water Pathway-
MAP-ID* 3

Mine Feature
Structure within 1 Mile
Well within 4 Miles

Map Scale 1:77,500

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine
I nterrnittent Stream
Chapter
Paved Road

Miles

* MAP-IDs N115, N117, N121,
and N125-128 deleted

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 29. Combined Pathways in the West Carrizo Area.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - EAST CARRIZO

Miles

Map Scale 1:85,000

Northern AUM Region

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Legend

MAP-ID* Downstream Water Pathway

Mine Feature Intermittent Stream

ructure within 1 Mil*

® Well within 4 Miles

Structure within 1 Mile Chapter

Paved Road

* MAP-IDs N156, N163, N165,
and N170-173deleted

Figure 30. Combined Pathways in the East Carrizo Area.

-------
108°37'30'W
I

Cudei

BECLABITO

GADN"AHI

Shiprock

HOGBACK

Rattlesnake

SHIPROCK

i" P
-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - LUKACHUKAI

Miles

Map Scale 1 ;80,000

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
Structure within 1 Mile
Well within 4 Miles

Legend

-Downstream Water Pathway
I ntermittent Stream
Chapter
Paved Road

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 32. Combined Pathways in the Lukachukai Area.

COLORADO

-------
COVE

LUKACHUKAI

Northern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CHUSKA

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
Structure within 1 Miie
Weil within 4 Miles

Map Scale 1:90,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Northern AUM Region
Chapter
State

Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 33. Combined Pathways in the Chuska Area.

-------
UTAH

JCctneSg.

ARIZONA

INSCRIPTION HOUSE

KAIBETO

SHONTO

ATIO

NAVAJO

Bitter

•Kaibito

COPPERMINE

TONALEA

TUBA CITY

Willow\
Springs!

Metals

Moenave

CoalMine
Mesa

CAMERON

Cameron<

Gray
Mountc

> Sand Springs

Black Fans
Crossing

Tolchico

LEUPP

Sunrise

Leupp

Old Leupp

BIRD SPRINGS

Magstqj

Canyon Diablo

OLJATO

NAVAJO MOUNTAIN

KAYENTA

BODAWAY

HOPI RESERVATION

COALMINE
MESA

fEESTO

TOLANI LAKE

DLKON

112°0'0"W

111 °30'0"W

111°0'0"W

110°30'0"W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

WESTERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - MAP FIGURE INDEX

Sources

Abandoned uranium mine areas are primarily from the

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program
(NAMLRP) and augmented by several other soiirces.
The Navajo Nation and Chapter boundaries are from
the Navajo Land Department. Hydrographic data for
streams are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
National Hydrographic Dataset. Selected Populated
Places are from the USGS Geographic Names
Information System (GNIS). Buffers were generated
by TerraSpectra Geomatics. Map index figure outlines

Map Index Area Designations

Figure

Bodaway/Gap

35 - Echo Cliffs

36 - Southeastern

37 - Cameron

38 - Adeii Eechii Cliffs

39 - Southern Little Colorado

40 - East Black Falls

Legend

Western AUM Region
Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

1/4 Mile

are approximate.

Miles

MapScale 1:750,000

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Populated Places
Highways

-------
I

111 °45'0'W

111 °37'30'W

111 °30'0'W

111 °45'0'W

111 °37'30'W

111 °30'0"W

COPPERMINE

Marble Canyon

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - ECHO CLIFFS

Map Scale 1:100,000

Miles

MAP-ID

Mine Feature

" Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region

Chapter
Highway
Paved Road

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

UTAH
ARIZONA

Figure 35. Combined Pathways in the Echo Cliffs Area.

Western AUM Region

-------
BODAWAY/GAP

Willow Springs

TUBA CITY

Moenave

COALMINE
CANYON

HOPI

RESERVATION

UTAH
ARIZONA

Western AIM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - SOUTHEASTERN BODAWAY/GAP

w e

Miles

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

Structure within 1 mile
Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:100,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region

Chapter
Highway

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 36. Combined Pathways in the Southeastern Bodaway/Gap Area.

-------

A 1

" fj

UTAH

ARIZONA

' I
_TV y\ \

—r^r

35 ^ /»

MTK \ l l '

fi \\ .! /

I \ A /
t\ 'XJ t
f v\r

4 :

[17 38 ]
\ 1 1 ~

1 EXTENTjJ
a l^aLJ

^40

Western AUM Region

1 ^ \

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CAMERON

MAP-ID*

Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 mile
<§> Well within 4 miles

*MAP-ID W71 shown in Figure 38

Map Scale 1:100,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region

Chapter
Highway

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 37. Combined Pathways in the Cameron Area.

-------
111 °0'0"W
_1^_

COALMINE CANYON

w
02
—<

Western AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - ADEII EECHI CLIFFS

MAP-iD*
® Well within 4 miles

•MAP-IDW125 added

Map Scale 1:100,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region
Chapter

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4Miles
15 Miles

Figure 38. Combined Pathways in the Adeii Eechi Cliffs Area.

-------
111 °22'30"W

111 15'0"W

<§>

i y 1

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - SOUTHERN LITTLE COLORADO

MAP-ID*

Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

•MAP -ID W112 split into W112a and W112b

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Perennial Stream
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region
Chapter

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 39. Combined Pathways in the Southern Little Colorado Area.

-------
I /" I

COALMINE
CANYON

LEUPP

Western AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - EAST BLACK FALLS

MAP-ID

¦ Structure within 1 mile
(§> Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:100,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Western AUM Region
Chapter

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 40. Combined Pathways in the East Black Falls Area.

-------
Hqlchita

~iffte Water

MEXICAN
WATER

RED MESA
TEEC NOS POS

BQHlding jfi

UTAH i COLORADO
r/rr -

RetHtfzsa*

icair
ater

Jos Sc~ I ah

OLJATO

A lexicon

SHONTO

Sand I
Springs!

Beclqbito

^.jOlacon

Deimehotso

KAYENTA

BECLABIT'

EmmanuelMissioii

'iamondFields

SWEETWATER

Baby Rock

Kaycnta

DENNEHOTSO

lock Point

i torse A-iesam

litela/akui Overlooki

RED VALLEY

RedRock

ROCKPOINt/1?

ROUND ROCK

COVE

Chilchinbito

CHILCHINBETO

'-Round Rock

SHONTO

ROUGH

ROCK

Lukachitkai

Rough Rock

LUKACHUKAI

Matty Farms

BLACK MESA

MANY >FARMS

FOREST
LAKE

Coyote

.Springs

Wheatfieldsj
Upper Wheatfields •
Lower Wheatfields •

TSAILE/WHEATFIELDS,

TahcheS

CHINLE Del

Muertp

TACHEE/
BLUE GAP

CJiinle

^Junction

PINON

HARD ROCK

CRYSTAL

Pinon

Milkwate*/-

Cottonwood

Uiftp
I Gospel

Mtission

WHIPPOOR-
WILL
SPRING

iWMILL

TSELANI/
COTTONWOOD

FlatRock

LOW
¦Smo/MOD NTAIN

'Signal

fountain

IAZLINI

V'MEXICAN
SPRINGS

NAVAJO

NATION

Nazlini

HOPI
RESERVATION

Navajo

Sawmill

JEDDITO

iWoodspring Trading Post
/ Wood Springs

Tsintaa Yiti li

FORT DEFIANCE

GANADO

PinkA)

Kin lichee

Defiance

'urn side

fChakpamtS.

JEDDITO

Steamboat
Canyon

Bonita Tfading.Post

Ganado

/Window Rock'

KINLICHEE

STEAMBOAT

;e Eonito

Cornfields

Michaets

ST MICHAELS

WHITE CONE

TSAYATOH

Sunrise Springs . CORNFIELDS

White LCone

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

CENTRAL AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - MAP FIGURE INDEX

Sources

Abandoned Uranium Mine (AUM) locations are
primarily from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program (NAMLRP) and augmented
by other sources. The Navajo Nation and Chapter
boundaries are from the Navajo Land Department.
Hydrographic data for streams are from the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) National Hydrographic
Dataset. Buffers were generated by TerraSpectra

Map Area Designations

Figure

42 - Rough Rock

43 - Tachee

44 - Chinle

Legend

Central AUM Region

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

1/4 Mile

Geomatics.
approximate.

Map index figure boundaries are

Miles

Map Scale 1:600,000

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Populated Places
Highways

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (AUM) AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - ROUGH ROCK

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Weil within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:95,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
I ntermittent Stream

Central AUM Region

Chapter

Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 42. Combined Pathways in the Rough Rock Area.

-------
Blue Gap

109°52'30'W

109°45'0'W

MANY FARMS

BLACK
MESA

.-"t " '*£«-

mil

TACHEE/ BLUE GAP

/El TS ELAN I/COTT ON WOO D

-pr

j .. Central ,AlJ M Regiqj/

vlF?^

ARIZONA |

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - TACHEE

MAP-ID

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:95,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

Intermittent Stream

Chapter
Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 43. Combined Pathways in the Tachee Area.

-------
109°300YJ

Central M Regiop,

fe ' fc- -/ &

UTAH
ARIZONA

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CHINLE

¦wraglB

MAP-ID
Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 milles

Map Scale 1:95,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream
Central AUM Region

Chapter
Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 44. Combined Pathways in the Chinle Area.

-------
S^Hna

WHIPPOORWILL

SPRINGS

FlatRock

PINON

TS E LANI/COTTONWOOD

LOW

¦Smoke MOUNTAIN
Signal

Low Mountain

NAZLINI

JEDDITO

Kykotsmovi

First M.esa

TsintaaYitili

Shungopavi

Second Mesi

JecLdita

GANADO

Steam I

HOPI
RESERVATION

JEDDITO

Steamboat

Canyon

STEAMBOAT

Cornfields

Sunrise
Springs.

WHITE /CONE

CORNFIELDS

White
Cone

Greasewood

Klagetoh.

TeesToh

TOLANI
LAKE

KLAGETOH

" \Ce dar Sp rings

Twin Buttes

Bidahochi

GREASEWOOD SPRINGS

Indian Wells

Dilkon

NAVAJO

NATION

WIDE RUINS

DILKON

Castle
Butte

Tanner Springs

INDIAN \ WELLS

BIRDSPRINGS

NAHATA'DZIL'

Winslo:

Holbrook

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

SOUTHERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - MAP FIGURE INDEX

Sources

Abandoned uranium mine areas are primarily from
the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation

Program (NAMLRP) and augmented by other sources.
The Navajo Nation and Chapter boundaries are from
the Navajo Land Department. Hydrographic data
for streams are from the U.S. Geological Survey

Map Index Region Designations

Figure

46 - Cedar Springs

47 - Bidahochi

48 - Greasewood

Legend

e3 Southern AUM Region
Chapter

Abandoned
Uranium Mir

(USGS) National Hydrographic Dataset. Buffers
were generated by TerraSpectra Geomatics. Map
index figure boundaries are approximate.

Miles

Highways
Paved Roads
Populated Places

Map Scale 1:450,000

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

-------
110°2230"W

11B">2S'30"W

HOPI RESERVATION

TEESTO

DILKON

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
Structure within 1 mile
Well within 4 milles

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream

Southern AUM Region

Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

Southern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CEDAR SPRINGS

Legend

6!ffifMine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 46. Combined Pathways in the Cedar Springs Area.

-------
TEESTO

<§>

GREASEWOOD SPRINGS

NaAh Tee

* y

C-.A

-v

Southern AI M Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - BIDAHOCHI

MAP-ID

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile

® Well within 4 milles

Miles

Map Scale 1:85,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream

Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

I I

Abandoned,
uranium Mil

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile

¦¦

1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 47. Combined Pathways in the Bidahochi Area.

-------
Sunrise Springs,

STEAMBOAT

CORNFIELDS

GREASEWOOD
SPRINGS

Greasewood

Map Scale 1:85,000

Miles

MAP-ID

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile

® Well within 4 milles

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

Intermittent Stream
Southern AUM Region

Chapter
Paved Road

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - GREASEWOOD

Abandoned
Uranium Mine

We*!?

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Southern AUM Region

Figure 48. Combined Pathways in the Greasewood Area.

-------
HUERFANO

BURNHAM

GREY HILLS

Kimbeto

SHEEP
SPRINGS

LAKE VALLEY

WHITE ROQK.w.'iV-ci

NASCHITTI

NaschitU

San Juan Co.

McKinley Co.

Buffalo Springs

NAVAJO

NATION

WHITE HORSE LAKE

BECENTI

aXfCAN SPRINGS

TOHATCHI

Tohatchi,

STANDING ROCK

Standing Rock

Seven Lakes

Canyon
^JSoyote

-Nakmbii

•BrimhaU Nizhoni

:ROWN-

NAHODISHGISH

POINT

COYOTE CANYON

Twin Lakei

Crownpoint

WOT®

ROCK

MARIANO

CHURCH
ROCK

Pinedale

TSAYATOH

Mari o
Lam

Gamerco

CASAMERO
LAKE

IYAN$l5ffi/<

Mentt

North

SMITH

Ciniza

TancI

Sundance

Guam

Fort Wingate

IOREAU

"Ambrosia
mLake

Coolidge

HAYSTACK

C
-------
TWIN LAKES

HKB

(
f
c

\ \
\ \

COYOTE CANYON J

F ¦'

ROCK SPRINGS

CHURCH ROCK

> Vt....'

¦ V-

v ;

:. z /

Castern AUM Region

KZ*

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTHWEST CHURCH ROCK

¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Weil within 4 miles

Miles

Map Scale 1:65,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

I ntermittent Strea rn

Mine Buffers

Eastern AUM Region

200 Feet

Chapter

¦¦

1/4 Mile

Paved Road

1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 50. Combined Pathways in the Northwest Church Rock Area.

-------
108°30'0'W
I

COYOTE CANYON

NAHODISHGISH

108°30'0'W

CHURCH ROCK

Church Rock
Site

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AIM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NORTHEAST CHURCH ROCK

Downstream Water Pathway-
ID

Mine Feature

¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:65,000

Legend

_ Abandoned

I ntermittent Strea m
Chapter
Highway
- Paved Road

Miles

Figure 51. Combined Pathways in the Northeast Church Rock Area.

Uranium'Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Uranium Mill/
Reclamation Site

-------
108°22'30'W

108°15'0'W

BECENTI

NAHODISHGISH

/> r

mi ^

Tf »

j:' Sm i .

\ / .

¦¦ } ^

® ShiUingburg (historical)

CROWN POINT

i i

^ -"S,

jt* \

MARIANO LAKE

PINEDALE

h L—j H—J~

Castern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - NAHODISHGISH

¥*S«rTS=

MAP-ID*

Mine Feature
. Structure within 1 mile

® Well within 4 miles

• MAP-IDs EI2-EI5 deleted

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
I ntermittent Stream
Chapter

Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned
Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 52. Combined Pathways in the Nahodishgish Area.

-------

LITTLEWATER

Castern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - BECENTI

N
S

^wnstream Water Pathway-

Mine Feature
Structure within 1 miie

® Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Abandoned
I ntermittent Strea m
Chapter

Highway
Paved Road

Miles

UraniuiWWine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile
1 Mile
4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 53. Combined Pathways in the Becenti Area.

-------
ROCK^SPRINGS

Heaton •
(historical)

• Weaver
(historical)

Gibson 4

(historical)

Navajo

CHURCH ROCK

Church Rock

McCune

Sundance

RED ROCK

Red Rock

BREADSPRINGS

astern AUM Region

rL
A 4

ri
rr.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CHURCH ROCK

Downstream Water Pathway-

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:65,000

Legend

Abandoned

Intermittent Stream
Eastern AUM Region
Chapter

Highway
Paved Road

Miles

MAP-
Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles
15 Miles

Figure 54. Combined Pathways in the Church Rock Area.

-------
PINEDALE

CHURCH
ROCK

IYANBITO

lyanbito

Wing ate

Perea

Ciniza

Fort Wingate

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AIM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - IYANBITO

Map Scale 1:65,000

^wnstream Water Pathway-

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

Legend

Abandoned

intermittent Stream
Eastern AUM Region

Chapter
Highway

Uraniui^Mihe

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles

15 Miles

-------
108°22'30'W

108°15'0'W

North i

Guam

Mariano #

Lake

MARIANO LAKE

PiNEDALE

„South

THOREAU

SMITH LAKE

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - MARIANO LAKE

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile
® Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Miles

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream

I I

Abandoned.
Uranium mm

Mine Buffers

Eastern AUM Region

200 Feet

Chapter

1/4 Mile

Highway

1 Mile

Paved Road

4 Miles

15 Miles

Figure 56. Combined Pathways in the Mariano Lake Area.

-------
®

LITTLEWATER

MARIANO LAKE

CASAMERO LAKE

! /

Sfa---

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - CROWNPOINT

w-eSKb-

MAP-ID*

Mine Feature
¦ Structure within 1 mile

® Well within 4 miles

*MAP-IDs E37-E38 deleted

Map Scale 1:80,000

Legend

Downstream Water Pathway
Intermittent Stream

Chapter

Highway

Paved Road

Miles

Abandoned.
Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4Miles

15 Miles

Figure 57. Combined Pathways in the Crownpoint Area.

-------
75

-------
107°52'30"W

107°52'30"W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - AMBROSIA LAKE

MAP-ID

Mine Feature
Structure within 1 mile

Well within 4 miles

Map Scale 1:80,000
Legend

Downstream Water Pathway

Intermittent Stream
Eastern AUM Region

Chapter

Paved Road

Miles

Figure 59. Combined Pathways in the Ambrosia Lake Area.

Abandoned.
Uranium TOir

Mine Buffers

200 Feet

1/4 Mile

1 Mile

4 Miles

15 Miles

Uranium Mill/
Reclamation Site

-------
107°52'30"W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION
Navajo Nation AIM Screening Assessment Report

COMBINED PATHWAYS - HAYSTACK

MAP-ID
Mine Feature
" Structure within 1 mile

"MAP-IDE94 deleted
MAP-IDs E102 and E103 added

Map Scale 1:80,000
Legend

^Downstream Water Pathway
I ntermittent Stream
Eastern AUM Region
Chapter

Highway
Paved Road

Miles

Figure 60. Combined Pathways in the Haystack Area.

Abandoned
Uranium Mine

Mine Buffers

200 Feet
1/4 Mile

1 Mile
4 Miles

15 Miles

Uranium Mill/
Reclamation Site

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

DISCUSSION

This DISCUSSION section is organized by the six (6) AUM Regions. As noted earlier, the results from the scoring are not intended to
identify actual risks, but are meant to provide a coarse screening of priority AUM sites for further investigation. The GIS approach
facilitated a consistent and documented scoring process. The GIS cartographic tools also allowed flexible visualization of the data and
analysis results.

NORTH CENTRAL AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Review of the North Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 4) and Figure 61 "North Central AUM Region Combined
Pathways - Three Score Ranges" show that three of the four highest scoring AUM sites in the region occur in the Monument Valley
mining area on Oljato Mesa in the Oljato Chapter (Charles Keith, Rock Door No. 1, and Norcross). These three (3) AUMs have been
reclaimed by NAMLRP. The fourth highest scoring site is located about one (1) mile north of the Mexican Hat bridge on Highway 163
and is off the Navajo Nation. This AUM-related site was a uranium ore transfer location.

Since the primary HRS criteria are counts of structures and wells at specified distances from the AUMs, areas with high occurrences of
homes and wells proximal to the AUM sites scored high. The two highest scoring mines in the North Central AUM Region, Charles
Keith mine (MAP-ID #NC15) and Rock Door No. 1 mine (MAP-ID #NC24) in the Oljato Chapter are examples of AUM sites that
scored high (3,080 and 2,940 respectively) due to proximity of homes and wells. Conversely, remote AUM sites with sparse population
and few wells score low. This can be seen in the generally low scores for the AUM sites in the western and southern Oljato, and west
central Kayenta Chapters (shown in green on Figure 61).

High scoring AUMs were not necessarily high ore producers. The Rock Door No. 1 mine only had 25 tons of ore mined and produced
331 pounds of uranium and 937 pounds of vanadium (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). Only 59 tons of ore were mined from the
Charles Keith mine, which produced 237 pounds of uranium and 179 pounds of vanadium (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). These are
significantly smaller production numbers compared to the Bootjack AUM in Oljato Chapter (MAP-ID #NC48) that scored 330 but had
36,236 tons of ore mined with 331,010 pounds of uranium extracted (Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100222). The Monument No. 2 AUM
(MAP-ID #NC66) in the Kayenta Chapter scored 980, but produced more uranium than any other mine in Arizona with 773,132 tons of
ore mined and 5,276,093 pounds of uranium and 21,915,125 pounds of vanadium extracted (Gregg et al., 1989 - S10020208), and has
an associated UMTRA cleanup site.

m+y , / /
S t |

1 ¦ /

Vi\/ v v./ 1 /

NORTH CENTRAL AI M REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - THREE SCORE RANGES

Drainages 15 Miles
Downstream from an AUM

Mile*

Map Scale 1 600,000

RANGE OF AUM SCORES

10- 499
500- 1499
1500- 17640

Figure 61. North Central AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges.

-------
JL,

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NORTHERN AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Review of the Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 5) and Figure 62 "Northern AUM Region Combined Pathway -
Three Score Ranges" show that the highest scoring AUM sites occur in the Northeast Carrizo mining area of the Beclabito Chapter (NA-
0420 and NA-0424), the Lukachukai mining area of Cove Chapter (Cove Transfer Station), the Climax Transfer Station south of the
Shiprock community, the Oak Springs Mine (Gravel Cap) and Oak Springs Mine in the Red Valley Chapter, and the Plot 13 and Johnny
McCoy 1 AUMs in the in Sweetwater Chapter. NA-0420 and NA-0424 are AUM sites that were reclaimed by the NAMLRP. NA-0420
is identified as a rim strip/pit feature, and NA-0424 is identified as a prospect. Uranium/vanadium production records could not be
located for either of these sites. The Cove Transfer Station was not an AUM, but was used as a stockpile site. Uranium ore was taicked
from the Kerr-McKee mines in the Lukachukai Mountains and dumped at the stockpile, then loaded onto larger trucks and transported to
the Shiprock mill (Dare, 1961 - S10280202). Historical records could not be found for the Climax Transfer Station (MAP-ID #N 191).
William Chenoweth (2006 - S03010601) identified the site as a stockpile for ore mined at the Frank No. 1 Mine that was then transferred
to the Climax Uranium Mill in Grand Junction. The Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Program has recently
conducted field assessments of the site (NNEPA, 2006 - S03030601). The Oak Springs Mine (Gravel Cap), Oak Springs Mine, Plot 13,
and Johnny McCoy 1 were all productive mines that have been reclaimed by the NAMLRP.

Remote AUM sites with sparse population and wells scored low. This can be seen in the generally low scores for the AUM sites in the
Chuska, Lukachukai, southwest Sweetwater, west Carrizo and portions of the northeast Carrizo mining areas (shown in green on Figure
62).

Rocky Spring Mine in the Chuska mining area (MAP-ID #N264) is an example of an AUM site that scored moderately high (1,070) due
to proximity of homes and wells. However, this is an unreclaimed rim strip/pit site with limited production (a total of 11 tons of ore
mined), and only 3 pounds of uranium and 62 pounds of vanadium extracted (Chenoweth, 1984 - S03130303). This is an insignificant
production number compared to the Mesa II, Mine #1&2, P-21 AUM (MAP-ID #N245) that scored 250 but had 274,128 tons of ore
mined with 1,284,853 pounds of uranium and 5,475,210 pounds of vanadium extracted (Chenoweth, 1988 - S10280203).

NORTHERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - THREE SC ORE RANGES

Drainages IS Mites
Downstream from an AUM

Map Scale 1 500,000

RANGE OF AUM SCORES

10- 499
500- 1499
1500-17640

Figure 62. Northern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WESTERN AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Review of the Western AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 6) and Figure 63 "Western AUM Region Combined Pathway -
Three Score Ranges" show that the highest scoring AUM sites occur in the Little Colorado River mining area of the Cameron Chapter
(A&B No. 2 and A&B No. 3) and Coalmine Canyon Chapter (Charles Huskon No. 1 and No. 12, and Jack Daniels Nos. 1, 4, and 5).
All of these sites have been reclaimed by the NAMLRP.

AUM sites in the southwestern Coalmine Canyon, and southeastern and northern Bodaway/Gap Chapters generally scored low (shown in
green on Figure 63). This is due to the remoteness of the AUMs with sparse populations and few wells.

Martin Johnson No. 4 mine in the Bodaway/Gap Chapter (MAP-ID #W5) is an example of an AUM site that scored moderately high
(1,250) due to proximity of homes and wells. However, this AUM only had 38 tons of ore mined and produced 120 pounds of uranium
and 23 pounds of vanadium. The A&B No. 3 mine (MAP-ID #W39) has the highest score (5,880) in the Western AUM Region. This
was a producing mine, with 586 tons of ore mined and 1,458 pounds of uranium and 515 pounds of vanadium extracted. This is a
significantly smaller production number compared to the Ramco No. 20 AUM (MAP-ID #W94) that scored 270 but had 22,642 tons of
ore mined with 99,226 pounds of uranium and 19,259 pounds of vanadium extracted. Production numbers are from Chenoweth (1993
S10100239).

Figure 63. Western AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges.

BODAWAY

CAMERON

CwrJN

No S

Charted Hutkon
No 12- r\

XMtKTVV

COALMINE MESA

WUWW'IWM

tie No 3

LEUPP

a k n :

-v

WESTERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - THREE SCORE RANGES

RANGE OF AUM SCORES

Drainages 15 Miles y • 10- 499

Downstream from an AUM UlU^ 500- 1499

Map Scale 1 700,000 $ 1500 - 17640

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CENTRAL AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Review of the Central AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 7) and Figure 64 "Central ALM Region Combined Pathways -
Three Score Ranges" shows that the Occurrence B AUM in the Chinle Chapter is the highest scoring AUM site. This AUM is an
example of an AUM site that scored high (4,170) due to proximity of homes and wells. This AUM site is also proximal to the Canyon
de Chelly National Monument, shown in orange in Figure 64.

Remote AUM sites with sparse population and few wells score low. This can be seen in the generally low scores for the AUM sites in
the eastern Black Mesa, northeastern Tachee/Blue Gap, and northwestern Tselani/Cottonwood Chapters (shown in green on Figure 64).

High scoring AUMs did not necessarily produce large amounts of uranium. The Occurrence B AUM (MAP-ID #C34) did not have any
reported production of uranium or vanadium. This occurrence was described as a stripped area (borrow pit) 500 feet by 700 feet across
and 10 feet deep with radioactive rocks (up to 4 times background) (Chenoweth, 1990 - SI0020207).

Conversely, one of the more significant uranium producing mines in the Central AUM Region was Claim 7 in Tselani/Cottonwood
Chapter (MAP-ID #C24). The combined score for Claim 7 was 260, but it was one of the largest uranium producers in the region with
5,614 tons of ore mined and 14,594 pounds of uranium extracted (Chenoweth, 1990 - S10100236).

CCNNCHOT

round ftocKr;;:

BLACK MESi

y ¦ i

TSAltEf
VWCATFIELDS

CttiNlE
1 Occurrence B

*nye«» a*

IIOPI

KIMKY.UION y"
/

NAVAJ

-! r . 7

Td T

CENTRAL AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - THREE SCORE RANGES

RANGE OF AUM SCORES

_ Dromoges 18 Miles * • 10 * 499

Downstream from an AUM 9 500- 1499

Map Scale 1 600 000 ^ 1500 - 17640

Figure 64. Central AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOUTHERN AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Review of the Southern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 8) and Figure 65 "Southern AUM Region Combined Pathways
- Three Score Ranges" show the highest scoring AUM site occurs in the Indian Wells Chapter at the Mail Box Claim (MAP-ID #S2)
with a score of 1,130.

There were no AUMs in the Southern AUM Region that scored above 1,500. The Mail Box Claim did not have any reported production
of uranium or vanadium. The Morale Mine (shown in green) has the lowest combined pathway score at 450 (MAP-ID #S3). It was the
only producing uranium mine in the Southern AUM Region, with 192 tons of ore mined, and 580 pounds of uranium and 162 pounds of
vanadium produced (Chenoweth, 1990 - SI0020205).

SOUTHERN AUM REGION COMBINED PATHWAYS - THREE SCORE RANGES

RANGE OF AUM SCORES

Drama^es 15 Miles • 10- 499

Downstream Irom an AUM 1 $ 500. 1499

0 • is

¦ Miles

Figure 65. Southern AUM Region Combined Pathways Map with Three Score Ranges.

Hopi But!«»
Volcanic Fvald

WfUfl

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

EASTERN AUM REGION SCREENING ASSESSMENT SCORE RESULTS

Much of the Eastern AUM Region is contained within the Grants Uranium District, the largest uranium producing area in the United
States. Review of the Eastern AUM Region Combined Pathway Scores (Table 9) and Figure 66 "Eastern AUM Region Combined Path-
ways - Three Score Ranges" shows that there are twenty-four (24) AUM sites with scores that fall within the 1500 - 17,640 range. The
highest scoring AUM site on the Navajo Nation is located in the Eastern AUM Region in the Crownpoint Chapter at the Crownpoint ISL
(MAP-ID #E35). Since the primary HRS criteria are counts of structures and wells at specified distances from the AUMs, areas with
high occurrences of homes and wells proximal to the AUM sites scored high. The highest scoring AUM in the Eastern AUM Region is
an example of an AUM site that scored high (17,640) due to proximity of homes and wells (shown in pink on Figure 66). Conversely,
remote AUM sites with sparse population and few wells score low. This can be seen in the generally low scores for the AUM sites in the
Iyanbito and Smith Lake Chapters (shown in green on Figure 66).

The NE Church Rock mine (MAP-ID #E6) was the fifth highest scored AUM in the Eastern AUM Region (2,750). It was also the fifth
highest producing mine on the Navajo Nation, with 3,398,648 tons of ore and 9,773,362 pounds of uranium. High scoring AUMs did
not necessarily produce large amounts of uranium. An example is the highest scored Crownpoint ISL AUM (17,490), and the second
highest scored Section 29-Conoco (5,850) with no uranium or vanadium production (McLemore et al., 2005 - S09290601). A mine site
was developed at the Crownpoint ISL (see Figure 11 on page 18) and several warehouses and office buildings were constructed by
Conoco in the 1970's. Conoco completed at least 157 drill holes in the 1970's, totaling about 316,750 drilled linear feet. Conoco began
development of the uranium resource and constructed a plant facility, leach ponds, and three shafts were sunk to the mineralized
horizons. Falling uranium prices in the early 1980's resulted in the termination of the mine development. The mine plan called for
underground extraction with surface processing (Myers, 2006 - S09300601).

Conversely, one of the more significant uranium producing mines in the Eastern AUM Region was the Dysart No. 1 AUM adjacent to
the Haystack Chapter (MAP-ID #E59). The combined score for Dysart No. 1 was 540, but 891,922 tons of ore were mined, with
3,795,495 pounds of uranium and 47,438 pounds of vanadium produced (McLemore et al., 2005 - S09290601).

Standing Rock •'
CnmnpelM, S*dia
-------
s\

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

RECOMMENDATIONS

Results from this modified screening process will be used to assist with identifying AUM sites for possible further investigation. There
are several courses of action that may be used to remediate a site, including Removal Actions and Brownfields redevelopment. If the site
is eligible for CERCLA assessments, then the site proceeds through the Preliminary Assessment stage and onward. If the site is not
CERCLA eligible, the Site Screen recommendation is for No Further Remedial Action, in which the site may be referred to another
party. The Site Screen may also recommend a Removal Action, though not necessarily detailed characterization, of the site contamina-
tion. Site specific characterization priorities should be established based on Navajo Nation priorities, AUM screening scores, resources,
and site specific factors.

ADDITIONAL POSSIBLE SCORING FACTORS

Screening assessments at mine sites commonly require evaluation of exposures from multiple sources and exposures via multiple
pathways (EPA, 2000 - S02200302). The modified HRS model used for this study was developed for the purpose of performing a coarse
screening based on the presence of surface water drainages and the numbers of structures and wells proximal to AUM sites. Using
existing GIS datasets, or by automating readily available data for the entire Navajo Nation, it may be possible to improve the analysis to
better assess priority areas for further investigation. The following provides a list of existing or available datasets that could be used to
develop additional factors that consider waste characteristics, likely transport pathways, and ecological targets.

• HRS factors related to uranium mine waste characteristics:

• AUM reclamation sites with associated unreclaimed mine debris piles

• AUM reclamation status (reclaimed versus unreclaimed)

• AUM production (productive versus non-productive prospects)

• Total uranium and/or vanadium production for each mine

• The presence of host geologic formations for uranium ore

• Water or stream sediment samples

• Historic uranium haul routes, buying stations, and transfer stations

• HRS factors related to pathways and likelihood of release:

• Surface or underground AUM extraction method (e.g., open pit or underground working)

• Extent (size) of surface and/or underground workings

• Perched water tables or documentation of infiltrated water in AUMs

• Precipitation

• Aquifer sensitivity

• Slope proximal to AUM

• Intersections of surface water pathway buffers with downstream targets (i.e., wetlands or structures)

• HRS factors related to targets:

• Natural springs (undeveloped)

• Sensitive habitats

• Agricultural fields

• Corrals and animal pens

• Identification of schools, hospitals, Chapter houses, and community centers

• Cumulative effects from multiple AUMs on targets (e.g.,several AUMs within 4 miles of a single well)

Inputs for many of these parameters have been processed and are presented in Part 2 of this document "Atlas with Geospatial Data." In
order to provide spatial datasets that cover the entire Navajo Nation, many of the datasets are at regional scales (1:250,000 and smaller).
While the spatial accuracies and detail of these regional datasets are not appropriate for detailed site investigations, they may provide
useful information for regional assessments and site prioritizations for further study or remediation activities.

The following discussion provides several examples of how the data that has been collected could be used to augment and improve the
AUM screening assessment.

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^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NON-POTABLE WATER SAMPLES WITH URANIUM EXCEEDING MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS

Water samples have been collected on the Navajo Nation for various programs and studies, and have in some cases included samples for
for radionuclides, including uranium. Sites listed below in Tables 10, 11, and 12 have come to EPA's attention due to elevated radionu-
clide activity in water samples (EPA, 2000 - S02260102). As of December 8, 2003, the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for
uranium is 30 micrograms per liter (|ig/L)' or 20 pico-curies per liter (pCi/L)2. MCL is the maximum permissible level of a contaminant
in water delivered to users of a public water system. Water samples from the following locations were sampled for Uranium-234,
Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 and the summed total values were greater than 20 pCi/L (EPA, 2000 - S02260102). The locations of
these water samples with elevated uranium levels are displayed on Figure 67 "Non-Potable Water Sample Locations with Elevated
Uranium." The water sources cited were not sampled from Public Water Supply Systems (PWSS). The MCL's were used for
comparison purposes only. The results for both studies were from one-time sampling events by EPA and the USGS and are not
definitive with respect to attribution from mining related versus naturally occurring sources. Water sampling was conducted prior to
NAMLRP reclamation activity and current conditions may differ. The Eastern AUM Region was not included in this sampling program.

Table 10. USACE Water Samples with Elevated Uranium.

REGION

USACE SAMPLE NAME

SAMPLE ID

SAMPLE DATE

SITE TYPE

TOTAL URANIUM
(pCi/L)

Central

Benally Spring

KY981008CHS001

10/8/1998

Spring

47.1

Central

Burro Spring

KY981008CHS002

10/8/1998

Spring

60.1

Central

Cottonwood Spring

CH981123CHS001

11/23/1998

Spring

22.4

Central

Tank10R-51

CH990316TCW004

3/16/1999

Wind Mill

22.3

Central

Tank 10T-533

CH981119TCW003

11/19/1998

Wind Mill

73.0

Central

Tinyehtoh Spring

KY981008CHS003

10/8/1998

Spring

39.9

Central

Waterfall Spring

CH981104BGS001

11/4/1998

Spring

61.7

Central

White Clay Spring

CH981124BGS002

11/24/1998

Spring

45.9

North Central

Baby Rock Spring 8-44

KY980901DES001

9/1/1998

Spring

36.3

North Central

Monument Pass Well

KY000112OLW014

1/12/2000

Well

40.0

North Central

Tank 8A-299

KY9809020LW001

9/2/1998

Wind Mill

171.9

Northern

9K216

RV990907SWW005

9/7/1999

Well

27.2

Northern

9T550

RV990907SWW004

9/7/1999

Well

32.3

Northern

9T586

RV990907SWW006

9/7/1999

Well

20.3

Northern

Alcove Canyon Springs

RV990330CVS010

3/30/1999

Spring

125.3

Northern

Area 1

RV990518CVS015

5/18/1999

Stream

51.3

Northern

Area 2

RV990518CVS017

5/18/1999

Stream

116.1

Northern

Area 4

RV990518CVS016

5/18/1999

Stream

148.8

Northern

Camp Mine

RV991026CVM013

10/26/1999

Mine

419.7

Northern

Cove Mesa 2

RV991020CVM012

10/20/1999

Mine

879.0

Northern

Ellison Wells

RV990517CVW004

5/17/1999

Well

34.7

Northern

P.H.S. 4-28-59

RV990329CVS005

3/29/1999

Spring

23.4

Northern

Pipe Mine

RV991019CVM010

10/19/1999

Mine

67.5

Northern

Sah Tah Spring

RV990317TNS001

3/17/1999

Spring

45.8

Northern

Slimwagon Well

RV990907SWW003

9/7/1999

Well

76.0

Northern

Thumb Rock Well

RV990519RVW005

5/19/1999

Well

30.4

Northern

Water Well 309

RV990519CVW005

5/19/1999

Well

83.7

Northern

West Thumb Rock Well

RV991201RVW013

12/1/1999

Well

32.8

Southern

Sheep Dip Spring

BI980702LGS002

7/2/1998

Spring

190.7

Southern

Tank 17T-517

BI980701LGW001

7/1/1998

Wind Mill

33.7

Western

Badger Spring

CT980729CMS004

7/29/1998

Spring

22.1

Western

Fivemile Wash Spring

CT000120CMS009

1/20/2000

Spring

28.4

Western

Lechee Spring

CT980811TCS001

8/11/1998

Spring

20.8

Western

Open Pit Mine

CT980722CAM003

7/22/1999

Mine

57.1

Western

Open Pit Mine

CT980722CAM002

7/22/1998

Mine

50.9

Western

Paddock Well

CT991130CAW007

11/30/1999

Well

46.4

Western

Tohachi Spring

CT980729CMS003

7/29/1998

Spring

84.2

Western

Tse To Baah Naali Spring

CT980729CMS005

7/29/1998

Spring

23.3

While this study is focused on elevated levels of uranium, it should also be noted that arsenic levels above the MCL were also detected in
several of the water samples collected by the EPA from unregulated water sources in the Southern AUM Region, particularly in the
Greasewood and Steamboat Chapters (EPA, 2000 - S02260102).

1 EPA, 2006 (S05190701). "List of Drinking Water Contaminants and MCL's" accessed on 2/28/06 at URL http://www.epa.gOv/safewater/mcl.htinl#mcls.

2 EPA 2002 (S05030601). "EPA Implementation Guidance for Radionuclides." The total uranium mass measurements for the USACE water samples were
converted to activity using a conversion factor of 0.67 pCi/|ig.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

In 2004 the Navajo Nation Surface and Ground Water Protection Department of the NNEPA conducted a study that was titled "Sanitary
Assessment of Drinking Water used by Navajo Residents not Connected to Public Water Systems (Ecosystem Management, Inc., 2004
S05050701)." Thirteen (13) unregulated water sources were sampled for radionuclides, arsenic, pesticides, and coliform after being
identified as potential sources of drinking water in the selected Chapters. Three of the samples had gross alpha results that were larger
than the MCL of 15 pCi/L. The locations of these NNEPA water samples are listed below (Table 11).

Table 11. NNEPA Water Samples with Elevated Uranium.

REGION

CHAPTER

WELL NAME

GROSS ALPHA (pCi/L)

North Central

Kayenta

08T-522

25.7

Western

Coalmine Mesa

Box Spring

25.5

Western

Coalmine Mesa

Badger Tank Well

70.5

In 1991 the USGS, in cooperation with the NAMLRP, began a study to assess the chemical characteristics and hydraulic interaction of
shallow ground water and mine water in AUMs in the Monument Valley and Cameron mining districts that had partially filled with
water (Longsworth, 1994 - S02250302). Two AUMs in the Monument Valley mining district and six (6) AUMs in the Cameron mining
district were studied. The AUMs in Monument Valley were the Moonlight and Radium Hill No. 1 mines. The Moonlight mine was an
open pit that included two spoil piles and an oval shaped pit about 750 feet long by 525 feet wide and 134 feet deep. During this study
about 5,000 square feet of the pit bottom was covered with as much as four feet of water. The Radium Hill No. 1 mine consisted of a
drill hole approximately 2 feet in diameter and 96 feet deep, five spoil piles, and an inclined shaft. Water from these two mines
contained large radionuclide activities.

Data in the Cameron area were collected from the 1) Jeepster No. 1 mine, an elliptical pit about 700 feet long by 200 feet at the widest
point and ore was extracted from as deep as 60 feet below land surface; 2) Jack Daniels mine, consisted of one main pit approximately
450 feet by 250 feet and about 26 feet deep; 3) Manuel Denetsone No. 2 mine was sampled at a drill hole approximately 2 feet in
diameter and 33 feet deep, and; 4) Ramco No. 20 mine at one of the smaller pits (200 feet by 400 feet and about 4 feet deep). Data were
also collected from existing wells and springs. The locations of these USGS water samples with elevated uranium levels are listed below
(Table 12) and are plotted on Figure 67 "Non-Potable Water Sample Locations with Elevated Uranium."

Table 12. USGS Water Samples with Elevated Uranium.

TOTAL URANIUM
(Dissolved U238, U234,
and U235 pCi/L)

Northern

Moonlight Mine (MVD-1)

Shallow well

10/15/1991

0.4

22,440

Northern

Moonlight Mine (MVD-2)

Shallow well

10/16/1991

0.2

28,530

Northern

Radium Hill No. 1 Mine

Mine drill hole

12/19/1991

86.8

450

Western

Jeepster No. 1 mine(JSW-l)

Open Pit

10/29/1991

4,225

52.8

Western

Jack Daniels Mine (JDD-1)

Shallow Well

11/01/1991

4,190

365.7

Western

Jack Daniels Mine (JDSW-1)

Open Pit

10/31/1991

4,190

25.4

Western

Manuel Denetsone No. 2 Mine

Mine drill hole

11/02/1991

4,159

418.9

Western

Ramco No. 20 NW

Open pit

11/06/1991

4,211

35.6

Western

Clay Well Spring

Spring box

11/05/1991

4,220

65.1

Western

Arizona Inspection Station Well

Well

12/19/1991

4,185

44.9

As part of the National Uranium Resources Evaluation (NURE) program (Smith, 2001 - S07250302), water samples were collected from
springs, streams, and water wells by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) between August and October, 1978 across the central
and eastern portion of the Navajo Nation. The samples were analyzed by the LASL for elemental concentrations of uranium in water, in
parts per billion, using fluorometry and delayed-neutron counting analysis techniques. Figure 67 shows the sample locations where
results for concentration of uranium in water was greater than 30 parts per billion (ppb).

Review of these water sample results suggest that uranium mining may have affected the down-gradient watersheds. An area of interest
is the Lukachukai mining area in the southwest portion of Cove Chapter. While the AUM scores are low, there are a series of 8 water
samples that indicate elevated levels of uranium downstream from the Lukachukai AUMs, which were highly productive uranium and
vanadium mines. Two of the AUMs in the Lukachukai mining area have highly elevated total uranium levels: Camp Mine (419.66
pCi/L) and Cove Mesa 2 (879.00 pCi/L). Based on notes and photos taken during water sampling field visits by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, both of these mines had wetland areas proximal to them.

Another area of interest is the Cove Mesa mines in the West Carrizo mining area. This is a highly productive uranium mining area with
mines that score low due to their remote locations. The water sample at Alcove Canyon Spring resulted in a total uranium value of
125.34 pCi/L.

Two water sample sites have elevated radionuclide activity, but appear outside CERCLA authority:

• Thumb Rock Well - no apparent AUM nearby

• West Thumb Rock Well - no apparent AUM nearby

Water samples with elevated uranium levels should be evaluated for post-reclamation water sampling.

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J I—

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

" iflfci ¦tfiLwi tdr j i\&\

NON-POTABLE WATER SAMPLE LOCATIONS WITH ELEVATED URANIUM

USAGE Water Sample - > 20 pCil
41 USGS Wa\at Samplu - » 20 pC i/L
^ NKRF WValPi Sample ¦ > 30 parftpn Minn (ppb)

0 11 50

Map Scale 1 7 000 000

Ahanrton^d Uranium Mirva
Downstream Dfamajes

Figure 67. Water Sample Locations on the Navajo Nation with Elevated Uranium.

PERCHED OR SHALLOW WATER TABLES

Most of the mines in the North Central AUM region were extracting uranium from channel deposits in the basal Shinarump Member of
the Chinle Formation. Perched water tables were present in the basal Shinarump conglomerate at many of the AUM sites. Bootjack
Mine, the deepest uranium-ore deposit mined in the region was extremely wet. In 1959, ground water flowed into the workings at an
average of 200 gallons per minute. This water was collected in the shaft sump and pumped to an evaporation pond on the surface
(Chenoweth, 1993 - SI0100222). Ground water, at the rate of 50 gallons per minute, seeped into the mine workings at the Alma-Seegan
Mine (Chenoweth, 1994 - S10100230), Big Four No. 2 Mine (Chenoweth, 1994 - S10100228), Fern No. 1 Mine (Chenoweth, 1994 -
S10100227) Firelight No. 6 Mine (Chenoweth, 1992 - S10100224) and Starlight Mine (Chenoweth, 1997 - S10100233). Water flowed
into the mine workings at the Big Chief Mine at approximately 80 gallons per hour (Chenoweth, 1992 - S10100223). A sump and pump
was required at the Moonlight Mine due to water seepage (Chenoweth, 2003 - S08250503). Perched water was encountered during
mining at the Utah No. 1 Mine (School Section 36) (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). Mining at the C-3 mine was in wet ground because
a perched water table was encountered in the basal Shinarump (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). Results from the water samples taken at
the Moonlight and Radium Hill mines suggests that AUMs that partially fill with water may concentrate radionuclide activities and other
dissolved constituents. Collection and analysis of additional hydrologic data would be necessary to determine shallow ground water
flow characteristics and thus the implications of radionuclide mobilization near mines in the Monument Valley mining district
(Longsworth, 1994 - S02250302).

MINE WATER EXTRACTION

In the Eastern AUM Region uranium was recovered from mine water. Mine water recovery is also referred to as Old Stope-Leach Pro-
jects and are described by ITolen and ITatchell (1986 - S08200601) as another form of In Situ Leach (ISL) mining. Surface or
recirculated mine waters, along with air to facilitate oxidation, were pumped through injection drill holes into old uranium mine stopes
(an underground excavation from which ore is extracted). These water solutions were then pregnant with leached uranium, and were
collected in sumps within the mine workings and pumped to the surface into open settling and holding ponds. After settling, these
waters were passed to an Ion Exchange facility to remove the uranium. The extracted waters were either used for recirculation,
discharged to surface waters, or were used in nearby uranium mills as process water. In some cases natural mine water flow, where
underground mines were flooded below the water table, was pumped to the surface and its dissolved uranium was extracted in an Ion
Exchange facility. This method of mining was used extensively at the large mines in the Ambrosia Lake area. It was also used at the
Church Rock and the Mariano Lake mines where the settling and holding ponds and fences are readily visible on orthophotos. However,
these pregnant solutions ponds were not mapped everywhere and have not been characterized for exposure risk. McLemore and
Chenoweth (1991 - S03030608) reported that 893,787 pounds of uranium oxide were recovered from mine waters of Kerr McGee,
Homestake Sapin Partners, and United Nuclear mines throughout the entire Grants Uranium District.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Table 13 lists productive AUMs that were determined to have workings below the water table or were considered wet mines that
required pumping. It also shows AUMs that were not mined, but the ore deposits occur below the water table, and would likely
require pumping if mined.

Table 13. AUMs With Uranium Ore Deposits Below the Water Table.

MINE NAME

PRODUCER

TONS

U308_LBS

START_YEAR

END_YEAR

WATER TABLE
* If Mined

REGION

Crownpoint. Section 9

Below*

Eastern

NE Church Rock No. 2

Below*

Eastern

Nose Rock No. 1

Below*

Eastern

Section 13

Below*

Eastern

Section 29-Conoco

Below*

Eastern

Black Jack No. 2

Yes

247,613

1,129,004

1959

1970

Below

Eastern

Church Rock

Yes

292,604

883,580

1960

1982

Below

Eastern

Church Rock iSL

Below

Eastern

Crownpoint ISL

Below

Eastern

Grace Insitu Leach

Yes

201

1975

Below

Eastern

Homestake Sapin Mine No. 23

Yes

4,811,351

17,520,976

1959

1989

Below

Eastern

Homestake Sapin Mine No. 25

Yes

3,145,969

9,960,150

1959

1983

Below

Eastern

Kermac Mine No. 22

Yes

3,851,523

13,471,257

1958

1985

Below

Eastern

Kermac Mine No. 24 and 26

Yes

2,894,860

15,365,512

1959

1983

Below

Eastern

Mariano Lake

Yes

505,489

2,265,405

1977

1982

Below

Eastern

NE Church Rock

Yes

3,498,648

9,773,362

1972

1982

Below

Eastern

NE Church Rock No. 1

Yes

836,570

2,953,673

1976

1985

Below

Eastern

NE Church Rock No. 1-East

Yes

322,602

1,234,784

1978

1983

Below

Eastern

Section 16 deposit

Below

Eastern

Alma-Seegan

Yes

6,769

25,541

1965

1966

Below

North Central

Big Chief

Yes

32,834

151,221

1959

1961

Below

North Central

Big Four No. 2

Yes

3,930

20,444

1963

Below

North Central

Bootjack

Yes

36,236

331,010

1957

1966

Below

North Central

Fern No, 1

Yes

9,582

126,703

1956

1961

Below

North Central

Firelight No. 6

Yes

2,141

7,611

1959

1960

Below

North Central

Moonlight

Yes

223,237

1,177,501

1956

1966

Below

North Central

Radium Hill No. 1 and Utah No. 1

Yes

12,776

87,737

1955

1962

Below

North Central

South Sunlight

Yes

28,645

171,460

1962

1965

Below

North Central

Starlight

Yes

40,378

231,731

1958

1961

Below

North Central

Starlight East

Yes

45,990

289,378

1961

1964

Below

North Central

Sunlight

Yes

55,024

291,462

1958

1964

Below

North Central

Figure 68 shows two areas near the Bootjack Mine with above-background levels of excess Bismuth-214 (see page 91). The radiation
contour area to the northeast corresponds to the location of the evaporation ponds (shown in Figure 69) where water in the mine was
pumped to the surface. AUMs with underground workings that had histories of water infiltration and pumping may warrant additional
examination for possible radionuclides or concentrations of other dissolved constituents.

Figure 69. Plan Map of the Underground Workings
and Surface Features of the Bootjack Uranium Mine

(Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100222).

Figure 68. Bootjack Mine Surface and Underground Workings and
Proximal Areas with Excess Bismuth-214.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AI MS WITH SURFACE WATER PATHWAYS TO WATER SOURCES

Two of the AUMs in the North Central AUM region are located upstream and adjacent to major water sources - San Juan River and Lake
Powell. The Whirlwind Mine is on the south bank of the San Juan River (Glen Canyon National Recreation Area) approximately 16
miles northwest of Oljato Trading Post (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). The Whirlwind Mine operated from 1950 to 1966 and
extracted 15,777.8 tons of ore with 69,403.5 pounds of uranium and 277,779.1 pounds of vanadium recorded. Figure 70 shows the
location of the Whirlwind Mine on a natural color orthophotograph (left) generated from 2004 imagery during drought conditions. The
outline of the Whirlwind Mine is shown in red and from this image it can be seen that the Whirlwind Mine is directly upstream from the
San Juan River (approximately 2000 feet upstream). The USGS topographic map on the right was developed in 1987 during non-
drought conditions, and shows that the Whirlwind Mine drained directly into a drainage within 400 feet of Lake Powell's shore.

Figure 70. Whirlwind Mine on the South Bank of Lake Powell. Natural color image (left) acquired in 2004 and USGS topographic map (right) dated 1987.

Mexican Hat Stockpile (Figure 71) is an AUM-related site located in a drainage that flows directly into the San Juan River, which is
located less than 1/2 mile downstream. During the late 1940's and 1950's, the Vanadium Corporation of America (VCA) and individual
Navajo's mining in the vicinity of VGA's Monument No. 2 mine stockpiled their ore at this location in ore bins along the wash on both
sides of the highway (Chenoweth, 2006 - S04200601). Companies mining on Oljato Mesa and on Monitor Butte also stockpiled their
ores here. This was done because the small, narrow, suspension bridge across the San Juan River at Mexican Hat at that time could not
support large trucks. Ores were hauled from the mines in five-ton trucks to the stockpile area
and then 21-ton semi-trailer trucks were used to haul the ore to the AEC ore-buying station at
Monti cello, Utah or the VCA mill at Durango, Colorado (Chenoweth, 1994 - S10100221).

The wagon road from Cane Valley over Comb Ridge connecting Kayenta to Shiprock road
(now US Highway 160) was not improved by the Atomic Energy Commission until 1952
(Chenoweth, 1989 - S10100213). When completed, this route greatly reduced the mileage to
Durango, Colorado and eliminated the Mexican Hat stockpiling.

There may be other sites like the Mexican Hat Stockpile. Donald Bayles, a uranium ore hauler
living in Blanding, Utah, stated in an oral history interview:

"I hauled ore from Mexican Hat which is Monument Valley One [sic] Mine. They hauled the
ore up and would put the ore in a bin on the other side of the bridge. Then from there they'd
have a little truck to take it across the bridge. They'd take it up on this side of Mexican Hat to
a little creek. Then they 'd take it on top. They had some little chutes they 'd dump it in. When
we'd come down and load it, we'd just open the chutes. They'd keep trucking it across the
bridge there because the bridge wasn 7 made for too much weight. "

MINE SUBSIDENCE IN THE EASTERN AUM REGION

The Eastern AUM Region has also experienced mine subsidence, which was likely an unintended result of retreat mining underground.
This can happen when a mine collapses as pillars separating stopes are extracted. Holmquist (1970 - S01140711) describes surface
subsidence of 2-3 feet over thicker stopes at the Dysart No. 1 mine. The ore was 320-370 feet below the surface. At the Iiomestake
Sapin Mine No. 15, caving above mine stopes collapsed to the surface. At the Kermac Mine No. 22 two large stopes caved to the surface
creating holes 60 feet deep. The ore was at a level of 360 feet below the surface. At this mine, uranium mill tailings were run under-
ground to prevent further caving to the surface. At the Homestake Sapin Mine No. 23, surface sand was injected via a drillhole to prevent
collapse. In this area some mines were below the water table and flowed up to 1,600 gallons per minute. The environmental impact of
these various mining occurrences has not been characterized.

EXPLORATION DRILLING

Navajo prospectors were the first to discover uranium mineralization in the Lukachukai Mountains (Chenoweth, 1988 - S10280203), on
Black Mesa (Chenoweth, 1990 - S10100236), and in the Cameron area (Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100239). It was a Navajo sheepherder
whose discoveiy in the Todilto Limestone triggered the boom in the Grants uranium district (Chenoweth, 1985 - S08020601). The earlier
discoveries in the Carrizo Mountains and these successful prospecting efforts were followed by extensive drilling and stripping programs
across the Navajo Nation by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and private companies. These activities would penetrate uranium
mineralization at depth or at the surface, opening additional pathways to uranium ore deposits.

This statement suggests there may have been another uranium ore transfer point on the south
side of the bridge. Ore was loaded into a bin where it was stockpiled to load into smaller
trucks to cross the bridge and dump at the Mexican Hat Stockpile (Tate, 2001 - S05310703).
AUMs located upstream from water sources and/or associated riparian/wetland areas such as
these sites may warrant additional study.

Figure 71. Mexican Ilat Stockpile.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Chenoweth (1990 - S1Q100236) describes how bulldozers were used by the AEC in the Black Mesa area of the Central AUM Region to
expose uranium mineralized outcrops after ground and aerial reconnaissance revealed promising outcrops. Later these exposed outcrops
and nearby areas were typically drilled to search for and define uranium ore bodies. Some were eventually mined and others left
exposed. An inspection of the DOE aerial radiation surveys in this area shows strong correlation with these unexploited but radioactive
outcrops.

In the Cameron area of the Western AUM Region Chenoweth (1993 - S10100239) provides an extensive description of drilling
activities. He reports that from 1953 through 1962 approximately 1,005,000 feet of surface drilling occurred at about 20,000 holes that
rarely exceeded 100 feet in depth. They were drilled around known mines and typically in a 500 foot grid pattern decreasing to a 50 foot
grid in promising areas. Drilling was also performed at the locations of aerial radiometric anomalies.

Extensive drilling programs were conducted by the AEC in the Northern AUM Region. Exploration occurred in the eastern Carrizo
Mountains (Chenoweth, 1984 - S03130303), the northern and western Carrizo Mountains (Chenoweth, 1985 - S10020203), and the
Lukachukai Mountains (Chenoweth, 1988 - S10280203). It was noted that mining companies also ran some drilling programs.

In numerous locations within the North Central AUM Region there is evidence of
previous uranium exploration activities. An example is the Tract 10 and Tract 11 area
where there is significant surface expression of exploration drilling evident on the
photos. Figure 72 shows a grid of roads used to access and lay out exploration drilling
sites. Phillips Petroleum Company conducted an extensive exploration program on
Tracts 10 and 11, known as the Strategic Minerals Project 68 (Chenoweth, 1991
S03100502). This drilling included 245 holes with 40,000 feet of total linear drilling.
The exploration resulted in locating an ore body at a depth of 200 feet with an average
thickness of 5 feet that was reported to contain 8,300 tons of uranium. The potential
impacts of these exploration activities as a migration pathway may warrant further
investigation.

Malan (1964 - S04290701) prepared a map locating exploratory drilling projects of
Monument Valley for Arizona and Utah. Figure 73 below shows the greater extent of
exploratory drilling areas (shown in yellow) that were mapped by Malan in

comparison to the extent of AUMs (shown in red).

H@f

•> . EXPLORATION TR AGTSXi

5S.j' ,

EXPLORATION TRACTS '

Figure 72. Exploration Drilling in the Tracts
10 and 11 Area of the North Central AUM
Region.

&¦_

EXPLORATION AREAS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AUM REGION

Filename DB.AUMiNC_Explorabon_Areas $hp

Miles

Legend

Exploratory Drilling Areas
Abandoned Urarwum Mines

Figure 73. Exploration Areas in the North Central AUM Region.

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AERIAL RADIATION SURVEY—EXCESS IJISMl TII-214 AREAS

The aerial radiological surveys that were flown over portions of the Navajo Nation proved to be a useful tool for locating AUMs and
AUM-related areas, like the Cove Transfer Station shown in Figure 74. See Part II, Section 2, "Aerial Radiation Survey" for more
information. These types of surveys allow characterization of large areas to identify where higher spatial resolution ground-based
measurements may be required. The acquisition of new high resolution aerial radiation surveys may help locate ore transfer stations, ore
haulage routes, or AUMs in areas that were not flown during the 1994 - 1999 surveys, such as the Eastern AUM Region.

EXCESS BISMUTH 214 RADIATION DATA
COVE TRANSFER STATION

Excess Blsmuth-214 aeiial radiation data are
from the U S DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory
Aerial Moasunng System

Filename: DB/Ractialion.'NN_Exes»_BI214 .Poly.slip

Miles

Estimated exposure rate from excess
Blamuth-214 (»xe«* pR/hr)

| 2 4 to 3.5
3 510 5 2
5 2 to 7,4

7 4 to 10.0
10 9 to 16,2
16.2 to 23.6

Figure 74. Cove Transfer Station. Location of this site was established by the DOE aerial gamma radiation survey.

REFERENCES

NOTE; Reference documents used in the preparation of this Screening Assessment Report were scanned. Electronic versions are included in the accompanying
DVDs, with the exception of documents that are copyrighted, unpublished, draft, considered limited distribution, confidential, sensitive, or proprietary.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1999. "Toxicological Profile for Uranium" U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

September 1999. 462 p. (SO? 160701)

Blanchard. Paul J., 2002. "Assessments of Aquifer Sensitivity on Navajo Nation and Adjacent Lands and Ground-water Vulnerability to Pesticide Containi
nation on the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah." U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations
Report 02-4051,27 p. (SO 1200301)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Unpublished Comments on the Draft Version of the Report Abandoned Uranium Mines and the Navajo Nation: Navajo
Nation AUM Screening Assessment Report and Atlas with Geospatial Data," dated July 6, 2007. (S07110701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Unpublished Personal Communication with William Chenoweth Regarding the Climax Uranium Company Transfer Station
South of Shiprock," dated March 2, 2006. (S03010601)

Chenoweth, William L. 2006. "Written Communication regarding the Mexican Hat Stockpile and Its Location." Reference to Four Comers Geologic
Society Guidebook, 1955. (S04200601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2003. "Geologx and Production History of the Moonlight Uranium-Vanadium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona
Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-03-E. 18 p. (S08250503)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. "The Geology and Production History of the Starlight and Starlight East Uranium Mines, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona
Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-97-B. 12 p. (S10100233)

Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "The Black Mustache Uranium - Vanadium Mine Apache County, Arizona and the Probable Source of the Ore Shipments."
Arizona Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-94-A. 11 p. (SI0100221)

Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "Geology and Production History of the Alma-Seegan Uranium Mine Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey.
Contributed Report CR-94-C. 9 p. (S10100230)

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REFERENCES (continued)

Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "Geology and Production History of the Big Four No. 2 Uranium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological
Survey, Contributed Report CR-94-G. 8 p. (S10100228)

Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "Geology and Production History of the Fern No. 1 Uranium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey,
Contributed Report CR-94-H. 8 p. (S10100227)

Chenoweth, William L., 1993. "Geology and Production History of the Bootjack Uranium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey,
Contributed Report CR-93-A. 8 p. (S10100222)

Chenoweth, William L., 1993. "Geology and Production History of the Uranium Deposits in the Cameron Area, Coconino County, Arizona." Arizona
Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-93-B. 32 p. (S10100239)

Chenoweth, William L., 1992. "Geology and Production History of the Big Chief Uranium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey,
Contributed Report CR-92-D. 8 p. (S10100223)

Chenoweth, William L., 1992. "Geology and Production History of the Firelight No. 6 Uranium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological
Survey, Contributed Report CR-92-C. 6 p. (S10100224)

Chenoweth, William L., 1991. "The Geology and Production History of the Uranium-Vanadium Deposits in Monument Valley San Juan County, Utah."
Utah Geological Survey, Contract Report 91-4. 55 p. (S03100502)

Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "The Geology and Production History of the Uranium Deposits in the Toreva Formation, Black Mesa, Apache County,
Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-90-A. 19 p. (S10100236)

Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "Uranium Occurrences on the Zhealy Tso Mining Permit Near Chinle, Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological
Survey Contributed Report 90-B. 6 p. (S10020207)

Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "The Geology and Production History of the Morale Uranium Mine, Hopi Buttes Area, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona
Geological Survey Contributed Report 90-D. 7 p. (S10020205)

Chenoweth, William L., 1989. "The Access Road Program of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed
Report 89-A, 4p. (S10100213)

Chenoweth, William L., 1988. "The Geology and Production History of the Uranium-Vanadium Deposits in the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County,
Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Open File Report No. 88-19. 64 p. (S10280203)

Chenoweth, William L., 1985. "Historical Review of Uranium Production from the Todilto Limestone, Cibola and McKinley Counties, New Mexico." New
Mexico Geology, V. 7, No. 4, pp 80-83. 5 p. (S08020601)

Chenoweth, William L., 1985. "Historical Review Uranium-Vanadium Production in the Northern and Western Carrizo Mountains, Apache County,
Arizona, with Production Statistics Compiled by E. A. Learned." Arizona Geological Survey, Open File Report 85-13, June 1985. 35 p.
(S10020203)

Chenoweth, William L., 1984. "Historical Review Uranium-Vanadium Production in the Eastern Carrizo Mountains, San Juan County, New Mexico, and
Apache County, Arizona, with Production Statistics Compiled by E. A. Learned." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,
Open File Report No. 193, March 1984. 21 p. (S03130303)

CRUMP Water Assessment Team, 2003. "Water Sources in Church Rock Area: General Chemistry, Heavy Metals and Aesthetic Parameters, and Selected
Radionuclide Samples." Excel spreadsheet "CRCWellsWaterQuality2003.xls provided by the Church Rock Uranium Monitoring Program,
2003.(S01140501)

Dare, W.L., 1961. "Uranium Mining in the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County, Arizona." Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Inc., U.S. Department of Interior,
Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8011. 30 p. (S10280202)

Ecosystem Management, Inc., 2004. "Sanitary Assessment of Drinking Water Used by Navajo Residents Not Connected to Public Water Systems Report."
Ecosystems Management, Inc., (S05150701)

Gregg, C. Clair and Charles S. Evensen with a text by William L. Chenoweth, 1989. "Maps of the Underground Workings, Monument No. 2 Mine, Apache
County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey, Contributed Report CR-89-D. 35 p. (S10020208)

Holen, Harlen K. and William O. Hatchell, 1986. "Geological Characterization of New Mexico Uranium Deposits for Extraction by In Situ Leach
Recovery." New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico,
Open File Report 251, 89 p. (S08200601)

Holmquist, Ray J., 1970. "The Discovery and Development of Uranium in the Grants Mineral Belt, New Mexico." U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Grand
Junction, Colorado, Report RME-172, Unedited Manuscript, June 1970, 124p. (S01140711)

Hoskie, Sadie, 1993. "Testimony of the Navajo Nation Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and the Subcommittee on Navajo
American Indian Affairs Regarding Abandoned Uranium Mines on the Navajo Nation, November 4, 1993." 14 p. (S12120225)

Longsworth, Steve A., 1994. "Geohydrology and Water Chemistry of Abandoned Uranium Mines and Radiochemistry of Spoil-Material Leachate,
Monument Valley and Cameron Areas, Arizona and Utah." U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 93 - 4226, 43 p.
(S02250302)

Malan, Roger C., 1968. "The Uranium Mining Industry and Geology of the Monument Valley and White Canyon Districts, Arizona and Utah, in Ridge,
J.D., editor, "Ore Deposits of the United States 1933-1967: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 790-715,
11 p. (S06080610)

Malan, Roger C., 1964. "Figure 5. Exploratory Drilling in the Monument Valley District, Utah - Arizona" in an in an unpublished U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission report titled "A Potential Survey of the Monument Valley - White Canyon Districts, Navajo and Apache Counties, Arizona and
San Juan County, Utah," U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (S04290701)

Malan, Roger C., 1964. "Figure 6. Property Map Monument Valley District, Showing Short Term Potential Localities and Active Properties" in an
unpublished U.S. Atomic Energy Commission report titled "A Potential Survey of the Monument Valley - White Canyon Districts, Navajo and
Apache Counties, Arizona and San Juan County, Utah," U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (S03010603)

-------
^4

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REFERENCES (continued)

McLemore, Virginia T., Gretchen K. Hoffman, Mark Mansell, Glen R. Jones, Christian B. Krueger, and Maureen Wilks, 2005. "Mining Districts in New
Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico,
Open File Report 494, 20 p. (S09290601)

McLemore, Virginia T. and William L. Chenoweth, 2003. "Uranium Resources in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico," in Spencer G., Lucas, Steven C.

Semken, William R. Berglof, and Dana Uhner-Scholle, (eds.), New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 54th Field Conference, "Geology
of the Zuni Plateau." p. 165-177. (S08020606)

McLemore, Virginia T. and William L. Chenoweth, 1991. "Uranium Mines and Deposits in the Grants District, Cibola and McKinley Counties, New
Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico,
Open File Report 353, Revised December 1991. 10 p. (S03030608)

Myers, Gregory, 2006. "Technical Report of the Section 24 Portion of the Crownpoint Property, McKinley County, New Mexico." Report prepared for
Quincy Energy Corporation, Report No. NI 43-101, Section 24, March 2, 2006, 70 p. (S09300601)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Site Screen Form for the Proposed Shiprock Fairgrounds Project." Results of a field site screen
ing dated January 18, 2006, including coordinate boundaries for the site, at the location identified in this report as the Climax Transfer Station.
Obtained from the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Program. (S03030601)

Navajo Nation Hospitality Enterprise, 2005. "Navajo Culture." Accessed on October 13, 2005 at URL www.expIorenavajo.com/CuIture.asp (S10130501)

Scarborough, Robert A., 1981. "Radioactive Occurrences and Uranium Production in Arizona - Final Report." Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral
Technology, Open File Report 81-1, March 1981. 296 pp. (S09240202)

Smith, Steven M., 2001. "History of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance Program." USGS
National Geochemical Database, Open File Report 97-492, V. 1.3. 6 p. Accessed July 23, 2003 at URL http://pubs.usgs/gov/ofil997/ofr-97-
04921/mirehist.htm (S07250302)

Sowder, Andrew, 2001. "Radiological Survey of Two Uranium-Contaminated Hogans on the Navajo Nation Prior to April 2001 EPA Region IV Removal
Action." Unpublished report prepared by Andrew Sowder, USEPA, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Center for Science and Risk
Assessment, August 7, 2001, 35 p. (S12190201)

Tate, LaVerne, 2001. "Mining and Trucking in San Juan County, Utah, Interview with Donald Bayles by LaVerne Tate on March 22, 2001." Sponsored by
the Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service in cooperation with Blue Mountain Shadows and Utah Division of Oil, Gas and
Mining for the Cottonwood Uranium Mining Project. 9 p. (S05310703)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: Northern AUM Region Screening Assessment
Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, March 2006. 61 p. (S07150701)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: Western AUM Region Screening Assessment
Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, May 2006. 44 p. (S07150702)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: North Central AUM Region Screening
Assessment Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, July 2006. 51 p. (S07150703)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: Central AUM Region Screening Assessment
Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, August 2006. 39 p. (S07150704)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: Southern AUM Region Screening Assessment
Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, October 2006. 37 p. (S07150705)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. "Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUM) and the Navajo Nation: Eastern AUM Region Screening Assessment
Report." Report prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, October 2006. 55 p. (S07150706)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. "List of Drinking Water Contaminants and MCL's" accessed on May 19, 2007 at URL http://www.epa.gov/
safewater/contaminants/index.html. (S05190701)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. "Abandoned Uranium Mines on the Navajo Nation, Arizona - EPA ID# NNN000906087, last updated July
16, 2004." Accessed November 23, 2004 at URL http://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/ovej~view.nsf/3395ld3dc 70d 6ecd8825650f005dc903/
d502c488fl841dc488256aee007c 1 lbc?OpenDocument. (501130602)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002. "EPA Implementation Guidance for Radionuclides." Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, EPA 816
F-00-002, March 2002. 75 p. (S05030601)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 "Abandoned Uranium Mines Project, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah - Navajo Lands, 1994-2000, Project Atlas."
December, 2000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9. 209 p (S02260102)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. "Abandoned Mine Site Characterization and Cleanup Handbook." EPA 910-B-00-001, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency Region 10, August, 2000, 130 p. (S02200302)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. "Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments Under CERCLA." Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response. EPA/540/G-91/013, Publication 9345.0-01A., 276 p. (S01230301)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990. "40 CFR Part 300, Hazard Ranking System - Final Rule." Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241, Friday,
December 14, 1990. Accessed on January 13, 2006 at URL http:/'lwww.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/hrsres (S01130601)

U.S. House of Representatives, 1993. "Uranium Mine Waste on the Navajo Reservation - Joint Oversight Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Native
American Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources of the U.S. House of Representatives 103rd Congress. First Session on Cleanup of
Abandoned Uranium Mines and Mine Waste on the Navajo Reservation." Washington DC, November 4, 1993. Serial No. 103-58, U.S.
Government Printing Office ISBN-0-16-044122-6. 100 p. (S12120224)

Wenrich, Karen J, 1989. "Hopi Buttes Volcanic Field," in Ulrich and others, eds., Excursion 5A: Miocene to Holocene Volcanism and Tectonism of the
Southern Colorado Plateau, Arizona. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Memoir 46. (S07270601)

Wenrich, Karen J and Joseph F. Mascarenas, 1982. "Maps Showing Uranium-bearing Diatremes of the Hopi Buttes, Arizona." U. S. Geological Survey,
MF-1310, 2 Sheets, 1:50,000. (S06280601)

-------
Flagstaff

UTAH
ARIZONA

NEW MEXICO

Shiproci

Navajo Nation

ml . JH; A

Kykotsmovi

Window
Rock

Hop'i
Reservation

¦ :"r *
y, ¦£

Winslow

Holbrook

Section 1

MINING HISTORY AND
MINK SITE INFORMATION

T~ - *** v h" *¦ *

* 2 Wfc* ~ W

Section 3

ENVIRONMENTAL S KITING

Sect ion 2

MINE WASTE
CHARACTERISTICS

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CONTENTS

Page Number

PART II - ATLAS AND GEO SPATIAL DATA

MAP LEGEND AND BASEMAPS iv

SECTION 1. MINING HISTORY AND MINE SITE INFORMATION 1_1

MINING HISTORY \.j

Uranium Mining History in the United States 1-2

Uranium Mining Areas On the Navajo Nation 1-2

LEASES AND MINING PERMIT HISTORY 1_3

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES 1-4

Uranium Mining 1_4

Method for Determining Point Mine Feature Locations 1-6

Abandoned Uranium Mine Polygon Delineation 1-8

Underground AUM Workings 1-8

Production 1_10

Production Data Development 1-10

Production Polygon GIS Dataset Development 1-12

Production Point GIS Dataset Development 1-12

Production Tabulation 1_12

Uranium Mills On the Navajo Nation 1-14

FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of Uranium Mines and Claims in the Eastern Carrizo Mountains 1-3

Figure 2. Abandoned Uranium Mines Shown by Geologic Host Rock Formation 1_5

Figure 3. Mine Features On the Lukachukai Mountains 1-7

Figure 4. Surface and Underground AUMs of the Lukachukai Mountains 1-9

Figure 5. Uranium (U308) Production On the Navajo Nation 1_H

Figure 6. Uranium (U3O8) Production for the Lukachukai Mountains 1-13

Figure 7. Mill Sites On or Near the Navajo Nation 1_14

TABLES

Table 1. U.S. General Uranium Mining Periods 1_2

Table 2. Mine Features by AUM Region 1_6

Table 3. Example Production Record for Frank No. 1 Mine 1_12

SECTION 2. MINE WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 2-1

ABANDONED URANIUM MINE WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 2-2

RADIATION SURVEYS 2-2

NAUM Aerial Radiation Surveys 2-2

National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Aerial Gamma Ray Surveys 2-4

Church Rock Gamma Scan 2-4

WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES 2-5

NURE Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) Data 2-5

NURE Water Samples 2-6

Navajo Abandoned Uranium Mines Study Water Samples 2-6

U.S. Geological Survey Water Samples 2-6

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency Water Samples 2-6

Church Rock Uranium Monitoring Program Water Samples 2-6

AUM RECLAMATION 2-8

FIGURES

Figure 1. Aerial Radiation Survey Footprint Diagram 2-2

Figure 2. NAUM Project Aerial Radiation Survey Data 2-3

Figure 3. Equivalent Uranium Map for the Conterminous United States 2-4

Figure 4. Truck Mounted Gamma Survey Near the United Nuclear Corporation Mine Area 2-4

Figure 5. NURE Quadrangles Covering the Navajo Nation 2-5

Figure 6. NURE Sediment Sample Locations by Sample Source 2-5

Figure 7. Water Samples On the Navajo Nation With Analyses for Radionuclides 2-7

Figure 8. Example of an NAMLRP AUM Reclamation Project Site Technical Specification Drawing 2-8

Figure 9. NAMLRP Reclamation Problem Areas with Prioritized AUM Features 2-9

Figure 10. Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Closure On an Open Portal 2-10

Figure 11. NAMLRP Reclamation Project Sites and AUM Features in the Oak Springs Problem Area 2-11

Figure 12. NAMLRP AUM Feature Reclamation Status and Presence of Unreclaimed Waste Piles 2-12

TABLES

Table 1. NAMLRP Problem Areas and Associated Naming Convention Designations

Table 2. NAMLRP Reclamation Accomplishments by Problem Area 2-8

2-10

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CONTENTS Page Number

SECTION 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3-1

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3_2

LAND STATUS 3.4

NAVAJO NATION ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES 3.6

NAVAJO NATION DEMOGRAPHICS 3.8

STRUCTURES 3-10

TRANSPORTATION 3.12

CLIMATE 3.14

ELEVATION AND TOPOGRAPHY 3_20

PHYSIOGRAPHY 3.23

GEOLOGY 3_24

GROUND WATER RESOURCES 3_28

AQUIFER SENSITIVITY 3.32

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 3.34

SOILS 3.38

SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS 3.44

PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM (PLSS) 3.48

DIGITAL RASTER GRAPHIC (DRG), ORTHOPHOTO, AND SATELLITE IMAGES

FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of the Navajo Nation 3.3

Figure 2. Additions to the Navajo Reservation, 1868 - 1934 3.4

Figure 3. Navajo Nation Land Status 3.4

Figure 4. Land Status in the Eastern Navajo Nation 3.5

Figure 5. Navajo Nation Agencies and Districts 3.7

Figure 6. Navajo Nation Census 2000 Population and Households 3.9

Figure 7. Photo Key Showing Ground Photo and Corresponding DOQQ Image of Structures 3.10

Figure 8. Photo Key Showing Ground Photo and Corresponding DOQQ Image of Corrals 3.10

Figure 9. Structures Within 1 Mile of AUMs and Other Populated Places 3_11

Figure 10. Example of Unadjusted BIA Roads 3.12

Figure 11. Example of Adjusted BIA Roads 3-12

Figure 12. Elevated Excess Bismuth-214 Along Haulage Road 3.12

Figure 13. Paved Roads and Railroads On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.13

Figure 14. Location of Eolian Sand and Direction of Wind On the Navajo Nation 3.14

Figure 15. Navajo Nation Average Annual Precipitation, 1971 - 2000 3.15

Figure 16. Navajo Nation Average Minimum and Maximum Temperatures, 1971 - 2000 3.17

Figure 17. Navajo Nation Wind Resources 3.19

Figure 18. Navajo Nation Shaded Relief and Digital Elevation Model 3-21

Figure 19. Slope (in percent) On the Navajo Nation 3_22

Figure 20. Physiographic Sections On the Navajo Nation 3_23

Figure 21. Shinarump Channels in the Monument Valley Area 3-24

Figure 22. Geologic Map of the Navajo Nation 3-25

Figure 23. Karst Terrain On and Near the Navajo Nation 3_27

Figure 24. Ground Water Regions 3-28

Figure 25. Areas of Aquifer Recharge On the Navajo Nation 3-29

Figure 26. Water-Level Contours, Direction of Water Movement, and Areas of Recharge of Aquifers 3.30

Figure 27. Water Sources Within Four Miles of an AUM and Across the Navajo Nation 3.31

Figure 28. Inputs to Aquifer Sensitivity Model 3-32

Figure 29. Aquifer Sensitivity On the Navajo Nation 3.33

Figure 30. Hydrologic Unit Code Regions 3.34

Figure 31. Watersheds On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.35

Figure 32. Surface Water Features On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.35

Figure 33. Downstream Drainages Within One (1) Mile of an AUM 3.37

Figure 34. Status of SSURGO Processing As of May 30, 2007 and Comparison of SSURGO and STATSGO Data ... 3.38

Figure 35. Soil Map Units 3.39

Figure 36. Hydrologic Group 3-40

Figure 37. Soil Permeability 3.41

Figure 38. Soil Erodibility by Water (K-Factor) 3.42

Figure 39. Soil Erodibility by Wind (WEI) 3.43

Figure 40. Fisheries On the Navajo Nation 3.44

Figure 41. Wetlands Downstream from AUMs and Protected Areas On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.45

Figure 42. Example Wildlife Areas Map for the Chinle Chapter 3.47

Figure 43. Diagram Showing the Relationship Between PLSS Township, Range, and Sections 3.48

Figure 44. Public Land Survey System (PLSS) of the Navajo Nation 3.49

Figure 45. Landsat, Digital Raster Graphic, and DOQQ Imagery of the Navajo Nation 3.51

TABLES

Table 1. Average Annual Snowfall On and Within One (1) Mile of the Navajo Nation 3.15

Table 2. Average Wind Speed by Month and Average Annual Wind Speed On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.18

Table 3. Uranium Production On or Within One (1) Mile of the Navajo Nation 3.24

Table 4. STATSGO Codes Used for Key Parameters 3.38

Table 5. Protected Federal Lands On and Near the Navajo Nation 3.44

Table 6 DRG and DOQQ County Mosaics with Corresponding DVD Name, Filenames, and UTM Zone 3.59

REFERENCES 3.52

SOURCES 3.56

iii

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

A standard set of symbols for administrative boundaries, transportation, and cultural features were used for this Atlas, where possible.
This allowed minimizing the legend area to include only the map's specific set of thematic symbols. The standard map legend symbols
used throughout this Atlas are shown below.

MAP LEGEND

ROADS AND ROUTE SHIELDS

U.S. Interstate Route

U.S. Route
Arizona State Route
New Mexico State Route
Utah State Route
Indian Service Route

BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES

,siripmck Populated Place Name

Shonto

Oljato

AW_ZONA__

NEW MEXICO
Navajo Co.
Apache Co.

BOUNDARIES

Navajo Nation Boundary
Navajo Chapter Boundary

State Boundary

County Boundary

Abandoned Uranium Mine Regions

Central AUM Region
Eastern AUM Region
North Central AUM Region
Northern AUM Region

Southern AUM Region
Western AUM Region

A series of Navajo Nation basemap images were generated for this Atlas. These include scanned U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topog-
raphic quadrangle maps, orthographic-corrected aerial photographs (orthophotographs), computer-generated terrain images, and satellite
imagery. Examples of the basemaps and imagery are shown below.

A Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) satellite image mosaic covering the
Navajo Nation was generated from four images that were acquired between
June 2 and September 7, 1992. The imagery has a ground resolution of 60
meters. The bands used to generate the mosaic are band 4 (near-infrared),
band 2 (red) and band 1 (green). In addition, a Landsat 7 Enhanced
Thematic Mapper satellite image (band 8, 15 meter panchromatic band)
was also processed and used throughout this Atlas as an image base.

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USGS 7.5 minute 1:24,000-scale topographic quadrangle maps were
scanned to produce Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) maps. These DRGs
were used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to
create county-wide mosaics. The mosaics were compressed to a ratio of
about 1:20 to save on storage requirements and to accelerate computer
processing and display. In the example above, a portion of a DRG for the
community of Round Rock is shown. DRGs show elevation contours, and
transportation and various cultural features. These county-wide DRG
mosaics are provided for the entire Navajo Nation in MrSID compressed
format.

A shaded relief image for the Navajo Nation was generated using 30-meter
resolution data from the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation
Dataset (NED). Elevation is shown as a range of colors, from white for
higher elevations to blue for lower elevations.

USGS Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ) are 1-meter ground
resolution images that were used by NRCS to create county-wide mosaics.
Like the DRGs, the DOQQ mosaics were compressed to a ratio of about
1:20. The example above shows the community of Round Rock (same
area as shown left) and illustrates that orthophotos combine the image
characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map.
These county-wide DOQQ mosaics (photos taken in 1997 and 1998) are
provided for the entire Navajo Nation in MrSID compressed format.

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

1905 - 1925

Radium

1925 - 1947

Vanadium

1947 - 1970

Uranium (Government)

1970 - present

Uranium (Commercial)

MINING HISTORY

An extensive review of records and literature was conducted in an effort to identify the locations of uranium mining activities within the
Navajo Nation and to reconstruct production histories for these mines. Significant assistance in determining the locations of abandoned
uranium mines (AUMs) was provided by the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program (NAMLRP) and Mr. William
Chenoweth, who previously worked with the Atomic Energy Commission and the U. S. Department of Energy's Grand Junction Office.
This section presents information about the history of uranium mining within the United States, and focuses on the mining areas, leasing
and permitting history, and location and production statistics of AUMs on the Navajo Nation.

URANIUM MINING HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES

To understand uranium mining on the Navajo Nation it is useful to review the history of uranium mining and the interrelation between
uranium, radium, and vanadium. The discovery of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 resulted in the realization that all uranium
ores contained this new element. Carnotite is a uranium-vanadium mineral with colorful red and yellow ores that had been used as body
paint by early Navajo and Ute Indians. Carnotite was found on the Colorado Plateau to contain uranium, vanadium, and trace amounts
of radium (Utah History Encyclopedia, 2005 - S09190504). This co-product relationship allowed many mines to survive even after the
radium content of their ores was no longer economic (Hahne, 1989 - S09190503).

The history of uranium mining in the U.S. can be divided into four periods, as shown Table 1. U.S. General Uranium Mining Periods,
in Table 1. After 1905, interest in mining uranium ore for radium recovery led to an
expansion of mining on the Colorado Plateau. The U.S. dominated the world radium
market from 1912 to 1922, until high grade ore from the Belgian Congo entered the
market, which by 1925 ended the radium period in the U.S. On the Navajo Nation,

John F. Wade, working with local Navajos, located carnotite-bearing outcrops in the
Carrizo Mountains. From 1920 to 1923, three leases were issued in the Carrizo
Mountains to mine carnotite ore for its radium content (Chenoweth, 1991 -
S02020701). In 1920, twenty (20) tons of radium ore was mined from a lease in the
northeastern Carrizo Mountains (Chenoweth, 2007 -S07110701).

From 1925 to 1947, vanadium was extracted from the tailings of the radium mines. When added to molten steel vanadium greatly
increases its tensile strength and elasticity. This, and the armaments industry of World War II, made the vanadium industry flourish.
During this period, prospecting and mining increased and expanded geographically as the demand for vanadium increased (Hahne, 1989
- S09190503).

As a result of the atomic age and subsequent arms race of the Cold War, uranium that was previously considered a waste product of
vanadium mines, came into demand as a key element for nuclear weaponry. Beginning in World War II, almost 90 percent of the
uranium supply for the U.S. was imported from the Belgian Congo and Canada. The Manhattan Project, tasked with development of an
atom bomb, instituted a program to extract uranium from the radium and vanadium mill tailings on the Colorado Plateau and sent
geologists to explore the region in search of new uranium sources.

With the end of World War II, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established by the Atomic Energy Act of August 1, 1946.
The AEC was a civilian agency created to ensure continued development of atomic energy. The AEC constructed roads into the back
country, promised $10,000 bonuses for new lodes of high-grade ore, guaranteed minimum prices, constructed mills, and helped with
haulage expenses. The AEC also provided geologic data for promising areas found by federal geologists using airborne scintillometers
and other radiation detection instruments (Utah History Encyclopedia, 2005 - S09190504).

As a result of federal inducements, the Four Corners area was filled with prospectors. They concentrated on exposed outcroppings along
canyon rims, where they searched primarily for the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation. When a likely claim was located,
they used diamond drills to core test holes to determine if mineable ore was present. By 1955 there were approximately 800 mines
producing high-grade ore on the Colorado Plateau. By 1967, however, the uranium mining industry almost came to a standstill. The
AEC, holding ample reserves, announced an eight-year limited program and finally stopped buying uranium in 1970. Private industry
triggered a brief second boom when nuclear power plants came on line in the mid-70s; but foreign competition, federal regulations, and
nuclear fears virtually put an end to domestic uranium mining (Utah History Encyclopedia, 2005 - S09190504). In New Mexico the
extensive high grade uranium ores in the Grants Uranium District on and near the Navajo Nation were mined until at least 1989
(McLemore and Chenoweth, 1989 - S08200608).

New interest in uranium is occurring as prices are increasing and demand is exceeding supply worldwide. The New Mexico Bureau of
Geology and Mineral Resources (NMBGMR, 2007 - S05200701) reports that in 2006 four mining companies submitted exploration
permit applications to the State Mining and Minerals Division for the Grants Uranium District. The Navajo Nation Dine Natural
Resources Protection Act of 2005 forbids uranium mining on the Navajo Nation (Navajo Nation, 2005 - S09300605).

URANIUM MINING AREAS ON THE NAVAJO NATION

Uranium mining occurred across the Navajo Nation in six (6) AUM Regions (shown on Figure 2). On the Western AUM Region the
major mining area is Cameron, although mining ranged from Bitter Springs in the north to Grand Falls in the south and as far east as the
Ward Terrace. The Morale Mine among the Hopi Buttes was the only productive mine in the Southern AUM Region. The Central
AUM Region was dominated by the mines on the east side of Black Mesa, with a few mines located at the foot of Black Mesa near
Rough Rock. Mining in Monument Valley straddled the Arizona-Utah border in the North Central AUM Region. The Whirlwind mine
was a significant outlier on the San Juan River. In the Northern AUM Region mining areas encircled the Carrizo Mountains in Arizona.
The eastern Carrizo Mountains mines straddled the Arizona-New Mexico border. To their south was Cove Mesa and further south were
the Lukachukai Mountains.1 The mines of the Sanostee area were solely in New Mexico. The Eastern AUM Region is where much of
the productive Grants Uranium District is located, stretching from the Church Rock area in the west, through Smith Lake to Ambrosia
Lake on the east.

1 The cover photo is the Kerr-McGee Mesa II, P-21 mine in the Lukachukai Mountains taken in 1956. Photo courtesy of William Chenoweth.

1-2

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

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LEASES AND MINING PERMIT HISTORY

In order to locate and identify uranium mines on the Navajo
Nation, it was necessary to understand that the mining lease
and permit process was complex and evolved over time. The
following provides a chronology of significant events that
impacted the Navajo Nation lease and mining permit process.

The U.S. Congressional Act of June 30, 1919 opened the
Navajo Reservation to mining and prospecting in the same
manner as prescribed in the U.S. Mining Law of 1872. If a
discovery was made, land could then be leased from the Office
of Indian Affairs. Due to the lack of mining activity when the
radium market collapsed, the Navajo Reservation was closed
to prospecting and mining by the Secretary of Interior on
March 25, 1936, thereby canceling any existing leases
(Chenoweth, 1997 - S03310301).

1°

Figure 1. Map of Uranium Mines and Claims in the Eastern Carrizo Mountains.

McLemore (1983 - S12110202).

Due to the demand for vanadium, the Secretary of Interior was
asked to open the Navajo Reservation for prospecting and
mining. The Congressional Act of May 11, 1938 reopened the
Navajo Reservation to mining under new procedures; prospec-
tors could no longer enter the Navajo Reservation and stake a
mining claim under regulations similar to those of the U.S.
Mining Law. With the approval of the Secretary of the
Interior, the Navajo Tribal Council could now enter into leases
with mining companies. Leases were limited to a period of 10
years, which could be extended by production. The new
regulations provided for a base 10% royalty with escalating
annual rentals and bonding requirements (Chenoweth, 1991 -
S02020701).

On April 9, 1941 the Navajo Tribal Council requested the
Secretary of the Interior to lease lands for mining purposes to
the highest bidder. Mining leases were written for large areas
and were subsequently reduced in acreage at the end of a
specified time period. The net effect of this type of lease was
that a prospecting permit was issued to the highest bidder, who
then had the right to lease up to 960 acres within the permit
area (Chenoweth, 1991 - S02020701).

After World War II, the AEC was established to ensure the
continued development of atomic energy. In 1949 the
Secretary of Interior and the Navajo Tribal Council developed
new regulations that permitted individual Navajos to prospect
and hold unnumbered Tribal Mining Permits upon discovery
of a resource. On September 19, 1951, additional regulations
permitted non-Navajos to prospect, but still required that only
Navajos could hold unnumbered mining permits for a renew-
able two year period. Permits could be assigned to non-
Navajo individuals or companies to explore and mine. Permits
and assignments were subject to approval by the Navajo Tribal
Council and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Both the
Navajo Nation and the permittee received royalties
(Chenoweth, 1997 - S03310301). The Navajo Nation and the
permittee also received royalties on the vanadium in the ores,
as well as copper, and any AEC bonuses received for new
discoveries (Chenoweth, 2007 - S07110701).

Drilling and exploration permits were also issued for a non-
renewable period of 120 days. The number of Navajos apply-
ing for permits was so large that in April 1952, the Navajo
Tribal Mining Department began to issue numbered mining
permits (Chenoweth, 1995 - SI0100231). The BIA encour-
aged permitted mine operators to convert assignments to 10-
year leases upon development of large amounts of ore
(Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100239).

Figure 1 is an example of a claim map for the east Carrizo
Mountains covering an area from Horse Mesa in the south, to
the Beclabito Trading Post to the north (McLemore, 1983 -
S12110202). This is one of many maps that were reviewed,
scanned, and georeferenced to assist with identifying uranium
mines, leases, and mining permits. Most maps were schematic
and were based largely on older, less accurate surveys of the
Public Land Survey System, as shown by dashed section lines
in Figure 1.

1-3

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (AUM)

URANIUM MINING

The excavation of uranium ore bodies is associated with hazards due to both physical conditions and radiation exposure. Although out-
crops of radioactive minerals exist throughout much of the Navajo Nation, the areas where ore was extracted and deposited in mine
waste piles exhibits higher radiation levels than most undisturbed natural areas. Radiation is particularly hazardous because it cannot be
seen or detected without the aid of specialized equipment. The result is that radiation exposure or contamination is not readily apparent.
Hazards associated with AUMs include open portals, adits, vertical openings, inclines and declines, pits, radioactive waste piles, radioac-
tive dust, rim cuts, high walls, and embankments (OSM, 1999 - S05070313). Figure 2 shows the locations of AUMs that were mapped
on or within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation. These AUMs are discussed in the following text by AUM Region:

North Central AUM Region: Uranium and vanadium was mined in this region from the Monument Valley mining area, which is
located in the southern portion of the Monument Upwarp in the west-central part of the Colorado Plateau. The uranium host rock crops
out around the perimeter of the Monument Upwarp and also caps the many mesas and buttes within Monument Valley (Chenoweth,
1991 - S03100502). Uranium mines throughout this region were primarily located in ore bodies formed in channel deposits of the Shina-
rump Member of the Chinle Formation. These paleochannels range from 5 to 200 feet deep and from 10 to 2,000 feet wide (Black and
others, 1962 - S04220602). However, not all paleochannels in the area were mineralized by uranium-bearing fluids. In a few mines,
(e.g., Moonlight) ore extended downward as much as 15 feet into underlying beds of the Moenkopi Formation. The deposits also contain
variable amounts of vanadium and copper. Shallow deposits at or near an outcrop were mined by adit or open pit, depending on the size
of the deposit. Deeper deposits were developed and mined by shafts or inclines. Forty-one (41) separate properties produced uranium or
uranium-vanadium ores from 1942 through 1969. However, the location of the productive Harvey Lee Sampson No.s 1 and 9 mine is
unknown (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). The Mexican Hat Stockpile was located within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation.

Northern AUM Region: From the late-1940s through 1967 uranium ore in the Northern AUM Region was mined mostly from mesa
tops, rims, and from canyon walls. The Enos Johnson 3 mine in the Sanostee area was the one mine that produced until 1982 into the
post-AEC period (Chenoweth, 1985 - S08250504). Ore bodies at or near the surface of mesa tops were excavated from relatively
shallow pits or trenches. Often the pits were less than 10 feet deep, with unexcavated lower grade ore (protore) at the base and a protore
debris pile on the surface. Buried ore bodies and ore bodies exposed on canyon walls were mined by digging down to the ore, or into the
face of a hillside or canyon wall, creating mine entrances (e.g., shafts, inclines, declines, and/or adits). The debris pile/talus slope of
protore emits gamma radiation at the surface where none may have been emitted before mining (EPA, 1999 - S12120285). Higher

grade ores were transported to buying stations and processing mills and the waste rock consisting of overburden and protore was left
behind in debris piles. For example, ore was transported from the Lukachukai mines by loading the ore onto dump trucks and driving
down steep, winding dirt roads to the Cove Transfer Station, where the ore was dumped and stockpiled. The ore was then reloaded onto
larger trucks to haul the ore to the Shiprock mill (Dare, 1961 - SI0280202). Two transfer stations were mapped, Cove Transfer Station
at the northern base of the Lukachukai Mountains, and the Climax Transfer Station just south of the town of Shiprock, New Mexico.
Uranium was produced from 174 properties and 55 properties were not productive.

Western AUM Region: Uranium mining in this region was active from 1951 through 1963. Most of the mining was from open pits,
which ranged in size from a shallow trench containing a single fossil log to pits as deep as 130 feet. Uranium ore was produced from 98
properties. The bulk of the ore (98%) was mined from the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation, about 2% of the uranium
was mined in the Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation, and the Kayenta Formation produced a minor amount (approximately
550 pounds) of uranium (Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100239).

Central AUM Region: Uranium in this region was mined on Black Mesa, a southwest dipping cuesta capped by the Upper Cretaceous
Mesaverde Group. The uranium deposits occur on the east side of Black Mesa in the Toreva Formation. Ore was mined from shallow
open pits, rim cuts, and underground (Chenoweth, 1990 - S10100236). A small amount of uranium was mined from the Salt Wash
Member at the foot of Black Mesa near the Rough Rock Trading Post. Mining at this location was by rim stripping and shallow bull-
dozer cuts (Chenoweth, 1989 - S10100212). Uranium was produced from 1954 through 1968 from 15 properties in the Toreva Forma-
tion and two in the Morrison Formation. Uranium occurrences were prospected in the Chinle Formation near the village of Chinle in
Apache County, Arizona. The workings in this area consisted of rim stripping, bulldozer cuts, prospect pits, and small open pits
(Chenoweth, 1990 - SI0020207).

Southern AUM Region: Uranium was discovered in the Southern AUM Region within the Hopi Buttes volcanic field in the early
1950's. The Hopi Buttes volcanic field is characterized by eroded dikes, necks, diatremes, flows, and tuff of Pliocene and Miocene age
(8-4 million years ago). More than 300 diatremes have been located in the Hopi Buttes volcanic field. Many of the diatremes are
expressed on the surface as maars that were often filled by localized lakes believed fed by rising thermal solutions. Anomalous concen-
trations of uranium are located only in those diatremes containing maar lakes with ephemeral lake deposits (Wenrich-Verbeek and
Mascarenas , 1982 - S06280601). The Morale mine was the only productive AUM, and was mined between 1954 and 1959 (Chenoweth,
1990 - SI0020205). Five non-productive AUMs were also mapped in the Southern AUM Region.

Eastern AUM Region: Uranium was mined in the Eastern AUM Region from the Grants Uranium District from 1951 to at least 1989.
The Grants Uranium District is located in the southern San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico. The district spans the area from
Gallup in the west to Laguna in the east, mostly north of Interstate 40 in the south and to north of Crownpoint. It produced more than
240,600,000 pounds of uranium (McLemore and Chenoweth, 2003 - S03030608), and for three decades was the largest uranium district
in the world (NMBGMR, 2007 - S05200701). This region covers the western half of the Grants Uranium District. The 1950 discovery
of uranium near Haystack Butte initiated the development of the Grants Uranium District. Uranium was produced from the Todilto
Limestone in the Haystack Chapter (Chenoweth, 1985 - S08020601). Most uranium in the Grants Uranium District was produced from
underground mines in the Westwater Canyon and Brushy Basin Members, or Poison Canyon Sandstone of the Jurassic Morrison Forma-
tion (McLemore and Chenoweth, 2003 - S03030608). Grace In Situ Leach near Church Rock was the one mine that produced using In
Situ methods. Leaching solution was injected underground via injection wells, the uranium was dissolved and pumped to the surface via
production wells and then extracted by an ion exchange process. Another method was to pump a leaching solution into old underground
mines, then pump the water out to surface settling and holding ponds, and finally process via ion exchange. The Church Rock and
Mariano Lake mines used this method, as did many mines in the Ambrosia Lake area (Hoien and Hatchell, 1986 - S08200601). The
Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone was another significant uranium host rock for uranium mines in the southern part of the Eastern AUM
Region. Most of the mines were developed at the surface, but the largest production was from underground workings (Chenoweth, 1989
- S08020602).

1-4

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

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- < v S V - -

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Tyuyamunite at the VCA Plot 2, West Reservation Lease Pit. Photo courtesy of
William Cherioweth.

Miles

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine Host Rock

¦ Tertiary Bidahochi Formation
Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone
Cretaceous Toreva Formation

+ Cretaceous Point Lookout Sandstone

~ Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Jurassic Morrison Formation
Jurassic Morrison Formation
Jurassic Kayenta
A Jurassic Navajo
• Jurassic Todilto Limestone

Triassic Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation

¦ Triassic Shinarump Member, Chinle Formation

Transfer Station
Unknown

d-a

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•Source

Abandoned Uranium Mine locations and host rock types were
produced from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation
Program maps, and sources by William L. Chenoweth, Virginia
McLemore, US Atomic Energy Commission/US Department of
Energy Documents, and other sources.

Filenames: DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production_Pts.shp

Figure 2. Abandoned Uranium Mines Shown by Geologic Host Rock Formation.

1-5

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (continued)

METHOD FOR DETERMINING POINT MINE FEATURE LOCATIONS

Since May 1990, the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program (NAMLRP) has worked to reclaim eligible AUMs on the
Navajo Nation. Their initial efforts involved compiling information about each reported occurrence of past uranium activity on the
Navajo Nation. NAMLRP then conducted field inventories and investigations to develop a more comprehensive inventory of the AUM
sites.

Initially, the NAUM Project concentrated on the AUMs located in the Red Valley Chapter within the Northern AUM Region. NAMLRP
prepared a set of USGS topographic maps with mapped AUM feature locations for the Red Valley Chapter. These mine features were
automated into a GIS point dataset and compared to those developed from georeferenced mine sketch maps from William Chenoweth's
multiple publications covering the East Carrizo Mountains area of Arizona and New Mexico. NAMLRP mine features were also
compared with USGS digital orthophoto quarter quadrangles (DOQQ) and USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps. In consultation with
Chenoweth (2003 - S07100301) and using a GIS overlay process, it was determined that most NAMLRP mine features were accurately
positioned at the 1:24,000 scale and would be used as the primary source for mine feature locations.

For the remainder of the Navajo Nation, NAMLRP prepared multiple sets of USGS topographic maps, covering their inventory areas in
the North Central, Northern, Western, Central, and Southern AUM Regions. These maps located all inventoried mine features and coded
them by mine feature type (e.g., portal, shaft, prospect, rim strip, and pit). For each AUM region these maps were georeferenced and a
GIS point dataset was developed. There are 1,265 mine features mapped on or within one (1) mile of the Navajo Nation. These mine
features are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Pt_Features.shp). The number of mine feature types by AUM Re-
gion is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Mine features by AUM Region.

Mine Site Feature/AUM Region

Central

Eastern

North Central

Northern

Southern

Western

Total

Drillhole

Portal

417

533

Prospect

135

157

Rim Strip / Pit

302

503

Vertical

Waste Pile

Total

143

868

100

1265

Most of the mine features (1,126) were mapped from sources provided by NAMLRP. The remaining 139 mine features were mapped
from other sources, and 122 of these were mapped in the Eastern AUM Region. NAMLRP only mapped twenty-one (21) mine features
in the Eastern AUM Region, which were associated with the Christensen, Foutz No. 1, Foutz No. 2, Foutz No. 3, and Rats Nest mines
north of the town of Church Rock, New Mexico. This was primarily due to NAMLRP's authorization to reclaim only those AUMs that
fall within Tribal Trust Lands. Land ownership in the Eastern AUM Region is significantly mixed (see Section 3, page 3-4). The other
mine features were mapped in the Eastern AUM Region using reports and maps from multiple literature sources in conjunction with
USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps and DOQQ imagery.

There were seventeen (17) mine features added to the other AUM Regions that were not mapped by NAMLRP. These were mapped
from other literature sources, USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps, and DOQQ imagery. These additional mine features included: four
(4) in the Central AUM Region, six (6) in the North Central AUM Region, and seven (7) in the Northern AUM Region. Eleven (11) of
these additional mine features were portals or vertical shafts that were added based upon mine entrances shown on underground mine
sketches.

Some NAMLRP mine feature positions were adjusted. These are documented in the "COMMENTS" attribute of the GIS dataset
(NN AUM Pt Features.shp). The location source attribute "LCTNSRC" provides a reference for mine features that were added from
sources other than NAMLRP, or for NAMLRP mine feature positions that were adjusted.

Seventy four (74) AUM sites do not have mapped mine features. Sixty three (63) of these AUM sites were not mapped by NAMLRP,
and no specific mine feature was present on available maps, interpreted from imagery, or found in the literature. Eleven (11) AUM sites
were originally mapped by NAMLRP as single NAMLRP Project sites that were subsequently split into multiple named AUM sites. The
splits did not result in mapping any additional mine features.

The "SITEID" attribute provides identifiers for the mine features. The NAMLRP mine features use a three character abbreviation for
the NAMLRP Problem Area in which they are located1, followed by a three integer number that was arbitrarily assigned during field
inventories. Sometimes there is a character following the three integers. For the mine features added from non-NAMLRP sources, the
identifier provided by the source was used for the SITE-ID. In cases where a source identifier was not available for added mine features,
a two character abbreviation designating the Chapter was used. For mine features that were located off the Navajo Nation, two XX's
were used. These two characters were followed by a two integer sequential number.

Figure 3 provides an example of mine features in an area of the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County, Arizona. Mine features are
shown in red and they have been symbolized by the type of feature. The inset location map shows the distribution of mine features
(shown in black) in an overview of the Navajo Nation.

1 For the NAMLRP mine features at the Christensen, Foutz No. 1, Foutz No. 2, Foutz No. 3, and Rats Nest mines, the identifiers used by McLemore and others
(2002 - S12160205) were adopted.

1-6

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (continued)

ABANDONED URANIUM MINE POLYGON DELINEATION

NAMLRP provided maps showing the location of NAMLRP Reclamation Project Areas for the North Central, Northern, Western,
Central, and Southern AUM Regions. NAMLRP provided coordinates from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements for the
location of AUM project areas in the North Central and Western AUM Regions. Seven (7) of 51 NAMLRP AUM reclamation project
areas in the North Central AUM Region were mapped using GPS and 83 of 86 NAMLRP AUM reclamation project areas in the Western
AUM Region were mapped using GPS. NAMLRP inventories were conducted on Navajo Nation Trust Lands; therefore, maps were not
provided in the Eastern AUM Region outside the area of the Christensen, Foutz No. 1, Foutz No. 2, Foutz No. 3, and Rats Nest mines.
NAMLRP project areas generally included groups of mine features that were associated with one or more mining operations. They
encompass the mapped mine features, smaller unmapped features of a mining operation, and a buffer around the mining operations by
about 50 feet. These NAMLRP AUM reclamation project polygons provide excellent mine operation locations and extents and are
provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Project_Sites.shp).

AUM polygons were also generated for mine features and unreclaimed mine waste piles that were not reclaimed by NAMLRP. These
AUM polygons were generated by creating a 200 foot buffer around the feature. In some cases, it was possible to further refine the
AUM boundaries by including NAMLRP unreclaimed mine waste piles, airborne radiological anomalies, and/or photo-interpreted mine-
related surface disturbances. Many AUMs across the Navajo Nation occur in areas of high relief, characterized by flat-topped mesas
with vertical or near vertical cliffs. Mine waste was often pushed down these cliffs forming potentially radioactive mine waste talus
slopes. These mine waste piles were not individually mapped; however, they were identified by NAMLRP and coded into the mine
features GIS dataset. In these areas, the boundaries of NAMLRP project polygons were extended down-slope 200 feet.

Some NAMLRP project boundaries were modified based on aerial radiation data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy's Aerial
Measuring System (Hendricks, 2001 - S03310309). NAMLRP project boundaries were enlarged where the excess Bismuth-214
7.4 |iR/hr contour levels extended beyond these boundaries. This contour level was chosen because it represents about twice the back-
ground excess Bismuth-214 expected across the Navajo Nation. DOQQ imagery was inspected around NAMLRP projects. Boundaries
were extended where distinct AUM related disturbances could be photo-interpreted and mapped contiguous with NAMLRP projects.
Some NAMLRP projects encompassed more than one mine. In these cases the project polygons were split or merged to enable the
separate representation of AUMs. All of the modifications to the NAMLRP project boundaries were documented in the metadata, and
resulted in a new GIS dataset of AUM boundaries.

For the Eastern AUM Region, NAMLRP AUM Reclamation Project Areas and field inventories were used to develop six (6) AUM
polygons. Eighty five (85) AUMs were identified from McLemore's database of point locations for uranium and thorium occurrences in
New Mexico (McLemore et al., 2002 - S12160205). Locations for eight (8) AUM polygons were added from other reports and
documents (Chenoweth, 2007 - S01150706; DOE, Unpublished - S08020610; Holen and Hatchell, 1986 - S08200601; and McLemore
and Chenoweth, 1991 - S03030608). Most AUM polygons were developed using point locations and/or mine claim or permit boundaries
from these and other supporting literature. They were further developed using USGS 1997 black and white and 2005 color DOQQs and
USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps. The aerial radiation survey did not cover the Eastern AUM Region.

Mine names were identified for most AUMs. Some AUM polygons have the same mine name because a mine may have more than one
associated area of disturbance. The final boundaries for the AUMs are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/
NN_AUM_Poly_Surf.shp), and represent the AUM surface extents. These were used as the basis for generating buffers for the Soil, Air
and Surface Water Pathway analyses.

Underground AUM Workings

North Central AUM Region: Thirty-seven (37) of the AUMs in the North Central AUM Region had documented underground work-
ings, although most uranium mines in this region were mined underground. Many historical reports contained sketches of the under-
ground workings of the mines, which were used to develop polygon boundaries representing the extents of the underground workings.

Northern AUM Region: A significant number of the AUMs had extensive underground workings, particularly those in the Lukachukai
and Cove Mesa area.

Central AUM Region: Four (4) AUMs in the Black Mesa area of the Central AUM Region used underground methods (Claim 7, Dan
Taylor No. 1, Etsitty No. 1 and Rough Rock Slope No. 9) (Chenoweth, 1990 - S10100236). With the exception of Claim 7, historical
reports did not contain sketches of the underground workings of the mines. The sketch for Claim 7 could not be georeferenced, so no
polygon boundaries representing the extents of the underground workings were developed.

Southern AUM Region: The Morale mine was the only productive mine in the Southern AUM Region, and it used underground
methods (Chenoweth, 1990 - SI0020205). However, no map for the underground workings was located.

Western AUM Region: There was no significant underground mining in the Western AUM Region. However, it is known that at the
base of some large pits (e.g., Ramco 20 and 21) adits were dug into pit walls in order to follow minor ore trends (Chenoweth, 1993 -
S10100239). These minor underground workings were not mapped or entered into the GIS database.

Eastern AUM Region: Most mines in the Eastern AUM Region were underground mines. Seven (7) underground mine maps were
automated. Eighty-five (85) ore body extent polygons were automated. These represent areas of ore bodies known to have been mined;
however, precise underground mine workings are unknown. Many AUMs with underground mines are unmapped due to the lack of
literature sources.

A GIS dataset with the polygons for these compiled underground AUM mine workings is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/
NN AUM Poly Undrgnd.shp). The combined area of the surface and underground AUM boundaries were used to generate the buffers
used for the ground water pathway analyses.

Figure 4 shows the spatial distribution of surface and underground AUMs for an area of the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County,
Arizona. For a comparison, the original NAMLRP reclamation project sites are shown as dashed polygons.

1-8

-------
o

COVE

9
o

i *

s*l\

OUND ROCK

Cp
0>

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND AUMS OF THE LUKACHUKAI MOUNTAINS

da2

Map Scale 1:24,000

Miles

Legend

| ] NAMLRP Reclamation Project Sites
~ Underground AUMs
Surface AUMs

Sources

Reclamation Project Sites are from Navajo Abandoned Mine
Lands Reclamation Program (NAMLRP) maps. Abandoned
Uranium Mine site locations are from NAMLRP maps, and
sources by William L. Chenoweth, Virginia McLemore,
USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps, Digital Orthophoto
Quarter Quads (DOQQs), and other sources. Mapped
underground AUM extents are from various sources.

Filenames:

DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Pt Features.shp
DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Project_Sites.shp
DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Poly_Surf.shp
DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Poly_Undrgnd.shp

Overview of AUM Locations Across the Navajo Nation.

Figure 4. Surface and Underground AUMs of the Lukachukai Mountains.

1-9

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES (continued)

PRODUCTION

Production Data Development

William Chenoweth reported that the documentation of ore production records is indebted to the AEC's requirement for monthly reports
from the uranium ore processing mills (DeVoto and Huber, 1982 - SI0020206). These monthly ore receipts were compiled on a
quarterly basis and included the following information: name of property and shipper, mining district, state and county, AEC license
number, and usually the number of miles from the mine to the mill or ore buying station. They also contained the following production
data: dry tons of ore; contained pounds and the calculated percents of uranium oxide (LNOs), vanadium oxide (V2O5), and calcium
carbonate (CaCCb). These records were subsequently compiled for the U.S. Claims Court, Navajo Tribe vs. United States, Docket Nos.
69 and 299 (copper, vanadium, uranium, sand, rock and gravel claims) held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 24 through March 4,
1983 by the General Services Administration (GSA, 1981 - S03210322). Chenoweth has continued to publish uranium mine and
production history for uranium-vanadium mines across the Navajo Nation to the present. Chenoweth has maintained a comprehensive
library on the uranium history of the Four Corners states, as well as an extensive personal experience and memory of the uranium history
of the region from the 1950s to the present. This report's documentation of uranium and vanadium production has benefited from
numerous personal communications with William Chenoweth that permitted the compilation of production data from various
unpublished records. A major source of archived unpublished uranium and vanadium production records were the Atomic Energy
Commission and the Department of Energy records held at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), National
Record Group 434-00-287, Rocky Mountain Region at the Denver Federal Center, Colorado.

Working with William Chenoweth to build this extensive set of publication data also improved development of the AUM datasets. The
work led to the discovery of additional documents, or Chenoweth's recollections of mine site visits, which resulted in the development of
a few new AUMs or refinement of existing AUMs. This facilitated separating production estimates for individual mines in cases where
the records reported production statistics as a combined total for an entire lease. In the Northern AUM Region, the Vanadium Corpora-
tion of America's (VCA) East and West Reservation Lease production records were not recorded by Plot (claim) where individual mines
were located, but by total production for each lease. Chenoweth was also invaluable in documenting post-AEC production for the Grants
Uranium District in the Eastern AUM Region. McLemore and Chenoweth (1991 - S03030608) and McLemore et al., (2002 -
S12160205) previously reported post-AEC (after 1970) production statistics as large ranges, due to company confidential records. Since
that time, Chenoweth has been able to access now public NARA records up to about 1983. These production statistics are documented
in this report. A few mines in the Ambrosia Lake area likely produced after 1983, but any production after 1983 is not included in this
report.

In some cases, production for multiple mines on a lease was reported as a single combined production value for all those mines. During
the period 1942-1947 production for the 12 Plots (or claims) of VCA's East Reservation Lease (I-149-IND-5705), the 16 Plots of VCA's
West Reservation Lease (I-149-IND-5456), the 12 Plots of the AEC Lease (I-149-IND-6197, also known as the Curran Brothers and
Wade Lease), the 3 Plots of the Wade, Curran, and Co. Lease I-149-IND-3798, and the 2 Plots of the Wade, Curran, and Company Lease
I-149-IND-4225, all had production recorded by Lease and not by individual Plot (Chenoweth, 1991 - S02020701). Further, the East
Reservation Lease had combined production reported for the period 1948-1950 (Chenoweth, 1985 - S03130303), as did the West Reser-
vation Lease for the period 1948-1952 (Chenoweth, 1984 - S10020203). This happened during the period 1942-1947 when these mines
were operated as vanadium mines, and when the shipper or operator of all the mines on a lease were the same company. Separate
production values for these mines was estimated based upon ore tonnage and grade estimates for vanadium in various Chenoweth reports
and personal communications (Chenoweth, 2007 - S01150701). Unlike the other Plots of the East Reservation Lease, a further
separation of production was performed for Plot 3, because at this time it had four producing mines: Shadyside No. 1, Shadyside No. 2,
Lookout Point and Nelson Point. Actual production for each of these four mines was used to estimate the relative ratio of production.
This ratio was applied to the estimated Plot 3 production for the period 1942-1945 and 1948-1950 to produce estimated production of
tons of ore and pounds of vanadium oxide.

During World War II, production from these Northern AUM Region vanadium mines was used to extract uranium for the atom bomb.
Uranium oxide production (LNOs) was estimated based upon the uranium to vanadium ratio for each lease (Chenoweth, 1991 -
S02020701).

In 1962, production at the C-3 and Taylor Reid No. 1 mines was reported as combined production under the same mine operator,
Dumont Development (Chenoweth, 1991 - S03100502). Also, during 1956 and the period 1964-1965, production for the Shadyside No.
1 and Shadyside Incline mines was reported as combined production by VCA under the name Shadyside Mines (Chenoweth, 1996 -
S03240304). Separate mine production was estimated based on the ratio of actual production of the two mines during the years that
production was reported separately.

The estimated values for tons of ore and pounds of uranium and vanadium oxide discussed above are included in the final total
production reported in the GIS datasets provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production_Pts.shp and DB/AUM/
NN_AUM_Production.shp). Notes about actual versus estimated ore production values will be found in the "COMMENT" field of the
two production GIS datasets.

Figure 5 presents the results of the compiled and estimated uranium oxide (UsOs) production on and within one (1) mile of the Navajo
Nation. The ranges of uranium production are symbolized on a base ten logarithmic scale where each higher production range is a
magnitude larger than the previous production range. The largest producing mines are shown as red circles (>10,000,000 pounds of
U3O8) and orange circles (1,000,001 to 10,000,000 pounds UsOs). Fourteen (14) of these sixteen (16) large mines are located mostly in
the Grants Uranium District of the Eastern AUM Region, with the largest AUM located in the Ambrosia Lake area. Outside the Eastern
AUM Region there are two (2) mines that produced more than 1,000,000 pounds U3O8: the Monument No. 1 and Moonlight mines,
both located in Monument Valley within the North Central AUM Region.

Mines that produced in the range of 100,001 to 1,000,000 pounds of U3O8 are shown as yellow circles. These include: thirteen (13)
mines across the Eastern AUM Region; eight (8) mines in the El Capitan Flat area of Monument Valley in the North Central AUM
Region; six (6) mines in the Lukachukai Mountains, three (3) mines on Cove Mesa, at the south end of Montezuma Canyon, and in
Sanostee in the Northern AUM Region; and four (4) mines within the Western AUM Region.

The largest producer in the Central AUM Region is Claim 28 (17,327 pounds UsOs). The only producing mine in the Southern AUM
Region was the Morale mine (580 pounds UsOs).

1-10

-------
Mojitezuma
Canyon.:

COLORADO
NEW MEXICO

UTAH

ARIZONA

Carrizo
^fountains

El Capitan
Flat

g^fern Carrizo
Mountains *.

North Central

AUM Region

& Eastern
9 Carrizo
Mountains

Bitter
iprmgs

Northern
AUM Region

Lukachukai
Mountains

Black
Mesa 0

Western AUM Region

Central
AUM Region

Cameron

NAVAJO

NATION

HOPI

RESERVATION

Eastern AUM Region

Church Rock ~ Crownpoint

Smith I^ke

Grand
Falls

Ambrosia

Southern AUM Region

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINE PRODUCTION

W E

^ Miles

Map Scale 1:1,525,000

Pounds U3O8 by AUM Region
Produced On or Within One Mile of the Navajo Nation

120,000,000-

100,000,000-

80,000,000-

60,000,000-

40,000,000-

20,000,000-

S el

North
Central

Northern

Western

Central

Southern

Eastern

Total

TOTAL

8,828,143

4,650,939

1,206,413

57,562

580

97,584,814

112,328,451

AUM Region

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine Production
Pounds U3OS

O 10,000,001 - 17,520,976

• 1,000,001 - 10,000,000
$ 100,001 -1,000.000

• 10,001 -100,000

• 1,001 -10,000

• 101-1,000
• 1-100

+ No Production

Source

Uranium production was compiled primarily from
published reports and personal communications by
William L. Chenoweth.

Filename; DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production_Pts.shp

Figure 5. Uranium (U3O8) Production on the Navajo Nation.

1-11

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM: MINES (continued)

PRODUCTION (continued)

Production Polygon GIS Dataset Development

AUM polygons with total production were developed and are provided as a GIS dataset on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM/
NN_AUM_Production.shp). Figure 6 shows the AUM polygons for an area of the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County, Arizona.
These mine polygons are symbolized using the same color scheme and production ranges as shown on Figure 5 for AUM points. They
were developed by merging and dissolving the surface (NN_AUM_Poly_Surf.shp) and underground (NN_AUM_Poly_Undrgnd.shp)
AUMs by all Mine-IDs that comprised a single productive mine. The polygon includes the full known productive extent of a mine.

Frank No. 1 Mine (yellow polygon) and the Frank No. 2 Mine (white polygon) are shown in the top map of Figure 6 at the center of the
red outlined box. The Frank No. 1 Mine and Frank No. 2 Mine can also be seen in the inset map enlargement on Figure 6. In the inset
map there are three blue surface polygons for the Frank No. 1 Mine (i.e., North, East, and South Portals), and three yellow polygons that
represent the underground workings from each portal. These polygons are all associated with the same mine, which was operated by
Frank Natcheenbetah and Climax Uranium (Chenoweth, 1988 - S10280203). These six (6) surface and underground polygons comprise
the single yellow mine polygon for the Frank No. 1 shown on the top map of Figure 6.

Production Point GIS Dataset Development

The point production GIS dataset was developed from centroids of the production polygons GIS dataset. These centroid points are
located at the center weighted average for all polygons that comprise a single AUM. Most AUMs are single polygons and the centroids
fall within them. An example is shown in the Figure 6 inset map with the blue point representing the centroid of the Frank No. 2 Mine.
In cases where there are multiple polygons comprising a single AUM site, the centroid point will not necessarily fall within the center of
one of the polygons. An example is shown in the Figure 6 inset map where the centroid (red dot) is located at the center weighted
location between all of the surface and underground polygons comprising the Frank No. 1 Mine. The production points GIS dataset is
provided on the GIS Data DVD(DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production_Pts.shp).

Production Tabulation

The production data attributes collected for each AUM are listed in Table 3 below. This is an example from the production point GIS
dataset for the Frank No. 1 Mine. Note that the single Frank No. 1 Mine has three AUM polygons (e.g., three IDs under "AllMinelDs").
This is also represented in the "COMMENTS" field where it is stated that the Frank No. 1 Mine is comprised of three portals. These
attributes are included in the two production GIS datasets (DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production.shp and DB/AUM/
NN_AUM_Production_Pts.shp). The grades presented are actual grades for periods of production.

Table 3. Example Production Record for Frank No. 1 Mine.

Irl NN_AUM_Production_Pts Location (-103 251112 3S.5296S9)

g) Fiank No 1 Mine

Field

FID

Shape

MineJD

AllMinelDs

Mine_Name

Aliases

Stratum

PRODUCER

TONS

U308.LBS

U308.PRCNT

V205_LBS

V205_PRCNT

START YEAR

END_YEAR

PROD.SRC

COMMENT

H0ST_R0CK

H0ST_SRC

SURF UNDER

S_U_SRC

WTR_ TABLE

WTRTBL.SRC

REGION

Valute

Point
106

106,505,509
Frank No. 1 Mine

South Portal, 4B Mine; North Portal, 1207 Mine; East Portal, 709 Mine

Surface and Underground

Yes

75739

373141

0.25

1738347
1 15
1951
1967

S10280203

Includes the South Poital (4B Mine), East Portal (709 Mine), and North Portal (1207 Mine).
Jcnsw

S10280203
S&U

S06220502
Above
S03190701
Northern

1-12

-------
V

Mesa VI Mine

NA-0319

Cato No. 2
NA-0319

<*)

Cato No, 1 Pit

Mesa V
Adit
Mesa V Mine

Mesa IV 1/2 Mine
and Simpson 181

Enlargement
Area

Mesa IV 1/4 Mine

Frank Jr. Mine

Mesa V Incline

NA-0318

Cov068
£

Mesa IV,
Mine No. 2

NA-0316

Mesa IV,

Mine No. 1 COVE

Mesa I
Mesa IV, Pit

Mine No. 3

Mesa IV, West Mine

Mesa I, Mine
No. 10-15

Jimmie King
No. 9 Mine

Mesa IV, {t—\
East Side

Mesa I

Mesa III,

Northwest Mine CovOOO

/"T? V
&

' 3

Mesa Ili NA-0313 Mesa II 1/4 a
Mine tl Mine

Mesa I 1/2

•NA-0333

••NA-0332

Tommy
James
Mine

West Mine ^ M^^M

«*-

Mesa II,

Mine 4 Henry
Phillips
Mine Mine

^ Mesa II, jT

' 1 "V

Mesa I 3/4, m

MineNo. 2, P150

Mesa II,

Mine No. 1 & 2,

P-21

Mesa I 1/2,
L West Mine

Mesa I 1/4
Mine

Step Mesa Mine

ROUND ROCK

Incline

Flag No. 1
Mine

Black No. 1
Mine

\
\

Black No. 2
Mine

Billy Topaha
Mine

Black No. 2—»•
Mine (West)

Cisco

Frank No. 1
Centroid

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

MINE PRODUCTION FOR THE LUKACHUKAI MOUNTAINS

Map Scale 1:30,000

Frank No. 1,
North Portal
(Mine_ID213)

Underground Workings
"for Frank No. 1, North Portal
(MineJD 213)

Underground Workings
for Frank No. 1, East Portal
(MineJD 214)

Frank No. 2
(MineJD 215)

Frank No. 1,
East Portal
(MineJD 213)

Underground Workings
for Frank No. 1, South Portal
(MineJD 216)

Frank No. 1,
South Portal
(MineJD 216)

Frank No. 2">;".
Centroid

Map of surface (cyan) and underground (yellow) workings for the Frank No. 1 and Frank
No. 2 Mines. The red dot is the centroid for the combined surface and underground workings
for Frank No. 1 mine. The smaller blue dot is the centroid for Frank No. 2. Production from
these mines is designated by color-coding in the map above this enlargement (red box outline).

Miles

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine Production
Pounds U308

| | 1,000,001 -17,520,976

100,001 - 1,000,000
10,001 - 100,000
1,001 - 10,000
101 - 1,000
0-100

No Production

Mine Features
—% Portal
• Prospect

Rim Strip / Pit

~ Vertical

Source

Uranium production was compiled from published
reports and personal communications by William L.
Chenoweth.

Filename: DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Production.shp

Figure 6. Uranium (l.'.s()s) Production for the Lukachukai Mountains.

1-13

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

URANIUM MILLS ON THE NAVAJO NATION

Some AUM Regions had uranium mills sited on or near the Navajo Nation (shown on Figure 7). The Tuba City Mill is in the Western
AUM Region. The Mexican Hat Mill along the San Juan River, and the Monument Valley Upgrader Site that serviced only the
Monument No. 2 mine, was in the North Central AUM Region. In the Northern AUM Region was the Shiprock Mill. The Church Rock
Mill is the only mill in the Eastern AUM Region on the Navajo Nation. Nearby, however, were also the Ambrosia Lake, Rio Algom,
Blue-water, and Homestake Mining Company Mills. There were no mills near the mines within the Central and Southern AUM
Regions.

Mexican
Hat Mill

Monui

iiofrl

fU-NtltVAClON

nestake Mining
ompany Mill

ABANDONED 1 RANIl M MINIS AND TIIF. NA\ AJO NATION

PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE AUMS
AND MILL SITES

Source

Legend

Uranium-Vanadium tMs and Uranium Mill Sites were
developed (torn a map by Wilkam L Chenowetti and
various U S Department ot Energy documents

Filename DB'AUM.'NN_Mllls slip

Mop Scats 11 750.00C

Uramum Mill Sites

Productive Abandoned Uranium Mines
Unproductive Abandoned Uranium Mines

latcov*

Ambrosia

Lai-o M.I

Figure 7. Mill Sites on or Near the Navajo Nation.

1-14

-------
-------
^4.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINE WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Two important waste characteristics, the location and the types of AUM features (e.g., portals, shafts, rim strips, prospects and waste
piles), have been presented in Section 1 - Mining History and Mine Site Information. Another key characteristic of waste is the
estimated quantity of potential wastes associated with the mine features. As part of the planning and reclamation process, volumes of
uranium mine waste piles were estimated by the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program (NAMLRP).

Further characterization of AUM waste requires analytical sampling data. These sampling data should be designed to identify hazardous
substances at the AUM sites and to determine the presence or absence of these hazardous substances in environmental media and at
targets. This requires a sufficient number of samples, of sufficient quality, to show that any substances found are above background
levels and are a result of activities at the AUM sites (EPA, 1991 - S01230301).

This section presents existing sampling and survey data that have been collected on the Navajo Nation, including radiation surveys, field
surveys and samples, and reclamation data. These data must be examined carefully with respect to their suitability for drawing
conclusions about hazardous substance releases and target exposures. While these data may provide useful insights about the types,
levels, and areal distribution of hazardous substances, there are also limitations that should be considered (EPA, 1991 - S01230301):

• Previous sampling efforts may not have been conducted for purposes that are compatible with site assessment objectives.

• Previous sampling may not have been extensive enough to fully characterize the site and the possibility of a release.

• Previous sampling may be limited to one-time sampling events (e.g., water samples).

• Laboratory protocols and standards may not be known.

• Conditions may have changed since the site was last sampled/surveyed. This is a key limitation since most of the AUM sites
have been reclaimed since the data samples/surveys were conducted.

• There are inaccessible mine waste piles that were too difficult and hazardous to reclaim or to collect data.

RADIATION SURVEYS

NAUM AERIAL RADIATION SURVEYS

Aerial radiation surveys were flown over the Navajo Nation during October 1994 through October 1999, and covered areas where there
was known uranium mining activities. The surveys were conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Remote Sensing
Laboratory (RSL) to assist with locating and characterizing AUMs. The surveys were flown using a helicopter-based acquisition plat-
form equipped with 2 x 4 x 16 inch sodium iodide (NaI[Tl]) scintillation detectors. Aircraft position was established using a real-time
differential global positioning system (GPS) and a radar altimeter.

~ S

~ \

/ \

~ \
~ \
/ \
/ \
~ \

/ \

~ \

The surveys were flown at a nominal altitude of 150 feet above the terrain,

resulting in a footprint of about 300 feet, and a line spacing of 300 feet.

Radiation sensor measurements were integrated and recorded at one-second

intervals. Each measurement provided an average radiation level for the

entire ground sample area (i.e., the 300 feet diameter footprint under the

helicopter as shown in Figure 1). This means the data does not pinpoint the

radiation levels within the ground sample area. For each ground sample

area, the radiation source could be evenly distributed or it could be made up

of a combination of radiation sources, such as a higher-level mine waste

debris pile placed on soil that had lower regional background radiation

levels. Obtaining finer detail measurements for individual radiation sources

,,v , ii i , Figure 1. Aerial Radiation Survey Footprint Diagram,

requires additional ground-based measurements.

Aerial radiation surveys were flown over forty-one (41) uranium mining areas on the Navajo Nation (Figure 2). Aerial radiation surveys
were not conducted over the Eastern AUM Region. A spreadsheet with summaries of the survey parameters for all areas is provided on
the GIS Data DVD (DB/Radiation/NAUM_Radsurveys.xls).

Gross count and excess Bismuth-214 data were derived from the measured gamma spectral information. Gross count measures total
terrestrial gamma activity, without considering its source, much like a Geiger counter. Aerial gross count data documents the wide range
of radioactivity present, even in areas not associated with uranium mining activities. The gross count radiation contours are shown in
Figure 2 for the entire Navajo Nation.

Bismuth-214 radiation is associated with the presence of uranium, making it a good indicator of old mines and mining related activities.
The Bismuth-214 response, rather than a uranium response, is used because its unique photo peak can be readily distinguished from
other radiation. The Bismuth-214 radiation polygons are shown in Figure 2 for an area in the Western AUM Region. These aerial
radiation contours were used as an aid in locating and defining the surface extents of AUMs, which are also shown on Figure 2.

These GIS datasets are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Radiation). Aerial radiation survey boundaries (NN Flight Areas.shp) and
radiation contour data files were converted to GIS-compatible digital files by the DOE RSL for gross count
(NN_Gross_Count_Contours.shp) and excess Bismuth-214 (NN_Excess_Bi214_Contours.shp). Additional processing was performed
under the NAUM Project to convert the vector contours to polygons (NN_Gross_Count_Polys.shp and NN_Excess_Bi214.shp).

For a more comprehensive explanation of the acquisition and processing methods used for the aerial radiation measurements, a report
was developed by the DOE's RSL titled "An Aerial Radiological Survey of Abandoned Uranium Mines in the Navajo Nation."
(Hendricks, 2001 - S03310309). Two other aerial radiation surveys were conducted by the DOE RSL on the Navajo Nation for the
Shiprock, New Mexico Uranium Mill Tailings Site (Jobst, 1981 - SI0290208), and the Rio Puerco River downstream from the Church
Rock Uranium Tailings Spill (Burson, 1979 - S10280211). GIS data were not provided, but scanned versions of the reports are provided
on the References DVD. These surveys were flown to provide information to help guide the planning of ground-based surveys in the
vicinity of the AUM sites and to evaluate the effectiveness of any cleanup efforts.

2-2

-------
Monument
Valley Park

;ameron

Survey areas and gross count
contour data are from the U.S.

aerial radiation
DOE Remote

Sensing Laboratory Aerial Measuring System.

Filenames: DB/Radiation/NN_Flight_Areas.shp
DB/Radiation/NN_Gross_Count_Contours.shp

AERIAL RADIATION SURVEY AREAS AND
GROSS COUNT RADIATION CONTOURS

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,900,000

Aerial Survey
Boundary

Radiation Contours -
Units in |jR/hr.

UTAH

/lexican Hat
Cane Valley
1 Dennehotso

Dennehotso T

Double Arch Canyon

Baby Cove Mesa

Rocks
Mesa

Lukachukai

Isetah Wasn

Shonto

Red Valley

Agathla Peak
Wetherill Mesa

Red Valley South

NAVAJO NATION

Chilchinbito

Round Rock

Sanostee

Black Mesa East

Chinle

Bodaway
East

Oraibi Wash

Bodaway
West

k U

Nazhni has!

Coalmine Chapter

Nazlini West

Kinlichee

Coalmine Mesa A

RESERVATIO
Coalmine Mesa B

Hon Defiance

Coalmine
Mesa C

Indian Wells
Twin Buttes

Teesto

Di kon

MAP AREA _
, jSIHOWN BELOW '

Cedar Wash

Winslow C WinslowA

Winslow B

COLORADO
NEW MEXICO

hi°17'ow

' r

hrnmett Lee No. 1

Julius Chee No. 3

i •

Elwood Thompson No. 1

ulius Chee No. 4
'/

Julius Chee No. 2

Charles Huskon No. 4

Ramco No. 24

Harry Walker No. 16

Charles Huskon No. 18

Julia Semallie

Emmett Lee No. 3

EXCESS BISMUTH 214 RADIATION DATA
SOUTH AREA OF CAMERON SURVEY AREA

Excess Bismuth-214 aerial radiation data are
from the U.S. DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory
Aerial Measuring System.

Filename: DB/Radiation/NN_Excess_Bi214_Poly.shp

Miles

Abandoned
Uranium Mine

'¦& ft'

Estimated exposure rate from excess
Bismuth-214 (excess pR/hr)

Map Scale 1:24,000

2.4 to 3.5

3.5 to 5.2

5.2 to 7.4
7.4 to 10.9
10.9 to 16.2

16.2 to 23.6
23.6 to 34.9

34.9 to 52.4
>52.5

Figure 2. NAUM Project Aerial Radiation Survey Data.

2-3

-------
j-TV

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

RADIATION SURVEYS (continued)

NATIONAL URANIUM RESOURCE EVALUATION (MIRE) AERIAL GAMMA RAY SURVEYS

One of the earliest uranium characterization programs conducted on the Navajo Nation was the National Uranium Resource Evaluation
(NURE) program. NURE was initiated by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1973 with a primary goal of identifying uranium
resources in the United States. From 1974 to 1980, the NURE program systematically evaluated uranium resources of the United States
by conducting airborne radiometric and magnetic surveys and by collecting hydrogeochemical and stream sediment samples (Smith,
2001 - S07250302). Aerial gamma-ray data can be used to quantify and describe the radioactivity of rocks and soils. The majority of
the gamma-ray signal is derived from the upper 20-25 cm of surficial materials. A gamma-ray detector is mounted in an aircraft and
flown at relatively low altitudes. Aerial gamma-ray surveys measure the flux of gamma rays emitted as a result of the radioactive decay
of the naturally occurring radioactive elements K-40 (potassium), U-238 (uranium), and Th-232 (thorium). Equivalent uranium (eU) is
calculated from the counts received by a gamma-ray detector in the energy window corresponding toRismuth-214.

Figure 3 shows an image of the equivalent uranium for the
Conterminous United States. This image was generated from
NURE aerial gamma-ray data presented in United States
Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-9, "National
Geophysical Data Grids: Gamma-Ray, Magnetic, and
Topographic Data for the Conterminous United States," by
J.D. Phillips, J. S. Duval, and R. A. Ambrosiak, 1993. Data
can be requested from the USGS at http:Jknergy.cr.usgs.gov/
radon/order info. html.

PpmeU Uranium Concentrations

(Approximate scale)

Figure 3. Equivalent Uranium Map for the Conterminous United States

~et1 c/s UNC Mine Area RadOut14&15

Avg Bg+2SD

Avg Bg+7SD

1_n

CHURCH ROCK GAMMA SCAN

In October 2003, EPA's Radiation and Indoor
Environment's National Laboratory conducted a
truck-mounted gamma radiation scan along trans-
portation corridors in the Church Rock area
(Shura, 2003 - S07120501). The scan chart
(graph) and corresponding image shown in Figure
4 can be used together to locate the anomalous
areas.

The graph shows the counts per second (Y axis)
and channel number (X axis) for each second of
acquired gamma flux. The green, yellow, and red
coloring represents a level of the gamma rate
every second as the scanner van traveled about 5
miles per hour along the scan route.

The green represents the average (plus 2 standard
deviations) or lower gamma rate of the area back-
ground in counts per second. The red (average
plus 7 standard deviations) represents an anomaly
compared to the background rate. This anomaly
may be NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Material) which has a higher flux rate in dense
materials such as concrete, rocks and soils in
direct line of sight of the scanner van's collimated
detector. Or it might be an indication of the
elevated gamma flux from mining activity or
similar activities or both. NORM is generally
easily determined by visual examination, health
physics hand held instrument surveys or labora-
tory analysis. The scanner van is just one tool
used in an area characterization.

Figure 4. Truck Mounted Gamma Survey Near the United Nuclear Corporation Mine

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES

NURE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND STREAM SEDIMENT RECONNAISSANCE (HSSR) DATA

Systematic sampling of water and sediments
over the entire United States began in 1976
under the NURE HSSR Program. Responsi-
bility for the sampling was assigned to four
DOE National Laboratories (Smith, 2006 -
S06010701). Water and sediment samples
on the Navajo Nation were collected by the
Los Alamos National Laboratory and the
Savannah River Laboratories. The results
are presented on a 1° x 2° quadrangle basis.

Figure 5 shows the quadrangles that cover
the Navajo Nation. Some quadrangles were
never completed. For example, the Marble
Canyon and Flagstaff quadrangles were not
sampled on Hopi Tribal Lands or much of
the Navajo Nation. Originally, all samples
were only analyzed for uranium. Analyses
for up to 42 additional elements were author-
ized in 1977 and many early samples were
reanalyzed. The NURE program effectively

ended in 1984 Figure 5. NURE Quadrangles Covering the Navajo Nation.

Sediment samples were collected between July 1975 and December 1979 from locations on the Navajo Nation. These data are provided
as a GIS dataset on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/NN_NURE_Sediments.shp). Figure 6 below shows the distribution of the NURE
sediment samples collected on the Navajo Nation. Sediment sample locations are symbolized by the source from which the sample was
taken (e.g., pond, soil, spring, or stream).

Sources

The National Uranium Resource Evaluation INURE) sediment
sample data is from the NURE Hydrolgeochemical and Stream
Sedment Reconnaissance Program National Geochemtcal
Database Open-File Report 97-492 dated 1997

Filename DB/Sampling/NN_NURE_Sedimentshp

Miles

Legend
Pond - Artificial
Soil
Spring
Stream

NURE SEDIMENT SAMPLE LOCATIONS BY SAMPLE SOURCE

Figure 6. NURE Sediment Sample Locations by Sample Source.

2-5

SHIPROCK

UQUERQUE

ESCALANTE

AZTEC

MARBLE CANYON

N W \ .!<)

GALLUP

FLAGSTAFF

—PI

¦§t Johns

-------
^4.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES (continued)

Water samples have been collected on the Navajo Nation for various programs and studies, and have in some cases included samples for
radionuclides, including uranium. Many of these water samples were not collected from public drinking water systems and are one-time
sampling events; therefore they are not definitive with respect to attribution from anthropogenic versus naturally occurring sources.
Most of the samples were taken prior to NAMLRP reclamation activities and current conditions may differ. However, these radionuclide
data have been included in this Atlas as data sources that may provide some useful information about where elevated levels of uranium
have been found in non-public drinking water sources on the Navajo Nation. Figure 7 shows the locations of these water samples on the
Navajo Nation.

NATIONAL URANIUM RESOURCE EVALUATION (NURE) WATER SAMPLES

Water samples were collected on the Navajo Nation from May 1976 through November 1979 as part of the NURE Hydrogeochemical
and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance Program. Sampling was conducted in the Central and Eastern portion of the Navajo Nation, but
no water samples were collected in the western 1/3 of the Navajo Nation, nor on any of the Hopi Tribal lands. 1,014 water samples were
collected, with 4 from artificial ponds, 113 from springs, 33 from streams, and 864 from wells. Water samples were analyzed for
uranium concentration using two methodologies: delayed neutron counting (results ranged from 0.15 ppb to 1,007.4 ppb) and
fluorescence spectroscopy (results ranged from 0.01 ppb to 35.78 ppb). These data have been provided on the GIS Data DVD
(DB/Sampling/NN_NURE_Water.shp).

NAVAJO ABANDONED URANIUM MINES STUDY WATER SAMPLES

In March 1998, EPA Region 9 signed an inter-agency agreement with the USACE for technical assistance on the NAUM. The USACE
formed a team to investigate the effects of AUMs on the ground water. As part of the effort to assess whether uranium mining on the
Navajo Nation had affected water quality, 226 locations were sampled for 23 metals and 11 radionuclides. Chapter officials selected the
water sources to be sampled. Samples were taken from point of service, meaning no purging was conducted, to address the most likely
exposure scenarios. Results are summarized in the NAUM Phase I Project Atlas (USEPA, 2000 - S02260102). Water sample analyses
results for stable metals and radionuclide activity are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/NN_USACE_Samples.shp). The
water sampling performed to date is considered preliminary because it was a one-time sampling event. As a one-time sampling event, it
does not take into account fluctuation in concentrations resulting from seasonal and hydrological variability. As a preliminary
characterization, the primary goal was to identify areas of potential concern based on the levels of metals and radionuclides measured in
the water source.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER SAMPLES

In 1991 the USGS, in cooperation with the NAMLRP, began a study to assess the chemical characteristics and hydraulic interaction of
shallow ground water and mine water in AUMs in the Monument Valley and Cameron mining districts that had partially filled with
water (Longsworth, 1994 - S02250302). Two (2) AUMs in the Monument Valley mining district and six (6) AUMs in the Cameron
mining district were studied. Results showed that uranium-238 activities in shallow ground water from AUMs ranged from 150 to
14,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Uranium-238 activities in pit water from AUMs ranged from 11 to 22 pCi/L. Radionuclide activities
in well and spring water generally were less than in shallow ground water and pit water. Water from Clay Well spring, which is about
1.9 miles from the nearest AUM, had a uranium-238 activity of 27 pCi/L. Radionuclide activities in well and spring water may result
from naturally occurring mineralization in water-bearing rock units. The effects of mining could not be determined from chemical
analyses of well and spring water. Results from the water sampling for radionuclide activity are presented on the GIS Data DVD
(DB/Sampling/USGS_Longsworth_Samples.shp)

Eighteen (18) water sample locations in the Hopi Buttes area, that were previously sampled by the USACE, were resampled by George
Breit and Margaret Hiza, USGS. Water samples were collected during six sampling periods (6/2001, 9/2001, 10/2001, 7/2002, 5/2003,
and 6/2004). Results for 35 samples (several locations were sampled up to three times) were provided for: temperature, specific
conductance, pH, aluminum; antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, potassium,
magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, sodium, thallium, thorium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. Uranium
concentrations are reported in units of (J,g/L, and range from 0.02 - 17.0 (J,g/L. The original spreadsheet provided by George Breit is on
the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/USGS_Breit_Sampling_COE_5-28-07.xls), which contains notes on the methods used for the
analyses. A GIS dataset was developed for the data and is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/USGS_Breit_Samples.shp).
No unit conversions were made to these data.

NAVAJO NATION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WATER SAMPLES

In 2004 the Navajo Nation Surface and Ground Water Protection Department of the NNEPA conducted a study "Sanitary Assessment of
Drinking Water used by Navajo Residents not Connected to Public Water Systems (Ecosystem Management, Inc., 2004 - S05150701)."
Thirteen (13) unregulated water sources were sampled for radionuclides, arsenic, pesticides, and coliform after being identified as
potential sources of drinking water in the selected Chapters. Three of the samples had gross alpha results that were larger than the MCL
of 15 pCi/L. Results of the water sample analysis are provided on the GIS Database DVD (DB/Sampling/NNEPA_Samples.shp). A GIS
dataset was developed for the data and is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/NNEPA_Samples.shp).

CHURCH ROCK URANIUM MONITORING PROGRAM WATER SAMPLES

Water samples were collected in August and October 2003 by the Church Rock Uranium Monitoring Program (CRUMP) Water
Assessment Team for thirteen (13) wells in the Church Rock area (CRUMP, 2003 - S01140501). Twelve (12) of the thirteen (13) wells
were sampled for total uranium. Total uranium results for eleven (11) of the samples ranged from 0.04 to 9.94 pCi/L. One sample (16-4-
10) had a total uranium result of 46.48 pCi/L. A GIS dataset was developed for the summary of selected radionuclides and is pro- vided
on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Sampling/CRUMP_Samples.shp).

2-6

-------

]%• •

UTAH

ARIZONA

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATER SAMPLES WITH ANALYSES FOR RADIONUCLIDES

w {jyas] s

Miles

Sources

The National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) water sample data
is from the NURE Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment
Reconnaissance Program, National Geochemical Database, Open-
File Report 97-492 dated 1997.

Filename: DB/Samp!ing/NN_NURE_Water.shp

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water sample data is from the report titled
"Geohydrology and Water Chemistry of Abandoned Uranium Mines
and Radiochemistry of Spoil-Material Leachate, Monument Valley
and Cameron Areas, Arizona and Utah," Water Resources Investi-
gations Report 93-4226 by S.A. Longsworth dated 1994.

Filename: DB/Sampling/USGS_Longsworth_Samples.shp

U.S. Environmental Projection Agency (EPA) water sample data was
collected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and is from the report
titled "Abandoned Uranium Mines Project, Arizona, New Mexico,
Utah - Navajo Lands 1994 - 2000, Project Atlas" dated 2000,

Filename: DB/Sampling/NN_USACE_Samples.shp

USGS water sample data was collected at 18 locations in the Hopi Buttesarea
that were previously sampled by the USACE. USGS collected samples
during the period from June 2001 through June 2004. Data were provided by
George Breit, USGS, Denver.

Filename: DB/Sampling/USGS_Breit_Samples.shp

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency water sample data
is from the report titled "Sanitary Assessment of Drinking Water Used
by Navajo Residents Not Connected to Public Water Systems" by
Ecosystem Management, Inc. dated December, 2004.

Filename: DB/Sampling/NNEPA_Samples.shp.

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend

National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE)
(£) U.S. Geological Survey - Longsworth
• U.S. Geological Survey - Breit
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency

Church Rock Uranium Monitoring Project (CRUMP) water sample data
is from a spreadsheet "CRCWel!sWaterQuality2003" provided by Andrew
Bain, EPA Region 9 in January, 2005.

Cameron Open Pit Mine (Field Filtering Sample)

2-7

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AIM RECLAMATION

The NAMLRP has the authority and responsibility to reclaim uranium mines within the jurisdiction of the Navajo Nation that were left
abandoned or inadequately reclaimed prior to August 3, 1977. This authority is granted under the Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977, Public Law 95-87 and the approved Navajo Reclamation Plan and Reclamation Code. The
reclamation projects were designed to minimize the need for maintenance, promote landscape stability, enhance re-establishment of
natural vegetation, enhance wildlife (where it is consistent with adjacent land uses), and most importantly, adequately safeguard the
physical and radioactive hazards. NAMLRP is only authorized to perform reclamation activities on "tribal trust lands." A prioritization
scheme for non-coal mine sites was established by the NAMLRP. Priority 1 sites exhibit extreme physical hazards, easy access, and
danger to life and property. Priority 2 and 3 sites have less physical dangers, more difficult access, and lower visitation (NAMLRP,
2000 - S07220301). AUM "Problem Areas" were identified by NAMLRP, which were used for mine feature and reclamation project
identifiers (Table 1). For example, "COV127" designates the 127th inventoried mine feature in the Cove Problem Area. "NA-0307" is a
reclamation project in the Cove Problem Area.

Table 1. NAMLRP Problem Areas and Associated Naming Convention Designations.

PROBLEM AREA

PROJECT RANGE

MINE FEATURE

PROBLEM AREA

PROJECT RANGE

MINE FEATURE

Cameron

NA-0100

CAM

Sanostee

NA-0600

SAN

Monument Valley

NA-0200

MON

Black Mesa

NA-0700

BLK

Cove

NA-0300

COV

Bidahochi

NA-0750

BID

Beclabito

NA-0400

BEC

Oak Springs

NA-0800

OAK

Sweetwater

NA-0500

SWT

Tse Tah

NA-0900

TSE

NAMLRP conducted inventories of non-coal mine features and established priorities during the period August 1988 through October
1990 (NAMLRP, S02230324). Problem Area inventory field logs were maintained for each mine feature included in the inventory.
Field observations were recorded that included parameters such as: the date of the field visit, mine feature type, description of mine
feature, dimensions, drainages, evidence of visitation, impacted area estimate, spoil volume, and accessibility. Field logs are available
from NAMLRP. Mine features include uranium mine portals, rimstrips, open pits, highwalls, and radioactive waste piles with low-level
radioactivity. The portals and shafts are open or partially open and located on the mesa ridges/edges and flat areas. The highwalls, or
mine related cliffs, are associated with portals and rimstrips. The waste piles are usually located on the flats and on steep slopes.
NAMLRP inventoried over 1,000 AUM features on the Navajo Nation.

After the prioritization process, NAMLRP initiated reclamation projects. Each reclamation project started with a description of the
technical specifications, including general information about the required reclamation work, mine closure methods, earthwork require-
ments, incidental work (e.g., mobilization, site grading to re-establish drainage patterns, access road improvement, demobilization), site
specific work scope details with maps and drawings, radiological clean-up guidelines and worker safety, and cultural and fish and wild-
life resources protection.

Figure 8 is an example of one of the technical specification drawings that was developed for a planned reclamation site. These
drawings are available from the NAMLRP and provide valuable information about the number and type of AUM features, acreages, and
estimated waste volumes. Figure 9 shows the NAMLRP Problem Areas and Priority 1, 2, or 3 AUM features. There are four (4)

reclaimed AUM features in the Eastern Agency that do not have assigned priorities.

isiaMiii]

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w i 0m

tP j

wa o»r.

wt 1com

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im 00

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q '.I'tMVK* s a** «tnt* Miivr. vjn *4. w * *rro cf 1 ium »*

Figure 8. Example of an NAMLRP AUM Reclamation Project Site Technical Specification Drawing.

2-8

UWVJ
nj

-------
uro'crw

110°0'0'W

Monument Valley

COLORADO

NEW MEXICO

ARIZONA

Beclabito

Sweetwater

NAVAJO NATION

Oaksprings

Black Mesa

Cameron

Eastern Agency

~ Bidahochi

111°0'OW

no°o'aw

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAMLRP RECLAMATION PROBLEM AREAS
WITH AUM FEATURES BY PRIORITY

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,185,000

Legend

PRIORITY
• 1 = Highest Priority
¦ 2 = Medium Priority
A 3 = Lowest Priority
H Unknown Priority

NAMLRP Problem Areas
~ AUM Regions

Sources

Problem area boundaries and Priority 1, 2, and 3 sites for the
Navajo Nation were developed by the Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program (NAMLRP). Priority 1 and 2
category sites meet criteria that concern the protection of public
health and safety. Priority 3 sites meet conditions that concern
environmental degradation.

Filenames:

DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Problem_Areas.shp
D B/AU M/N N_AU M_Pt_F eatures.shp.

NAMLRP reclamation site NA-0804 at Lookout Point Incline Mine. This photo shows a loader
hauling Class A cover and a bulldozer placing it on a reclaimed waste pile. Photo courtesy NAMLRP.

Figure 9. NAMLRP Reclamation Problem Areas with Prioritized AUM Features.

2-9

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

At VI RECLAMATION (continued)

Site evaluation and design of reclamation projects typically involved characterization of the mine feature(s) and associated waste piles at
the site. Preliminary radiometric readings were taken at mine feature locations (e.g., rimstrips, adits, pits, etc.) during the site inventories
and were recorded in field logs. Prior to beginning significant reclamation activities, gamma radiation surveys were conducted. General
maps were prepared for the mine site vicinity including: the mine, waste piles, protore piles, structures, and surface water drainage
(NAMLRP, S05110504). Field logs and ground gamma radiation surveys are available from the NAMLRP.

During reclamation, portals and shafts were generally closed by either backfilling, by
polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs, or cinderblock bulk heads (Figure 10). The rimstrips
and open pits were backfilled with a combination of mine waste piles (Class B and C)
and Class A cover. The waste piles were used to backfill the portals and rimstrips to a
certain point, then any excess was excavated out, hauled to designated areas, placed in
burial pits, and then covered with a minimum 18 inches thick compacted Class A cover
(NAMLRP, 2000 - S02230328). Generally a buffer zone of clean material is placed at
the bottom of the waste disposal area, then the highest levels of radioactive materials are
placed on top of the buffer zone material, and the less radioactive materials are
subsequently placed over them. Topsoil or non-radioactive materials (Class A) from the
surrounding area are used as cover material. All radioactive waste disposal areas are
located away from surface and ground water in order to prevent contamination to the
local hydrology. Generally the reclaimed sites are revegetated using a suitable native
seed mix (OSM, 1998 - S07220302). Work that was performed at each reclamation site
included:

Improve access roads for reclamation work

Stabilize mine openings before closure

Backfill or excavate any radiological "hot spots"

Eliminate the mine feature and any related physical hazards

Regrade all disturbed areas to ensure positive drainage around and off the
reclaimed areas

Roughen reclaimed surfaces

Eliminate access roads at completion of reclamation.

Figure 10. Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Closure on
an Open Portal. Photo courtesy NAMLRP.

Reclamation projects for all high Priority-1 and Priority-2 AUM projects have been completed. There are 166 identified unreclaimed
AUM mine features with environmental problems remaining, as shown in Table 2. The environmental problems are related to uranium
mine waste that remains within the AML sites. These sites are located in the high mesas and/or mountainous regions making access to
these sites difficult. The NAMLRP has been recognized through OSM's award programs for excellence in reclamation by receiving both
National and regional awards (NAMLRP, 2007- S05190702).

\
/

Table 2. NAMLRP Reclamation Accomplishments by Problem Area (after NAMLRP, 2007 - S05190702)

AML PROBLEM
AREAS

TOTAL# PROJECT
SITES (NA-0XXX)

TOTAL# MINE
FEATURES

TOTAL# RECLAIMED
MINE FEATURES

# PHASES

# UNRECLAIMED MINE
FEATURES

COMMENTS

Beclabito

OSM Award

Bidahochi

Black Mesa

Cameron

103

Cove

231

202

OSM Award

Eastern Agency

Monument Valley

OSM Award

Oak Springs

238

233

Sanostee

Sweetwater

TseTah

179

178

TOTALS

344

1036

917

166

Figure 11 shows an enlarged portion of the Oak Springs Problem Area. The inset map shows locations of the NAMLRP Problem Areas
and AUM features across the Navajo Nation. NAMLRP GIS datasets are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/AUM) as follows:
(NN_AUM_Problem_Areas.shp); (NN_AUM_Project_Sites.shp); and (NN_AUM_Pt_Features.shp).

Figure 12 shows mine features according to reclamation status. Circles represent reclaimed mine features, squares depict unreclaimed
mine features, and triangles represent locations of mine features where the reclamation status is not known. Most of these unknown
features occur in the Eastern AUM Region. Red symbols indicate that there are unreclaimed waste piles nearby. Green symbols
indicate AUMs that were not inventoried for the presence of unreclaimed waste piles. Blue symbols have no unreclaimed waste piles
associated with the AUM.

2-10

-------
NA-0808

iA-0800

NA-0818

NA-0823

NA-0823
-------
COLORADO

UTAH

;W MEXICO

ARIZONA £

NAVAJO NATION

RESERVATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAMLRP MINE FEATURE RECLAMATION STATUS AND
UNMAPPED ASSOCIATED WASTE PILES

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

17—mws—

r \7 '

- . _ It

it/' '"•

1.000
Feet

The above inset shows three mine features mapped at the Skyline mine. The reclaimed

mine feature (in red) is on the margin of a cliff and has an unmapped associated
waste pile. The reclaimed mine features (in blue) on top of the flat mesa do not have
unmapped associated waste piles.

Miles

Legend

NAMLRP MINE FEATURES

RECLAIMED FEATURE
® Unreclaimed Waste Piles Present

• Presence of Unreclaimed Waste Piles Unknown

• No Unreclaimed Waste Piles

FEATURE RECLAMATION STATUS UNKNOWN
A Unreclaimed Waste Piles Present
A Presence of Unreclaimed Waste Piles Unknown
A No Unreclaimed Waste Piles
UNRECLAIMED FEATURE

¦ Unreclaimed Waste Piles Present

¦ Presence of Unreclaimed Waste Piles Unknown

¦ No Unreclaimed Waste Piles

Sources

Reclamed mine feature locations and status are from the

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation ProaraiTL The
presence of waste piles was determined by NAlvlLRP and

TerraSpectra Geomatics.

Filenames: DB/AUM/NN_AUM_Pt_Features.shp

Figure 12. NAMLRP AUM Feature Reclamation Status and Presence of Unreclaimed Waste Piles.

2-12

-------
r'i4

Section 3

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

Section 3 contains information about the environmental setting of the Navajo Nation. Maps and associated text and tables are presented
that describe administrative boundaries and infrastructure features, climate, topography, physiography and geology, hydrology, soils, and
land cover. All of the datasets were prepared using existing data sources, and no field verifications were conducted as part of this
project.

The Navajo Nation (Dine'e) is the largest Indian reservation in the United States, covering an area of about 27,000 square miles. The
Navajo Nation is comprised of 110 Chapters, including three (3) Navajo satellite reservations: Alamo, Ramah, and Tohajiilee. This area
includes a large part of northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico and a small part of southeastern Utah, and is contained within
eleven (11) counties (Figure 1). Hopi Reservation tribal lands are located within the Navajo Nation boundaries. On November 4, 2006
the Navajo-Hopi Intergovernmental Compact was signed to lift the 40-year old Bennett Freeze restriction on development, making the
area around Moenkopi part of the Hopi Reservation. The eastern portion of the Navajo reservation, located in New Mexico, is
commonly referred to as the "Checkerboard" because tribal trust lands are mingled with fee lands (owned by both Navajo and non-
Navajo) and federal and state lands under various jurisdictions. The Navajo Nation is generally sparsely populated. The 2000 Census
reported a population of 180,462 on the Navajo Nation Reservation and off-reservation trust land.

The Navajo Nation is predominantly located in the Colorado Plateau physiographic province. There is significant topographic relief
across the nation, including broad mesas, canyons, dry washes, and mountains. Elevations range from a low of 3,080 feet at the gauging
station across from Lee's Ferry in Marble Canyon to over 10,346 feet at Navajo Mountain. Generally elevations across the Navajo
Nation range from about 5,000 feet in the broad valleys to over 8,500 feet in the mountains.

The Colorado Plateau covers 130,000 square miles across northern Arizona, southwestern Utah, western Colorado, and northwestern
New Mexico. The Navajo Nation is in the southern half of the Plateau, known as the Navajo Section. The landforms in the region are
characterized and affected by alternating resistant and weak rock strata. Flat lying sedimentary rocks occur in an alternating sequence of
resistant sandstones and limestones and less resistant shales and siltstones. Resistant beds form ledges, cliffs, mesas, and rock benches
that are separated by slopes and valleys carved in the weaker beds. The Plateau was broadly and gently uplifted 10 million years ago
generally placing the Navajo Nation over a mile high.

The perennial river valleys on the Navajo Nation include the Puerco, the Little Colorado, the Colorado, and the San Juan. All the other
streams are intermittent or ephemeral, except for short reaches downstream from large springs and where the streambed intersects a
water table. The underlying bedrock aquifers are composed of beds of sandstone between nearly impermeable layers of siltstone and
mudstone. There are also near-surface alluvial aquifers.

The climate of the Navajo Nation varies widely, ranging from semiarid below 4,500 feet to relatively humid above 7,500 feet.
Precipitation has a strong and fairly uniform relationship to altitude and the orographic effects of the physiography. The largely semiarid
Navajo Nation is shown by the dominance of the 4-12 inch precipitation range. This low precipitation is due to the rain shadow effect of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California in winter and quasi-permanent subtropical high pressure ridge over the region (Sheppard and
others, 1999 - S0728303). Thunderstorms during the summer months account for most of the annual rainfall.

Minimum and maximum annual average temperatures are also directly related to the orographic effect. The higher elevations of the
Chuska and Carrizo Mountains, the Defiance Plateau and Black Mesa have summer maximum high temperatures of 66° F or less. The
remainder of the Navajo Nation averages more than 66° F. In the lower elevations within the Marble and Little Colorado Canyons,
temperatures can average as high as 80° F in the summer. In the winter these same topographically higher areas average below freezing,
whereas most of the remainder of the Navajo Nation is above freezing, but in the 30's. The valleys of the Little Colorado, Colorado,
Lake Powell, and the San Juan River up to about Comb Ridge in Utah average about 40° F in the winter (Sheppard and others, 1999 -
S0728303).

Except for the months of August and September, strong south winds, with abundant dust and sand, blow almost constantly (Harshbarger,
1946 - S04170306). The prevailing wind direction is from the southwest throughout the region, which is widely displayed in dunes and
eroded surfaces (Cooley et al, 1969 - SI0290201).

Elevation largely determines what type of biotic communities will exist in a given location, as temperatures generally decrease and
precipitation increases as one moves upward (Grahame, 2002 - S06020701). Vegetation in the area ranges from sparse desert scrub/
grassland in the valley to pinon-juniper woodlands at elevations from about 5,000 to 7,000 feet, with coniferous forests at elevations
above 7,000 feet. Annual precipitation is typically from 10 to about 15 inches in pinon-juniper woodlands, and tree species in these
communities have evolved both drought and cold resistance. Pinons dominate at higher elevations and juniper tends to grow at lower
elevations and in more arid areas. Much of the Navajo Nation is sparsely vegetated with sagebrush, tamarisk, and other desert vegetation
which is used by local residents for livestock grazing. Small-scale farming of row crops, such as corn and squash, is practiced. In open
areas, residents are typically allotted one-acre home site leases. Grazing permits given to residents that own animals can range from 10
to 100 acres.

3-2

-------
111°0,0,W

no°o,o,w

San Miguel dp. /

Dolores Co.

Garfield Co.

Hinsdale Co.

Kane Co.

Archuleta 'Co.

ANETH

COLORADO

:MEXICAf

RED MESA

Plata Co.

Montezuma Co.

WATEI

'San JiW l3o.

UTAH

NAVAJO MOUNTAIN

;w MEXICO

San Juan Co.

ApachejCo.

Coconino Co.

ARIZONA

GADIIAHI

KAYENT

BECLABITO

.SHONTO

DENNEHOTSO

SHIPROCK

LECHEE

INSCRIPTION HOUSE

VALLEY

KAIBETO

COPPERMINE

NAVAfO

CHILCHINBITO

SANOSTEE

HUERFANO

ROUGH
ROCK

TONALEA-

MANY'FARMS

BURNHAM

BLACK MESA

NEWCOMB

ji&mdoval Co.

BODAWAY

TUBA CITY

TSAILE/
WHEATFIELDS

SHEEP
SPRINGS

WHITE ROCK

PINON

HARD
ROCKi

COUNSELOR

NASCHITTI

TSELANI

(SAWMILL CRYSTAL

WHIPPOOR\

MEXICAN

SPRINGS

TOHATCHI

NAZLINI

JECENTI

JEDDITO

STANDING R(|)CK

CAMERON

COALMINE MESA

RESE]

WHITEHORSE LAKE

SANADO

KINLICHEE

COYOTE

TWIN
LAKES

CANYON NAHODISHGISH

CROWNPOINT

STEAMBOAT

LITTLEWATE

CHURCH,

ROCk P'NEDALEmARIANO lake

SAINT
MICHAELS

CORNFIELDS'

TSAYATOf

SMITH
LAKE

KLAGETOH

OAK SPRINGS

GREASEWOOD

spf|ings

TOLANI LA
-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

LAND STATUS

The original Navajo Reservation was established by the Treaty
of 1868 between the United States of America and the Navajo
Tribe of Indians. A reservation of 3,539,500 acres, divided
almost equally between Arizona and New Mexico, was defined
by the treaty. The Checkerboard area was not part of this
original treaty. Additions of lands to the reservation have been
made by a series of Executive Orders and Acts of Congress
(Cabeen, 1958 - S09210601). During the next 138 years,
numerous Executive Orders and Public Land Orders exchanged,
bought, assigned and reassigned the land base while additional
areas were homesteaded. Figure 2 provides a map with the years
of enactments between 1868 and 1934 that led to the creation of
the Navajo Nation (Winson, 2002 - SI 1160601).

ADDITIONS TO THE NAVAJO RESERVATION '868-1931

{(1AH )

mr ~ ibm

1««3 /
I13W

Hpp»
RMcrvdtUHi
flltittt

1*34

1S7§

1981'

On
Mj
Iie»e
(\

l¥t|7

!¦£ i

lies

na\

1907
(Rcrek«
-------
NAVAJO

Tohatchi

NATION

Twin Lakes

'Crownpoint

%urch Rock

'Thoreau

£}rants

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

LAND STATUS

Sources

These data were collected by the U.S. Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) in New Mexico at both the New
Mexico State Office and at the various field offices.
The Navajo Land Department further processed and
attributed the Indian Lands polygons into Navajo Tribal
Trust, Indian Allotment, Navajo Tribal Fee, and Public
Land Order (PLO) by PLO Number.

Filename: DB/Boundary/NN_Land_Status.shp

Miles

Map Scale 1:450,000

Legend

NAVAJO NATION SURFACE LAND STATUS
Navajo Tribal Trust
Navajo Tribal Fee
Indian Allotment
Public Land Order Land
Bureau of Land Management
National Park Service
State
Private

Figure 4. Land Status in the Eastern Navajo Nation.

109°0'0"W

108°30'0'W

108°0'0'W

108S30'0"W
I

108"0'0"W
I

3-5

-------
a

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO NATION ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES

The Navajo Reservation was established with the Treaty of 1868. Congress ended treaty-making with Indian tribes in 1871 (Bureau of
Indian Affairs, 2001 - S05050301). Since then, several Executive Orders and administrative acts have added lands to the original
boundaries of the Treaty of 1868 (see Figure 2, page 3-4). The Navajo Reservation is the largest Indian reservation in the United States,
and stretches across northwest New Mexico, northeast Arizona, and southeast Utah.

Three Navajo satellite communities are located in New Mexico. These are the Alamo Band of Navajo, located about 30 miles west of
Magdalena, the Canoncito Band of Navajo, located in the Tohajiilee Chapter about 25 miles west of Albuquerque, and the Ramah Band
of Navajo, which is located about 40 miles south of Gallup. The Navajo Nation also owns four (4) ranches that are outside the
boundaries of the Navajo Nation: Big Boquillas Ranch, Crow Mesa Ranch, Espil Ranch, and the Largo Ranch. Neither these satellite
communities nor the ranches have been included in the abandoned uranium mine screening assessments.

The sovereign relationship between the governments of the Navajo Nation and the United States was established in the Treaty of 1868.
The Navajo Nation is recognized by the United States as a distinct, independent, political community able to exercise powers of self-
government (Bayless, 2000 - S05050303). The capital of the Navajo Nation is located in Window Rock, Arizona. The Navajo Nation
conducts a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. Government wherein no decisions about their lands and people are
made without their consent (BIA, 2001 - S05050301). In 1921, oil was discovered in northwest New Mexico and the first form of the
Navajo Tribal Council, a six-member business council, was created for the sole purpose of giving consent to mineral leases. The Navajo
Nation did not adopt the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and does not operate under a constitution (SW Strategy, 2003 - S05050302).
In 1936, the "Rules of the Navajo Tribal Council," were issued, which formed the basis for the Navajo Nation's government. The Navajo
Nation Code sets forth the laws of the Navajo Nation.

The Navajo Nation government is a representative form of government with a President, Vice-President, and Council Delegates elected
by the Navajo people. It acts by resolution and is separated into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The 88 members
of the Council are elected, based on the population of the 110 chapters. The Council is the governing body of the Navajo Nation and its
meetings are presided over by the Speaker who is elected by the membership of the Council. The Navajo Nation Council meets four
times a year to enact legislation and discuss other issues of importance to the Navajo people. The Executive Branch is headed by a
President and Vice-President, who are elected every four years by the Navajo people (SW Strategy, 2003 - S05050302).

NAVAJO CHAPTERS

The Tribal government structure consists of 110 chapters, representing all reservation areas and Navajo communities. The 110 chapters
are the local form of government. "Although it would be misleading to consider a chapter as a county, they are more significant than a
township or municipality, and are most comparable to counties within a state" (McKenzie, 1999 - S01280302). Each chapter elects a
President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and Grazing Committee, Farm Board, and/or Land Board member to run the affairs of
the local chapter community. Community meetings are held in the chapter houses and the members vote on issues such as home site
leases and land use plans. Chapters exercise authority which is delegated by the Navajo Nation government over tribal members, and
land/assets within their boundaries (SW Strategy, 2003 - S05050302).

Each of the Navajo Nation Chapters has developed a website, with useful information in their Chapter Profiles and chapter
demographics (NNDES, 2006 - S02060604). A Navajo Nation Chapters Directory website is under development at
www.navajochapters.org with links to each Chapter's website.

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS (BIA) AGENCIES

There are five (5) BIA agencies within the Navajo Nation: Chinle, Eastern Navajo, Fort Defiance, Shiprock and Western Navajo. The
top map in Figure 5 shows the boundaries of the BIA agencies. These agencies are administrative designations created by the BIA
primarily for management of reservation land bases. The administrative hierarchy within the BIA divides the United States into
different "Area Offices," which are in turn divided into agencies. In recent years, the agency boundaries have become important to the
Navajo Nation for its governmental activities, particularly in planning and service delivery. The agency has become incorporated into
the Navajo Nation political system. Each of the agencies have a council which considers issues common to the chapters within that
agency. Further, the agency geographical subdivision is used in making reports to the U.S. Department of Interior and the Congress
(McKenzie, 1999 - S01280302).

BIA LAND MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS

In 1936, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs established land management districts within the Navajo Indian Reservation. There are 22
BIA Land Management Districts on the Navajo Nation. The bottom map in Figure 5 shows the boundaries of the BIA Districts.
District 6 is the Hopi Reservation. District 22 (Alamo) is not shown on the map

STATES AND COUNTIES

The Navajo Nation is the largest Indian reservation. It spans eleven (11) counties within Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah:

Arizona Counties

Apache, Navajo, and Coconino

New Mexico Counties

Bernalillo, Cibola, McKinley, Rio Arriba, San Juan, Sandoval, and Socorro

Utah County

San Juan

States and counties have limited jurisdiction over the Navajo Nation, and only as provided by Federal law. On the Navajo Nation, only
Federal and tribal laws apply to members of the Tribe (BIA, 2001 - S05050301).

3-6

-------
iLORADO

UTAH

:W MEXICO

ARIZONA

TUBA CITY

SHIPROCK

NAVAJO
NATION

CHINLE

CROWNPOINT

RESERV,

FORT DEFIANCE

NAVAJO NATION AGENCIES

Legend

Source

Navajo Nation Agency boundaries are from the
Navajo Land Department.

Filename: DB/Boundary/Navajo_Nation.shp

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,900,000

Chinle
Crownpoint
Fort Defiance

~ Shiprock

~ Tuba City

NAVAJO NATION DISTRICTS

¦N

Navajo Nation District boundaries are from the
Source

Navajo Land Department,

Filename: DB/Boundary/Navajo_Nation.shp

Miles

1§egBHi?fict
~

Map Scale 1:1,900,000

Figure 5. Navajo Nation Agencies and Districts.

iLORADG

UTAH

:w MEXICO

ARIZONA

NAVAJO
NATION

RESERV,

3-7

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO NATION DEMOGRAPHICS

Since the first census in 1790, the Federal Government has conducted a census of the U.S. population and its housing units every ten
years. However, it was not until 1860 that American Indians were counted in the census as a separate population category. In 1960, the
U.S. Census Bureau made many changes in its methods of enumeration in an effort to acquire a more accurate and complete count for
American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANA) (U.S. Census Bureau, 1999 - S05070302). The Census Bureau began to report data
systematically for American Indian reservations in conjunction with the 1970 census. The Census Bureau used the reservation
boundaries shown on its enumeration maps, which proved in many cases to be inaccurate and incomplete. For the 1980 census, the
Census Bureau attempted to improve reservation boundary information and worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to obtain
more accurate maps. In an effort to further improve enumeration for the 1990 census, the Census Bureau increased its collaboration
throughout the 1980's with the American Indian and Alaska Native population by creating the Tribal Governments Liaison Program.
The Census Bureau and the BIA signed a memorandum of understanding to achieve a more inclusive exchange of boundary information
between the two agencies and the tribal authorities. This agreement provided the framework for the Tribal Review Program. The
Census Bureau obtained boundary maps from the BIA, which were then provided to the tribal governments for review. A process of
reviews and boundary certifications continued until mid-1989. The Census Bureau developed Tribal Review Maps, which were sent to
the tribes for approval and final certification by the BIA. The Tribal Review Program improved the accuracy of the reservation and trust
land information used for the 1990 census (U.S. Census Bureau, 1994—S05070301). For Census 2000, the Census Bureau relied
entirely on Navajo Nation officials to review the legal boundaries already in the Census Bureau's records. The BIA was asked to partici-
pate only if the Census Bureau needed additional information (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 - S05070303).

CENSUS GEOGRAPHIC AREAS FOR AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE AREAS (AIANA)

The Census Bureau tabulates and publishes population and housing census data
for several geographic areas that cover AIANA areas. The two primary types of

AIANA geographic areas on the Navajo Nation are reservation lands and trust American Indian Area/Alaska Native Area

lands. In addition, the 1990 Census included programs to allow tabulating Home Land Hierarchy

AIANA census data by smaller geographic areas. These included: tribal subreser-

vations, census tracts, and block groups.

& 1 OfT-reservation Trust Land

Reservations and Trust Lands

American Indian reservations are areas with boundaries established by treaty, ~

statute, and/or executive or court order. The Navajo Nation also has trust lands, Tribal Subdivision « h.ipicrsi

which are real property held in trust by the Federal Government. Trust lands may

be located within a reservation or outside of a reservation. However, the Census y

Bureau recognizes and tabulates data separately only for the inhabited off- Tribal Census Tract

reservation trust lands; on-reservation trust lands are included as part of the

Navajo Nation reservation. As with reservations, tribal trust lands may cross state T

boundaries. The Census Bureau first reported data for tribal trust lands in Tribal Block Group

conjunction with the 1980 census. For the 2000 Census, tribal subreservations
were changed to American Indian Tribal Subdivisions, which allow the tabulation
and presentation of census data that are more useful to the Navajo Nation.

Tribal Census Tract

Tribal census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of the Navajo Nation and its off-reservation trust land.
The optimum size for a tribal census tract is considered to be about 2,500 people; it must contain a minimum of 1,000 people.

Tribal Block Group

A tribal block group (BG) is a cluster of census blocks that are within a single tribal census tract. The optimum size for a tribal BG is
1,000 people; it must contain a minimum of 300 people.

Census Designated Places (CDP)

Census Designated Places, or CDPs, are population concentrations that function as a community, are locally recognized as such, but are
not legally incorporated. To recognize the significance of unincorporated communities located on American Indian reservations, the
Census Bureau lowered the minimum population size for such CDPs to 250 people for the 1990 census.

Tribal Subdivisions

On May 4, 1999 Taylor McKenzie, the Navajo Nation Vice-President, testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in
Washington, D.C. regarding the views of the Navajo Nation on the 2000 Census. He stressed the importance that the mapping used by
the Census Bureau needed to reflect the political units used by the Navajo Nation - namely, Chapters and Agencies (McKenzie, 1999 -
S01280302). Tribal subdivisions were implemented in the 2000 Census. Chapters make up the tribal subdivisions for the Navajo Nation.
Users of these data should note that the Tribal Subdivision boundaries used in the 2000 Census are not the same as the Chapter
boundaries provided by the Navajo Land Department.

American Indian Area/Alaska Native Area
Hume Land Hierarchy

American Indian Reservation and
OfT-reservalion Trust Land

Tribal Subdivision (Chapters)

Tribal Gjhsuj Tract

Tribal Block Group

2000 CENSUS DEMOGRAPHICS

The 2000 Census reports the total population on the Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land as 180,462 (U.S.
Census Bureau, 2000 - S05070304). Figure 6 shows the total population for the Navajo Nation by Tribal Subdivision from the 2000
Census. There are differences between some of the chapter boundaries and the tribal subdivisions used by the Census Bureau. The tribal
subdivisions with the highest populations are Shiprock, Kayenta, Chinle, Tuba City, and Fort Defiance.

Navajo Nation Demographics

Figure 6 provides "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Household Characteristics: 2000 Census" for the Navajo Nation Reservation
and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ-NM-UT (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000—S05070304). According to the 2000 Census, the total
population for the Navajo Nation was 180,462. The median age was 24 years. There were 47,603 occupied households, 21,141 vacant
housing units and 11,126 seasonal, recreational, or occasional use on the Navajo Nation. The average size of a household was
approximately 3.8 people.

-------
2000 CENSUS - NAVAJO NATION
TOTAL POPULATION BJjJRIBAL SUBDIVISION

Population by tribal subdivision data is from wWWE

Source Jf

the U.S. Census Bureau - 2000 Census. 0 50 |y|jies

Filename: DB/Cultural/nn_triba!_sub_w_pop.shp. Map sca|e 1 :i ,900,000

SUBJECT

NUMBER

PERCENT

SUBJECT

NUMBER

PERCENT

TOTAL POPULATION

180,462

100

HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
Total households

47,603

100

SEX AND AGE

Family households (families)

37,903

79.6

Male

88,469

With own children under 18 years

22,989

48.3

Female

91,993

Married-couple family

22,708

47.7

Under 5 years

17,364

9.6

With own children under 18 years

14,614

30.7

5 to 9 years

21,373

11.8

Female householder, no husband present

11,759

24.7

10 to 14 years

22,967

12.7

With own children under 18 years

6,441

13.5

15 to 19 years

18,742

10.4

Nonfamily households

9,700

20.4

20 to 24 years

11,912

6.6

Householder living alone

8,841

18.6

25 to 34 years

22,202

12.3

Householder 65 years and over

2,697

5.7

35 to 44 years

24,470

13.6

Households with individuals under 18 years

28,087

45 to 54 years

17,316

9.6

Households with individuals 65 years and over

9,924

20.8

55 to 59 years

6,182

3.4

Average household size

3.77

(X)

60 to 64 years

5,402

Average family size

4.36

(X)

65 to 74 years

7,691

4.3

HOUSING OCCUPANCY

75 to 84 years

3,515

1.9

Total housing units

68,744

100

85 years and over

1,326

0.7

Occupied housing units

47,603

69.2

Median age (years)

(X)

Vacant housing units

21,141

30.8

18 years and over

106,432

For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use

11,126

16.2

Male

50,897

28.2

HOUSING TENURE

Female

55,535

30.8

Occupied housing units

47,603

100

21 years and over

97,395

Owner-occupied housing units

36,092

75.8

62 years and over

15,707

8.7

Renter-occupied housing units

11,511

24.2

65 years and over

12,532

6.9

Male

5,401

Average household size of owner-occupied unit

3.78

(X)

Female

7,131

Average household size of renter-occupied unit

3.75

(X)

(X) Not applicable

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1, Matrices P1. P3, P4. P8, P9, P12, P13, P.17, P18, P19, P20, P23, P27, P28, P33, PCT5, PCT8, PCT11, PCT15, H1. H3, H4, H5, H11.
and H12.

DP-1 PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS: 2000 CENSUS
Navajo Nation Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, AZ-NM-UT

Data from Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent Data
Filename: DB/Demog/NN_2000Census_pop.xls

Figure 6. Navajo Nation Census 2000 Population and Households.

Legend

0 - 500
TOTAL POPULATION

2001 - 4000

501 -1000
1001 -1500

4001 - 7500
7501 - 9000

1501 -2000

9001 -10000

3-9

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

STRUCTURES

For the purposes of this NAUM Project, staictures within one (1) mile of an AUM were mapped as an indicator of the target population
locations. The target population consists of those people who use target wells or surface water for drinking water, eat food taken from
impacted livestock or fisheries, or are regularly present on an AUM site or live within target distance limits.

For the purposes of assessing the potential target population, it is important to know where people live, work, go to school, and routinely
gather. The locations of current residences were not readily available for the Navajo Nation. Existing USGS topographic maps include
many buildings and other structures of interest. However, a majority of these maps are over 20 years old and require conversion into a
suitable GIS format for analysis. More recent USGS Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQs) were available and were used as
a basis to map buildings and other structures by photointerpretation. The DOQQs were generated from aerial photography acquired in
1997 and 1998. For a small number of features, the older topographic maps were used as an interpretation aid. The interpretation of
structures was limited due to the dates of the DRGs and DOQQs, which ranged in age from 8 to 20 years. Structures that were
constructed after the date of the DRG or DOQQ were not present. In some cases, structures that were present at the time the DRGS or
DOQQs were generated do not exist today.

Figure 7, Photo Key Showing Ground Photo and Corresponding DOQQ Image of Structures.

The Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA) provided point locations for utility meters for the NTUA service areas within five (5) miles
of a mapped AUM. The meter locations were collected by NTUA using Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment. It was assumed
that where there were water, gas, or electric meters there was probably some type of structure present. The NTUA meter data was very
useful in verifying the location of structures that were mapped from the DOQQs. The meter data were also used to include an "assumed
structure" category, which designates the locations of structures that may have been constructed after 1997. Use of the NTUA meter
location data was limited to this structures mapping effort, and distribution of the data was not permitted. Color DOQQs flown in 2005
were available for New Mexico and were used for structure mapping in the Eastern AUM Region.

More recent aerial photography (2005) was flown by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and DOQQs were generated. These
DOQQs were not available for distribution by the BIA for use in this project. However, when they are made available, these color
DOQQs should provide a useful source for updating and photo-verifying the structures dataset.

Photo keys were developed to assist with the interpretation of structures and related features (Figures 7 and 8). However, it was not
possible to accurately distinguish residences from other types of structures by photointerpreting the DOQQ imagery. Some structures
that were mapped may be large sheds or other non-residential structures, and some may be seasonal residences and not occupied full-
time. All of these structures, however, are indicative of locations where people might be present. These structures were used as an
indicator for the probable location of the target population for the soil pathway and air pathway assessments. A map of structures within
one (1) mile of an AUM site is shown on Figure 9. This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Cultural/

NN_Structures_lmi.shp). Also shown on Figure 9 are the locations of Chapter Houses, which was provided by the Navajo Land Depart-
ment (NLD), and is included on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Cultural/nnchppts.shp). NLD used color and black and white DOQQs, Chapter
boundaries, surface roads, and Division of Community Development chapter websites to update the locations of the Chapter Houses.

Another source of information about where people live on the Navajo Nation is the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS),
which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. This point dataset
provides the locations and names of populated places for the Navajo Nation and the surrounding region (DB/Cultural/
N N_Pop_P 1 accs. sh p),

Corral

,r~. - J

Figure 8. Photo Key Showing Ground Photo and Corresponding DOQQ Image of Corrals.

3-10

-------
lOLQRApO
7 MEXICO-

ARIZONA

n/NAVaJO

HOPI

RESERVATION

Figure 9. Structures Within 1 Mile of AUMs and Other Populated Places.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

STRUCTURES WITHIN 1 MILE OF AUMS AND OTHER POPULATED PLACES

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend

STRUCTURES AND POPULATED PLACES
Structures within 1 Mile of ari AUM
Chapter Houses
GNIS Populated Places

Designated Census Place

One Mile Buffer Around an
Abandoned Uranium Mine

Navajo Nation and
AUM Region Boundaries

Community of Crownpoint, which is proximal to the Crownpoint In-Situ Leach facility. Structures
were mapped from 1997 orthophotography (shown in black). "Assumed structures"
(shown in yellow) were added from utility meter locations provided by the Navajo Tribal
Utility Authority (NTUA). These structures are not present on the 1997 orthophotography.

Sources

Structures within one (1) mile of an AUM were photo-interpreted by TerraSpectra Geomatics.
Filename: DB/Cultural/NN_Structures_1mi.shp

Chapter House locations from the Navajo Land Department - GIS Section.

Filename: DB/Cultural/nnchppts.shp

Populated places points vrere extracted from the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Filename: DB/Cultural/NN_Pop_Places.shp

Designated Census Place from the U.S. Census Bureau - 2000 Census.

Filename: DB/Demog/nn_censuspl.shp

3-11

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

TRANSPORTATION

Federal and state highways that provide access to the Navajo Nation include: U.S. Interstate 40 to the south, U.S. Highway 89 to the
west, U.S. Highway 160 to the north, and U.S. Highway 491 to the east. A network of state highways cross the Navajo Nation and
are shown in Figure 13. Highway data for the Navajo Nation was extracted from the 2002 National Transportation Atlas Database,
(NTAD) and is provided on the GTS Data DVD (DB/Trans/NN 1 tighwavs.shp).

Most of the roads on the Navajo Nation are unpaved and are part of the Indian Reservation Roads (IRR) Program. IRR are public
roads which provide access to and within Indian reservations, Indian trust land, and restricted Indian land. According to the 2000
BIA Road Inventory Database, the Navajo IRR system consists of 9,826 miles of public roads. Of that, the Navajo Nation maintains
1,451 miles of paved road, and 4,601 miles of gravel and dirt roads. Weather conditions often make many of those roads impassable.
In the winter, snow and rain may prohibit access. Because of the prolonged drought, some of these roads have become nearly
impassable due to sand dunes, rocky surfaces and deep holes (Navajo Nation, 2002 - S05240717).

The Navajo Nation's roads have been administered by the BIA Navajo Area Branch of Roads (BOR). Figure 13 shows Indian
Service Routes on the Navajo Nation. These paved BIA routes are from a GIS dataset of roads obtained from the BIA in 2003.
Many of the paved roads were modified by photointerpreting digital orthophotos to adjust or add road features. Figures 10 and 11
show before and after adjustments based on photo interpretation of DOQQs. These modifications were only made to paved roads in
Chapters with mapped AUMs. The adjusted dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/'Trans/'NN Paved.shp).

Figure 10. Example of Unadjusted BIA Roads. Figure 11. Example of Adjusted BIA Roads.

The Navajo Department of Transportation (NDOT) was created in 1986 by the Navajo Nation Council. NDOT is working to
establish the Navajo Nation's road program, which includes development and maintenance of an IRR GIS database. BIA contracted
to have aerial photography flown for the Navajo Nation in 2005, and new color orthophotography was generated. The new orthopho-
tography, along with Global Positioning System (GPS) field measurements, will allow development of a more accurate IRR data-
base.

The location of roads has significance to the NAUM Project. The process of locating AUMs was often assisted by following roads
on the DOQQs and DRGs. This was particularly true for productive AUMs that required the ore to be hauled by truck. Haulage
roads may also have significance as a potential contaminant source. In Figure 12, the Monument No. 2 AUM (outlined in black) is
shown with the DOE aerial radiation survey excess Bismuth-214 results. Of note are the elevated excess Bismuth-214 contours that
extend beyond the boundary of the AUM and that are coincident with the haulage road.

During the 1950's the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) funded a program to construct and/or improve access roads to
exploration and mining areas. Five projects in Arizona were on the Navajo Nation in Apache County. These roads provided better
access to several uranium mining areas, especially the Lukachukai Mountains, eastern Carrizo Mountains, and the Cane Valley area
of Monument Valley (Chenoweth, 1989 - S10100213).

Nk. V . —-

Monument No,

Haulage Road

S07J!A

Railways also played a role in the transport of uranium
ore from the Navajo Nation. For example, shipments to
the Bluewater ore-buying station were made from some
AUMs in the Cameron area. The ore was trucked to
Flagstaff and shipped by the Atkinson Topeka and
Santa Fe Railway to a siding near Bluewater, where the
ore was transferred to trucks for the short haul to the
buying station (Chenoweth, 1993 - SI0100239). These
ore transfer locations may have residual radionuclides,
similar to those found at the Cove and Climax Transfer
Stations.

Railways that are on or near the Navajo Nation are
shown on Figure 13. These data are from the Federal
Railroad Administration (FRA) and the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics NTAD and are provided on the
GIS Data DVD (DB/Trans/NN_rail.shp).

Figure 12. Elevated Excess Bismuth-214 Along Haulage Road.

3-12

-------
urouw

no°o'aw

iQLORADQ_
;W MEXICO

ARIZONA

Lukachukai
Mountains

NAVAJO NATION

HOPI

SERVATION

Cameron

'luewater

Flagstaff

urouw

110o0'0'W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

TRANSPORTATION

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

¦z

\
*1

m/r . • 4

* I

Ore trucks, Lukachukai Mountains, Arizona. Photo courtesy of William L. Chenoweth

Legend

Railroad

ROADS AND ROUTE SHIELDS

U.S. Interstate Route
U.S. Route
Arizona State Route
New Mexico State Route
Utah State Route
Indian Service Route

Sources

Highways for the Navajo Nation were extracted from the National
Highway Planning Network, developed by the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) and the Bureau of Transporation Statistics
(BIS) National Transportation Atlas Database, 2002.
Filename: DB/Trans/NN_Highways.shp

Paved roads are from the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and
modified by adjustment or photointerpretation of DOQQs. Changes
were only made for Chapters that have AUMs.

Filename: DB/Trans/NN_Paved_Roads.shp

Railroads are from the Federal Railroad Administration and BTS.
Filename: DB/Trans/NN_rail.shp

Figure 13. Paved Roads and Railroads On and Near the Navajo Nation.

3-13

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CLIMATE

Temperature, precipitation, and wind conditions that characteristically prevail in a region
play an important role in contaminant pathway assessments. These climate factors on the
Navajo Nation are discussed in this section.

Other climate impacts are related to the drought conditions the Navajo Nation has been
experiencing in recent years. Drought and temperature increases due to climate change
affect the amount of vegetation growing on sand dunes. Sand dunes cover approximately
one-third of the semi-arid Navajo Nation on the southern Colorado Plateau. Sand
supplies here are abundant from both sandstone bedrock and dry river channels. In this
area winds capable of moving sand are dominantly from the southwest (Figure 14). The
risk of sand dune mobilization within this region is high given: 1) current severe drought
conditions; 2) climate variability based on known historic records (such as the drought
during the early 20th century); 3) the overall decrease in regional precipitation for this
last century; 4) the apparent drying trend on the Navajo Nation, and; 5) the possibility of
climate change. Current work indicates that reactivation of stabilized sand is occurring in
many areas of the Navajo Nation where the vegetation growing on the dunes, and holding
them in place, are dying. Dune mobility is a cause for concern, and is today inundating
housing and causing transportation problems. It also may be contributing to a loss of rare
and endangered native plants and grazing land, and lower air quality from periodic dust
storms (Hiza, 2003 - S05270701). These same climatic variables may have similar
effects on vegetation cover that may be stabilizing wind-blown dust from AUM debris or
soil cover at AUM reclamation sites. This indicates that the air pathway may take on
greater importance as desertification increases.

PRECIPITATION

Precipitation is an important parameter to consider when evaluating potential migration pathways. Heavy precipitation provides a
driving force to carry hazardous substances through the soil to the ground water, or to carry hazardous substances away from a site
through runoff. Data on the intensity, duration, and frequency of storms is needed to calculate the volume of surface water run-on or run-
off. If there is flooding potential, the flood characteristics (e.g. stagnant backwater or scour potential due to flow) would be useful
information for assessing AUM sites. Conversely, dry conditions can enhance the wind erosion potential for certain soil types,
increasing the potential for air transport.

Precipitation throughout Arizona and New Mexico is locally governed to a large extent by elevation and orographic effects and the
season of the year. From November through March storm systems from the Pacific Ocean cross the state. These winter storms occur
across the Navajo Nation in the higher mountains, where much of the winter precipitation falls as snow. Summer rainfall begins early in
July and usually lasts until mid-September. Summer rains fall almost entirely during brief, but frequently intense thunderstorms. The
general southeasterly circulation from the Gulf of Mexico brings moisture from these storms into the state. Strong surface heating,
combined with orographic lifting as the air moves over higher terrain, causes air currents and condensation. Because precipitation
usually is relatively intense, some local runoff and flash flooding result (Cooley et al., 1969 - S10290201).

Weather stations are sparsely and unevenly spaced throughout much of Arizona and New Mexico. Factors such as site location, density
of distribution, types of equipment, and observer bias all affect the precision, accuracy, and utility of resulting climate data. The
National Weather Service (NWS) operates three weather stations in Arizona (Flagstaff, Phoenix, and Tucson), and one station in New
Mexico (Albuquerque). Additionally, there is a network of cooperative weather stations that regularly gather and report temperature and
precipitation data. The coverage and total number of cooperative weather stations varies over the state. Arizona's tribal lands, which
constitute a sizable portion of the total land area of the state, are underrepresented as are high-elevation areas in general (Sheppard et al,
1999 - S07280303).

There are many methods of interpolating climate data from monitoring stations to grid points. Some methods provide estimates of
acceptable accuracy in flat terrain, but few have been able to adequately explain the extreme, complex variations in climate that occur in
mountainous regions. Significant progress in this area has been achieved through the development of PRISM (Parameter-elevation
Regressions on Independent Slopes Model). PRISM is an analytical model that uses point data and an underlying grid such as a digital
elevation model (DEM) for a 30 year climatological average (e.g. 1971- 2000 average) to generate gridded estimates of monthly and
annual precipitation and temperature (as well as other climatic parameters). PRISM is well suited to regions with mountainous terrain,
because it incorporates a conceptual framework that addresses the spatial scale and pattern of orographic processes, where air masses
cool as they gain elevation, resulting in precipitation. The PRISM Group at Oregon State University developed a spatially gridded
average annual precipitation for the climatological period 1971-2000 that covers the Navajo Nation.

Distribution of the point measurements to a spatial grid was accomplished using the PRISM model. The PRISM Group at OSU used
point estimates of precipitation from some or all of the following sources: 1) National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative (COOP)
stations, 2) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL, 3) United States Forest Service (USFS) and Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) RAWS Stations, 4) Bureau of Reclamation (AGRIMET) stations, 5) storage gauges, 6) NRCS Snowcourse stations,
7) other State and local station networks, 8) estimated station data, 9) upper air stations, and 10) NWS/Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) Automated surface observation stations (ASOS). Grids were modeled on a monthly basis and the annual grids of precipitation
were produced by averaging the monthly grids, and summing for precipitation. The gridded PRISM average annual precipitation dataset
was processed into contours using ESRI's Spatial Analyst software.1 Polygons were generated and attributed with average annual
precipitation range values as shown in Figure 15. This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Climate/NN_Precipitation.shp).

The largely semi-arid Navajo Nation is shown in Figure 15 by the dominance of 4-12 inches of precipitation. The orographic effect can
be seen on the Chuska and Carrizo Mountains and the Defiance Plateau where precipitation rises to 12-28 inches. Black Mesa, with an
intermediate elevation, shows this same effect where precipitation rises to 18 inches annually.

1 Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.

1 - A — -
112° ^ ~ 110"

* - x108°
%

-40" /'

's UTAH

\ g

: s

/ 2

-38" k ^

1
\

X jv>

JSSl

\ Flagstall =>

-34° ^ ^ ^

* Gallup I
1

v» v;

•**= /
NEW /
MEXICO /

ARIZONA

~ Eollan.w*l^*'Sand-movln9 lndlan

winds reservations

ZUSGS

Figure 14. Location of Eolian Sand and
Direction of Wind on the Navajo Nation

(from Hiza, 2003 - S05270701).

3-14

-------
MONTICELLO

HUE RANGER STN

NORTH DALE

HERMIT 7 ESE

CEDAR POINT

MONTEZUMA CREEK

NATURAL BglDGES NATL MON

YELLOW

^CKET 2 W

iE LAKES!

BULLFROG BASIN

DOLORES

"WT

CORTEZ

HOVENWEEPNM

MANCO.S

•• DURANGO

BLUFF

FORT LB/VIS

ANETH PLANT

MESA VERDE NATL PARK

IGNACIO 1 N

MEXICAN HAT

BIG WATER
GLEN CANS

MONUMENT \7LYMISSION

UTAH
ARIZONA

MONUMENT VALLEY

AZTEC RUINS NATL MON

DINNEHOTSO

LEES FERRY

NAVAJO DAM

FRUITLAND 2 E FARMINGTON FAAAIRPOI

SHIP ROCK

KAYENTA

FARMING"

BETATAKIN

BLOqM^IELD 3SE

COPPER MINE
TRADING POST

KAIBITO

NAVAJO

NATION

LUKACHUKAI

MANY FARMS SCHOOL

NEWCOMB

LYBROOK

CHINLE

TUBA CITY

CANYON DECHELLY

CHACO CANYON NATL MON

STAR LAKE

TOHATCHI 6 NE

CAMERON 1 NNE

TORREON NAVAJO MISSION

TOHATCHI 1 ESE

PITT RANCH

KEAMS CANYON

HOPI

RESERVATION

MEXICAN SPRINGS

FORT DEFIANCE

CROWNPOINT

GANADO

ST MICHAELS 6 WNW

WINDOW ROCK4 SW

SGALLUP 5 E

WUPATKI
\

NATL MONUMENT

GALLUP

KLA3ETOH 12 WNW

THOREAU 5 El

(3W.LUP RANGER ST^J —T*

SAN MATEO

MARQUEZ

SUNSET CRATE!

NATL MONU

MC GAFFEY 5 SE

FORT" LEY

BLUEWATER 3 WSW

LEUPP

SRUS RANCH

GRANTS AIRPORT GRANTS

H f.^SAN FIDEL 1 N

SANDEf

CUBERO

SW JL WkLN UT CAN'

fON NATL MONU

flag;

ZUNI

LAGUNA

FLAGSTAFF WSO AP

ACOMITACAAAP

BLACK ROCK

EL MORRO NATL MONUM ENT

JUNJPINE

WIN SLOW WSO AP

WON

•• MUND'S PARK

HOLBROOK

SEDONA RANGER STN

WOODRUFF

PETRIFIED FOREST N P

HAPPY JACK RANGER STN

FENCE LAKE 1N

BEAVER CREEK RANGER STN

BLUE RIDGE RANGER STN

~ Ry^ROCK
MONTEZUMA CASTLE N M

SNOWFLAKE 15 W

SAINT JOHNS

•• PIETOWN 19 NE

•• CHEVELON R S

HICKMAN

SNOWFLAKE

WALLACE RANGER STN

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO NATION AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION: 1971 - 2000
AND AVERAGE ANNUAL SNOWFALL

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend

aver;

P5i

Aerial photo of flooding after a heavy rain storm along the intermittent Moenkopi
Wash near Tuba City, Arizona. Photo courtesy the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(photo taken October 9, 2002).

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (Inches)

4-6
6-8

8-10
10-12

12-14

14-16

16-18

18-20
20-22

22-24
24-26

26-28

28-30

>30

Source

AVERAGE ANNUAL SNOWFALL (Inches)

• <10.0
•• 10.0-39.9

A >40

The average annual precipitation on the Navajo Nation for the
period 1971 - 2000 is from the PRISM Group at Oregon State
University (OSU). PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on
Independent Slopes Model) is the analytical model that uses point
data and an underlying grid such as a digital elevation model (DEM)
for a 30 year climatological average (e.g., 1971- 2000 average) to
generate gridded estimates of monthly and annual precipitation.
PRISM is well suited to regions with mountainous terrain, because it
incorporates a conceptual framework that addresses the spatial
scale and pattern of orographic processes. The gridded data was
converted to a polygon dataset by TerraSpectra Geomatics.

Filename: DB/C!imate/NN_Precipitation.shp

Figure 15. Navajo Nation Average Annual Precipitation: 1971 - 2000.

3-15

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CLIMATE (continued)

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Navajo Nation Studies program is compiling meteorological information on precipitation type,
intensity, and timing on the Navajo Nation. The purpose of these data collection efforts is to examine trends that may contribute to
drought intensity. USGS plans to conduct infiltrometer work on alluvial deposits and to use soil moisture probes to evaluate relative
effects of precipitation intensities, of both simulated and actual rainfall events, on soil moisture and infiltration (USGS, 2007 -
S05220702).

The Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources is developing a database with stream gauge, climate, snow survey, and precipitation
data. Inquiries concerning these data can be made to the Navajo Department of Water Resources, Water Management Branch, P.O.
Drawer 678, Fort Defiance, Arizona 86504.

SNOWFALL

Snow accumulation can impact the effect of melting snow on soil water recharge, and the potential for contaminant transport at an AUM
site. The mean annual snowfall is related to temperature, and more directly to physiography and altitude. However, wind, exposure, and
other factors can cause variation in snow accumulation. Figure 16 shows the ranges of annual snowfall recorded at cooperative weather
stations in and around the Navajo Nation. These data were acquired from the Western Regional Climate Center in tabular format (Table
1) and were processed into a GIS dataset that is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Climate/NN_Snow.shp).

Table 1. Average Annual Snowfall On and Within 1 Mile of the Navajo Nation.

STATION ID

COOPERATIVE STATION NAME

State

Elev_ft

Start_Yr

End_Yr

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

020750-2

BETATAKIN

7210

1948

2004

10.0

9.3

7.8

3.8

0.6

0.0

1.2

6.4

10.0

50.0

021169-2

CAMERON

4290

1948

1998

2.2

3.8

1.8

1.0

0.0

0.3

1.3

3.4

10.0

021169-2

CAMERON 1 NNE

4160

1962

1992

0.6

0.1

0.4

0.0

0.6

1.7

021248-2

CANYON DE CHELLY

5540

1970

2004

1.8

0.9

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.4

1.6

5.5

021634-2

CHINLE

5540

1908

1970

3.4

2.3

1.5

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.9

3.4

10.0

022099-2

COPPER MINE TRADING POS

6380

1948

1976

1.5

0.8

1.4

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.5

1.6

6.2

022545-2

DINNEHOTSO

5020

1950

1974

3.8

0.2

0.4

0.0

0.2

2.1

6.7

023102-W

FORT DEFIANCE

6910

1897

1949

8.7

8.2

3.7

1.4

0.8

0.0

0.1

3.4

6.6

30.0

023303-2

GANADO

6360

1948

2004

4.7

4.1

3.3

0.7

0.0

0.4

2.2

5.0

20.0

024438-2

JEDDITO

6710

1948

1955

10.0

4.7

3.6

0.2

0.0

0.1

2.4

3.8

30.0

024528-2

KAIBITO

6000

1950

1961

7.8

3.3

3.0

0.0

0.4

1.9

2.5

20.0

024578-2

KAYENTA

5680

1915

1978

4.1

2.6

1.9

0.5

0.0

1.3

2.1

10.0

024686-2

KLAGETOH 12WNW

6500

1959

1993

2.7

2.5

2.1

0.1

0.0

0.3

0.4

2.3

10.0

024849-2

LEES FERRY

3140

1916

2004

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.3

1.0

2.1

024872-2

LEUPP

4700

1948

1981

1.7

0.7

0.3

0.0

0.2

2.2

5.1

025129-2

LUKACHUKAI

6480

1951

2003

3.9

2.7

3.6

0.8

0.0

1.8

3.3

20.0

025204-2

MANY FARMS SCHOOL

5320

1951

1975

0.4

0.6

0.9

0.0

0.6

1.9

4.4

025665-2

MONUMENT VALLEY

5560

1980

2004

1.1

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.7

2.7

5.1

027440-2

ST MICHAELS 6 WNW

7640

1906

1927

5.6

5.8

3.1

0.8

0.3

0.0

0.8

2.8

7.3

30.0

027488-2

SANDERS

5930

1949

2004

2.4

1.0

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.0

1.1

1.4

6.2

027496-2

SANDERS 11 ESE

6250

1961

1986

6.2

3.0

1.7

0.4

0.0

0.5

2.6

7.0

30.0

028468-2

TEEC NOS POS

5180

1962

2004

2.2

0.8

0.2

0.0

0.5

1.1

4.8

028792-2

TUBA CITY

4940

1900

2004

1.5

0.9

0.5

0.2

0.0

1.4

1.7

6.2

029410-2

WINDOW ROCK4 SW

6900

1937

1999

6.3

6.1

4.7

1.4

0.1

0.0

0.5

2.5

7.8

30.0

291063-1

BLOOMFIELD 3 SE

5810

1914

2004

3.7

2.2

0.9

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.6

3.4

10.0

291647-1

CHACO CANYON NATL MON

6140

1922

2004

3.4

2.9

1.7

0.7

0.0

0.3

1.7

3.6

10.0

292219-1

CROWNPOINT

6990

1914

1969

3.8

5.7

2.2

0.8

0.1

0.0

0.2

1.7

4.4

20.0

293142-1

FARMINGTON AG SCIENCE C

5630

1978

2004

2.5

3.9

1.0

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.5

2.7

10.0

293305-1

FORT WINGATE

7000

1940

1966

6.9

4.0

3.5

0.6

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.7

1.8

3.7

20.0

293340-1

FRUITLAND 2 E

5150

1914

2003

3.2

2.3

0.8

0.2

0.0

0.2

1.1

2.7

10.0

293420-1

GALLUP 5 E

6600

1918

1979

4.4

2.3

1.6

0.2

0.0

0.6

1.1

4.5

10.0

295290-1

LYBROOK

7210

1951

2004

6.1

5.2

3.8

1.4

0.0

0.8

2.1

6.0

30.0

295685-1

MEXICAN SPRINGS

6440

1944

1972

1.9

1.4

2.0

0.1

0.0

0.3

3.7

9.4

296098-1

NEWCOMB

5570

1948

1971

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.4

296465-1

OTIS

6880

1914

2004

6.3

5.6

4.4

1.3

0.5

0.0

0.8

2.8

5.8

30.0

296900-1

PITT RANCH

6460

1948

1968

1.5

3.2

0.5

0.1

0.0

1.0

2.6

8.9

298284-1

SHIPROCK

4950

1926

2004

1.4

0.6

0.5

0.0

0.2

1.0

3.7

298524-1

STAR LAKE

6640

1922

2004

4.9

3.6

2.7

1.1

0.4

0.0

0.5

1.7

3.9

20.0

298830-4

THOREAU 5 ENE

7100

1930

1992

8.3

5.5

5.3

1.1

0.4

0.0

1.4

3.0

8.1

30.0

298919-1

TOHATCHI 1 ESE

6420

1915

1979

3.1

2.4

1.6

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.7

3.9

10.0

298921-1

TOHATCHI 6 NE

5990

1914

1992

2.2

2.8

0.1

0.0

0.3

0.5

2.7

8.6

299031-2

TORREON NAVAJO MISSION

6700

1961

2004

4.9

3.8

2.7

0.9

0.2

0.0

0.7

1.9

4.2

20.0

420157-7

ANETH PLANT

4620

1959

2004

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.3

1.2

2.4

420788-7

BLUFF

4320

1928

2004

3.1

1.2

0.3

0.1

0.0

0.5

3.0

8.2

425582-7

MEXICAN HAT

4250

1948

2004

1.0

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.2

1.3

3.0

425812-7

MONUMENT VALLEY MISSION

5220

1961

1989

3.6

2.5

1.5

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.6

4.2

10.0

TEMPERATURE

In climates that experience freezing temperatures, the amount of surface water run-off expected during winter months increases as
percolation through frozen ground is limited. The PRISM Group at Oregon State University developed a spatially gridded average
annual minimum temperature and average annual maximum temperature for the climatological period 1971-2000. The PRISM average
annual temperature gridded datasets were processed to contours using ESRI's Spatial Analyst software.1 Polygons were generated and
attributed with annual temperature range values as shown in Figure 16. These datasets are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Climate/
NN_Temp_Max.shp and DB/Climate/NN_Temp_Min.shp).

1 Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.

3-16

-------
COLORADO

UTAH

NEW MEXICO

ARIZONA

NAVAJO NATION

MORI
RESERVATION

COLORADO

UTAH
ARIZ(3NA

Upper Fruitland
Ojo Amarillo

NA VAJO NATION

HOP!
RESERVATION

NAVAJO NATION AVERAGE ANNUAL

Source

(30 year average) from PRISM Group at Oregon
Gridcied average daily minimum temperature

State University, and contoured by TerraSpectra
Geomatics.

Filename: DB/Climate/NN_Temp_Min.shp

MINIMUM TEMPER.VIT RE: 1971 - 2000

««>[

Average Annual Minimum Temperature (°F)

<22 30-32 ^_| 40-42

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,900,000

26-28
28-30

36-38
38-40

(30 year average) from PRISM Group at Oregon
Source

Gridded average daily maximum temperature

NAVAJO NATION AVERAGE ANNUAL

MAXIMUM TEM:

TI RE: 1971 - 2000

Average Annual Maximum Temperature (°F)

a w h to

i-™ 48-50 58-60 68-70

State University, and contoured by TerraSpectra
Geomatics.

Filename: DB/Climate/NN_Temp_Max.shp

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,900,000

52-54
54-56

62-64
64-66

72-74
>74

Figure 16. Navajo Nation Average Annual Minimum and Maximum Temperatures: 1971 - 2000.

3-17

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

CLIMATE (continued)

WIND

Wind speeds on the Navajo Nation are usually moderate, although relatively strong winds often accompany frontal activity during
late winter and spring months and sometimes occur in advance of thunderstorms. Frontal winds may exceed 30 miles per hour (mph)
for several hours and reach peak speeds of more than 50 mph. Spring is generally the windy season. Blowing dust and serious soil
erosion of unprotected fields may be a problem during dry periods (DRI, 2003-S08020302; 2003-S08020303; 2007-S05270703).

High Resolution Wind Data

The Department of Energy's Wind Program and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) published new wind resource
maps for the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. These resource maps show wind speed estimates at 50 meters
above the ground and the depict the resource that could be used for utility-scale wind development. Future plans are to provide wind
speed estimates at 30 meters, which are useful for identifying small wind turbine opportunities.

As a renewable resource, wind is classified according to wind power classes, which are based on typical wind speeds. These classes
range from Class 1 (the lowest) to Class 7 (the highest). In general, at 50 meters, wind power Class 4 or higher can be useful for
generating wind power with large turbines. Class 4 and above are considered good resources. Figure 17 indicates that there are areas
on the Navajo Nation with wind resources consistent with utility-scale production. This dataset is presented as an indication of
potential increased hazard for the air pathway, especially where AUMs are located in higher wind power class areas.

The individual state datasets (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah) were processed into a GIS dataset for the Navajo Nation.
The Wind Resources data are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Climate/NN_Wind_Power.shp).

Average Annual Wind Speeds and Average Annual Prevailing Wind Direction

The Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and
provides monthly average wind speeds. These data are based on hourly observations from all reporting airports in the Western
United States, and were collected from 1992-2002. Some stations began operation after 1992. All stations have at least 2 years of
hourly data used for the averages. The standard anemometer height for all current stations is 10 meters.

WRCC also provides average annual wind direction. Prevailing wind direction is based on the hourly data from 1992-2002 and is
defined as the direction with the highest percent of frequency. Many of these locations have very close secondary maximum which
can lead to noticeable differences month to month.

Figure 17 shows the reporting locations, average annual wind speed, and prevailing wind directions for stations located on or near the
Navajo Nation. The dataset that is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Climate/NN_Wind.shp) was processed to include only those
locations that are located on or proximal to the Navajo Nation. Average monthly wind speed is also tabulated and shown in Table 2.
Attribute information in the dataset also provides average wind direction by month and average annual wind direction.

Table 2. Average Wind Speed by Month and Average Annual Wind Speed On and Near the Navajo Nation.

STATION

STATE

ELEV (M)

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

AVERAGE
ANNUAL

FLAGSTAFF AP, AZ (KFLG). Wl

2137

5.9

6.5

6.2

7.5

7.3

7.1

5.4

4.3

4.7

5.1

5.7

5.9

6.0

GLENDALE-LUKE AFB, AZ (KLUF)

332

7.1

7.4

7.7

8.8

8.9

8.8

9.1

8.7

7.7

7.3

7.0

8.0

GRAND CANYON AP, AZ (KGCN).

2014

5.8

6.9

6.7

7.8

7.9

7.8

6.0

5.1

5.8

5.6

5.7

5.8

6.4

PAGE AIRPORT, AZ (KPGA). Wl

1304

3.4

4.3

5.3

6.5

6.6

6.7

5.9

5.3

4.9

4.2

3.6

3.1

4.9

PHOENIX SKY HARBOR AP, AZ (K

337

4.9

5.5

6.0

6.8

6.6

6.7

5.9

5.3

4.7

4.4

5.8

PHOENIX-DEER VALLEY AP, AZ (

450

5.5

6.3

6.9

8.6

8.7

8.5

7.7

6.8

6.0

5.4

7.3

PRESCOTT AIRPORT, AZ (KPRC).

1537

6.9

7.7

8.3

9.3

9.2

9.3

8.2

7.2

7.3

7.1

6.6

7.8

SCOTTSDALE AP, AZ (KSDL). W

460

4.0

4.9

5.5

6.6

6.9

6.8

6.9

6.6

6.1

5.0

4.1

3.5

5.5

ST. JOHNS AP, AZ (KSJN). Wl

1747

6.4

8.2

8.7

10.9

10.4

9.7

8.0

6.7

6.9

6.5

6.0

5.5

7.7

WINDOW ROCK AP, AZ (KRQE).

2055

4.6

5.6

6.6

8.6

8.1

7.3

5.4

4.4

4.8

4.5

4.1

5.6

WINSLOW AIRPORT, AZ (KINW).

1488

6.6

7.5

8.4

10.0

9.7

8.5

7.5

7.3

6.6

6.3

6.0

7.9

CORTEZ AP, CO (KCEZ). WIND

1803

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

7.0

6.0

7.0

6.0

7.0

DURANGO AIRPORT, CO (KDRO).

2038

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

6.0

MONUMENT PASS, CO (KMNH). Wl

3365

-999.0

WOLF CREEK PASS, CO (KCPW).

3243

-999.0

ALBUQUERQUE-DOUBLE EAGLE II

1779

-999.0

ALBUQUERQUE INT'LAP, NM (KA

1620

7.1

8.1

8.8

9.8

9.4

9.0

8.0

7.4

7.2

7.5

7.1

6.9

8.0

FARMINGTON AP, NM (KFMN). W

1677

7.9

8.4

9.1

9.9

9.6

9.3

8.7

7.9

7.8

7.9

7.8

7.0

8.5

GALLUP AIRPORT, NM (KGUP).

1972

5.7

6.7

7.5

9.1

8.7

8.1

6.9

5.9

5.7

5.3

4.9

6.7

GRANTS AIRPORT, NM (KGNT).

1987

7.7

9.2

9.8

11.0

10.3

9.9

8.0

7.3

7.8

8.6

7.7

7.5

8.7

LOS ALAMOS AP, NM (KLAM). W

2179

3.6

5.0

5.7

6.4

6.5

5.9

5.1

4.2

4.8

4.9

3.9

3.4

5.0

SANTA FE AIRPORT, NM (KSAF).

1934

9.6

10.2

10.7

11.7

11.3

11.0

9.8

9.3

9.4

9.7

9.2

8.7

10.0

BRYCE CANYON AP, UT (KBCE).

2312

8.4

8.9

9.1

10.6

10.0

10.1

8.5

8.7

8.4

8.2

6.9

8.8

CEDAR CITY AP, UT (KCDC).

1714

7.2

7.6

8.4

9.1

9.4

9.3

8.5

8.2

7.5

6.7

6.5

6.6

7.9

3-18

-------
CORTEZ AIRPORT

1URANGO AIRPORT

jOLORAQO.
iW MEXICO

UTAH

ARIZONA

FARMINGTON AIRPOI

NAVAJO NATION

HOPI

RESERVATION

WINDOW ROCK
AIRPORT

GALLUP*

AIRPORT

GRANTS AIRPORT

FLAGSTAFF AIRPORT

WINS LOW AIRPORT

ST. JOHNS AIRPORT

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO

NATION WIND RESOURCES

, Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend

AVERAGE ANNUAL

WINDSPEED (MPH) WIND

AND PREVAILING POWER RESOURCE WINDSPEEDAT
WIND DIRECTION CLASS POTENTIAL 50 METERS (MPH)

_ 4.9 1 Poor 0.0-12.5

__ 5.0-5.9 2 Marginal 12.5-14.3

6.0 - 6.9 _ c. . , ~ v
— 3 Fair 14.3-15.7

7.0-7.9

—4 Good 15.7-16.8
8.0-8.9

' 5 Excellent 16.8-17.9
9 0-100 __

6 Outstanding 17.9-19.7

7 Superb >19.7

Source

The wind resource data is from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable

Energy Laboratory (NERL).

Filename; DB/Climate/NN_Wind_Power.shp

Average annual wind speed and average annual prevailing wind direction is from the
Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC).

Dust storm near Monument Valley.

Photo taken September 30, 2004 by TerraSpectra Geomatics.

Filename: DB/Climate/NN_Wind.shp

Figure 17. Navajo Nation Wind Resources.

3-19

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

ELEVATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Information about the elevation and topography of a region can provide useful insights into many natural systems, such as the climate,
soil development, and vegetation. Much of the Navajo Nation is comprised of plateau-like features 4,000 - 7,000 feet above mean sea
level. Rising to elevations of more than 8,000 feet are Navajo Mountain, Defiance Plateau, the Carrizo, Chuska, and Zuni Mountains,
and the northern part of Black Mesa. Conversely, the deep canyons of the Colorado River (Grand, Marble, and Glen Canyons), the San
Juan Canyon, and the canyon of the Little Colorado River are at elevations of less than 3,000 feet. Generally, the valleys of the Little
Colorado, Chaco, and San Juan Rivers and the Chinle Wash range from 4,000 to 5,500 feet in elevation. The highest point on the
Navajo Nation is Navajo Mountain in southeastern Utah, at about 10,346 feet and the lowest point is the mouth of the Little Colorado
River at about 2,800 feet elevation (Cooley et al., 1969 - SI0290201)

Topographic data can be used as an important parameter in evaluating the likelihood of potential hazardous material transport to ground
water through infiltration or surface water through runoff. This section discusses Digital Elevation Model data and some of the useful
derivative products that can be generated.

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL DATA

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a numerical representation of the elevation of terrain. DEM data files contain the elevation of the
terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed grid interval over the surface of the earth. The data typically is stored in a grid format,
with pairs of geographic coordinates (x,y) and corresponding elevation values (z). The intervals between each of the grid points will
always be referenced to some geographical coordinate system. This is usually either latitude-longitude or UTM (Universal Transverse
Mercator) coordinate systems. The closer together the grid points are located, the more detailed the information will be. The details of
the peaks and valleys in the terrain will be better modeled with a small grid spacing than when the grid intervals are very large. Spot
elevations, other than at the specific grid point locations, are not contained in the file. As a result, summits and valley points that are not
coincident with the grid are not be recorded in the file.

The USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) has been developed by
merging the highest-resolution, best quality elevation data available
across the United States into a seamless raster format. NED is the result
of the USGS effort to provide l:24,000-scale DEM data for the
conterminous United States. NED provides data in a consistent
projection (Geographic), resolution (1 arc second or approximately 30
meter), and elevation units (meters). The horizontal datum is NAD83 and
the vertical datum is NAVD88.

Some areas of the Navajo Nation have more detailed 1/3 arc second (10
meter) DEM data available, but complete 10 meter coverage is not yet
available for the entire Navajo Nation.

APPLICATIONS OF DEM DATA

A DEM is often an important data layer in a GIS database because elevation data are essential for many earth science applications.
Elevation data are critical to many modeling applications such as hydraulic and hydrologic studies, including drainage networks, stream-
flow calculations, and watershed delineations. DEMs combined with surface and sub-surface hydrologic data are used for substance
transport calculations for environmental hazard analysis. DEMs can be used to create shaded-relief, elevation contours, slope, and aspect
maps. The 30 meter resolution DEM for the Navajo Nation is shown as the image in the lower left corner of Figure 18. The DEM has
been color-coded to enhance the elevation differences. The DEM raster dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Topo/
NN_E1 evati on. i mg)

Shaded-Relief Image Maps

There are many practical applications for DEMs. One useful application is to create a shaded-relief map base from DEM data. Relief
shading indicates relief by a shadow effect that results in the darkening of one side of terrain features, such as hills and ridges. The
darker the shading, the steeper the slope. A shaded relief map helps the user see the topography of an area. The top map on Figure 18 is
a shaded relief image of the Navajo Nation that was generated using the NED DEM. Parameters used to create the image were: Solar
Azimuth - 125°; Solar Elevation - 45°; Ambient Light - 0.00; DEM scale - 2.0; and Elevation units - meters. Shaded relief maps show
features on the surface, such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, and canyons. Areas that are flat or have few features are smooth on the
map, whereas areas with steep slopes and mountains appear to have a rough texture. The shaded relief raster dataset is provided on the
GIS Data DVD (DB/Topo/NN_Shaded_Relief.img).

Slope

Slope data provides an important parameter for the ground water and surface water pathway assessments. For example, for ground water
assessments, the lower the slope the higher the potential for infiltration. Conversely, for surface water pathways, the lower the slope, the
lower the potential for runoff Greater slopes generally result in lower infiltration and higher runoff

A slope image was generated for the Navajo Nation area using the NED DEM 30-meter DEM data (Figure 19). The DEM data were
processed to generate a slope image using percent for the slope value. Areas that have relatively flat terrain are shown as lighter shades
of green. As the slope increases, the shades of green darken. These areas correspond with the hilly and mountainous terrain of Navajo
Mountain, Black Mesa and the Chuska and Carrizo Mountains. A prominent feature is Shiprock, with very steep, almost vertical slopes
on the volcanic neck. The slope raster dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD(DB/Topo/'NN_slope.img).

A shaded-relief representation of the conterminous United States portion of the
National Elevation Dataset (NED). Elevation is portrayed as of range of colors,
from dark green for low elevations to white for high elevations (USGS, 1999—
S05140301)

3-20

llarrI

-------
Mount
Heseperus

Navajo
Mountain-

'Xriz-qna

;w MEXICO

Navajo
Lake

Carrizo
Mountains

Shiprock

NAVAJO

Kaibito Plateau

Moenkopi
Plateau

HOPIv_^/
RESERVATION

Hopi Buttes

.San Francisco
Peaks

Figure 18. Navajo Nation Shaded Relief and Digital Elevation Model.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

NAVAJO NATION SHADED RELIEF AND DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL

Color shaded Digital Elevation Model.

Legend
ELEVATION IN METERS

High : 3023.000000

Low: 1128.000000

Source

TerraSpectra Geomatics generated the shaded relief image from
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation Dataset (NED)
30 meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.

Filename: DB/Topo/NN_Shaded_Relief.img

TerraSpectra Geomatics generated the color shaded DEM from
USGS NED 30-meter resolution DEM data.

Filename: DB/Topo/NN_Elevation.img

3-21

-------
Mount
Heseperus

Cm *

Navajo

if' ( v
Mountain

COLORADO

UTAH

ARIZONA i NEW MEXICO--

Carrizo
Mountains

Shiprock

Kaibito Plateau

loenkopi
3lateau

HOP!
RESERVATION

Hopi Buttes

San Francisco
Peaks

Mount
Taylor

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SLOPE

—i Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend
SLOPE, IN PERCENT

I I 0-2

"2 2.1 -5.0
] 5.1 - 10.0
2 10.1 -15.0
| 15.1 -20.0
20.1 -25.0
25.1 -30.0 M

30.1 -35.0
35.1 -40.0
40.1 -45.0
45.1 -50.0
50.1 -75.0
75.1 - 100.0
100.1 - 198.0

Photo taken in the Lukachukai Mountains at an area with steep slope resulting in erosion.

Source

TerraSpectra Geomatics generated the slope image from U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) National Elevation Dataset (NED)
30 meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.
Filename: DB/Topo/NN_Slope.img

Note: In ERDAS IMAGINE, the relationship between percentage
and degree expressions of slope is as follows:

A 45 degree angle is considered a 100% slope
A 90 degree angle is considered a 200% slope

Slopes less than 45 degrees fall within the 1 - 100% range
Slopes between 45 degrees and 90 degrees are expressed
as 100 - 200% slopes

Figure 19. Slope (in percent) On the Navajo Nation.

3-22

-------
T

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

PHYSIOGRAPHY

The word physiography is derived from the Greek word "Physrke" meaning the science of nature. Physiography is the study of the
earth's physical features and the processes that have shaped the landscape. A seminal classification system was developed by Nevin
Fenneman in order to help understand and describe regional landscape characteristics. A map resulting from his work was compiled in
1946 for the entire United States at a scale of 1:7,000,000 and titled "Physical Divisions of the United States" (Fenneman, 1946 -
S04180301). The United States was divided into eight major divisions, 25 provinces, and 86 sections representing distinctive areas
having common topography, rock types and structure, as well as geologic and geomorphic history. The entire Navajo Nation is
contained within the Intermontaine Plateaus division and Colorado Plateau province.

The Colorado Plateau province is further separated into physiographic sections on the basis of the distribution of canyons, rock benches,
mesas, and plains. Fenneman divided the Colorado Plateau province into the following six sections: Grand Canyon, Fligh Plateaus of
Utah (rock terraces of southern Utah), Uinta Basin, Canyon Lands of Utah, Navajo section, and Datil section (Cooley et al., 1969 -
SI 0290201). Figure 20 shows the boundaries of the sections within Fenneman's Colorado Plateau province that cover the Navajo
Nation.

Kaii>arowlts
Ptotnnii -V, - \

S*h Juwt Mountains

HIGH PLATEAUS OF UTAH

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SEC HONS

Source

Physiographic section boundaries are from
Fenneman (1946) map titled "Physical
Divisions of the United States."

Filename; DB/Geology/nn_physio shp

Miles

Legend

SECTION

~ Canyon Lands ~ Navajo

I Datil I I High Plateaus
of Utah

Map Scale 1 1,900,000

CZD Grand Canyon

)

Figure 20. Physiographic Sections On the Navajo Nation.

The Defiance Plateau, Chuska, Lukachukai, and Carrizo Mountains form the area of the Defiance Uplift that splits the Navajo Nation
physiographically and geologically. On the east side is the structurally low San Juan Basin, and on the west side is the structurally low
Black Mesa Basin where Black Mesa is at the center. The Zuni Uplift at the location of the Zuni Mountains in New Mexico is another
structural uplift at the southeastern margin of the Navajo Nation. The dramatic mesas of Monument Valley are the result of another
broad uplift called the Monument Uplift.

These broad gentle upwarps are characteristic of the Colorado Plateau. The southern and eastern flanks of the Monument Upwarp in
Arizona and Utah are where the Shinarump hosted uranium deposits are located, while the Defiance Uplift is the location of Morrison
hosted uranium in Arizona and New Mexico.

This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Geology/nn_physio.shp). Attributes include Fenneman division, province, and
section codes and names.

3-23

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOLOGY

URANIUM BEARING FORM ATIONS ON THE NAVAJO NATION

The Navajo Nation occurs within the Colorado Plateau that is characterized by
a relatively complete and continuous sequence of flat-lying Paleozoic and
Mesozoic sediments (Figure 22) that are gently deformed by a series of folds
and monoclines (Scarborough, 1981 - S09240202). These Mesozoic sediments
are the dominant host of uranium and vanadium. Table 3 shows the amount of
uranium production by host rock on or within one mile of the Navajo Nation.

Table 3. Uranium Production On or Within One (1) Mile
of the Navajo Nation.

An understanding of uranium and where it is located on the Navajo Nation
requires an understanding of the geology. The original sources of uranium are
igneous rocks, but the ore deposits occur in sedimentary rocks. Broad, gentle
upwarps are characteristic of the Colorado Plateau, and play a role in the
location of uranium mines. The southern and eastern margins of the Monument
Uplift in Arizona and Utah are the location of the uranium-mineralized
Shinarump Member of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation. At the center of
the uplift the Chinle is eroded away. Likewise, the margins of the northern end
of the Defiance Uplift and the northern flank of the Zuni Uplift are the locations
of the uranium-mineralized Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. Cameron, Arizona is the location of another outcropping of the Chinle
Formation, where the uranium-mineralized Shinarump and Painted Forest Members are exposed. These rocks, being older, are exposed
farther southwest from the very broad Black Mesa Basin. The uranium-mineralized upper sandstone member of the younger upper
Cretaceous Toreva Formation is located near the center of the basin.

URANIUM BEARING HOST ROCKS

Pounds U308
Produced

Tertiary Bidahochi Formation

580

Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone

458,306

Cretaceous Toreva Formation

55,739

Jurassic Kayenta Formation

547

Jurassic Morrison Formation

98,662,464

Jurassic Navajo Sandstone

229

Jurassic Todilto Limestone

3,116,806

Triassic Chinle Formation

10,033,780

Total Navajo Nation (+ 1 Mile)

112,328,451

These areas characterize the southern part of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Province (Finch, 1996 - S05310701). These formations are
fluvial or stream and alluvial plain deposited rocks, where more permeable channels of sand formed pathways for uranium-mineralized
fluid that were surrounded by less permeable silts and clays. These ores are characterized by tabular sandstone deposits in this region.
One likely source of the uranium in these deposits are thick volcanic and related sedimentary beds that overly these host formations.
Volcanic arcs that were to the west and south of the province deposited thick fine-grained ash over the host formations. Uranium was
later leached from the ash and perhaps precipitated by reduction in the lower host fluvial sandstones (Finch, 1996 - S05310701).
However, the source and process of precipitation is still unsettled (McLemore and Chenoweth, 2003 - S08020606). The following is a
discussion of the major uranium host sedimentary rocks as well as a brief discussion of the minor host rocks. Also presented are
production figures for each of the formations in each of the areas of mineralization across the Navajo Nation.

Triassic Chinle Formation

The Chinle Formation is mineralized in the Cameron, Arizona and the Monument Valley, Arizona and Utah areas (Chenoweth and
Malan, 1973 - SI0280204). In the Cameron area, the uranium ore deposits are mined mostly from open pits from the fluvial sandstones
of the Shinarump and Petrified Forest Members of the Chinle (Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100239). The ore deposits in the Petrified Forest
Member were in sandstone lenses up to six feet thick and one mile in length that filled paleostream channels. The Shinarump deposits
were similar but smaller. The Petrified Forest Member contained most of the uranium mines and produced about 1,150,000 pounds of
uranium oxide; whereas the mines in the Shinarump produced about 55,700 pounds of uranium oxide. In the Bitter Springs area, mines
in the Petrified Forest Member produced 718 pounds of uranium oxide.

In the Monument Valley area, uranium
was only produced from the
Shinarump Member of the Chinle
(Gregg and Evensen, 1989-
S10020208; and Chenoweth, 1991 -
S03100502). In this region the Shina-
rump forms the many vertical walled
mesas of the landscape as erosional
remnants of a great fluvial system.

Figure 21 shows the uneroded remnant
Shinarump paleochannels in red
(Young and Malan, 1964
S06120601). Interpreted locations for
eroded Shinammp paleochannels are
shown in yellow. The locations of
mapped AUMs are shown in black and
illustrate the strong correlation with
the remnant paleochannels.

The ore deposits occurred in these
channels and were up to 200 feet deep
and 2,000 feet wide. The ore existed in
lenses up to 8 feet thick and a few
hundred feet long, with a length to
width ratio up to 10 to 1. The Monu-
ment No. 2 mine, the largest producer
in the region, was found in an inner
scour channel that was two miles long,

700 feet wide, and 80 feet deep within
an even larger Shinarump paleo-
channel. In the entire Monument Val-
ley area, about 8.8 million pounds of
uranium oxide were produced from
the Shinarump Member.

3-24

Figure 21. Shinarump Channels in the Monument Valley Area. Uranium-bearing cliannels of the Shinammp
Member of the Triassic Chinle Formation (Young and Malaa 1964 - S06120601). Red represents the uneroded
cliannels and yellow the estimated eroded channels. AUM locations are shown in black.

UTAH
ARIZONA

-------
111°0,0,W

no°o,o,w

Montezuma
Canyon

COLORADO

NEW MEXICO

Northern
• Carrizo
Mountains

Western Carrizo
Mountains -

MONUMENT VALLEY AREA
OF SHINARUMP CHANNELS

Eastern

Bitter

Carrizo
Mountains

Springs

$ Cove
• Mesa

Lukachukai
Mountains

Chinle

NAVAJO NATION

Cameron

HOPI

RESERVATION

Ward
Terrace

Crownpoint

Churchrock

Smith Lake

Ambrosia

L Lake

urouw

110°0,0'W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOLOGY

Legend

List of Map Units
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Cenozoic Intrusives

Quaternary

Cenozoic Volcanics
Tertiary-Cretaceous Intrusives
Cretaceous Volcanics

Quaternary-Tertiary
Tertiary

Tertiary-Cretaceous

Cretaceous

Jurassic

PRE-CAMBRIAN ROCKS

Pre-Carribrian Rocks

Jurassic-Triassic

OTHER

Water

Abandoned Uranium Mines

Source

View to the east across Red Wash from the Red Wash Point Mine site in the the Red Valley
Chapter, The cliff on the left is the southern margin of King Tutt Mesa, showing an exposure
of the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation. On the right side across Red Wash

§a full exposure of the Morrison from the Salt Wash Member in the wash wall to the Brushy
asin Member supporting the near hill cutting across the photo iri the backgrounds

Photo courtesy of Terra Spectra Geomatics.

The geologic map is from the RS/GIS Laboratory, College of
Natural Resources, Utah State University (2004),

Filename: DB/Geology/NN_Geology.shp

Figure 22. Geologic Map of the Navajo Nation.

3-25

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOLOGY (continued)

Jurassic Todilto Limestone

The Grants Uranium District is one of a few areas in the United States to produce uranium from limestone beds (Chenoweth, 1985 -
S08020601). The Jurassic Todilto Limestone is found along the north side of Interstate 40 and below the Morrison rim to the north. It
averages about 15 feet thick in this area (Hilpert, 1963 - S08250701). These limestone-hosted ore deposits were mostly mined in open
pits. One Todilto Limestone deposit also occurs in the Sanostee area (Chenoweth, 1985 - S08250504).

Jurassic Navajo Sandstone

The Bluestone No. 1 mine, in the eastern part of Monument Valley, is the one known ore deposit on the Navajo Nation that is found in
the Navajo Sandstone Formation (Chenoweth, 1991 - S10020202).

Jurassic Morrison Formation

The uranium-mineralized Morrison Formation is found in and around the Carrizo Mountains in Arizona and New Mexico, in the Rough
Rock area west of Chinle, Arizona, and in the Sanostee area and along the northern flank of the Zuni Uplift in New Mexico. Chenoweth
and Malan (1973 - S10280204) provide an overview of the Morrison Formation in northeastern Arizona, in which they report that the
Morrison Formation is comprised of four members in ascending order: the Salt Wash, Recapture, Westwater Canyon, and Brushy Basin.
In the Carrizo Mountain and Rough Rock areas it is the Westwater Canyon Member sandstones that are host to the uranium-vanadium
ores. It ranges in thickness from 0 to 220 feet thick and is usually at least 180 feet thick where mineralized. Ore bodies are found in
paleostream channels within lens shaped ore bodies that range up to 1,100 feet long, up to 400 feet wide and up to 22 feet thick. The ore
bodies of the Lukachukai Mountains are the largest and contain less vanadium than other areas. On the northwest, north, and east flanks
of the Carrizo Mountains ore bodies occur in clusters, while in the southern Carrizo's they are isolated deposits. In the Rough Rock area,
ore bodies are few and small. In the Sanostee area the Salt Wash Member deposits are few and very small, whereas the Recapture
Member is the largest producer (Chenoweth, 1985 - S08250504). The Enos Johnson 3 was the largest producing mine (134,438 pounds
of uranium) in the Recapture and was the only mine outside the Grants Uranium District that produced during the post-AEC period (after
1970). The Morrison produced about 4.7 million pounds of uranium in Arizona and in the East Carrizo's and Sanostee areas of New
Mexico.

The Morrison in the Grants Uranium District dips gently northward from the Zuni Uplift into the San Juan Basin to the north, such that
Morrison ore deposits are found at the surface along the rim north of Interstate 40 and at increasing depths northward (Hilpert, 1963 -
S08250701). In this region, the Salt Wash Member is absent, leaving only the Recapture, Westwater Canyon, and Brushy Basin
Members. Thickness ranges from 0 to 600 feet thick, averaging 450 feet. The Poison Canyon Mine, which was an economic producer,
is a sandstone bed that is an intertongue of the Westwater Canyon within the Brushy Basin. The Westwater Canyon Member contains
the largest number and size of ore deposits. In total, all members of the Morrison in this region produced about 94 million pounds of
uranium.

Jurassic Kaventa Formation. Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone. Cretaceous Toreva Formation, and Tertiary Bidahochi Formation
Only two ore deposits (Hosteen Nez and Yellow Jeep No. 7A and 7B) are found in the Jurassic Kayenta Formation in the Ward Terrace
area near Cameron, Arizona (Chenoweth, 1993 - S10100239). Several ore deposits are found in the 70 to 180 foot thick Cretaceous
Dakota Sandstone in the Church Rock area. The Church Rock Mine is the most notable deposit as it is the only one to have produced
from the Morrison and the Dakota (188,686 pounds of uranium).

Uranium ore deposits are found in the fluvial upper member of the Cretaceous Toreva Formation on the eastern side of Black Mesa
(Chenoweth, 1990 - S10100236).

The Tertiary Bidahochi Formation is host to one productive uranium mine, the Morale
Mine, found in the Hopi Buttes area of the Southern AUM Region. It is found in lake de-
posits of a volcanic crater (maar), likely above a buried volcanic neck (diatreme). Hopi
Buttes is the largest such area in the world, containing more than 300 diatremes
(Chenoweth, 1990 - SI0020205)

GEOLOGIC MAPPING ON THE NAVAJO NATION

The geologic map (Figure 22) was produced from four state geologic maps for the South-
west Regional Gap Analysis Project. These maps were compiled at a map scale that is
appropriate for regional applications. This geologic dataset is provided on the GIS Data
DVD (DB/Geol ogy/NN_Geol ogy. shp)

In 1969, USGS published a Geological Survey Professional Paper 521-A that included a
"Geologic Map of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and
Utah" at a scale of 1:125,000 (Cooley et al., 1969 - S10290201). Small portions of the map
have been automated (e.g., Red Valley and Cove Chapters), but the entire map is not
available in digital format. The USGS Navajo Nation Studies Program in Flagstaff, Arizona
has begun a new geologic mapping project to remap the Navajo Nation. The Cameron,
Arizona quadrangle is the first in a series of 30 x 60 minute quadrangles (1:100,000 scale) to
be mapped, and is in a review draft stage. These maps will be made available by the USGS
in GIS format.

Model of a Maar - Diatreme Volcano.

Maars are low-relief volcanic craters
formed by shallow phreatic explosions.
The diatremes are subsurface pipes that fed
the maars and were filled by volcanic ma-
terial at the time of the eruption. They are
now exposed because of lowering of the
land surface by erosion. From http://
vol can o. unci .no dak .ed u/vw docs/

3-26

root zone
of diatreme

teeder dike

Maar

crater nm

Diatreme

subsumed pyroclasttc
material that lilted
diatreme

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GEOLOGY (continued)

KARST

Karst is a term used to describe a topography characterized by caves, sinkholes, and underground drainage. What distinguishes a karst
landscape from other landscapes is the dominance of solution features in soluble sedimentary rocks, such as limestone and gypsum (Hill,
2003 - S06150302).

An important parameter in the evaluation of potential ground water pathways is whether an AUM site is located in an area of karst
terrain. In karst formations, ground water moves rapidly through solution channels caused by dissolution of the rock materials.
Therefore, hazardous substances associated with an AUM located in karst terrain would be more likely to reach the ground water (EPA,
1991 - S01230301).

Figure 23 shows areas of karst on and near the Navajo Nation. These data are from a digital version of the U.S. Geological Survey Open
File Report 2004-1352, "Engineering Aspects of Karst." The open-file report is a map with accompanying explanatory text. The map
shows areas containing distinctive surficial and subterranean features that have been developed by solution of carbonate and other rocks
and are characterized by closed depressions, sinking streams, and cavern openings. These areas are commonly referred to as karst.
Included on the map are areas of features analogous to karst, also called pseudokarst, which is karst-like terrain produced by processes
other than the dissolution of rocks.

According to this regional karst dataset, there are some areas of karst carbonate rocks on the western and southernmost edges of the
Western AUM Region, on the north central edge of the North Central AUM Region, and on the southern edge of the Eastern AUM
Region. Volcanic pseudokarst also is present in the southernmost area of the Western AUM Region. Unconsolidated pseudokarst is
shown extending north from the south central edge of the Northern AUM Region. This is the only area on the Navajo Nation that
appears to have AUMs within karst or karst-like terrain.

This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Geology/NN_Karst.shp). These data are intended for geographic display and
analysis at the national level, and for large regional areas. The data should be displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for
l:7,500,000-scale data. These map layers are intended to provide users with a national scale karst data coverage to use for graphic and
demonstration purposes. These data are not intended for, and should not be used for, site-specific research.

North Centra! AUM Region

't Northern AUM Region

Centtal^iUM Region v»*

\ v, ,\.io n \ no
* • •

Eastern AUM Region

Southern AUM Region

nn vm

Source

Karat areas are from the USGS Open File Report
2004-1352. "Engineering Aspects of Karst" Map
scale 1.7.500,000

Filename; DBGeok>gy'nn_Karst shp

KARST

Map Scale 1 1,900,000

Miles

Legend

m -*

Abandoned Uranium Mme

Rock Type. Class

| Carbonate Rocks (limestone doiomile marble) Exposed
| Evaporiles (gypsum, halite). Exposed
| Volcanic. Pseudokarst

Unconsolidated Material Pseudokarst

Figure 23. Karst Terrain On and Near the Navajo Nation.

3-27

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

GROUND WATER RESOURCES

Ground water is a potential pathway for the transport of hazardous substances. The ground water pathway is important when assessing
the threat posed to drinking water and to populations relying on ground water as their source of drinking water. Evaluation of the ground
water pathway requires a general understanding of the local geology and subsurface conditions. Of particular interest is descriptive
information relating to the subsurface stratigraphy, permeability of the underlying strata, aquifers, and ground water use. There are two
additional key considerations in the evaluation of ground water pathways: depth to aquifer and the presence of karst terrain.

COLORADO PLATEAU REGIONAL AQUIFERS

The Navajo Nation falls within the Colorado Plateau and Wyoming basin (referred to here-
after as Colorado Plateau) consolidated rock aquifer system, which covers northern
Arizona, western Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, and eastern Utah (Figure 24).
This area is approximately coincident with the Colorado Plateau physiographic province.
The distribution of aquifers in the Colorado Plateau is controlled in part by the structural
deformation and erosion that has occurred since deposition of the sediments that compose
the aquifers. The principal aquifers in younger rocks are present only in basins, such as
the San Juan basin. In uplifted areas, such as the Defiance Uplift, younger rocks have
been eroded away, and aquifers are present in older rocks that underline more extensive
parts of the Colorado Plateau area (Robson and Banta, 1995 - S06150301).

COLUMBIA

LAVA
PLATEAU

Utah Colorado -7

ALLUVIAL ' WESTERN

BASINS MOUNTAIN

COLORADO PLATEAU RANGES
AND
WYOMING BASIN

z
°
o

Arizona New Mexico

For municipal water on the Navajo Nation there are several aquifers: Coconino (C), Figure 24. Ground Water Regions (from
Navajo (N), Dakota (D), Morrison (M), Mesaverde, and numerous alluvial aquifers. The Robson and Banta, 1995 -S06150301).
three primary water-bearing aquifers for the Navajo Nation are the D-, N-, and C-aquifers

(Navajo Department of Water Resources [NDWR], 2000 - S12130214). Figure 25 shows the areas of aquifer recharge on the Navajo
Nation and Figure 26 depicts water level contours and general direction of water movement on the Navajo Nation. These datasets are
provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Water/NN_Aquifers.shp and NN_Water_Level_and_Direction.shp)

D-Aquifer: The Dakota, Cow Springs, Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation, and Entrada Sandstones form the D-
multiple aquifer system. Recharge to the D-aquifer is from local precipitation and runoff from the Defiance Uplift to the east. Ground
water flows to the west, and south from the areas of recharge (Figure 26). Some water is lost from the aquifer by downward leakage into
the underlying aquifer. Water in the D-aquifer is of marginal to unsuitable chemical quality for domestic use (Arizona Department of
Water Resources [ADWR], 2003 - S08030302).

N-Aquifer: The Navajo Sandstone and Wingate Sandstone are the main water-bearing units in the N-aquifer. The aquifer generally is
under water-table conditions (unconfined). Precipitation falling on the exposed aquifer units is the main source of recharge for the N-
aquifer. Groundwater in the N-aquifer moves southward and southeastward under Black Mesa. The flow divides under the mesa,
moving westward and eastward. Water in the N-aquifer is of good quality and suitable for most uses (Cooley et al., 1969; ADWR, 2003;
and NDWR, 2000).

C-Aquifer: The Coconino Sandstone and its lateral equivalents, the De Chelly and Glorieta Sandstones, are the chief water-bearing units
in the southern part of the Colorado Plateau. These units are interconnected hydraulically, and with the upper part of the Supai Forma-
tion, the Yeso Formation, and the San Andres Limestone, form the C-aquifer system (Cooley et al., 1969; NDWR, 2000). The C-aquifer
is recharged by rainfall and by runoff from the Defiance Uplift. Ground water in the C-aquifer moves to the northwest from the large
areas of inflow on the south and east (Cooley et al., 1969; ADWR, 2003, NDWR, 2000 ).

Local Aquifers: Water-yielding units excluded from the principal aquifers can form aquifers of local importance, but these units either
are not extensive enough or are not productive enough to be considered as principal aquifers. In general, these rocks are considered to be
confining units containing minor water-yielding units (Robson and Banta, 1995). Local aquifers are of importance for domestic water
supplies where the three regional aquifers, the D-, N-, and C-aquifers are too deep or have unsuitable water quality (ADWR, 2003).
Unconsolidated sediments and alluvial deposits, mainly of Quaternary age, have hydrologic importance (Cooley et al., 1969). The local
aquifers include alluvial deposits, which occur in washes and stream channels throughout the basin and various sandstones. Water enters
the alluvium as discharge from the D-, N- and C-aquifers, as streamflow infiltration, or as direct rainfall. In thicker sections the alluvium
is a steady source of water, but smaller washes can go dry because of overuse or drought conditions (ADWR, 2003). The Quaternary
deposits mostly are less than 30 feet thick, but are as thick as 225 feet in a few places. They form a discontinuous, rather permeable
mantle. The alluvium is the chief source of water in dug wells; it is also the source of water in some springs and drilled wells. Depth to
water in wells drilled in the alluvium is shallow, from a few feet to about 100 feet below the land surface (Cooley et al., 1969).

WATER SOURCES

Identifying the location of drinking water wells, the depth of the aquifer for the well, and if possible, the populations associated with a
drinking water well are especially important information for contaminant pathway assessments. Depth to shallowest aquifer is an impor-
tant measurement when evaluating potential contamination of ground water. An aquifer is defined by the EPA as a "saturated subsurface
zone from which drinking water is drawn." The shallower a source of water, the higher the threat of contamination by hazardous
substances (EPA, 1991 - S01230301).

The NDWR Water Management Branch maintains an extensive database of ground water well information, which is the primary data
resource for ground water information on the Navajo Nation. For this NAUM Project, the NDWR wells dataset was augmented with
data from the ADWR, New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, Utah Division of Water Rights, USACE water sample locations, USGS
NHD, Geographic Names Information System, USGS Ground Water Site Investigations Database, DRGs, DOQQs, and the Church Rock
Uranium Monitoring Project (CRUMP) sampled water sources. The database includes available information for: Well Identifiers
(NDWR, alias names, PWSID, and USGS-ID), source of the well location, operator, type of well (artesian, mineral, observation, water
or well; developed or natural spring; and unknown), use (agriculture, domestic, industry, livestock, municipal, other and unknown), well
depth, and aquifer. Wells within four miles of an AUM were used as a target parameter in the HRS-derived model. Figure 27 shows the
locations of water sources (symbolized by well type) within four miles of an AUM. The inset map provides an enlarged view to show
better detail of the well type data and symbols. All well types were included in the analysis (only oil wells and possible oil wells were
excluded). Wells outside the four mile buffers are also shown with a single point symbol. These datasets are provided on the GIS Data
DVD (DB/Water/NN_Wells.shp andNN_Wells_4mi.shp).

3-28

-------
Mount
Heseperus

COLORADO
NEW MEXICO

UTAH

ARIZONA

HOPI^
ESERVATION*

Mount
Taylor

NATION

NAVAJO

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AREAS OF AQUIFER RECHARGE ON THE NAVAJO NATION

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000
Legend

RECHARGE UNIT DESCRIPTION
| ' Rocks receiving little or no recharge.

Cedar Mesa Sandstone Member of the Cutler Formation

Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation, Moenkopi Formation and De Chelly Sandstone Member of the Cutler Formation in Monument Valley;

Sonsela Sandstone Bed of the Petrified Foest Member and Shinarump Member of the Chinle Formation, Moenkopi Formation, and De Chelly Sandstone on the Defiance Plateau;
Shinarump Member and Sonsela Sandstone Bed of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation in the Zuni Mountains;

Shinarump Member in the western part of the Navajo Nation.

Chuska Sandstone and upper member of the Bidahochi Formation

Rocks of the D multiple-aquifer system, Dakota Sandstone, Cow Springs Sandstone and Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation;
and the Entrada Sandstone in the southern and central parts of the Navajo Nation.

Kaibab Limestone, Toroweap Formation, and Coconino Sandstone

Mesaverde Group. Toreva Formation and Yale Point Sandstone in Black Mesa:

Gallup Sandstone and Point Lookout Sandstone in San Juan Basin.

Salt Wash and Westwater Canyon Members of the Morrison Formation, Summerville Formation, and Bluff Sandstone in the northeastern part of the Navajo Nation;

Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation, Summerville Formation, Bluff Sandstone, and Entrada Sandstone in the northwestern and central parts of the Navajo Nation.

Rocks of the N multiple-aquifer system. Navajo Sandstone, sandy facies of the Kayenta Formation, and Lukachukai member of the Wingate Sandstone.

Ojo Alamo Sandstone, Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and Cliff House Sandstone
Volcanic Rocks

Source

Areas of recharge and discharge of aquifers on the Navajo Nation is from Plate 5 "Map Showing Water-Level Contours, Direction of Water Movement, and Areas of Recharge and
Discharge of Aquifers in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations" in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 521-A "Regional Hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian
Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah", by M.E. Cooley and others, 1969.

Filename: DB/Water/NN_Aquifers.shp

Figure 25. Areas of Aquifer Recharge On the Navajo Nation.

3-29

-------
Navajo
Mountain

Carrizo
Mountains

Kaibito Plateau

Moenkopi
Plateau

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATER LEVEL CONTOURS, DIRECTION OF WATER MOVEMENT, AND
AREAS OF RECHARGE OF AQUIFERS ON THE NAVAJO NATION

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Water Jevel contours,
of aquifers ori the Navajo

Source

jpn. of water mo
atiori are from

'Yemeni, and areas of recharge
Plate 5 Map Snowing Water-

level Contours, Direction of Water Movement, and Areas of Recharge
and Discharge of Aquifers in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations"
in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 521-A Regional Hydrogeology

of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah",
by M.E. Cooley and others, 1969.

Filenames:

DB/Water/ NN_Water_Level_andJDirection.shp
DBA/Vater/NN_Aquifers.shp

Legend

WATER LEVEL CONTOURS

7QQQ C Aquifer Water-level Contour (contour interval 100 and 200 feet)

4000

N Aquifer Water-level Contour (contour interval 200 feet)

DIRECTION OF WATER MOVEMENT

p. C Aquifer Direction of Ground Water Movement

Near Surface Direction of Ground Water Movement;
Near Surface Direction

D Aquifer Direction of Ground Water Movement

RECHARGE

Rocks Receiving Recharge
~ Rocks Receiving Little or No Recharge

Figure 26. Water Level Contours, Direction of Water Movement, and Areas of Recharge of Aquifers On the Navajo Nation.

Mount

Mount
Taylor

UTAH
ARIZONA

HOPI
RESERVATION

Hopi Buttes

NAVAJO
NATION

San Francisco
Peaks

3-30

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATER SOURCES WITHIN FOUR MILES OF AN ABANDONED URANIUM MINE

AND ACROSS THE NAVAJO NATION

Miles

Map Sdale 1:1,750,000

08-UNK-0002

MNMNT-NAV 1

VCAWELL1 thru 4

\ '—Stockpile •* ®

®Q..

Kiishzhinii-be-toh Spring

08A-264

08-I

/' 08-0648
<&

8-4-8

®.

08T-534 t

„8T-5l9

® 08T-529
® •

Enlarged view of water sources within four miies of AUMs symbolized by "well type"
in the Cane Valley, Arizona and Utah area, ®

¦ %

Legend . «

TYPE OF WELL WITHIN 4 MILES OF AUM

Artesian Well ®

•

•-

Developed Spring

Natural Spring

Unknown

Water Well

Well „ -

WELLS OUTSIDE THE 4 MILE BUFFER
- All Wells®

Abandoned Uranium Mine (AUM)

• •

4 MilesBuffer Around AUM 1 % •*

® Si ® ® S®

®«;m ®®

Sources • «*' "

Water sources are primarily from the Navajo Department of Water Resources
and augmented using data from the Arizona Department of Water Resources,
New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, IjfeTv .'Sjvisior^ 6f Water
Rights, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers water sample locations, USGS/EPA
National Hydrography Dataset, USGS Geographic Names Information
System, USGS Groundwater Site Investigations Databases USGS topographic
quadrangles, and USGS digital orthophotography. e.®

Filenames: DBAA/ater/ NN_Wells_4mi.shp and DB/Water/NW_Wells.shp

3-31

-------
GEOLOGY

PRECIPITATION

SOIL PROPERTIES

SLOPE OF THE LAND SURFACE

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AOUIFER SENSITIVITY

Blancbard (2002 - S01200301) cites the definition of aquifer sensitivity as "the relative ease
with which a contaminant applied on or near a land surface can migrate to the aquifer of
interest. Aquifer sensitivity is a function of the intrinsic characteristics of the geological
materials, and the overlying unsaturated zone." Blanchard developed a model of aquifer
sensitivity for the Navajo Nation using broad physical characteristics to describe aquifer
sensitivity to surface and near surface contaminants.

The factors used in the Blanchard model include geology, precipitation, soil properties, slope
of the land surface, and stream courses. Each of these factors is shown to the left in Figure 28.
Blanchard stated that the largest limitation to this method was inadequate information on depth
to the uppermost aquifer. The following describes the inputs used in Blanchard's (2002)
assessment.

The geology was developed from Cooley et al. (1969 - S10290201). It identifies where
consolidated rocks are recharged and unconsolidated deposits are at the surface and facilitate
aquifer contamination (pink on the geology map in Figure 28). Geology acts as a surrogate for
impact of the vadose or unsaturated zone. Yellow identifies areas that do not contribute to
recharge. The eastern portion of the Eastern AUM Region was not included in the Cooley
map; in order to not underestimate the contamination potential of this part of the study area,
Blanchard assigned it to the "significant potential" category.

Water provides the solvent in which contaminants are transported from the land surface to the
aquifers. Precipitation is the surrogate for recharge where greater precipitation results in
greater potential for contaminants to infiltrate the land surface. In the precipitation map in
Figure 28, pink indicates high precipitation, green indicates relatively uniform intermediate
precipitation, and blue indicates the least precipitation and potential to facilitate aquifer
contamination.

Several soil properties contribute to the potential to facilitate aquifer contamination, including:
texture, infiltration rate, drainage, and organic content. These properties were developed from
a modified version of the STATSGO, or State Soil Geographic database created by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service (Schwarz and Alexander,
1995 - S08030303). Blanchard further explains that finely textured soil reduces the rate at
which water and contaminants move through the soil (low hydraulic conductivity). High
infiltration rates indicate a soil that permits a high volume of water to enter from the land
surface. Lower drainage rates indicate a higher resident time. Soil organic content affects
microbial activity and sorption. Blanchard found that soils on the Navajo Nation had an
organic content of less than 2 percent, indicating minimal microbial activity and sorption.
With no relative difference across the Navajo Nation, organic content was not used. In the soil
properties map (shown in Figure 28) blue indicates areas with the least potential, where the soil
is fine-grained, has a low infiltration rate, is poorly drained, and has a high organic content.
Green indicates areas with intermediate potential, and pink indicates areas with the most
potential.

Land surface slope affects the ability of precipitation to infiltrate soil. Slopes less than
6 degrees (pink in the slope map in Figure 28) permit precipitation to stay in contact longer
with the soil, thereby increasing infiltration of water into the land surface. Conversely, slopes
of 6 to 12 degrees (intermediate slopes shown in green) and steep slopes greater than
12 degrees (blue in the slope map at left) minimize infiltration because water runs off quickly.

Blanchard developed buffered fourth-order and higher stream courses from USGS DEM's
(shown in Figure 28). Stream courses, wherever they occurred, were assigned the greatest
potential to facilitate contamination because they concentrate runoff and have flat slopes
Floodplain and terrace soils are also composed of materials that facilitate contamination.

Blanchard summed the assigned numeric scores for each of the precipitation, soil properties,
and slope layers and multiplied by the geology score (1 for facilitates contamination and 0 for
does not facilitate contamination). A final aquifer sensitivity map was developed from these
scores and is shown on Figure 29. The highest scores represent the most potential for
contamination, low scores have the least potential, and intermediate scores produce
intermediate potential. The insignificant category represents areas where the geology score
was zero, or were not areas of recharge to bedrock aquifers, and/or were not areas of
unconsolidated deposits (stream alluvial deposits).

This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Water/NN_Aquifer_Sensivitiy.shp).

FOURTH-ORDER STREAM COURSES
Figure 28. Inputs to Aquifer Sensitivity

3-32

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

AQUIFER SENSITIVITY

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

TEEC 1

NOS

POS

11 .

RED VALLEY

BECLABITO

Enlarged view of AUMs arid aquifer sensitivity in the northeast portion of the Red
Valley Chapter area.

Legend

9 Abandoned Uranium Mines

Aquifer Sensitivity Class

0 - Insignificant Potential

1 - Least Potential

2- Intermediate Potential
3 - Most Potential

Sources

Aquifer sensitivity was developed and provided by Paul Blanchard (2002),
U. S, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
The data are from the Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4051
titled "Assessments of Aquifer Sensitivity on Navajo Nation and Adjacent
Lands and Ground-Water Vulnerability to Pesticide Contamination on the Navajo
Indian Irrigation Project, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah."

Aquifer sensitivity, which is shown above on a shaded relief image, refers
to the potential to contaminate the ground water - ranging from "insignficant"
to the "most" potential. This was determined by an investigation of the geology,
precipitation, soils, slope, and stream courses of the area.

Filename: DB/Water/NN_Aquifer_Sensitivity.shp

Figure 29. Aquifer Sensitivity on the Navajo Nation.

3-33

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

Evaluation of the surface water pathway requires an understanding of where surface water occurs proximal to the AUM sites, as well as
the flood potential of a site. Proximity is directly related to the ease with which hazardous substances can migrate to surface water.
Surface waters include streams, rivers, and lakes. On the Navajo Nation, where the mean annual precipitation is less than 20 inches,
intermittently-flowing waters and ditches also qualify as surface water. Release of a hazardous substance from an AUM to surface water
could threaten drinking water supplies, human food chain organisms, and sensitive environments. The distance from an AUM site to
surface water can be used as an indicator of the likelihood of release of hazardous substances to surface water. The location of an AUM
site with respect to surface water floodplains is another important indicator of the likelihood of release of a hazardous substance, and is
also directly related to distance from surface water (EPA, 1991 - S01230301). No floodplain maps for the Navajo Nation were found to
be available from either the Federal Emergency Management Agency or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

WATERSHEDS

A watershed is the area of land draining into a river or stream at a given
location. The United States is divided and subdivided into successively
smaller hydrologic units which are classified into four levels: regions,
sub-regions, accounting units, and cataloging units (also referred to as
watersheds). The hydrologic units are arranged hierarchically, from the
smallest (cataloging units) to the largest (regions). Each hydrologic
unit is identified by a unique hydrologic unit code (HUC) consisting of
two to eight digits based on the four levels of classification in the
hydrologic unit system (USGS, 2003 - S07290302).

Figure 30 shows the three PIUC regions covering the Navajo Nation:
Rio Grand (HUC 13), Upper Colorado (HUC 14), and the Lower
Colorado (HUC 15). The Navajo Nation is within 5 HUC sub-regions,
which are shown in Figure 31. HUCs for the watersheds are listed in
the legend of Figure 31. This dataset is provided on the GIS Data DVD
(DB/Water/NN_Subbasins.shp).

DRAINAGES

Figure 30. Hydrologic Unit Code Regions (USGS, 2003 - S07290302).

Drainages are important to surface water pathway screening assessments. This factor involves assessing whether potential drainage
pathways exist for the transport of hazardous substances via surface water, and if so, whether any targets (e.g., intakes supplying
drinking water, fisheries, or sensitive environments) are likely to be exposed to contaminants.

Erosion is a concern for AUM sites because of the mine wastes. Major sources of erosion/sediment loadings at mining sites include
waste rock and overburden piles, haul and access roads, exploration areas, and reclamation areas. The main factors influencing erosion
include rainfall/snowmelt ainoff, soil infiltration rate, soil texture and staicture, vegetative cover, slope length, and erosion control
practices. Erosion may cause loading of sediments to nearby drainages, especially during severe storm events and high snowmelt
periods.

The majority of surface waters flowing within, or originating from, the Navajo Nation are either intermittent or ephemeral. Intermittent
streams flow water part of the time in most years and have a defined stream channel. Ephemeral streams flow water in response to heavy
rainfall events and do not have a defined stream channel. Stream flow in the intermittent channels is also dependent on storm events.
Differences in rainfall patterns cause stream flow to be extremely variable. Perennial streams have visible water flowing above the
streambed year-round.

The type of soil and the amount and type of vegetation have a significant effect on the amount of precipitation that becomes surface
runoff. Vegetation on the Navajo Nation generally consists of sparse grasses and desert shrubs at lower altitudes, and pinon-juniper
forests at higher altitudes. Approximately one-half of the annual precipitation occurs from July through October, generally in the form
of localized, short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms. Due to the torrential character of the much of the rainfall, and the abundance
of bare rock surfaces, the consequent runoff means that thunderstorms anywhere in the basin of a drainage may create large flows, which
are commonly of limited duration and extent (Cooley et al., 1969 - S10290201).

Hazardous constituents (e.g., radionuclides and heavy metals) associated with discharges from uranium mining operations may be found
at elevated levels in sediments (EPA, 2000 - S02200302). For example, radioactive elements were released to the Puerco River through
mine-water discharge, and by a catastrophic spill of uranium mine tailings and mine water. Several large uranium mines and a
processing mill released contaminated mine water to a small tributary of the Puerco River, know as Pipeline Arroyo. Because the ore
deposits lie beneath the water table, water draining to mine tunnels was pumped and released to Pipeline Arroyo. Mine dewatering
released an estimated total of 510 tons of uranium and 260 trillion pico curies of gross-alpha radioactivity to the Puerco River over a 22
year period. On July 16, 1979, the failure of an earthen dam, holding uranium-mining and milling wastewater and sediment, released
about 94 million gallons of highly acidic liquid and 1,100 tons of uranium-mine tailings to the Puerco River through Pipeline Arroyo.
However, despite the large size of the spill, more radioactive elements were released gradually by mining over a period of more than two
decades. At least 300 times more uranium and six times more total gross-alpha activity were released by day-to-day pumping from the
underground mines than was released by the spill (Wirt, 1994 - S03030609).

Surface water features on and near the Navajo Nation were acquired from the USGS National Hydrography Dataset high resolution
(NHDH) database (shown on Figure 32). These datasets are available on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Water/NN_WaterBody_NHDH.shp;
DB/Water/NN_Points_NHDH.shp; DB/Water/NN_Flowline_NHDH.shp; and DB/Water/NN_AreasNHDH,shp).

Figure 33 shows drainages that were interpreted as potential downstream surface water pathways on the Navajo Nation. The drainage
dataset documents streams within one mile overland and downslope of AUMs for a distance of at least fifteen miles. The primary source
for these stream courses was the NHDH, but it was augmented by the addition of streams that were automated from DRGs and DOQQs
These drainage datasets are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Water/NN_Drainage_HR_AUM.shp and DB/Water/
\N Drainage Poly HR AUM.shp).

Rio Grande

Lower Colorado

3-34

-------
Upper Colorado - Dirty Devil

14070005

14070001

14080203

UfM

1st J is? •• '

14080104

A-VT 1

4 i 1 1

ITAH

.rnfflM M"ft

' V \ %—

<\RIZONk
14070007 ! 14070006

14080205

BEHH

r
j

Lower Colorado-
Lake Mead

15010001

c
j

15020018

.jI.1

15020016

r1 j—}

"L-J <

15020015

14080102

3BOBADO
"NEW MEXICO'

14080101

14080103

14080204

15020012

NAVAJO [RATION

15020017

15020013

HOPI
RESHIVATI0N

"~T

¦ I

'' 1 !

14080106

13020205 _t

r—o

15020011

EL' JTvn

ii-r->r fJ

15020014

15020006

15020009

Little-Colorado

15020008

15020007

15020004

15020002

15020010

15020005

15020003

A
c'_..

V
\

/-~o

13020204

! J

13020207

Rio Grande-
Elephant Butte

13020206

13020209

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

WATERSHEDS BY SUB-REGION

WATERSHED HUCS AND NAMES BY SUB-REGION

1302-RIO GRANDE - ELEPHANT BUTTE

13020204, Rio Puerco

13020205, Arroyo Chico

13020206, North Plains

13020207, Rio Sari Jose
13020209, Rio Saldo

1407 - UPPER COLORADO - DIRTY DEVIL

14070001, Upper Lake Powell
14070005, Escalante

140/0006, Lower Lake Powell
14070007, Paria

w J-.

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Legend

1408- SAN JUAN

14080101, Upper San Juan

14080102, Piedra

14080103, Blanco Canyon

14080104, Animas

14080105, Middle San Juan

14080106, Chaco

14080107, Mancos

14080201, Lower San Juan-Four Corners

14080202, Mcelmo

14080203, Montezuma

14080204, Chinle

14080205, Lower San Juan

1501 - LOWER COLORADO - LAKE MEAD
15010001, Lower Colorado-Marble Canyon
15010004, Havasu Canyon

1502-LITTLE COLORADO

15020011, Cottonwood Wash

15020012, Corn-Oraibi

15020013, Polacca Wash

15020014, Jadito Wash

15020015, Canyon Diablo

15020016, Lower Little Colorado

15020017, Dinnebito Wash

15020018, Moenkopi Wash

15020002, Upper Little Colorado

15020003, Carrizo Wash

15020004, Zuni. Arizona

15020005, Silver

15020006, Upper Puerco

15020007, Lower Puerco

15020008, Middle Little Colorado

15020009, Leroux Wash

15020010, Chevelon Canyon

Source

Watershed boundaries are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Hydrography Dataset high resolution (NHDH). Filename: DB/Water/NN_Subbasins.shp

Figure 31. Watersheds On and Near the Navajo Nation.

3-35

-------
~ •

t'v»-

•* r*

\ > -

3V;
. +

. . /- *

| • £QLQRADO

^«*u> * jjfew mexic^

V •".' \ J V

-• ?>V " ' \ •

>- . !F" * * -»-

. V ' »'¦ \ * . 4 - 1 '

t " 1* * . V<£ % -. •• ' ff •

•< • r

v>: 1 O I*' * .-• . " /.*

*• /rr '.»- . »< • . * ~* *

?**••%> v^- v/* •*" *•v.

• . •••!!•. r1 •» " !'¦* /> r '"**& I'

' r'K~ •*' '

1 • • •
• \ »

~ v*h»*4:

. •. *.• ¦- * Gaging Station

X Gate

W Reservoir

# Sink/Rise

*- Spring/Seep

® Water Intake/Outflow

A Waterfall

® Well

Artificial Path
Stream/River, Intermittent
Stream/River, Perennial

Waterbody

Areas: Complex Channels, Canal/Ditch, Dam/Weirs,
Inundation Areas, Rapids, Streams/Rivers, and Washes

Sources

Surface water features are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
National Hydrography Dataset high resolution (NHDH) 1:24,000 scale database.

Filenames:

DB/Water/NN_WaterBody_NHDH.shp
DBA/Vater/NN_Points_NHDH.shp
DB/Water/NN_Flowline_NHDH.shp
DB/Water/NN_Areas_NHDH.shp

Figure 32. Surface Water Features On and Near the Navajo Nation.

3-36

-------
COLORADO

UTAH

NEW MEXICO

ARIZONA

Enlargement Area

NAVAJO
NATION

HOPI
RESERVATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

DOWNSTREAM DRAINAGES WITHIN ONE MILE OF AN AUM

v\ > r:
s

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Miles

Legend

Abandoned Uranium Mine (AUM)

DRAINAGE FEATURES

Downstream Water Pathway

Downstream Waterbodies

ABANDONED URANIUM MINE BUFFERS
1 Mile
15 Miles

Sources

Drainages downstream and within one (1) mile of an AUM were
mapped using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National
Hydrography Dataset high resolution (NHDH) 1:24,000 scale
database and interpreted using USGS digital orthophotography.

Filenames:

DB/Water/NN_Drainage_HR_AUM.shp
DB/Water/NN_Drainage_Poly_HR_AUM.shp

Enlargement of AUMs with a One Mile Buffer and Drainages Extending Downstream,

Figure 33. Downstream Drainages Within One Mile of an AUM.

3-37

-------
ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOILS

Soils properties, such as infiltration rate, drainage, and texture, can have significant impact on the likelihood of hazardous substances
reaching ground water. Course textured, well drained soils with high infiltration rates have a higher potential for movement of water
through the soil media to the underlying geologic material than fine textured, poorly drained soils with low infiltration rates. Soil

erodibility characteristics are important to assess the soil runoff potential. Soil erodibility is also important when assessing windblown
transport potential (EPA, 1991 - S01230301).

SOIL GEOGRAPHIC DATABASES

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is responsible for collecting, storing, maintaining,
and distributing soil survey information for privately owned lands in the United States. NRCS has established two primary soil
geographic databases: the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database and the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database.

SSURGO

The SSURGO database provides the most detailed level of information and was designed primarily for farm and ranch, landowner/user,
township or county natural resource planning and management. Maps are made at scales ranging from 1:12,000 to 1:63,360. Data for
SSURGO are collected and archived in 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle units. SSURGO data are not yet available for the entire
Navajo Nation (see Figure 34.). Soil surveys are being conducted over most of the Navajo Nation, with the exception of the central area.

SSURGO Soils Data

STATSGO soils Data

Figure 34. Status of SSURGO Processing as of May 30,2007 and Comparison of SSURGO and STATSGO data.

STATSGO

STATSGO was developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey and was published in 1994. This dataset contains general soil
association polygon units and has been compiled over the entire Navajo Nation. It consists of a broad based inventory of soils and non-
soil areas that occur in a repeatable pattern on the landscape. These data are intended for geographic display and analysis at the state,
regional, and national level. The data should be displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for 1:250,000-scale data. Figure 34
illustrates the difference in mapping detail between the SSURGO and STATSGO databases.

The soil map units in the STATSGO dataset are linked to attributes in the National Soil Information System database, which gives the
proportionate extent of the component soils and their properties. These raw STATSGO spatial data were subsequently clipped to an area
that included and extended 20 kilometers beyond the Navajo Nation boundary. Key parameters were extracted: soil map unit, hydrologic
group, permeability, K factor erodibility, and wind erodibility index (Table 4). Results for these parameters are presented in Figures 35
thru Figure 39, respectively. Datasets used for these maps are provided on the GIS Data DVD (DB/Soils/NN_STATSGO.shp and DB/
Soils/nnstsgob_all).

Field

Type

Description

A code identifying the hydrologic characteristics of the soil. The coding transformations are:

HYDGRP

Hydrologic Group

A = 1 (high infiltration, deep soils, well drained to excessively drained sands and gravels),

B = 2 (moderate infiltration rates, deep and moderately deep, moderately well and well drained soils with moderately coarse textures),
C = 3 (slow infiltration rates, soils with layers impeding downward movement of water, or soils with moderately fine or fine textures),
D = 4 (very slow infiltration rates, soils are clayey, have a high water table, or are shallow to an impervious layer).

A code for Wind Erodibility Index (WEI in tons/acre/year), developed from the STATSGO layer file two character code for WEG (Wind Erodi-
bility Group) converted to numeric codes. The coding transformations are:WEG 1 =310, WEG 2 = 134, WEG 3 = 86, WEG 4 = 86, WEG 4L
= 86, WEG 5 = 56, WEG 6 = 48, WEG 7 = 38, WEG 8 = 0.

WEI

Wind Erodibility Index
(in tons/acre/year)

WEG 1, Surface texture - VFS,FS,S,COS, percent aggregates = 1, WEI = 310 t/a/y.

WEG 2, Surface texture - LVFS,LFS,LCOS,Sapric material, percent aggregates = 10, WEI = 134 t/a/y.

WEG 3, Surface texture - VFSL,FSL,SL,COSL, percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y.

WEG 4, Surface Texture - C,SIC,noncalcareous CL,SICL(>35% clay), percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y.

WEG 4L, Surface texture - calcareous L/S!L/CL,SICL, percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y.

WEG 5, Surface textue - noncalcareous L/SIL(<20% clay),SCL,SC, percent aggregates = 40, WEI = 56 t/a/y.

WEG 6, Surface texture - noncalcareous L/SIL(>20% clay),CL(<35% clay), percent aggregates = 45, WEI = 48 t/a/y.

WEG 7, Surface texture - SI, noncalcareous SICL(<35% clay), percent aggregates = 50, WEI = 38 t/a/y.

WEG 8. Erosion not a problem - 0 t/a/y.

KFACT

Soil Erodibility Factor

An erodibility factor which quantifies the susceptibility of soil particles to detachment and movement by water. Actual k factor used in the
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation adjusted for rock fragments to calculate soil loss by water. Computed as a layer thickness weighted
average, across soil layers, of the variable kfact contained in the STATSGO layer file. Missing value indicator = -1.0,

PERM

Permeability of the soil (in
inches per hour)

Permeability of the soil (in inches per hour). Computed as a layer thickness weighted average, across soil layers, of a simple average of
permh and perml contained in the STATSGO layer file.

Table 4. STATSGO Codes Used for Key Parameters.

3-38

-------
IQLORADO

UTAH

:W MEXICO

ARIZONA

Enlargement^
Area

NAVAJO
NATION

HOPI" -

RESERVATION

AUGUSTINE-

DOAK-KIKI (NM793)

ROCK OUTCROP
-ZIA-SANDOVAL (NM768)

MION-ROCK OUTCROP-

ATARQUE (NM792) LAPORTE-ROCKOUfCROP-

^VESSILLA (NM645)

Figure 35. Soil Map Units.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOIL MAP UNITS

—i Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Sources

Data used to develop this map were derived from the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) Cooperative Soil Survey
known as the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) data
set, published in 1994.

These data provide information about soil features on
or near the surface of the Earth. Data were collected
as part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. There
are over 100 different soil mapunits across the Navajo
Nation, each having distinctive patterns of soils, topo-
graphy and drainage.

Each STATSGO mapunit is identified by an alphanumeric
mapunit ID (MUID) consisting of the two-letter postal
abbreviation for the state, followed by a three-digit number
(e.g., AZ001 is the first mapunit for Arizona). There are
names for the dominant soil in the unit. In the enlarged
view, soil mapunts are shown for a small portion of the
eastern Navajo Nation, in northwest New Mexico. The map-
unit polygons are labelled using data in the "MUNAME"
field of the GIS dataset. This field includes the dominant soil
names and MUID.

These data are intended for geographic display and analysis
at the state, regional, and national level. The data should be
displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for 1:250,000-
scale data.

Enlarged view showing STATSGO mapunit soil names and mapunit ID (MUID).

Filename: DBAA/ater/NN_STATSGO.shp (MUID)

SHEPPARD-
HUERFANO-
/j, NOTAL (NM671)

SHEPPARD-FAJADA-
SPARANK(NM790)

tp KIMBETO-DENAZAR-FARB (NM658)

Q "S-

\l \\
% %

TELESCOPE-
ROYOSA
(NM742)

3-39

-------
UTAH

ARIZONA

COLORADO
NEW MEXICO

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

HYDROLOGIC

GROUP

Miles

Map Scale 1 ?1,750,000

Sources

Legend

Data are from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) State Soil Geographic

Water

(STATSGO) data set. A code identifying the hydrologic characteristics of the
soil was extracted from the STATSGO data. The character codes defined in the
STATSGO component file are converted into numeric codes according to
Schwartz and Alexander, 1995. The coding transformations are:

A = 1 (high infiltration, deep soils, well drained to excessively drained sands and gravels),

HYDROLOGIC GROUP INTERGRADES, Weighted Average

A High infiltration, deep soils, well drained to excessively
drained sands and gravels

B = 2 (moderate infiltration rates, deep and moderately deep, moderately well and well
drained soils with moderately coarse textures),

C = 3 (slow infiltration rates, soils with layers impeding downward movement of water,
or soils with moderately fine or fine textures),

B+

Moderate infiltration rates, deep and moderately deep,
moderately well and well drained soils with moderately
coarse textures

B
B-

D = 4 (very slow infiltration rates, soils are clayey, have a high water table, or are shallow
to an impervious layer).

The transformed data are averaged across components using the component percentage
as the area-weighting fector, then reapportioned into hydrologic group irtergrades.

O O 6

Slow infiltration rates, soils with layers impeding downward
movement of water, or soils with moderately fine or fine textures

Hydrologic groups are based on the relationship between soil properties and hydrologic
properties. These properties include depth to a seasonally high water table, intake
rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, depth to a very slowly permeable layer, and
wetness characteristics.

D+
D

Very slow infiltration rates, soils are clayey, have a high water
table, or are shallow to an impervious layer.

Filename: DBAA/ater/NN_STATSGO.shp (HYDGRPWTAV)

Figure 36. Hydrologic Group.

3-40

-------
EOT .OR A DO
£w MEXICO

UTAH

HOPI

NAVAJO
NATION

RESERVATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

PERMEABILITY

—i Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Sources

Data from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) data set.

Soil permeability is the quality of the soil that enables water or air to
move through it. STATSGO weighted average soil permeability rate
is expressed as inches per hour.

The STATSGO layer file "permh" and "perml" values were averaged
across layers (by layer thickness) and components (by component
percentage) as the depth- and area-weighting factors.

Filename: DBAA/ater/NN_STATSGO.shp (PERMWTAVG)

Legend
Major Waters
PERMEABILITY RATE (Inches/Hour)
6.01 - 16.53; Rapid
2.01 - 6.00; Moderately Rapid
0.61 - 2.00; Moderate
0.21 - 0.60; Moderately Slow
0.07 - 0.20; Slow
0.01 - 0.06; Very Slow
0.00; Impermeable

3-41

-------
11 TO'O'W 110o0'0"W 109°0'0"W 108°0'0"W

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOIL ERODIBILITY BY WATER (K-FACTOR)

1 Milpc;

Map Scale 1 ?1,750,000

Sources

Legend

Data are from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

SOIL ERODIBILITY FACTOR

State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) data set.

0.00 - 0.05; Less susceptible to soil loss by water

K-Factor is an erodibility factor that quantifies the susceptibility of

0.06-0.10

soil particles to detachment and movement by water. K-Factor is
often used in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate

I 0.11-0.14

soil loss by water insoils with high quantities of rock fragments. The
STATSGO layer file "kfact" value for the surface layer was

0.15-0.19

averaged across components using the component percentage as

0.20-0.24

the area-weighting factor.

0.25-0.29

Filename: DB/Water/NN_STATSGO.shp (KFAC1WTAVG)

0.30-0.34
0.35 - 0.38
0.39 - 0.43

| 0.44 - 0.48; More susceptible to soil loss by water

Figure 38. Soil Erodihilitv by Water (K-Factor).

3-42

-------
EOT .OR A DO
£w MEXICO

UTAH

NAVAJO NATION

HOPI
RESERVATION

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOIL ERODIBILITY BY WIND

0 50 n ji'i

—m k— —| Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Sources

Legend

Data are from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) data set.

Major Waters

STATSGO weighted-average soil surface wind erodibility index is expressed in tons per acre per year,
developed from the STATSGO layer file 2-character code for WEG (wind erodibility group) converted
to numeric codes. The coding transformations were WEG 1 = 310, WEG 2 = 134, WEG 3 = 86, WEG 4= 86,
WEG 4L = 86, WEG 5 = 56, WEG 6 = 48, WEG 7 = 38, WEG 8 = 0. The transformed data were then averaged
across components using the component percentage as the area-weighting factor.

WEG 1, Surface texture - VFS,FS,S,COS,percent aggregates = 1, WEI = 310 t/a/y;

WEG 2, Surface texture - LVFS,LFS,LCOS,Sapric material, percent aggregates = 10, WEI = 134 t/a/y;

WEG 3, Surface texture - VFSL,FSL,SL,COSL, percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y;

WEG 4, Surface Texture - C, SIC, noncalcareous CL,SICL (>35% clay), percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y;

WEG 4L, Surface texture - calcareous L/SIL/CL,SICL, percent aggregates = 25, WEI = 86 t/a/y;

WEG 5, Surface textue - noncalcareous L/SIL(<20% clay), SCL.SC, percent aggregates = 40, WEI = 56 t/a/y;

WEG 6, Surface texture - noncalcareous L/SIL(>20% clay),CL(<35% clay), percent aggregates = 45, WEI = 48 t/a/y;

WEG 7, Surface texture - SI, noncalcareous SICL (<35% clay), percent aggregates = 50, WEI = 38 t/a/y;

WEG 8, Erosion not a problem - 0 t/a/y

WIND ERODIBILITY INDEX (Tons/Acre/Year)
WEI 8 - (0 t/a/y)

WEI 7 - (38 t/a/y)

WEI 6 - (48 t/a/y)

WEI 5 - (56 t/a/y)

WEI 4, WEI 4L and WEI 3 - (86 t/a/y)
WE! 2 - (134 a/t/y)

WE11 - (310 a/t/y)

Filename: DB/Water/NN_STATSGO.shp (WEI1WTAVG)

Figure 39. Soil Erodibility by Wind (WEI).

3-43

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS

Sensitive environments are terrestrial or aquatic resources, fragile natural settings, or other areas with unique or highly-valued
environmental or cultural features. Typically, areas that fall within the definition of sensitive environments are established and/or
protected by State or Federal Law, and include National Parks, National Monuments, habitats of species of concern, and wildlife
refuges (EPA, 1991 - SO 1230301).

FISHERIES

Fisheries are an area of a surface water body from which food chain organisms are taken or could be taken for human consumption on a
subsistence, sporting, or commercial basis. Food chain species include fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, and amphibious reptiles.
Fisheries on the Navajo Nation are shown in Figure 40 (Navajo Nation Fish and Wildlife, 2007 - S05310702).

Kayenta

Ship rock

Toadlena Fish
Hatchery

Round Rock

Many Farms

Chinle

G an ado

Gallup

Flagstaff

Wins low

UTAH

COLORADO

Ion Blanco

Holbrook

ARIZONA

NEW MEXICO

1 .White Mesa Lake

2. Cow Springs Lake

3. Antelope Lake

4. Ganado Lake

5. Many Farms Lake

6. Round Rock Lake

7. Tsaile Lake

8. Wheatfieids

9. Red Lake

10. Asaayi Lake

11. Chuska Lake

12. Whiskey Lake

13. Todacheene Lake

14. Aspen Lake

15. Berland Lake

16. Morgan Lake

17. Cutter Dam Reservoir

Figure 40. Fisheries on the Navajo Nation.

PROTECTED AREAS Table 5. Protected Federal Lands on and Near the Navajo Nation.

Table 5 lists the protected federal lands that are on or
adjacent to the Navajo Nation:

(1) National Historic Park

(1) National Historic Site
(4) National Monuments

(2) National Parks

(1) National Recreation Area

(2) Wilderness Areas
(1) Wilderness Study Area

These protected federal land areas are shown on Figure
41. The locations for these protected areas are provided
on the GIS Data DVD (DB/SEN_Env/NN_NPS.shp and
D B/Env_S en s/NN_Wil dernes s. shp).

WETLANDS

Perhaps the most common type of sensitive environment is wetland areas. Federal Regulation 40 CFR 230.3(t) provides the EPA
wetland definition as: "an area that is sufficiently inundated or saturated by surface or ground water to support vegetation adapted for
life in saturated soil conditions." Wetland and riparian vegetation serves as important wildlife habitat. A large percentage of wildlife
species depend on these areas for foraging, nesting, or cover during some portion of their life-cycle.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), through the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), is required to identify, classify, and
digitize all wetlands and deepwater habitats in the United States. Figure 41 presents the wetlands data digitized from the 1:100,000-
scale maps NWI published in 1983. The NWI wetlands data are not available for the Utah portion of the Navajo Nation.

The USFWS wetland classifications are from 1:120,000-scale black and white aerial photographs taken in 1972 and 1973. The
basemaps used are 1:100,000 scale topographic quadrangles or photographic enlargements of 1:250,000-scale topographic quadrangles.
The interpretations were prepared primarily by stereoscopic analysis of high-altitude aerial photographs. Wetlands were identified on
the photographs based on vegetation, visible hydrology, and geography. The aerial photographs typically reflect conditions during
the specific year and season when they were taken. These environments can change significantly from year to year depending upon the

3-44

L^tv1

r-J

NAME

TYPE

Chaco Culture

National Historic Park

Hubbell Trading Post

National Historic Site

Canyon de Chelly

National Monument

Hovenweep

National Monument

Navajo

National Monument

Rainbow Bridge

National Monument

Grand Canyon

National Park

Petrified Forest

National Park

Glen Canyon

National Recreation Area

Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness

Wilderness BLM

Petrified Forest National Wilderness Area

Wilderness NPS

Grand Canyon National Park Wilderness Study Area

Wilderness Study Area NPS

-------
lovenweep

Rainbow Bridge

National Monument

Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness

Grand Canyon
National Park and
Wilderness Study Area

Chaco Culture
National Historic Park

Glen Canyon
National
Recreation
Area

9. j. .

»& us>: ¦

¦j.

// fir L^'r-" ,r.t ¦ /

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS (continued)

weather conditions. Reliable wetlands mapping usually requires multiple dates of imagery and field verifications. In recognition of the
importance of riparian areas in the western states, the USFWS has adopted a standardized riparian definition and developed conventions
to guide the mapping of riparian areas (USFWS, 1997 - S08030304).

ENDANGERED AND SENSITIVE SPECIES

The Navajo Natural Heritage Program (NNHP) is the Navajo Nation's rare, threatened and endangered species office. NNHP collects,
manages and disseminates biological and ecological information for land-use planning to promote the conservation of biological diversity
on the Navajo Nation. The NNHP maintains a comprehensive database of information on rare and protected plant and animal species and
biological communities on the Navajo Nation.

NNHP reviews and updates the Navajo Endangered Species List every two years, pursuant to the Navajo Tribal Code. Information on
rare and protected plant and animal species and biological communities on the Navajo Nation is stored in a data system composed of a
computerized database, manual files, maps and a library. Information in the NNHP Database include:

• Biological descriptions of plants and animals occurring on the Navajo Nation. Descriptions include details on taxonomic status,
identification, habitat preferences, reproductive biology, phrenology, etc.

• Information on the status of plants and animals that are rare or protected at the Navajo Nation or federal level.

• Information about specific geographic locations for rare or protected plants and animals on the Navajo Nation.

• Annotated bibliography of publications (reports, articles, books, etc.) relating to biology, ecology and conservation issues, with
primary geographic emphasis on the Navajo Nation and Colorado Plateau area.

• A list of species of concern potentially occurring on each U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute quadrangle covering the Navajo Nation.
"Species of concern" include protected, rare, and certain native species, as well as species of economic or cultural significance.

• Cultural information about plants and animals occurring on the Navajo Nation (e.g., traditional uses and Navajo names). This
information is currently limited.

The Endangered Species List for the Navajo Nation adopted under the Navajo Resources Committee Resolution No. RCAU-103-05 on
August 9, 2005 are listed below. Sensitive species lists for the Navajo Nation can be found at http://nnhp.navajofishandwildlife.org.
There are four types of sensitive species, arranged by Group:

GROUP 1: Those species or subspecies that no longer occur on the Navajo Nation.

GROUP 2 (G2) & GROUP 3 (G3): "Endangered" — Any species or subspecies whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the
Navajo Nation are in jeopardy or are likely within the foreseeable future to become so.

G2: A species or subspecies whose prospects of survival or recruitment are in jeopardy.

G3: A species or subspecies whose prospects of survival or recruitment are likely to be in jeopardy in the foreseeable future.

GROUP 4: Any species or subspecies for which the Navajo Nation Department of Fish and Wildlife (NNDFWL) does not currently
have sufficient information to support their being listed in G2 or G3 but has reason to consider them. The NNDFWL will
actively seek information on these species to determine if they warrant inclusion in a different group or removal from the
list.

NAVAJO ENDANGERED SPECIES LIST - August 2005

Scientific name (Common name)

GROUP 1:

MAMMALS

Canis lupus (Gray Wolf)

Lontra canadensis (Northern River Otter)

Ursus arctos (Grizzly or Brown Bear)

FISHES

Gila elegans (Bonytail)

GROUP 2:

MAMMALS Mustela nigripes (Black-footed Ferret)

BIRDS

AMPHIBIANS
FISHES

PLANTS

Coccyzus americanus (Yellow-billed Cuckoo)

Empidonax traillii extimus (Southwestern Willow Flycatcher)

Rana pipiens (Northern Leopard Frog)

Gila cypha (Humpback Chub)

Gila robusta (Roundtail Chub)

Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado Pikeminnow)

Xyrauchen texanus (Razorback Sucker)

Astragalus cutleri (Cutler's Milk-vetch)

Astragalus humillimus (Mancos Milk-vetch)

Erigeron rhizomatus (Rhizome Fleabane)

Pediocactus bradyi (Brady Pincushion Cactus)

Sclerocactus mesae-verdae (Mesa Verde Cactus)

3-46

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS (continued)

GROUP 3:

MAMM ALS Antilocapra americana (Pronghorn)1

Ovis canadensis (Bighorn Sheep)2

BIRDS A qui/a chrysaetos (Golden Eagle)

Buteo regalis (Ferruginous Hawk)

(Indus mexicanus (American Dipper)

Strix occidentalis lucida (Mexican Spotted Owl )

INVERTEBRATES Speyeria nokomis (Western Seep Fritillary)

PLANTS Allium gooddingii (Gooding's Onion)

Asclepias welshii (Welsh's Milkweed)

Astragulus cremnophylax var. hevroni (Marble Canyon Milk-vetch)

Carex specuicola (Navajo Sedge)

Erigeron acomanus (Acoma Fleabane)

Pediocactus peehlesianus var. fickeiseniae (Fickeisen Plains Cactus)

Penstemon navajoa (Navajo Penstemon)

Platanthera zothecina (Alcove Bog-orchid)

1 G3 designation excludes NNDFWL Management Unit 16 ('New Lands'), the boundaries of which are: From Sanders, AZ east along Unit 4 boundary to the Zuni boundary; south
along the boundary past AZ Hwy 61 to the Navajo Nation/state boundary; west along the boundary past US Hwy 491 to the Navajo Nation/state boundary; north along Rd 2007 to
Navajo, AZ; west (to the north and south of Interstate 40) to the state/Petrified Forest National Park boundary; north along the boundary to the Unit 8 boundary; east along the
boundary to US Hwy 191; south to Chambers and east to Sanders. For a Unit 16 map, contact NNDFWL, P.O. Box 1480, Window Rock, AZ, 86515, (520) 871-6451.

Special hunts of Ovis canadensis may be conducted in Management Unit 11 lor management purposes.

CHAPTER LAND USE PLANNING - WILDLIFE AREAS MAP

AREA I: HIGHLY SENSITIVE WILDLIFE RESOURCES (RED)
This area contains the best habitat for endangered and rare plant,
animal and game species, and the highest concentration of these
species on the Navajo Nation. The purpose of this area is to protect
these valuable and sensitive biological resources to the maximum
extent practical.

AREA 2: MODERATELY SENSITIVE WILDLIFE RESOURCES
(PURPLE)

This area has a high concentration of rare, endangered, sensitive and
game species occurrences or has a high potential for these species to
occur throughout the landscape. The purpose of this area is to
minimize impacts on these species and their habitats within Area 2,
and to ensure the habitats in Area 1 do not become fragmented.

AREA 3: LOW7 SENSITIVITY WILDLIFE RESOURCES (BLUE) Figure 42- Example Wildlife Areas Map for the Chinle Chapter (from

t-,- u i c 4. a , , • c ¦ r Navajo Department of Fish and Wildlife.

This area has a low, fragmented concentration or species or concern. •' 1

Species in this area may be locally abundant on 'islands' of habitat,

but islands are relatively small, limited in number and well spaced across the landscape.

The Resources Committee of the Navajo Nation Council passed a Resolution RCMA-34-03 on March 13, 2003 titled "Approving
Biological Resource Land Use Clearance Policies and Procedures to Assist the Navajo Nation Government and Chapters Ensure
Compliance with Federal and Navajo Laws which Protect Fish, Wildlife, Plant Species and Their Habitat, and Expedite Land Use
Approval." To assist the 110 Navajo Nation Chapters in developing Land-Use Plans under the Local Governance Act (LGA), the
Navajo Department of Fish and Wildlife identified areas that are sensitive to wildlife across the Navajo Nation. They delineated six
types of wildlife areas, covering the entire Navajo Nation, on 1:100,000 scale quadrangle maps. Maps generated from a GIS dataset are
posted on the Internet at URL httpr/Avww Jiavajofishandwildlife.org/clup.htm.

The six categories of wildlife areas are described as follows:

AREA 4: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (GRAY)

The Department has determined that areas around certain communities do not support the habitat for species of concern and, therefore,
development can proceed without further biological evaluation.

AREA 5: BIOLOGICAL PRESERVE (GREEN)

These areas contain excellent, or potentially excellent, wildlife habitat and are recommended by the Department for protection from
most human-related activities, and in some cases are recommended for enhancement.

AREA 6: RECREATIONAL (BROWN)

These areas are used for recreation that involves wildlife, or have potential for development for this purpose. Recreation can involve
consumptive and/or non-consumptive uses of wildlife resources, and is often a part of a broader outdoor experience. Examples include
fishing lakes, camping and picnic areas and hiking trails.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM (PLSS)

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) cadastral survey program is responsible for the official boundary surveys for all federal
agencies in the United States. The Public Land Survey System (PLSS), also called the Rectangular Survey System, is the foundation for
many survey-based land information systems. In 1785, the Continental Congress enacted the Land Ordinance which set in motion a
rectangular survey system to lay out one mile square parcels over all of the federal lands outside the 13 colonies and their western
territories. Our present system of public land survey still retains the basic elements set forth in the Land Ordinance of 1785 (BLM, 2003
-S05140305).

Under the cadastral system, the public domain is plotted from a principal meridian (ainning north and south) and base line (running east
and west) into a grid of squares approximately 6 miles to the side, called "townships." The township is further divided into sections of
one-mile squares containing 640 acres. Sections are numbered 1-36 from the upper right hand corner. The sections can be further
subdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres. The quarters can be divided into half-quarters of 80 acres or into quarter-quarter sections
of 40 acres, etc. Many of the references to locations of AUMs or leases/permits are described in terms of the PLSS. Often, the location
is described by Township, Range, and Section, or somewhere within a square mile.

U.S. Public Land Survey System

M
8

T 3N

T 2H

T 1N

Base

Line

r is

r 2S

a>
2

r aa

Township 4 South. Rang® 3 West

Section 13

S ~iiW

4W urf
• ft

• f Ha
IN V»
«Oao«

Figure 43. Diagram Showing the Relationship Between PLSS Township, Range and Sections.

The BLM Geographic Coordinate Data Base (GCDB) is a collection of coordinate values and other descriptive information for corner
positions and monuments recorded in the PLSS (BLM, 2003 - S05140306). The collection, analysis, and management of the data is the
responsibility of the BLM, Branch of Cadastral Survey. The GCDB grid is computed from BLM survey records (official plats and field
notes), local survey records, and geodetic control information. BLM collects the GCDB data on a township basis. The survey
boundaries are delineated by computing the geographic positions of township, section, aliquot part, government lot, and special survey
corners. Next, official land descriptions are assigned to each land unit in the grid. The records are then reformatted so Geographic
Information System (GIS) software can be used to spatially view the PLSS information.

The BLM began collection of the geographic coordinate information in 1989 and the data collection effort continues today. GCDB data
has been collected for approximately three quarters of the townships in the Western United States. However, as shown on Figure 44,
PLSS and GCDB data are not complete for the New Mexico part of the Navajo Nation. Pink grid cells are where Townships are
mapped. The enlargement map on Figure 44 shows an example of the PLSS in the area of the Cameron Trading Post, which is located
in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 21, Township 29 North, Range 9 East. The Township is shown with thick
red lines. Sections are shown by thinner red lines, and quarter and quarter-quarter sections are shown with thin pink lines.

These PLSS GIS datasets are provided on the GIS Data DVD under the DB/PLSS directory (NN_GCDB_Twnship.shp;
NN_GCDB_Sections.shp; and NN GCDB QSections.shp).

3-48

-------
I uu VV IUO uu vv

—S m

, .R'.'vi f-n 11 m rntr.i
tXX ! i l 111 n _IJJ ntxHa

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

PUBLIC LAND SURVEY SYSTEM (PLSS)

50 ,

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

Township 29 North (T29N), Range 9 East (R9E). The Cameron Trading Post, Arizona is
located in the SW Quarter of the SE Quarter of Section 21.

Legend

~ Township

Sections
Quarter Sections

Sources

The Township, Section, and Quarter Section datasets were
developed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

Filenames:

NN_GCDB_Twnshp.shp

NN_GCDB__Sections.shp

NN_GCDB_QSections.shp

Figure 44. Public Land Survey System (PLSS) of the Navajo Nation.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

DIGITAL RASTER GRAPHIC (DRG). ORTHOPHOTO.AND SATELLITE IMAGES

DIGITAL RASTER GRAPHIC (DRG) IMAGES

Topographic maps are the base map series of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). USGS topographic maps are available as paper maps and
scanned raster files. A Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) is a georeferenced image of a scanned USGS topographic map. The maps were
scanned at a resolution of 250 dots per inch. The horizontal and vertical accuracy of the DRG matches the accuracy of the published source
map. A DRG may be used as a source or background layer in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to collect, review, and revise other
digital data. When the DRG is combined with other digital products, such as a Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad (DOQQ) or a Digital
Elevation Model (DEM), the resulting image provides additional visual information for the extraction and revision of base cartographic
information. DRGs can be used to help identify the surface water migration route, nearby wetlands, and sensitive environments (EPA, 1991
- S01230301). DRGs were used to help assess the completeness of digital data that were acquired from various sources for the Navajo
Nation GIS Database. DRGs for the Navajo Nation were generated from 1963 to 1997. See the index shapefile for DRG dates on the GIS
Data DVD (DB/Index/NN_Topo24K.shp).

DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO QUARTER QUADRANGLE (DOQQ) IMAGES

DOQQs are computer-generated images of an aerial photograph in which image displacements caused by terrain relief, camera tilt and lens
distortions have been removed. The aerial photographs are scanned and processed to create a georeferenced and planimetrically accurate
digital image. The resulting DOQQ combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. A DOQQ
can be used in most any GIS that can manipulate raster images. DOQQs can be used as a cartographic base for displaying other digital
spatial data. The accuracy and detail provided by a DOQQ allow users to evaluate their data for accuracy and completeness, make
modifications to data, and even generate new thematic layers. DOQQs were used extensively in the review and correction of several spatial
datasets prepared for this NAUM Project. The USGS generated DOQQs from black and white aerial photography acquired during the 1990s
for the Navajo Nation. Any recent construction after this period, such as new roads or housing developments, will not be evident on the
DOQQs. The accuracy and quality of USGS DOQQs meet National Map Accuracy Standards at 1:12,000 scale, and have a 1-meter ground
resolution, and accuracy of +/- 33 feet. The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs had new digital orthophotos generated for the Navajo Nation
using 2005 aerial photography.

County Mosaics

Due to the large number of images (i.e., 515 DRGs and 2,060 DOQQs) and large file sizes (29 megabytes per DRG and 50 megabytes per
DOQQ), required to cover the Navajo Nation, it was necessary to acquire county DRG and DOQQ mosaics in compressed format. The
county DRG and DOQQ mosaics were developed by the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) using LizardTech's MrSID
compression software to produce dramatically smaller image sizes (4.4 GB total for the DRG mosaics and 10.7 GB total for the DOQQ
mosaics) with little loss in quality. The county DRG and DOQQ mosaics for the Navajo Nation are referenced to the North American
Datum of 1983 (NAD83) and use the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, Zone 12 for all except the Sandoval County DRG
and DOQQ mosaics, which use Zone 13. Table 6 identifies the DVD Name and filenames for the DRG and DOQQ county mosaics that are
provided and cover the Navajo Nation.

Table 6. DRG and DOQQ County Mosaics with Corresponding DVD Name, Filenames, and UTM Zone.

County, State

DRG Filename

DVD Name

DOQQ Filename

DVD Name

UTM Zone

Apache, Arizona

Apache_AZ_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

Apache_AZ_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_1

Coconino, Arizona

Coconino_AZ_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

Coconino_N_AZ_DOQQ.sid
Coconino_S_AZ_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_1

McKinley, New Mexico

McKinley_NM_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

McKinley_NM_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_2

Navajo, Arizona

Navajo_AZ_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

Navajo_N_AZ_DOQQ.sid
Navajo_S_AZ_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_2

Sandoval, New Mexico

Sandoval_NM_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

Sandoval_NM_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_3

San Juan, New Mexico

San_Juan_NM_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

San_Juan_NM_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_3

San Juan, Utah

San_Juan_UT_DRG.sid

DVD_DRG

San_Juan_SW_UT_DOQQ.sid
San_Juan_SE_UT_DOQQ.sid

DVD_DOQQ_3

SATELLITE IMAGES

The Landsat satellites are earth observing instruments that were designed to provide consistently calibrated Earth imagery to support
monitoring of changes in the Earth's land surface and associated environment. They detect spectrally-filtered radiation at visible, near-
infrared, short-wave, and thermal infrared frequency bands from the sun-lit Earth. The imagery can be used in a variety of applications,
including land and water management, global change research, oil and mineral exploration, agricultural forecasting, pollution monitoring,
change detection, and cartographic mapping.

Figure 45 shows a Landsat MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS) image mosaic. It was developed from North American Landscape Characterization
(NALC) Triplicate Data that uses precision (i.e. ground control points) and terrain corrected Landsat 4 and 5 MSS images. The four images
that comprise the mosaic were acquired by Landsat between June 18, 1992 and September 5, 1992. The MSS bands 4 (Near-Infrared wave-
length), 3 (Red wavelength), and 2 (Green wavelength) are displayed with red, green, and blue, respectively, producing a False Color
Infrared composite image, wherein vegetation is red.

Landsat 7 is a later generation earth observing satellite that uses the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). It produces enhanced
spectral and spatial resolution satellite imagery. Its panchromatic band 8 provides black and white imagery with a spatial resolution of 15
meters. Thirteen Landsat 7 ETM+ panchromatic band 8 (visible light) images were acquired from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF).
Dates of the imagery range between June 6, 2000 and August 26, 2002. These orthorectified images were mosaiced together to provide a
single 15 meter resolution black and white image of the entire Navajo Nation.

The two (2) satellite images are provided on the DVD named "DVD DOQQ 3" (Satellite/NN Landsat ETM Pan.img and Satellite/
Nav_MSS.img).

3-50

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Archuleta Co.

COLORADO

[ontezuma Co.

MEW MEXICO

Rio Arriba Co.

Apache Co.

Navajo Co.

Coconino Co.

mdoval Co.

Map Enlargement

HOPI

RESERVATION

McKinley Co.

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

LANDSAT, DIGITAL RASTER GRAPHIC (DRG), AND
DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO QUARTER QUADRANGLE (DOQQ) IMAGERY

The map enlargements above show portions of a County DRG mosaic (left) and County DOQQ mosaic (right) of the Cameron Trading Post and Little Colorado River area. The County mosaics were acquired from the
Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Miles

Map Scale 1:1,750,000

The Landsat MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS) image mosaic in the top map was developed from four EROS Data Center 1992 North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) Triplicate images. The counties named
with black text identify the DRG and DOQQ County Mosaics that are provided on DVDs with this document.

Figure 45. Landsat, Digital Raster Graphic, and Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle Imagery of the Navajo Nation.

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REFERENCES

NOTE: Reference documents used in the preparation of this Atlas were scanned. Electronic versions are included in the accompanying DVDs, with the exception
of documents that are copyrighted, unpublished, draft, considered limited distribution, confidential, sensitive, or proprietary.

Arizona Department of Water Resources, 2003. "Arizona Department of Water Resources Outside Active Management Areas (AMA) - Little
Colorado River Plateau Basin." Accessed on February 14, 2004 at URL hap: www.uzwuler.gov adwr conlenl waicrin/b oulsidcamas
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Burson, Zolin, G., 1979. "An Aerial Radiological Survey of the Rio Puerco River Downstream From the Church Rock Uranium Tailings Spill. Dates
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Cabeen, T.W., 1958. "Land Tenure in Northeastern Arizona" in Anderson, Roger Y. and John W. Harshbarger, eds., "Guidebook of the Black Mesa
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Chenoweth, William L., 1997. "A Summary of Uranium-Vanadium Mining in the Carrizo Mountains, Arizona and New Mexico, 1920-1968." in
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Chenoweth, William L., 1996. 'The Geology, Leasing and Production History of the Plot 3 Uranium-Vanadium Mines, San Juan County, New
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Chenoweth, William L., 1995. "The Geology, Leasing and Production History of the Oak Springs Uranium-Vanadium Mines, Apache County,
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Chenoweth, William L., 1993. "Geology and Production History of the Uranium Deposits in the Cameron Area, Coconino County, Arizona."

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Chenoweth, William L., 1991. 'The Geology and Production History of the Uranium-Vanadium Deposits in Monument Valley, San Juan County,
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Chenoweth, William L., 1991. "The Geology and Production History of the Bluestone No. 1 Uranium-Vanadium Mine, Garnet Ridge, Apache
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Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "Uranium Occurrences on the Zhealy Tso Mining Permit Near Chinle, Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological
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Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "The Geology and Production History of the Morale Uranium Mine, Hopi Buttes Area, Navajo County, Arizona."
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Chenoweth, William L., 1989. "The Geology and Production History of Uranium Deposits in the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation
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Chenoweth, William L., 1989. "Geology and Production History of Uranium Deposits in the Dakota Sandstone, McKinley County, New Mexico." V.
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Chenoweth, William L., 1989. "The Access Road Program of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey,
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3-52

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REFERENCES (continued)

Chenoweth, William L., 1985. "Historical Review of Uranium-Vanadium Production in the Northern and Western Carrizo Mountains, Apache
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1985, 35 p. (S10020203)

Chenoweth, William L., 1985. 'The Geology and Production History of the Sanostee Area, San Juan County, New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of
Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 223, January 1985, 37 p. Pages 1, 29, and 35 revised October 1986. (S08250504)

Chenoweth, William L., 1985. "Historical Review of Uranium Production from the Todilto Limestone, Cibola and McKinley Counties, New
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Chenoweth, William L., 1984. "Historical Review of Uranium-Vanadium Production in the Eastern Carrizo Mountains, San Juan County, New
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Chenoweth, William L., and Roger C. Malan, 1973. "The Uranium Deposits of Northeastern Arizona" in Guidebook of Monument Valley and
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Team (NNEPA, USEPA, New Mexico Scientific Laboratory Division, NTUA and NM Water Quality Control Commission)
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Cooley, M. E., J. W. Harshbarger, J.P. Akers, and W.F. Hardt with a section on vegetation by O.N. Hicks, 1969. "Regional Hydrogeology of the
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cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Navajo Nation, 61 p. (SI 0290201)

Dare, W. L., 1961. "Uranium Mining in the Lukachukai Mountains, Apache County, Arizona." Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Inc., U.S. Department of
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Desert Research Institute, 2003. "Climate of Arizona." Accessed on February 12, 2004 at URL http://www.wrcc.dri.edti/narratives/ARIZONA.htm,
2 p.(S08020302)

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(S05270703)

DeVoto, R. H., and Huber, G. C., 1982, "Defendant's Rebuttal Exhibits, Geology and Mineral Leasing and Mining of the Navajo Indian Reservation
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Ecosystem Management, Inc., 2004. "Sanitary Assessment of Drinking Water Used by Navajo Residents Not Connected to Public Water Systems
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Finch, Warren I., 1996. "Uranium Provinces of North America - Their Definition, Distribution, and Models." U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2141,
24 p. (S05310701)

General Services Administration, 1981. "Accounting Report on Navajo Property, Copper, Missions, National Monuments, Rights of Way, Sand,
Rock, Gravel, and Vanadium, Dockets 69, 299, 353, Volume 1: General Services Administration, Indian Trust Accounting Division
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Grahame, John D. and Thomas D. Sisk, ed. 2002. "Canyons, Cultures and Environmental Change: An Introduction to the Land-use History of the
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Gregg, C. Clair and Charles S. Evensen with a text by William L. Chenoweth, 1989. "Maps of the Underground Workings, Monument No. 2 Mine,
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Hahne, F.J., 1989. "Early Uranium Mining in the United States." Paper presented at the 14th International Symposium held by the Uranium Institute
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Harshbarger, John, 1946. "Supplemental and Summary Report in Western Carrizo Uplift and Chuska Mountains Areas of Northern Indian Reserva-
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Hendricks, Thane J., 2001. "An Aerial Radiological Survey of Abandoned Uranium Mines in the Navajo Nation - Surveys Conducted in Arizona,
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Hill, Carol A., 2003. "Caves and Karst in New Mexico." New Mexico Earth Matters Newsletter, Winter Edition. New Mexico Bureau of Geology
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Hilpert, Lowell, S., 1963. "Regional and Local Stratigraphy of Uranium-Bearing Rocks," in Geology and Technology of the Grants Uranium
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Hiza, Margaret, 2003. "Navajo Dunes," in Effects of Climatic Variability and Land Use on American Drylands. U.S. Department of the Interior,
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3-53

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REFERENCES (continued)

Holen, Harlen K. and William 0. Hatchell, 1986. "Geological Characterization of New Mexico Uranium Deposits for Extraction by In Situ Leach
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Mexico, Open File Report 251, 93 p. (S08200601)

Jobst, Joel, 1981. "An Aerial Radiological Survey of the Shiprock, New Mexico Uranium Mill Tailings Site and Surrounding Area." EG&G Survey
Report EP-U-001, June 1981, 10 p. (S10290208)

McKenzie, Taylor, 1999. "Testimony of Taylor McKenzie, M.D., Submitted to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, May 4, 1999." Accessed on
January 28, 2003 at URL http://www.senate.gOv/~scia/1999hrgs/census5.4/mckenzie.pdf (S0\2W$02)

McLemore, Virginia T., 2003. "Uranium Resources in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico," in Spencer G. Lucas, Steven C. Semken, William R.

Berglof, and Dana Ulmer-Scholle (eds.) New Mexico Geological Survey Guidebook, 54th Field Conference, "Geology of the Zuni
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McLemore, Virginia T., 1983. "Uranium and Thorium Occurrences in New Mexico: Distribution, Geology, Production, and Resources with Selected
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McLemore, Virginia T., Kelly Donahue, Christian B. Krueger, Amanda Rowe, Linda Ulbricht, Meghan L. Jackson, Michael R. Breese, Glen Jones,
and Maureen Wilks, 2002. "Database of Uranium Mines, Prospects, Occurrences, and Mills in New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of
Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, Open File Report 461, lip.
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McLemore, Virginia T. and William L. Chenoweth, 1991. "Uranium Mines and Deposits in the Grants District, Cibola and McKinley Counties, New
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McLemore, Virginia T. and William L. Chenoweth, 1989. "Uranium Resources in New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, Resource Map 18, 36 p. (S08200608)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2007. "Navajo AML Reclamation Program Accomplishments, Awards, and Recognition."
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Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Carrizo 2 AML Project, Oak Springs Arizona and New Mexico, Technical
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Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Navajo AML Reclamation Program and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Site Tour,
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Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "CP-2 CP-3 Health Physics and Instrumentation Monitoring Plan." Obtained from
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Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Non-coal Site Inventories for Priority I, II, and III Sites - Priority Tables for
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Navajo Nation, 2005. "Resolution of the Navajo Nation Council - Dine Natural Resources Protection Act of 2005." 20th Navajo Nation Council -
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Navajo Nation, 2002. "Testimony of the Navajo Nation Submitted For the Record of the Committee on Environment and Public Works Sub-
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Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, 2000. "Water Resource Development Strategy for the Navajo Nation." Strategic Plan, July 17, 2000,
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Navajo Nation Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2007. "Fishing Areas on the Navajo Nation." Accessed on May 31, 2007 at URL http://

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

REFERENCES (continued)

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SOURCES

NOTE: Reference and source documents used for the NA UM Project were scanned. The documents listed here were not cited in the Screening Assessment Report
or Atlas, but were used to develop geospatial datasets, or were sources of geospatial data. Electronic versions are included in the accompanying DVDs,
with the exception of documents that are copyrighted, unpublished, draft, considered limited distribution, confidential, sensitive, or proprietary.

Akers, J.P., J.C. Shorty, and P. R. Stevens, 1971. "Hydrology of the Cenozoic Igneous Rocks, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New
Mexico and Utah." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 521-D, 18 p. (S02240306)

Anderson, Orin A., 1981. "Abandoned or Inactive Uranium Mines in New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, Open File Report 148, 778 p. (S08200606)

Anderson, Orin J. and Spencer G. Lucas, 1997. "The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the Four Corners Region." New Mexico Geological

Society Guidebook, 48th Field Conference, Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Four Corners Region, pp. 139-155. (S05170303)

Arizona Geological Survey, 2002. "Database for Mineral Districts in the State of Arizona." Digital Information Series DI-23. (S02270316)

Bain, Andrew, 2006. "Navajo Abandoned Uranium Mines Assessment (IAG-DW96-95553101). Review Draft Eastern AUM Region Screening
Assessment Report." Written communication from Andrew Bain (USEPA Region 9) to Kathleen Anderson (USACE) dated November
14, 2006.(SI 1150601)

Baker, Arthur A., 1936. "Geology of the Monument Valley - Navajo Mountain Regional San Juan County, Utah." U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
865. 105 p. (S04070610)

Billingsley, George H, 2007. "Email Communication Regarding the Location of the Hosteen Nez Mine in the Western AUM Region". 3 p.
(S03130701)

Billingsley, George H, 1987. "Geologic Map of the Southwestern Moenkopi Plateau and Southern Ward Terrace, Coconino County, Arizona."
U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map 1-1793, scale 1: 31,680. (S02100602)

Blagbrough, J. W., W. L. Chenoweth, and N. J. Clinton, 1959. "Diamond and Wagon Drilling on Cove and East Mesas, Apache County, Arizona."
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Report No. RME-127, November 1959, 21 p. (S04170302)

Blagbrough, J. W., D.A. Thieme, B. J. Archer and R. W. Lott, 1959. "Uranium Reconnaissance and Drilling in the Sanostee Area, San Juan
County, New Mexico and Apache County, Arizona." Atomic Energy Commission, RME-11. (S08220501)

Chenoweth, William L., (Unpub.) "The Geology, Exploration, and Production History of the Upper and Lower Canyon Uranium-Vanadium Mines,
Apache County, Arizona and San Juan County, New Mexico." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-07-. 20 p.
(S01170701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication With Comments on Spreadsheets on Preliminary Uranium-Vanadium Production Statistics
for Navajo Nation Abandoned Uranium Mines." 9 p. (S01150702)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication with Post AEC Uranium Ore Production Statistics for Eastern AUM Region Abandoned
Uranium Mines." 20 p. (S01150705)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication With South Saytah Canyon and Selected Nearby Northern AUM Region Uranium Ore
Production Statistics." 8 p. (S01150710)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication With Cove, Kinusta, and East Mesa Uranium Ore Production Statistics." 7 p. (S01150709)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication With Production Worksheets Compiled on Selected Uranium Mines for the Northern AUM
Region." 18 p. (S01300701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Email Communication Regarding Post-AEC Mine Production for the NE Church Rock Mines in the Eastern AUM
Region." 3 p. (S02130702)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Email Communication Regarding the Locations of the Rocky/Rocky Flats Mines in the Northern AUM Region." 8
p. (S02130704)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Email Communication Regarding the Location, Names, and Production of the Various Haystack Mines in the
Eastern AUM Region." 6 p. (S02150705)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Email Communication Regarding the NE Churchrock No 2 AUM in the Eastern AUM Region." 2 p. (S02160701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Email Communication Regarding Wet Versus. Dry (Above or Below Water Table) Mines on the Navajo Nation."
2 p.(S03190701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding the Uranium Mines of the Southwestern Rim of the Beclabito Dome in the
Northern AUM Region." 5 p. (S02130707)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding the Rocky Flats No. 1 and 2 Mines in the Northern AUM Region." 3 p.
(S02150704)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding Kerr-McGee Mines, Post AEC Ore Production." 3 p. (S03080705)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Listing Underground Mines in the Eastern AUM Region That Were Mined Below the
Water Table." 2 p. (S03090701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding a Mine Operation Data Sheet for the Pete Mine in the Northern AUM Region."
2 p. (S03090702)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding the NE Church Rock Mine, A Listing of Uranium Mining Areas on the Navajo
Nation, and a Listing of Uranium Milling on the Navajo Nation." 3 p. (S03090704)

3-56

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding the Mobil Crownpoint Leaching Site, Kerr-McGee's NE Church Rock Mine,
Section 35 and 36 mines, and Updates of Post-AEC Production for the NE Church Rock, Old Church Rock, Church Rock Ion-Exchange,
Ruby No. 3, Ruby No. 1, Mariano Lake, Section 32 (Begay Allotment), Blackjack No. 1, Mac No. 1, Billy the Kid, Section 25 (13/10) in
the Eastern AUM Region." 9 p. (S03090705)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication in Response to Questions on Eastern AUM Region Mines (1-7 - Crownpoint, Section 9;

Crownpoint, South Trend; Church Rock ISL/Ion Exchange; Dakota/Junior/ Pat/ Section 4; Mines of Ambrosia Lake; Section 25 (13/10);
Mine Water Recovery), Mines of the Lukachukai Mountains of the Northern AUM Region (8-16 - Mesa I, Black No. 2, Cisco and Camp,
Mesa III NW & N, Mesa IV 1/2 and Simpson 181, Mesa V Adit and Incline, Frank No. 1, Nakai Chee Begay and Tom Joe 298), Mines
of the Sweetwater Area of the Northern AUM Region (17-19 - Aneth 1, Pete 6 & 7, and Horsefly), and the Moonlight Mine of the North
Central AUM Region (20)." 16 p. (S03090706)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding Post-AEC Production Figures for the Buckey Mine of the Eastern AUM
Region." 3 p. (S04240701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding Production for the West Reservation Lease of the Northern AUM Region During
the Period 1948-1952." 4 p. (S04280701)

Chenoweth, William L., 2007. "Written Communication Regarding Henry Phillip's Gothe Mine." 3 p. (S01300702)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding a Navajo Tribal Mining Department Cameron Area Mine Claims Map, Mining
Permit Information for the Max Huskon, No. 1 and 2-7 Claims, and Information Related to the Max Huskon Claims and the Martin
Johnson Claim. " February 16, 2006. 4 p. (S02160601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "E-mail Communication Regarding Jack Daniels No. 3 and Max Johnson No. 4 Mines of the Cameron Area."

February 23, 2006. 4 p. (S02230601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "E-mail Communication Regarding the Tract 17 Mine Estimated Location." April 11, 2006. 4 p. (S04120601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Dan Taylor No. 1." June 22, 2006. 1 p. (S06220604)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Kasewood Bahe No. 1, Thomas Begay No. 1, Frank Todecheenie No. 1, and
Sam Charley No. 1." June 22, 2006. 3 p. (S06220605)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Claim 16." June 22, 2006. 2 p. (S06220606)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Edward Steve No. 1, Arrowhead No. 1, Arrowhead No. 2, and a Nearby
Unnamed AUM." June 22, 2006. 2 p. (S06220607)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Claims 3, 4, 6, 7, and 10." June 22, 2006. 3 p. (S06220608)

Chenoweth, William L., 2006. "Written Communication Regarding Responses to Inquiries About the Grants Uranium Mines: Billy the Kid; Section
25 Mines; Old Church Rock Mine; Hutton James Area; Haystack Area, and the Crownpoint Area." September 20, 2006. 16 p.
(S09200601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2005. "Written Communication Regarding the Location, Ownership, Operator, and Production for Navajo Tribal Mining
Permit 206." March 2, 2005. (S03100501)

Chenoweth, William L., 2004. "Unpublished Report - The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Rattlesnake No. 8 and Adjacent Uranium
-Vanadium Mines, Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-04. (S02280601)

Chenoweth, William L., 2003. "Geology of Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, Utah - Arizona" in: Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments.

2003 Utah Geological Association Publication 28. D. A. Sprinkel, T. C. Chidsey, Jr., and P. B. Anderson editors., p. 529-533.
(S04210603)

Chenoweth, William L., 2003. "Written Communication Regarding Field Examination of Tohe-Thlany-Begay Property, Apache County, Arizona."
October 24, 1960. (S05070306)

Chenoweth, William L., 2003. "The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Rattlesnake No. 1/Shorty No. 1 Uranium -Vanadium Mine,
Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-03-D. (S08250502)

Chenoweth, William L., 2003. "The Geology, Leasing, and Production History on the Eurida Mesa, Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological
Survey Contributed Report CR-03-C. (S08250501)

Chenoweth, William, L., 2002. 'The Geology, Exploration, and Production History of the Begay No. 2 Uranium-Vanadium Mine, San Juan County,
New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 465, June 2002. (S05070307)

Chenoweth, William L., 2002. "The Geology, Exploration, and Production History of the Tent No. 1 Uranium-Vanadium Mine, San Juan County,
New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 466, June 2002. (S05070308)

Chenoweth, William L., 2000. "The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Cottonwood Butte (Plot 8) Uranium-Vanadium Mine, San
Juan County, New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 451, February 2000.
(S03240307)

Chenoweth, William L., 2000. "The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Williams Point Uranium-Vanadium Mine, San Juan County,
New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 452, February 2000. (S03240308)

Chenoweth, William L., 1999. "The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Uranium-Vanadium Mines on North Star Mesa, Apache
County, Arizona and San Juan County, New Mexico." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Paper 99-A, January 1999, 24 p.
(S10100220)

3-57

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Chenoweth, William L., 1999. 'The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Martin Uranium - Vanadium Mine, Apache County, Arizona."
Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report 99-B. (S10100219)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. 'The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Syracuse (R F and R) Uranium-Vanadium Mine, Apache
County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report 97-D, August 1997, 14 p. (S10100235)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. "Geology, Exploration, Production History of the Alongo and Red Wash Uranium -Vanadium Mines on H. S.

Begay's Mining Permits, San Juan County, New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No.
432, Nov. 1997. (S03240305)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. 'The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Sunnyside Uranium - Vanadium Mine, Apache County,
Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report 97-C. (S10100234)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. 'The Geology, Leasing, and Production History of the Red Wash Point Uranium-Vanadium Mine, San Juan County,
New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 433, December 1997, 21 p. (S03240306)

Chenoweth, William L., 1997. 'The Geology and Production History of the Sunlight and South Sunlight Uranium Mines, Navajo County, Arizona."
Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-97-A. 12 p. (S10100232)

Chenoweth, William L., 1996. "The Geology, Leasing and Production History of the Plot 7 Uranium-Vanadium Mines, San Juan County, New
Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report 420, 1996. (S03240303)

Chenoweth, William L., 1996. "The Geology and Production History of the Tract 11 and Tract 17 Uranium Mines, Navajo County, Arizona."

Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-96-A. 10 p. (S04070601)

Chenoweth, William L., 1995. "Geology and Production History of the Golden Crown (George Harrison No. 1) Uranium Mine, Navajo County,
Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-95-F. 6 p. (S10100218)

Chenoweth, William L., 1995. "Geology and Production History of the Mitchell Butte Uranium -Vanadium Mine, Navajo County, Arizona."

Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-95-B. 10 p. (S10100226)

Chenoweth, William L., 1995. "Location, Geology and Mining, Sam Charlie No. 1 Uranium-Vanadium Prospect, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona
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Chenoweth, William L., 1995. 'The Geology, Exploration, and Production History of the Capitan Benally No. 4A Uranium - Vanadium Mine,
Apache County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report 95-E. (S10100217)

Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "The Geology, Exploration and Production History of the Begay No. 1 and Carrizo No. 1 Uranium-Vanadium Mines,
San Juan County, New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 407, December 1994,
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Chenoweth, William L., 1994. "The Location and Production History of the Chimney No. 1 Uranium - Vanadium Mine, Apache County, Arizona."
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Chenoweth, William L., 1993. "The Geology, Leasing and Production History of the King Tutt Point Uranium - Vanadium Mines, San Juan County,
New Mexico." New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Report No. 394, April 1993. (S03240301)

Chenoweth, William L., 1992. "Location, Geologic Setting, and Production History of the Harvey Blackwater Nos. 1, 3, and 4 Uranium Mines,
Apache County, Arizona, and San Juan County, Utah." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-92-B. 8 p. (S10020201)

Chenoweth, William L., 1992. "Map and Geologic Sections of the Underground Workings of the Monument No. 1 and Mitten No. 2 Uranium -
Vanadium Mines, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-92-A. 9 p. (S10100240)

Chenoweth, William L., 1991. "Geologic Maps of the Underground Workings of the Black Rock and Sally Uranium Mines, Navajo County,
Arizona." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-91-A. 6 p. (S10100238)

Chenoweth, William L., 1990. "The Zona No. 1 Uranium - Vanadium Mine, Northeast Carrizo Mountains, Apache County, Arizona." Arizona
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Chenoweth, William L., 1989. 'The Carrizo 'Gold" Mine." Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-89-B. 26 p. (S10020204)

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Chenoweth, William L., 1989. "Geologic Map of the Underground Workings of the Harve Black No. 2 Mine, Navajo County, Arizona." Arizona
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Chenoweth, William L., 1957. "Radioactive Titaniferous Heavy-mineral Deposits in the San Juan Basin, Mew Mexico and Colorado in: "Guidebook
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Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2002. "Red Valley, Arizona and New Mexico 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5
Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." (S02230340)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2002. "Horse Mesa, Arizona and New Mexico 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5
Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." (S02230341)

3-60

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2002. "Western Navajo Plateau AML Reclamation Project, Technical Specifications/'
Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. May 2002. 90 p. (S04010502)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2001. "Oak Springs 4, Phase II AML Reclamation Project, Oak Springs Arizona and New
Mexico, Technical Specifications and Maps and Drawings.'' Shiprock Field Office, Shiprock, New Mexico, January, 2001. Obtained
from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230325)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Mesa Grande AMLR Project, Proposal Documents." Shiprock Field Office, Shiprock,
New Mexico, July 2000." Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090406)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "NAMLRP Inventory Assessment." Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S06220401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Tse Tah 3 AML Reclamation Project, Proposal Documents." Obtained from Navajo
Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090410)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Eastern AML Reclamation Project Proposal Documents." Obtained from the Navajo
Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090407)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2000. "Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet "namlrd_invcntory_asscssmcnt_updatc_fcb2000.xls'
Containing Information About Mine Sites." February, 2000. Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program.
(S06220401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1999. "Carrizo I AML Project, Beclabito, New Mexico and Oak Springs and Sweetwater,
Arizona: Technical Specifications and Maps and Drawings." Shiprock Field Office, Shiprock, New Mexico, February, 1999. Obtained
from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230327)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1999. "NAMLRP Reclamation Project Contract Documents, Technical Specifications and
Maps and Drawings for the Scenic Vista AMLR Project, Montezuma Creek, Utah, Halchita, Utah, and Coal Mine Mesa, Arizona AML
Areas." Shiprock Field Office, Shiprock, New Mexico, May 1999. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation
Program. (S3090409)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1997. "NAMLRP Contract Documents - Cameron 3 AML Project, Cameron, Arizona."
Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090403)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1996. "Oak Springs 2 Supplemental AML Project, Technical Specifications and Maps and

Drawings." Shiprock Field Office, Shiprock, New Mexico, December, 1996. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S02230326)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1994. "Tse Tah II / Oak Springs II AML Reclamation Project Contract Documents,
Technical Specifications and Maps and Drawings." Shiprock Field Office, October, 1994. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine
Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230329)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1994. "Tse Tah II / Oak Springs II AML Reclamation Project Contract Documents."

Shiprock Field Office, October, 1994. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090412)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1991. "NAMLRD Reclamation Project Grants Application, Cameron Project 1, March 1,
1991." Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S04130406)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Beclabito AML Problem Area Inventory." Vol. 1, Field Log Book Describing Field
Conditions for Reclamation Sites 1-85. Navajo Nation Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program, January 8 - April 20, 1990. Obtained
from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230305)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Beclabito AML Problem Area Site Sketches (Site 1-85)." Navajo Nation Abandoned
Mine Reclamation Program, 1990. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230307)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Oak Spring Sites 187-223." Vol. Ill Field Log Book Describing Field Conditions,
November 14, 1988 - December 15, 1988. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230312)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Cove AML Problem Area Sketch Book: Sites #1 - 179, Field Sketches." 1989-1990.
Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230322)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Cove AML Problem Area Sketch Book: Sites #180 - 230, Field Sketches." 1989-1990.
Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230323)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area Inventory." Field Log Book Describing Field
Conditions for Reclamation Sites 1 - 48. July 30 - August 30, 1990. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation.
(S03090419)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1990. "Report of Investigation, Cameron Problem Area, Cameron Uranium Mining District"
Prepared October 1988, Revised January 1990. Prepared by Charles M Heaton, Tuba City Sub-Office. Obtained from the Navajo
Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Department, 40 p. (S04130407)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1989. "Cove Inventory Vol. 1, Field Log Book Describing Field Conditions for Reclamation
Sites 1 - 126." May 22, 1989 - October 11, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230315)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1989. "Tse Tah Inventory, Field Log Book Describing Field Conditions for Reclamation
Sites 1 -174." March 1989. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090421)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1989. "Uranium Mines and Occurrences, Shiprock AML District, Tse Tah Problem Areas,
Teec Nos Pos, Apache County, Arizona." Navajo Nation Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Program. (S03090473)

3-61

-------

ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1988. "Oak Spring AML Problem Area Inventory." Vol. 1, Field Log Book Describing Field
Conditions for 53 Reclamation Sites. September 22, 1988 - October 14, 1988. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S02230309)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1988. "Oak Spring - Vol. 1." Field Log Book for the Oak Spring AML Area Describing
Field Conditions for Reclamation Sites on King Tutt Mesa, Oak Spring and TseTah. August 17, 1988 - November 30, 1988. Obtained
from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230310)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1988. "Oak Spring Sites 36 - 186 Red Mesa Pit and Copper Mine." Vol. II, Field Log Book
Describing Field Conditions for Reclamation Sites 36 - 186. October 28, 1988 - November 14, 1988. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230311)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1988. "Oak Spring Sites 187 - 223." Vol. Ill, Field Log Book Describing Field Conditions
for Reclamation Sites 187 - 223. November 14, 1988 - December 15, 1988. Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation
Program. (S02230312)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Field Log Book for Monument Valley Inventory, 1990 and 1994." Obtained from
the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090415)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Mosaic of 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangle Maps:
Big Point, Boot Mesa, Garnet Ridge, Mitten Buttes, Mystery Valley, and Rooster Rock, Arizona; and Goulding, Jacobs Monument, and
Oljeto, Utah With Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program.
(S03090441)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Navajo Nation Archaeology Department Report No. 91-375: An Archaeological
Survey for the Proposed Reclamation of 11 Abandoned Mines in Cameron, Coconino County, AZ (NNAD-91-375) Cameron NAMLRD
Project 2)." Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S04130401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Boot Mesa 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Boot Jack, Joe Rock, Big Four, Big Chief, Naschoy, and Alma-
Seegin." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090443)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Boot Mesa 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Tract 14, Tract 11 and 11E, and Tract 2A." Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090442)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Boot Mesa 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Tract 24 Mine-A and Mine-B." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S03090447)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Boot Mesa 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Sunlight Mine, Moonlight Mine, Daylight Mine, Starlight Mine,
Fern Mine, Radium Hill 'A" and B'. and Utah Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090444)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Clay Hills 3 NW 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Whirlwind Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Recla-
mation Program. (S03090454)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Clay Hills SE 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Monument #3 Mine, Taylor Reid Mine A, B, and C, C-3
Mine, Mitten #1 Mine, and Copper Point Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090448)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Clay Hills 3 SE 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Tom Holiday Mine, Norcross Mine - A, B, C, and D, and
Keith Mine - A and B." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090450)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Garnet Ridge 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Harvey Blackwater Claim." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S03090452)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Goulding 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Skyline Mine East, North, and West, Mitten #1 'A' & B'. and
Rock Door Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090449)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Mystery Valley 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Sally Mine and Black Rock Mine." Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090445)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Mystery Valley 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Monument #1 Annex Mine, Mitten #2 - A and B, Monu-
ment #1 A, B, and C, and Harvey Black Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090446)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Oljeto 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadran-
gle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Tract 7, Tract 8 (Quartz), Tract 12, Tract 15, Alfred Mills, and
Horsetrail." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090455)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Rooster Rock 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Quadrangle Map with Monument Valley AML Site Locations and Numbers, Willie Water Claim, Monument #2 VCA, John Yazzie #1
Mine, and Chee Nez #1 Mine." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090451)

3-62

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Beclabito AML Problem Area, Project Area NA-0401: Site Nos. 69 and 70
(Copper Mine), Beclabito, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine
Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090428)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cove AML Problem Area, Knife Edge, Joleo, Cisco and Camp Mesa" Mines, Lu-
kachukai,, Arizona and Bad Bug Butte, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Show-
ing Mine Features and Project Boundaries. " Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090440)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cove AML Problem Area, Abandoned Mines Within Mesa I to V, Mesa I: Mine
#10-15: Sites 1-21, Mesa II: Mine #1 and 2, P-21: Sites 35-41, Mesa V: Mine V Mine: Sites 88-90, Frank Jr. Mine: Site 99, Cove,
Apache County, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features and
Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090439)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cove AML Problem Area, Frank No. 1 Mines: Sites 73-82, Project Area NA-
0301, Mexican Cry Mesa, Apache County, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map
Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries. " Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090438)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cove AML Problem Area Inventory" Vol. II. Field Log Book for the Cove AML
Area: Reclamation Sites 127-230 (10/11/90-6/4/90). Obtained from Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230316)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Oak Springs AML Sites, Horse Mesa, Arizona and New Mexico and Red Valley,
Arizona and New Mexico 1.24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Maps Showing Mine Features
and Project Boundaries/' Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S02230332)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sanostee AML Project Area - Summary (Priority IFs) Roof Butte, Arizona - New
Mexico and Sanostee West, San Juan County, New Mexico 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle
Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries.'' Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090459)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sanostee AML Project Area - Summary (Priority Ill's) Roof Butte, Arizona - New
Mexico and Sanostee West, San Juan County, New Mexico 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle
Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090458)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sanostee AML Project Area, Red Valley and Roof Butte, Arizona and Mitten
Rock and Sanostee West, San Juan County, New Mexico 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle
Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090456)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Sites Nos. 42, 43 and 43 Toh Atin Mesa's
Mines, Toh Atin Mesa West 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features
and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090472)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Sites Nos. 44-47 Northwest of Sweetwater
Chapter House, Walker Butte, Apache County, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle
Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090471)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Site No. 41 Toh Atin Mesa Mine, Toh Atin
Mesa East 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features and Project
Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090470)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Kinusta, Segi Ho Cho and Sunnyside Mesa
Mines, Kinusta Mesa, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features
and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090468)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Kinusta Mesa, Arizona, Toh Chin Lini Mesa,
Arizona and White Area Canyon, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing
Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090466)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Sweetwater AML Problem Area, Toh Atin Mesa East, Arizona, Toh Atin Mesa,
West, Arizona and Walker Butte, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing
Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090465)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Teec Nos Pos AML Problem Area, Site Nos. 71-85, Teec Nos Pos Abandoned
Mines, Cow Butte, Arizona and Utah and Teec Nos Pos, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological
Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle Map Showing Mine Features and Project Boundaries." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S03090429)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Differentially Corrected Trimble GPS Files for the Cameron Area, Project Areas:
NA-0104, NA-011 OA, NA-0110B, NA-0 111, NA-0121, NA-0124B, NA-0155A, NA-0155B, NA-0197A, NA-0197B, and NA-124C."
Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S06150401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Differentially Corrected Trimble GPS Files for the Cameron Reclamation Projects
1, 2, 3, and 4: NA-0105A, NA-0105B, NA-0113, NA-0123, NA-0124A, NA-0125, NA-0127, NA-0128A, NA-0128B, NA-0129, NA-
0130, NA-0131 A, NA-0131B, NA-0134, NA-0135, NA-0136, NA-0137, NA-0138, NA-0139, NA-0141, NA-0148, NA-0149A, NA-
0149B, NA-0149C, NA-0149D, NA-0153, NA-0154, NA-0163, NA-0166, NA-0172B, NA-0173, NA-0174, NA-0175, NA-0179, NA-
0180, NA-0186, NA-0187, NA-0194, NA-0195, NA-0196A, NA-0196B, NA-0197, NA-0198, and NA-155A." Obtained from the
Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Differentially Corrected Trimble GPS Files for the Cameron Reclamation Project
6, Monument Valley Reclamation Project 4: NA-0102, NA-0103A, NA-0103B, NA-0106, NA-0107, NA-0108, NA-0109, NA-0184,
NA-0216, NA-0217, NA-0219, NA-0220, NA-0221, NA-0222, NA-0234, CP6NA-0113, NA-0112, NA-0114AAB, NA0116, NA-
0158A, NA-0158B, NA0159, NA0164, NA-0250, NA-0251, NA-0252, NA-0253, NA-0254, NA-0255, NA-0256, NA-0257, NA-0258,
NA-0259, NA114AAA, NA114DAA, NA114DAB, and NA144AAC." Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation
Program. (S04150406)

3-63

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cameron 5 AML Reclamation Project, Technical Specifications." Obtained from
the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. 52 p. (S06160409)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cameron, Arizona 1:62,500-Scale U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Quad-
rangle Map with Numbered Abandoned Mine Land Site Locations." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090489)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cameron Project 4, Technical Specifications/' Obtained from the Navajo
Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. 86 p. (S04150405)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Cameron 6 and Coppermine 2, Technical Specifications.'' Obtained from the
Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S06220402)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Application Documents for Cameron 6 Project." Obtained from the Navajo
Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S06240414)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 1997. "Contract Documents - Cameron 3 AML Project, Cameron, Arizona." Obtained from
the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S04210503)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Mosaic of 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangle Maps,
including Arizona Quadrangles Cameron NE, Cameron North, Cameron SE, Cameron South, Shadow Mountain Well with Numbered
Abandoned Mine Land Site Locations and Project Numbers." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090490)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Department, Cameron Project 1,
Technical Specifications." Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. 38 p. (S04130401)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Department, Cameron Project 2,
Technical Specifications." Obtained from the Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. 33 p. (S04130411)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Shadow Mountain Well, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological
Survey Topographic Quadrangle Map with Numbered Abandoned Mine Land Site Locations and Project Numbers." Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090481)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Shonto Butte and Dilkon 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey
Topographic Quadrangle Maps with Abandoned Mine Land Project Location and Number." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclama-
tion Program. (S03090431)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Mosaic of 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangle Maps:
Cameron NE, Cameron North, Cameron SE, Cameron South, Shadow Mountain Well, Arizona with Abandoned Mine Land Site Loca-
tions and Project Numbers." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090490)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Part of the Wupatki NE, Arizona 1:24,000-Scale U. S. Geological Survey Topog-
raphic Quadrangle Map with Numbered Abandoned Mine Land Site Locations and Project Numbers." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S03090479)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Mosaic of 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangle Maps
of Parts of Rough Rock and Rough Rock NW, Arizona with Black Mesa Abandoned Mine Land Site Locations and Project Numbers."
Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090432)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Mosaic of 1:24,000-Scale U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangle Maps
of Parts of Blue Gap, Lohali Point, Sweathouse Peak and Tah Chee Wash, Arizona with Black Mesa Abandoned Mine Land Site
Locations and Project Numbers." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090433)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Untitled Photo Book of Cove Mine Sites." Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands
Reclamation Program. (S03090423)

Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, No Date. "Untitled Photo Book of Tse Tah and Oak Springs Mine Sites." Navajo Abandoned
Mine Lands Reclamation Program. (S03090424)

Navajo Agency Branch of Realty, 2003. "Navajo Tribal Mining Permit Document for Mining Permits MP-006, MP-024, MP-200, MP-320, MP-337,
MP-547, and MP-552." Navajo Agency Branch of Realty. (S07110306)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. "Navajo EPA Superfund Documentation for the Begay #1 AUM, Begay Incline, Canyon
View Uranium Mine, Carrizo Mine, Frank's Point VCA No.6, Red Wash Point VCA #1, Salt Canyon AUM, Tent Uranium Mine, Upper
Salt Rock Uranium Mine, and William's Point (Plot #4) Uranium Mines In the Red Valley / Cove Chapter Areas." Obtained from the
Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Program. (S12110204)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. "Navajo Nation Year 2000 Surface Water Quality Assessment: Chinle Creek / Chinle Wash
Watershed (HUC# 14080204)." NNEPA Surface and Ground Water Protection Department, February 23, 2001. 3 lp. (S02260302)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - Begay Incline Uranium Mine, San Juan County, New Mexico."

Site EPA ID Number: NND986675031, April 14, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency. (S03130304)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment-Vanadium Company of America, Plot #3, East Carrizo Mountain
Area, San Juan County, NM." February 16, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency. (S02200307)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - Tent Uranium Mine, Oak Springs, San Juan County, New
Mexico." Site EPA ID Number: NND986667483, August 11, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency.
(S03170303)

3-64

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

SOURCES (continued)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - Red Wash Point Uranium Mine, Oak Springs, San Juan County,
New Mexico." Site EPA ID Number: NND986667459, November 8, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection
Agency. (S02270310)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - Navajo Begay #2 Uranium Mine, San Juan County, New
Mexico." Site EPA ID Number: NND986667509, November 2, 1979. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency.
(S04230301)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - King Tutt Point Uranium Mines, Oak Springs, San Juan County,
New Mexico." Site EPA ID Number: NND986667435, November 8, 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental Protection
Agency. (S02270309)

Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "Preliminary Assessment - Cottonwood Butte Uranium Mine, Oak Springs, San Juan
County, New Mexico." Site EPA ID Number: NND986667657, December 1989. Obtained from Navajo Nation Environmental
Protection Agency. (S04230302)

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

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ABANDONED URANIUM MINES AND THE NAVAJO NATION

Dumping muck, Frank No. 1 mine.
Photo courtesy of William L. Chenoweth.

Portals at the Mesa 1 mine, Lukachukai Mountains, Arizona.
Photo courtesy of William L. Chenoweth.

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